During prophase 1, homologous chromosomes pair and exchange DNA (homologous recombination) .

在前期 1，同源染色体配对并交换 DNA（同源重组）。

The process of pairing the homologous chromosomes is called synapsis.

同源染色体配对的过程称为联会。

The other repair mechanism is called homology-directed repair which relies on homologous recombination.

另一种修复机制依赖于同源重组，叫作同源介导修复。

Zygotene Chromosomes approximately line up with each other into homologous chromosome pairs through synaptonemal complex.

偶线期染色体通过联会复合体大致排列成同源染色体对。

Pachytene This is the stage when homologous recombination, including chromosomal crossover (crossing over) , occurs.

粗线期这是发生同源重组的阶段，包括染色体互换。

Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes may exchange segments over regions of homology.

同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体可以在同源区域交换片段。

Anaphase 1 Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling homologous chromosomes, which consist of a pair of sister chromatids, to opposite poles.

后期 1动粒微管变短，将由一对姐妹染色单体组成的同源染色体拉向相反的两极。

Diplotene The synaptonemal complex degrades and homologous chromosomes separate from one another a little.

双线期联会复合体解体，同源染色体开始分离。

Homologous parts tend to vary in the same manner, and homologous parts tend to cohere.

同源部分倾向于以相同的方式变化，而同源部分倾向于凝聚。

However, the homologous chromosomes of each bivalent remain tightly bound at chiasmata, the regions where crossing-over occurred.

然而，每个二价体的同源染色体仍然紧密结合在交叉部位，也就是发生交叉的区域。

End 1 then pairs up with a complementary strand of the intact homologous DNA region, creating a loop in the homologous DNA.

然后End 1与完整的同源DNA区域上的互补链配对，在同源DNA上形成一个环。

Then End 1 releases the homologous DNA and its last few nucleotides bind to the last nucleotides of End 2.

然后，End 1会释放同源DNA，其末端的核苷酸与End 2末端的核苷酸相结合。

Our 46 chromosomes come in 23 pairs of two homologous chromosomes, which code for the same traits and therefore have similar nucleotide sequences.

我们的46条染色体由23对同源染色体组成；同源染色体编码相同性状，因此具有相似的核苷酸序列。

Now, whether this is a homologous, meaning it was only one evolution, or it evolved several times, we don't really know.

现在，这是否是同源的， 意味着它只是一次进化，或者它进化了几次， 我们真的不知道。

Metaphase 1 Homologous pairs move together along the metaphase plate: the paired homologous chromosomes align along an equatorial plane that bisects the spindle.

中期 1同源染色体对沿着中期板一起移动：成对的同源染色体沿着将纺锤体一分为二的赤道平面排列。

So now End 1 is placed near a similar nucleotide sequence, called the homologous sequence, because it's found in the same spot on the homologous sister chromatid.

现在End 1位于一段相似核苷酸序列附近；这段序列被称为同源序列，位于同源姐妹染色单体上的相同位点。

The most common type is Non-Homologous End Joining where a protein complex called DNA protein kinase begins by binding to each end of the broken DNA.

最常见的类型是非同源末端连接：一个叫做DNA蛋白激酶的蛋白质复合体首先会结合到断裂的DNA末端。