With mutations, proto-oncogenes become oncogenes, and these overstimulate the cell growth.

随着突变，原癌基因变为癌基因，这些癌基因过度刺激细胞生长。

So oncogenes or mutated tumor suppressor genes allow cells to keep growing uncontrollably resulting into tumors.

因此，癌基因或突变的抑癌基因使细胞不受控制地增长，导致肿瘤发生。

Oncogenes help cells grow and proliferate, while tumor suppressor genes slow down cell growth and proliferation.

致癌基因加速细胞生长增殖，而抑癌基因使细胞生长增殖变慢。

Fusobacteria is another genus of bacteria in the mouth that produces excessive immune responses and activates oncogenes.

梭杆菌属是口腔中另一种会引发过度免疫应答、激活癌基因的细菌。

When proto-oncogenes, like epidermal growth factor receptor and RAS, are activated, it turns them into oncogenes that promote cell division.

当原癌基因（如表皮生长因子受体基因、RAS基因）被激活时，它们就变成了促进细胞分裂的癌基因。

Oncologist Mark Kris from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center led a study that examined the role oncogenes play in the spread of cancer.

史隆凯特林癌症中心的肿瘤专家马克·克里斯负责了一项检验致癌基因在癌症蔓延中所起作用的研究。

One new treatment relies on a test to identify damaged genes called oncogenes that allow cancer cells to grow and spread.

一种新疗法是识别出名为致癌基因的破损基因，这种基因能使得癌细胞发展和蔓延。

The results showed that patients whose driver oncogenes were specifically targeted lived, on average, a year longer than those who received standard chemotherapy.

结果显示其致癌基因因子得到针对性地治疗的患者存活了，平均来说他们比那些接受标准化疗的患者多活一年。

Abnormal cell division can occur either when active oncogenes are expressed or when tumor suppressor genes are lost.

当活性癌基因表达或肿瘤抑制基因丢失时，可发生异常细胞分裂。

But if it happens in certain genes that are important in cancer, like oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, it can create deadly cancers like skin cancer.

但是如果它发生在某些对癌症很重要的基因中，比如致癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因，它会产生致命的癌症，比如皮肤癌。

It usually involves several genetic mutations in endometrial cells, including of PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene; PIK3CA, an oncogene; and ARID1A, a gene regulating chromatin structure.

它通常涉及子宫内膜细胞的几种基因突变，包括抑癌基因PTEN、原癌基因PIK3CA，及调控染色质结构的基因ARID1A。

The result is that the cell receives a constant message to divide. This dominant " gain of function gene" is often called an oncogene.

结果是细胞接收一个恒定的消息进行不断分裂。这种显性的" 获得功能基因" 通常被称为癌基因。

So both an MYCN amplification or ALK gene fusion, where the oncogene is " turned on, " or a PHOX2B and chromosome 1 and 11 deletions, where tumor suppressor genes are " turned off, " can potentially cause uncontrolled cell growth.

因此，MYCN基因扩增或ALK基因的融合，即致癌基因被激活，或PHOX2B与1号、11号染色体缺失，即抑癌基因的失活，都可能导致细胞生长不受控制。