That's where another toxin, Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, or CPAT, causes direct damage to cells, causing them to swell up and lyse - or pop.

这是由于产气荚膜梭菌产生的另一种α毒素（CPAT）直接伤害细胞，导致细胞肿胀、崩解。

Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal also put the cost of direct damage to Ukraine's public buildings, bridges, roads, civilian and military infrastructure at about 270 billion dollars.

总理丹尼斯·施米哈尔也认为，乌克兰的公共建筑、桥梁、道路、民用和军用基础设施的直接损失约为 2700 亿美元。

So to survive in cold weather, trees need to avoid two things: bubbles in their pipes and direct damage to living cells due to ice crystals.

所以要在寒冬存活，树必须避免两件事：导管内的气泡和冰晶对活细胞的直接伤害。

They studied how reefs of various heights would dampen waves and hold back flooding, and they found that every year the country's reefs save the U.S. an estimated $1.8 billion dollars in direct flooding damages and other economic losses.

他们研究了不同高度的珊瑚礁如何抑制海浪和阻止洪水泛滥，他们发现每年该国的珊瑚礁为美国节省了估计 18 亿美元的直接洪水损失和其他经济损失。