| 单词 | smooth muscle |
| 例句 | He’s never seen anything like it—the smooth muscles, the indentations of flesh, the breathing, bleeding life of it, all carved by Giambologna out of marble. Red, White & Royal Blue 2019-05-14T00:00:00Z He’s taken off his shirt and is only wearing swim trunks, so I can finally see the lean, smooth muscles of his shoulders and chest and stomach. Everything, Everything 2015-09-01T00:00:00Z My favorite smooth muscles are the ones in the intestinal tract. Have you ever wondered about muscles? 2015-03-20T04:00:00Z The tube of smooth muscle that runs down its center is mildly tensed. Animal penises’ amazing evolution 2012-06-12T15:40:00Z The veins outer walls have the same three layers as the arteries, differing only because there is a lack of smooth muscle in the inner layer and less connective tissue on the outer layer. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The walls of the oviducts have a ciliated epithelium over smooth muscle. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But in roughly half of patients, the protein also extensively replaces the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, rendering them brittle. Clinical trial participant’s autopsy and brain exam stoke Alzheimer’s drug fears 2023-04-13T04:00:00Z Constriction of smooth muscle occurs under involuntary, autonomic nervous control and in response to local conditions in the tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle in the renal pelvis funnels urine via peristalsis into the ureter. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The structure of the bronchi is similar to the trachea with incomplete cartilage rings and smooth muscle. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Chemical digestion is facilitated by the churning action of the stomach caused by contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z She had an ultrasound and a CT scan and was told she had leiomyosarcoma, which begins in smooth muscle tissue. Mansfield woman awaiting surgery to remove 8kg tumour 2022-02-15T05:00:00Z The smooth muscles of the esophagus undergo a series of wave like movements called peristalsis that push the food toward the stomach, as illustrated in Figure 25.10. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is a modified, smooth muscle cell lining the afferent arteriole that can contract or relax in response to ATP or adenosine released by the macula densa. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle can constrict the bronchi and impede air passage. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z It is made of incomplete rings of cartilage and smooth muscle. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In one study using rats, caffeine triggered smooth muscle contraction, so it is possible that caffeine directly promotes bowel activity. The biology of coffee, one of the world’s most popular drinks 2020-01-26T05:00:00Z Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles mixes the stomach contents about every 20 minutes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In large part, this is due to the autoregulatory nature of smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The smooth muscles of the tubular digestive organs move the food efficiently along as it is broken down into absorb-able atoms and molecules. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Like the trachea, the bronchus and bronchioles are made of cartilage and smooth muscle. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The gland typically starts to enlarge in men’s 40s as smooth muscle and lining cells proliferate. Alternatives to Surgery for an Enlarged Prostate 2019-08-26T04:00:00Z In humans most serotonin is synthesized in neurons that enervate smooth muscle cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Thus, when blood pressure goes up, smooth muscle in the afferent capillaries contracts to limit any increase in blood flow and filtration rate. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains a number of structures including blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands and lymphatic tissue. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The cilia beat, and the smooth muscle contracts, moving the egg toward the uterus. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Ms Cuthbertson is exploring the ways in which rare types of smooth muscle cells in the walls of arteries grow rapidly after injury. A colourful sea of blood vessel cells wins science image competition 2019-08-13T04:00:00Z Figure 29.33 The body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle, visualized here using light microscopy. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z While the nervous system can influence the excitability of cardiac and smooth muscle to some degree, skeletal muscle completely depends on signaling from the nervous system to work properly. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The inside layer is called the endothelium, the middle layer is mostly smooth muscle and the outside layer is connective tissue. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Oxytocin causes smooth muscle in the uterine wall to contract. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Johnson’s mother, for example, who died at 50, suffered from leiomyosarcoma, an aggressive cancer of the smooth muscle tissue. Unraveling why some people get not one, not two, but many cancers 2019-04-12T04:00:00Z Like the trachea, the bronchi are made of cartilage and smooth muscle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, the less organized appearance of smooth muscle should not be interpreted as less efficient. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Venules have three layers; they have the same makeup as arteries with less smooth muscle, making them thinner. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 16.17 The body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The disease causes smooth muscle cells to proliferate, resulting in cystic growth throughout women’s lungs and abdomens. I have a rare disease. Research on such illnesses can provide insights into more common ones. 2019-02-15T05:00:00Z The elastic connective tissue stretches and supports the blood vessels, and the smooth muscle layer helps regulate blood flow by altering vascular resistance through vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Although smooth muscle contraction relies on the presence of Ca++ ions, smooth muscle fibers have a much smaller diameter than skeletal muscle cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by the binding of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Cardiomyocytes are distinctive muscle cells that are striated like skeletal muscle but pump rhythmically and involuntarily like smooth muscle; adjacent cells are connected by intercalated disks found only in cardiac muscle. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The treatments only target skeletal muscle and not the smooth muscle of the organs. High-tech treatments reshape patient options for body contouring | Provided by Glow Medispa 2019-02-13T05:00:00Z The arteries have thicker smooth muscle and connective tissue than the veins to accommodate the higher pressure and speed of freshly pumped blood. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The fibers in some smooth muscle have latch-bridges, cross- bridges that cycle slowly without the need for ATP; these muscles can maintain low-level contractions for long periods. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells contain only one nucleus. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These foot soldiers produce proteins that disarm the mother’s defenses, destroy the smooth muscles that line her blood vessels and dilate and redirect the vessels to feed the embryo. The Placenta, an Afterthought No Longer 2018-12-03T05:00:00Z Blood flow through the body is regulated by the size of blood vessels, by the action of smooth muscle, by one-way valves, and by the fluid pressure of the blood itself. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Single-unit smooth muscle tissue contains gap junctions to synchronize membrane depolarization and contractions so that the muscle contracts as a single unit. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle cells are long and arranged in parallel bands. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The smooth muscles of the esophagus undergo peristalsis that pushes the food toward the stomach. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This consists of the epithelium and a layer of connective tissue called the lamina propria, as well as a thin band of smooth muscle. Gut reaction 2018-11-06T05:00:00Z Blood primarily moves in the veins by the rhythmic movement of smooth muscle in the vessel wall and by the action of the skeletal muscle as the body moves. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Single-unit smooth muscle in the walls of the viscera, called visceral muscle, has a stress-relaxation response that permits muscle to stretch, contract, and relax as the organ expands. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There are three general types of muscle contractions, matching the types of muscles: skeletal muscle contractions, heart muscle contractions, and smooth muscle contractions. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Vasodilation, the opening up of arteries to the skin by relaxation of their smooth muscles, brings more blood and heat to the body surface, facilitating radiation and evaporative heat loss, cooling the body. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Whereas large sections of vascular smooth muscle are derived from the same developmental source, it seems that EMP-derived endothelial cells interlace with cells of direct mesodermal origin. A dual origin for blood vessels 2018-09-25T04:00:00Z The pumping of the heart is a function of cardiomyocytes, distinctive muscle cells that are striated like skeletal muscle but pump rhythmically and involuntarily like smooth muscle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Multiunit smooth muscle cells do not possess gap junctions, and contraction does not spread from one cell to the next. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The posterior section of the trachea contains a ligament and smooth muscle known as the trachealis muscle. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Vasoconstriction, the narrowing of blood vessels to the skin by contraction of their smooth muscles, reduces blood flow in peripheral blood vessels, forcing blood toward the core and vital organs, conserving heat. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Severe asthma causes inflammation and constriction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the small tubes - the bronchi - impeding the passage of air through to the deep tissue of the lungs. New asthma treatment set for wider use 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z These hormones function by acting directly on the smooth muscles of blood vessels to constrict them. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Coordination of the skeletal muscles for convergence and coordination of the smooth muscles of the ciliary body for accommodation are referred to as the accommodation–convergence reflex. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As the bronchi get smaller there is less cartilage and more smooth muscle until reaching the tertiary bronchi that consists entirely of smooth muscle. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In the past, Ghanei says, mustard victims with chronic symptoms were given standard treatments for chronic pulmonary disorders such as asthma: corticosteroids to tamp down inflammation and β2-agonists for smooth muscle relaxation. Seeking answers for Iran’s chemical weapons victims—before time runs out 2018-01-04T05:00:00Z I was certainly glad to get away without the side effects of smooth muscle relaxants. Alternatives to Opioids for Pain Relief 2017-11-08T05:00:00Z This hormone constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 3.20 Multinucleate Muscle Cell Unlike cardiac muscle cells and smooth muscle cells, which have a single nucleus, a skeletal muscle cell contains many nuclei, and is referred to as “multinucleated.” Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z That may be because compounds in beets help relax smooth muscle. Dog slobber for athlete’s foot is controversial 2017-10-01T04:00:00Z Or it might be a smooth muscle cell lining your small intestines, making it ripple with contractions. A Speedier Way to Catalog Human Cells (All 37 Trillion of Them) 2017-08-17T04:00:00Z Along with cardiac muscle and smooth muscle, skeletal muscle is one of the three main muscle types, and is mostly found attached to bones via the bundles of collagen known as tendons. Chimps' strength secrets explained - BBC News 2017-06-26T04:00:00Z These hormones constrict the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Ca++ also is required for the contraction of smooth muscle, although its role is different: here Ca++ activates enzymes, which in turn activate myosin heads. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These airways are surrounded, and their diameter is controlled, by a special kind of smooth muscle that reacts to airflow velocity, hormones, and other signals. HEALTH: Asthma cough, asthma tightness, other symptoms 2017-03-10T05:00:00Z The students are examining the behavior of smooth muscle cells as they acclimate to a microgravity environment. 2 Kentucky students send biology experiment into space 2017-02-19T05:00:00Z They dilate small blood vessels by relaxing the smooth muscles around them. Cold Hands May Signal Raynaud’s Phenomenon 2016-12-05T05:00:00Z This hormone constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Unlike cardiac and smooth muscle, the only way to functionally contract a skeletal muscle is through signaling from the nervous system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These smooth muscles are different than our biceps or hamstring muscles which we control. HEALTH: Asthma cough, asthma tightness, other symptoms 2017-03-10T05:00:00Z This medicine is used to help the smooth muscles of the GI system relax and is sometimes used to treat irritable bowel syndrome or esophageal spasm. Think Like a Doctor: A Terrible Stomachache 2016-10-06T04:00:00Z The question is why it is higher in these patients and why the protein, which is normally in immune cells, is also present in smooth muscle cells that undergo changes in the disease, he said. Augusta U researchers seek cause of high lung pressure 2016-06-05T04:00:00Z These hormones constrict the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In a smooth muscle fiber, external Ca++ ions passing through opened calcium channels in the sarcolemma, and additional Ca++ released from SR, bind to calmodulin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When she was a senior in 2005, she was diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma, a cancerous tumor that arises from smooth muscle tissue. Undaunted cancer survivor provides inspiration, hope 2015-12-06T05:00:00Z Vocal cords are formed by two bands of smooth muscle tissue that are lined with a material called mucosa. Working vocal cords grown from human cells 2015-11-18T05:00:00Z The nitric oxide causes smooth muscle relaxation, leading to a widening of blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Go ahead, soak up some sun 2015-07-24T04:00:00Z The gland is a mixture of smooth muscle and glandular tissue. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The iris is a smooth muscle that opens or closes the pupil, which is the hole at the center of the eye that allows light to enter. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Affinity's device is coated with a drug-releasing polymer designed to prevent smooth muscle cells from growing into the device — a process that gradually reduces the diameter of currently used products. Biotech boot camp 2015-03-24T04:00:00Z ADH’s binding to receptors in the kidney would explain one effect, while its binding to receptors in vascular smooth muscle would constitute the second. Sharpen Critical Analysis, Reasoning Skills for MCAT Success 2014-11-11T05:00:00Z It also causes gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation and is involved in learning and memory. Go ahead, soak up some sun 2015-07-24T04:00:00Z The walls of the oviducts are ciliated and are made up mostly of smooth muscle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Why can smooth muscles contract over a wider range of resting lengths than skeletal and cardiac muscle? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Called bronchial thermoplasty, it involves inserting a catheter into the lungs and using radiofrequency to generate heat to destroy or neutralize smooth muscle. What’s New in Asthma Management? 2014-09-04T04:00:00Z Opioid receptors on the smooth muscles of the gut are believed to slow down both contraction and relaxation. The Slow Lane 2014-06-09T04:00:00Z Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that originate from the smooth muscle tissue in the wall of the uterus. J&J suspends sale of device used in fibroid surgery 2014-04-30T08:09:30Z The cilia beat toward the middle, and the smooth muscle contracts in the same direction, moving the egg toward the uterus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The autonomic nervous system controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z During their lifetimes, many women develop uterine fibroids — growths that originate from the smooth muscle tissue in the wall of the uterus. FDA warns against procedure to remove uterine fibroids; says it could spread hidden cancer 2014-04-17T17:28:29Z Whether blood flow is controlled solely by arteriole smooth muscle, or also by capillary pericytes, is controversial. Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease 2014-04-04T18:24:22.627Z They develop from the smooth muscle tissue of the uterus, ranging in size from tiny to huge, and often shrink after pregnancy and menopause. Well: A Surgical Procedure’s Risks, Unmentioned 2014-03-17T04:01:53Z The thickest portion of the wall of the uterus is made of smooth muscle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Histamine causes the smooth muscle cells of the bronchi to constrict, narrowing the airways. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Further, LTB induced proliferation and hypertrophy of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. [Research Articles] Blocking Macrophage Leukotriene B4 Prevents Endothelial Injury and Reverses Pulmonary Hypertension 2013-08-28T18:25:19.997Z Capillaries were defined as vessels of less than 10 μm diameter and lacking a continuous layer of smooth muscle. Capillary pericytes regulate cerebral blood flow in health and disease 2014-04-04T18:24:22.627Z This heart-shaped image of a nucleus from a single vascular smooth muscle cell was made by Dr Andrew Cobb, King’s College London. In pictures: Inside the heart 2013-07-26T07:25:48Z The oxytocin causes the smooth muscle in the uterine wall to contract. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Although they do not have striations and sarcomeres, smooth muscle fibers do have actin and myosin contractile proteins, and thick and thin filaments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z At the same time, endothelial and smooth muscle cells begin to pump out chemicals that attract monocytes. Pathology: At the heart of the problem 2013-01-30T18:23:07.253Z PRKG1, for example, is involved in the contraction of smooth muscle, key to shivering and the constriction of blood vessels to avoid heat loss. How to Survive a Siberian Winter 2013-01-28T20:35:00Z Diuretics work by clearing the body of excess fluid and sodium, while calcium channel blockers relax blood vessels by slowing the flow of calcium into arterial smooth muscle cells. Should Body Weight Influence Choice of Antihypertensive Therapy? 2012-12-06T21:05:36Z As more smooth muscle cells are recruited, the contractions increase in intensity and force. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The influx of extracellular Ca++ ions, which diffuse into the sarcoplasm to reach the calmodulin, accounts for most of the Ca++ that triggers contraction of a smooth muscle cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These foam cells are the hallmark of atherosclerotic plaque; they and other immune cells produce chemical signals that prompt smooth muscle cells to migrate to the top of the plaque and form a tough cap. Pathology: At the heart of the problem 2013-01-30T18:23:07.253Z There, it heats the lungs to 149 degrees Fahrenheit - cooler than a cup of coffee, but warm enough to shrink the smooth muscle in the airways, which swells during an asthma attack and restricts breathing. Well: Relief for Severe Asthma, at a High Price 2012-09-03T21:18:02Z In the case of uterine fibroids, the body’s natural estrogens turn on and off genes in the smooth muscle of the uterus that allow the tumors to grow, according to research by McLachlan and colleagues. Women's Risk of Reproductive Disease Linked to Environmental Estrogens 2012-07-31T15:45:00.230Z A feedback relay occurs between the uterus, hypothalamus, and posterior pituitary to assure an adequate supply of oxytocin, which causes the contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus, leading to the birth of the baby. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because most smooth muscles must function for long periods without rest, their power output is relatively low, but contractions can continue without using large amounts of energy. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z "Targeting the vascular stem cells rather than the existing smooth muscle in the vessel wall might be much more effective in treating vascular disease," explained Srivastava in the news release. Stem Cells Behind Clogged Arteries 2012-06-06T16:00:00Z This tube is reinforced in different ways by connective tissue, smooth muscle fibers, and fibroelastic tissue. Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension: with Chapters on Blood Pressure, 3rd Edition. 2011-10-11T02:01:07.890Z Scientists had known since the 1860s of a substance in the serum released during clotting that constricts blood vessels by acting on the smooth muscles of the blood-vessel walls. Maurice M. Rapport, Who Studied Serotonin, Dies at 91 2011-09-03T03:15:17Z It is able to diffuse directly across the plasma membrane, and one of its roles is to interact with receptors in smooth muscle and induce relaxation of the tissue. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some smooth muscle can also maintain contractions even as Ca++ is removed and myosin kinase is inactivated/dephosphorylated. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It's long been believed that smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls combined with cholesterol and fat to clog arteries. Stem Cells Behind Clogged Arteries 2012-06-06T16:00:00Z The tunica media is composed of intermingled bundles of elastic tissue, smooth muscle fibers, and some fibrous tissue. Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension: with Chapters on Blood Pressure, 3rd Edition. 2011-10-11T02:01:07.890Z As a matter of fact, the capillaries of the brain are wanting in nerves and smooth muscle fibers. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z The walls of blood vessels, the tubes of the digestive system, and the tubes of the reproductive systems are composed of mostly smooth muscle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This allows for the maintaining of muscle “tone” in smooth muscle that lines arterioles and other visceral organs with very little energy expenditure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z One of the genes in this region known as MYH11 affects smooth muscle cell tissue in major arteries in the body, including the thoracic aorta. Scientists find risk factor for tears in the aorta 2011-06-16T21:14:51Z When the vessels have reached the organs, they are found to be structurally changed in that there is in them a relatively small amount of elastic tissue but a great deal of smooth muscle. Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension: with Chapters on Blood Pressure, 3rd Edition. 2011-10-11T02:01:07.890Z Research is also under way in Brazil on a faster-acting form of the drugs, which increase blood flow by relaxing smooth muscle cells. With Generics on Horizon, New Tacks for Erectile Drugs 2011-04-13T23:01:24Z Using peristalsis, or wave-like smooth muscle contractions, the muscles of the esophagus push the food towards the stomach. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The triggers for smooth muscle contraction include hormones, neural stimulation by the ANS, and local factors. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Grown this way, smooth muscle secretes collagen, a structural protein that is, among several other things in the body, an important component of the walls of blood vessels. Medical technology: A not-so-hard graft 2011-02-03T11:11:23Z The researchers, at the biotech firm Humacyte, the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University and Duke University Medical Centre in North Carolina, built an artificial tube-shaped scaffold and added human smooth muscle cells. Heart op vessels store in fridge 2011-02-03T07:41:33Z That so-called smooth muscle can double in thickness with repeated attacks, making airways increasingly twitchy. New device zaps airways to help asthmatics breathe 2010-05-03T17:18:00Z Multiple stomach chambers in ruminant animals allow stronger smooth muscle contractions, which break down plant material. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Axons of neurons in the ANS do not form the highly organized NMJs with smooth muscle, as seen between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Antioxidants called flavanols found in cocoa are believed to be the reason why chocolate is good for blood pressure because the chemicals help the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to relax and widen. Chocolate may be good medicine for liver patients 2010-04-15T15:35:00Z Nitric oxide is a gas that, once released, causes the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to relax and widen, he said, adding that this may contribute to lower blood pressure. Small, dark Easter eggs may be good for your heart 2010-03-30T13:44:00Z In the circulatory system, for example, it acts as a signal that promotes the relaxation of smooth muscle around blood vessels, causing them to dilate, which improves blood flow. Observatory: Seeking Safe Ways to Deliver Nitric Oxide in Medical Care 2010-03-15T20:17:00Z The effect of serotonin on smooth muscle is a clue but it doesn't provide a mechanism connecting stress to the symptoms of functional dyspepsia. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Smooth muscle is organized in two ways: as single-unit smooth muscle, which is much more common; and as multiunit smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Since he had been selected as a boy, every free afternoon he had been made to swim, swim, swim—developing the long, smooth muscles they wanted him to have. Fly By Night His face was flushed, his eyes were shining, the smooth muscles of his bare, sturdy legs were knotted as he stood a-tiptoe, peering. Frank of Freedom Hill His thighs, rounded under a close-fitting gray uniform, were bulging with smooth muscle. Islands of Space It controls the lungs, the heart, smooth muscle, and exocrine and endocrine glands. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because the muscle fibers are not constrained by the organization and stretchability limits of sarcomeres, visceral smooth muscle has a stress-relaxation response. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The structure of the muscular tissue varies according to its function, so that we distinguish between the striated and the unstriated or smooth muscles. Valere Aude Dare to Be Healthy, Or, The Light of Physical Regeneration Otherwise they were naked, and the long smooth muscles of their slender bodies rippled under the skin. African Camp Fires The long, smooth muscles of Kieran's back were gathering and swelling. Wide Courses The uterine smooth muscles are not very sensitive to oxytocin until late in pregnancy when the number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus peaks. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle around these organs also can maintain a muscle tone when the organ empties and shrinks, a feature that prevents “flabbiness” in the empty organ. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z She was as delicately limbed as an antelope, and her heart was as strong as the smooth muscles of her shoulders and hips. The Night Horseman The smooth muscles are found in the tissues of the heart, lungs, blood-vessels, stomach, and intestines. A Practical Physiology In general, it controls the tone of the tissues, of involuntary or smooth muscle fibres of the blood vessels and the contractile organs of the body like the intestines, the bladder and uterus. The Glands Regulating Personality The smooth muscle can contract, decreasing the trachea’s diameter, which causes expired air to rush upwards from the lungs at a great force. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In general, visceral smooth muscle produces slow, steady contractions that allow substances, such as food in the digestive tract, to move through the body. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Arranged in regular order, they very frequently form widely extending membranes, especially in such tube-shaped structures as the blood vessels, the intestine, etc., the walls of which are composed of these smooth muscle fibers. Hygienic Physiology : with Special Reference to the Use of Alcoholic Drinks and Narcotics Thorpe was built on the true athletic lines, broad, straight shoulders, narrow flanks, long, clean, smooth muscles. The Blazed Trail With the silken ease of the seal she swam, now at the surface, now below, her smooth muscles rolling softly beneath her clear skin—a wordless song of health and happiness and grace. The Chessmen of Mars As the passageways decrease in diameter, the relative amount of smooth muscle increases. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Multiunit smooth muscle cells rarely possess gap junctions, and thus are not electrically coupled. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As a rule, such parts as are provided only with smooth muscle fibers are not voluntarily movable, while striated muscle fibers are subject to the will. Hygienic Physiology : with Special Reference to the Use of Alcoholic Drinks and Narcotics The kidney can function normally under a wide range of blood pressures due to the autoregulatory nature of smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The pulmonary capillary network consists of tiny vessels with very thin walls that lack smooth muscle fibers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In the middle third, it is both skeletal and smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Unlike other muscle, smooth muscle can also divide to produce more cells, a process called hyperplasia. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In what form do smooth muscle fibers frequently occur? Hygienic Physiology : with Special Reference to the Use of Alcoholic Drinks and Narcotics In the lower third, it is smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle pyloric sphincter is located at this latter point of connection and controls stomach emptying. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The addition of an inner oblique smooth muscle layer gives the muscularis the ability to vigorously churn and mix food. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This can most evidently be observed in the uterus at puberty, which responds to increased estrogen levels by producing more uterine smooth muscle fibers, and greatly increases the size of the myometrium. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z What causes the contraction of smooth muscle fibers? Hygienic Physiology : with Special Reference to the Use of Alcoholic Drinks and Narcotics Additionally, the release of gastrin activates vigorous smooth muscle contractions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla controls the release of pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It also has a lower esophageal sphincter, made of smooth muscle, which controls the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z However, cardiac and smooth muscle cells are not multinucleate because the myoblasts that form their cells do not fuse. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When you stretch a smooth muscle cell, it contracts; when you stop, it relaxes, restoring its resting length. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When blood pressure increases, smooth muscle cells in the wall of the arteriole are stretched and respond by contracting to resist the pressure, resulting in little change in flow. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When blood pressure drops, the same smooth muscle cells relax to lower resistance, allowing a continued even flow of blood. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z High concentrations of estrogen that occur around the time of ovulation induce contractions of the smooth muscle along the length of the uterine tube. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Gap junctions develop in the cardiac and single-unit smooth muscle in the early stages of development. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The middle layer, or myometrium, is a thick layer of smooth muscle responsible for uterine contractions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There is also a small population of neurons that control vasodilation in the vessels of the brain and skeletal muscles by relaxing the smooth muscle fibers in the vessel tunics. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Surrounding mesenchymal cells give rise to the smooth muscle and connective tissue layers of the vessels. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As the amount of oxygen increases, the smooth muscles in the wall of the ductus arteriosus constrict, sealing off the passage. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Pericytes allow smooth muscle cells to regenerate and repair much more readily than skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Sperm enter the head of the epididymis and are moved along predominantly by the contraction of smooth muscles lining the epididymal tubes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The uterine tubes also have three layers: an outer serosa, a middle smooth muscle layer, and an inner mucosal layer. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z No CNS involvement is needed because the stretch receptor is directly activating a neuron in the wall of the stomach that causes the smooth muscle to contract. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z That neuron, connected to the smooth muscle, is a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron that can be controlled by a fiber found in the vagus nerve. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The postganglionic fiber then projects to the iris, where it releases ACh onto the circular fibers of the iris—another smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The postganglionic fibers of either division release neurotransmitters onto the smooth muscles of the iris to cause changes in the pupillary size. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Blood pressure is partially determined by the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Voiding is regulated by an involuntary autonomic nervous system-controlled internal urinary sphincter, consisting of smooth muscle and voluntary skeletal muscle that forms the external urinary sphincter below it. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In looking through a microscope how could you distinguish skeletal muscle tissue from smooth muscle? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Only certain regions receive parasympathetic input that relaxes the smooth muscle wall of the blood vessels. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Farther from the heart, where the surge of blood has dampened, the percentage of elastic fibers in an artery’s tunica intima decreases and the amount of smooth muscle in its tunica media increases. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The tunica media is restricted to one or two smooth muscle cell layers in thickness. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In reality, all blood vessels exhibit vascular tone due to the partial contraction of smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For example, skeletal muscle contracts to move the skeleton, cardiac muscle is influenced as heart rate increases during exercise, and smooth muscle contracts as the digestive system moves food along the digestive tract. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The wall of a capillary consists of the endothelial layer surrounded by a basement membrane with occasional smooth muscle fibers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The precapillary sphincters, circular smooth muscle cells that surround the capillary at its origin with the metarteriole, tightly regulate the flow of blood from a metarteriole to the capillaries it supplies. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The vasomotor centers control vessel tone or contraction of the smooth muscle in the tunica media. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Because epinephrine raises blood pressure and relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, it is routinely used to counteract the effects of anaphylaxis and can be lifesaving. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then project to the smooth muscle of the iris to control pupillary size. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This allows the smooth muscle in the walls of the vessels to relax and helps to restore the circulation. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Recall that cardiac muscle shares a few characteristics with both skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, but it has some unique properties of its own. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The tunica media consists of layers of smooth muscle supported by connective tissue that is primarily made up of elastic fibers, most of which are arranged in circular sheets. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The vascular tone of the vessel is the contractile state of the smooth muscle and the primary determinant of diameter, and thus of resistance and flow. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The autonomic system, however, targets cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The walls of veins are thin but irregular; thus, when the smooth muscle in those walls constricts, the lumen becomes more rounded. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When blood flow is low, the vessel’s smooth muscle will be only minimally stretched. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When blood flow is too high, the smooth muscle will contract in response to the increased stretch, prompting vasoconstriction that reduces blood flow. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The tunica media is a thicker area composed of variable amounts of smooth muscle and connective tissue. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Unlike skeletal or smooth muscles, cardiac muscle is intrinsically active, meaning that it generates its own action potentials. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Muscularis mucosa—This thin layer of smooth muscle is in a constant state of tension, pulling the mucosa of the stomach and small intestine into undulating folds. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The muscularis in the small intestine is made up of a double layer of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The wall’s middle, muscular coat is made of smooth muscle fibers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The bladder is a highly distensible organ comprised of irregular crisscrossing bands of smooth muscle collectively called the detrusor muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Figure 15.14 Mydriasis The sympathetic system causes pupillary dilation when norepinephrine binds to an adrenergic receptor in the radial fibers of the iris smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The muscular layer of the ureter consists of longitudinal and circular smooth muscles that create the peristaltic contractions to move the urine into the bladder without the aid of gravity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The arteriolar myogenic mechanism maintains a steady blood flow by causing arteriolar smooth muscle to contract when blood pressure increases and causing it to relax when blood pressure decreases. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Implantation in a uterine tube causes bleeding, which appears to stimulate smooth muscle contractions and expulsion of the embryo. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Other organs have smooth muscle or glandular tissue that is activated or inhibited by the autonomic system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Along with constricting the pupil through the smooth muscle of the iris, pilocarpine will also cause the ciliary muscle to contract. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In vascular spasm, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vessel contracts dramatically. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This smooth muscle has both circular layers; larger vessels also have longitudinal layers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z There are also minute nerves within the walls of both types of vessels that control the contraction and dilation of smooth muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The endothelium releases local chemicals called endothelins that can constrict the smooth muscle within the walls of the vessel to increase blood pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Urination is controlled by an involuntary internal sphincter of smooth muscle and a voluntary external sphincter of skeletal muscle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Specifically in arteries, vasoconstriction decreases blood flow as the smooth muscle in the walls of the tunica media contracts, making the lumen narrower and increasing blood pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Similarly, vasodilation increases blood flow as the smooth muscle relaxes, allowing the lumen to widen and blood pressure to drop. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle layers of the tunica media are supported by a framework of collagenous fibers that also binds the tunica media to the inner and outer tunics. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The tunica externa in veins also contains groups of smooth muscle fibers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A thick muscular wall consisting of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle helps move urine toward the bladder by way of peristaltic contractions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A blood vessel with a few smooth muscle fibers and connective tissue, and only a very thin tunica externa conducts blood toward the heart. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z |
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