That's how primordial black holes get so tiny.

这就是原始黑洞变得如此之小的原因。

So these primordial black holes, or PBHs.

安妮：这些原始黑洞，或者说PBH。

MATT O'DOWD: … what we call primordial black holes.

马特·奥多德：… … 我们称之为原初黑洞。

Does it mean that some of this signal is from cosmic strings or primordial black holes and some of it is from supermassive black holes?

这是否意味着，其中一些信号来自宇宙弦或原初黑洞，而另一些来自超大质量黑洞？

These little primordial black holes, they're kind of like untethered.

这些小的原始黑洞，它们有点像不受束缚的。

We could look for the gamma rays that the primordial black holes emit during most of their lifetime.

我们可以寻找原始黑洞在其一生的大部分时间里发出的伽马射线。

All right, so this primordial black hole punches through the atmosphere.

好吧，这个原始黑洞穿透了大气层。

This limit means that primordial black holes could make up at most one millionth of the matter in the universe.

这个极限意味着原始黑洞最多只能占宇宙物质的百万分之一。

Which meant this tiny primordial black hole was creating these enormous ... MATT O'DOWD: Shockwaves.

安妮：这意味着这个微小的原始黑洞正在创造这些巨大的… … 马特·奥多德：冲击波。

A primordial black hole with an initial mass of a thousand million tons would have a lifetime roughly equal to the age of the universe.

一个初始质量为 1000 亿吨的原始黑洞的寿命大致等于宇宙的年龄。

In order to understand what's happening on the largest scales, we need to understand something very small, like a new particle, or maybe primordial black holes.

为了了解最大尺度上发生的事情，我们需要了解一些非常小的东西， 比如一个新粒子， 或者可能是原始黑洞。

Matt explained that even though these primordial black holes could be as small as an atom ... MATT O'DOWD: Still, they could be very massive.

安妮：马特解释说，尽管这些原始黑洞可能像原子一样小… … 马特·奥多德：不过，它们可能非常巨大。

Special thanks to Matt Caplan, a physicist at Illinois State University who worked on a team whose recent paper taught us what the impact crater left behind by a primordial black hole would actually look like.

露露：特别感谢伊利诺伊州立大学的物理学家马特·卡普兰（Matt Caplan），他所在的团队最近发表的论文告诉我们原始黑洞留下的撞击坑实际上是什么样子。

Whether the irregularities required to account for stars and galaxies would have led to the formation of a significant number of " primordial" black holes clearly depends on the details of the conditions in the early universe.

解释恒星和星系所需的不规则性是否会导致大量“原始”黑洞的形成显然取决于早期宇宙条件的细节。

One would also have expected the density fluctuations in such a model to have led to the formation of many more primordial black holes than the upper limit that has been set by observations of the gamma ray background.

人们还预计，这种模型中的密度波动会导致形成比伽马射线背景观测所设定的上限更多的原始黑洞。