| 单词 | cortical |
| 例句 | I would like to help in that area of research, and in the search for radioisotopes that may be used in local cortical control, but I know now that I won’t have the time. Flowers for Algernon 1959-05-01T00:00:00Z For example, the Chinese reading brain requires more cortical areas involved in visual memory than the English reader because of the thousands of characters. The internet: is it changing the way we think? 2010-08-14T23:05:00Z As a result, she is seen as possessing “aberrant cortical activity” and is put through a harsh hospital treatment until her sense of words is diminished to mean only what they mean. In a New Collection, Deborah Eisenberg Returns to Say the Unsaid 2018-10-09T04:00:00Z “My brain volume was atrophying annually,” he writes, “my cortical thickness waning each year.” In ‘Beginners,’ a Writer Takes Up Chess and Surfing and Singing and Juggling and … 2020-12-29T05:00:00Z August could see very little, and the condition of his sight was officially labeled cortical visual impairment, or CVI . Father's Day, every day, with my disabled son 2019-06-16T04:00:00Z Haier’s studies also demonstrated how Tetris can affect the plasticity of cortical gray matter, potentially enhancing a person’s memory capacity and promoting motor and cognitive development. Why Tetris Consumed Your Brain 2023-03-31T04:00:00Z A 2018 experiment from West Michigan University, for example, showed that running quickly for half an hour improves “cortical flicker frequency” threshold. What does running do to your brain? 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z In the awake state, such stimulation produced an increase all cortical areas in alpha/beta frequency activity. Anesthesia blocks sensation by cutting off communication within the cortex 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z She said X-rays showed no “definitive fracture” in her tailbone, just some cortical irregularity. Tiger Woods says his right ankle is pain-free. It’s the rest of his leg that still causes problems 2023-11-07T05:00:00Z “These studies support the presence of a widespread network of cortical and subcortical areas that are variably recruited based on specific task parameters and demands,” the authors write. A brain injury removed my ability to perceive time. Here's what it's like in a world without time 2023-11-05T04:00:00Z Specifically, they discovered the existence of complementary cortical mosaics for semantic integration in two areas: the posterior temporal cortex and the inferior frontal cortex. Two regions of the brain critical to integrating semantic information while reading 2023-10-24T04:00:00Z Published in the Journal of Neural Engineering, 'A novel simulation paradigm utilising MRI-derived phosphene maps for cortical prosthetic vision' presents a more realistic simulation for cortical prosthetic vision. A better 'map' of the lights you see when you close your eyes can improve 'bionic eye' outcomes 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z While the alpha and beta frequency response was diminished in STG, it virtually vanished in all the higher cortical regions. Anesthesia blocks sensation by cutting off communication within the cortex 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Utilizing an innovative deep learning architecture on human neurosurgical recordings, the team employed a rule-based differentiable speech synthesizer to decode speech parameters from cortical signals. Researchers reconstruct speech from brain activity, illuminates complex neural processes 2023-10-11T04:00:00Z These impulses are then sent through neurons to the brain's gustatory cortex, where cortical circuits, an intricate network of neurons in the brain shape our perception of taste. Could future AI crave a favorite food? 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z It is a natural bridge between studying 3D printed cortical column development in vitro and their integration into brains in animal models of injury.' Scientists develop 3D printing method that shows promise for repairing brain injuries 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z "We're proposing a new process that incorporates our simulation paradigm into surgical planning to help optimise the implantation of a cortical prosthesis," Associate Professor Wong said. A better 'map' of the lights you see when you close your eyes can improve 'bionic eye' outcomes 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z Along with the decrease in activity, the researchers measured a decrease in the sensory information detectable in the brain as they moved up the cortical hierarchy. Anesthesia blocks sensation by cutting off communication within the cortex 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Remarkably, the findings challenge prevailing notions that segregate feedback and feedforward cortical networks. Researchers reconstruct speech from brain activity, illuminates complex neural processes 2023-10-11T04:00:00Z To study this, the researchers guided cortical neurons to form a network containing multiple sub-groups, or modules. Why are the brain's nerve cells organized into modules? 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z The workspace is a network of cortical neurons in the front of the brain, with long-range projections to similar neurons distributed all over the neocortex in prefrontal, parietotemporal and cingulate associative cortices. What Does It ‘Feel’ Like to Be a Chatbot? 2023-09-08T04:00:00Z "We believe this is the first approach that realistically simulates the visual experience of cortical prosthetic vision." A better 'map' of the lights you see when you close your eyes can improve 'bionic eye' outcomes 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z "We expected responses in the higher cortical areas to at least be disrupted during up states, but it was a bit surprising to find the responses disappeared almost entirely," Tauber said. Anesthesia blocks sensation by cutting off communication within the cortex 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z However, it has been hard to dissociate the degree and timing of cortical recruitment for motor control versus sensory processing generated by speech production. Researchers reconstruct speech from brain activity, illuminates complex neural processes 2023-10-11T04:00:00Z The surge of gamma waves in dying subjects was particularly intense in a brain region Borjigin refers to as the “posterior cortical ‘hot zone,’” located near the back of the skull. Why Dying People Often Experience a Burst of Lucidity 2023-06-12T04:00:00Z When activity in sensory cortices exceeds a threshold, a global ignition event is triggered across these cortical areas, whereby information is sent to the entire workspace. What Does It ‘Feel’ Like to Be a Chatbot? 2023-09-08T04:00:00Z Patrick, who was diagnosed with cortical blindness and epilepsy, died soon after as the result of a seizure. Kathleen Folbigg: Misogyny helped jail her, science freed her 2023-06-07T04:00:00Z But just as clearly, measurements of neural spiking and broader oscillatory activity showed that those signals failed to propagate to three other cortical regions with higher-level processing and cognitive responsibilities, as seen during normal wakefulness. Anesthesia blocks sensation by cutting off communication within the cortex 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z This cutting-edge approach not only decoded interpretable speech parameters but also provided insights into the temporal receptive fields of recruited cortical regions. Researchers reconstruct speech from brain activity, illuminates complex neural processes 2023-10-11T04:00:00Z The superior temporal gyrus contains several important structures of the brain, including: marking the location of the primary auditory cortex, the cortical region responsible for the sensation of sound. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In typical brain development, the cortical surface area expands until puberty, whereas cortical thickness increases during the first two years of life and decreases thereafter. Adversity in Early Childhood Can Impair Brain Development 2023-05-12T04:00:00Z "Because this posterior cortical zone activated in dreaming largely overlaps with that identified in waking, the TPO junctions are considered a 'hot zone' for the neural correlates of consciousness," the authors write. These brain scans of dying patients may reveal what happens when you die 2023-05-03T04:00:00Z The findings documented a statistically significant loss of volume limited to cortical gray matter whose depletion could be the source of patient’s impairment. Opinion | Long covid is a mystery, but more research could help us understand it 2023-02-14T05:00:00Z The study found that cannabis use was associated with thinning of the prefrontal cortex and that this effect was dose-dependent — the greater the cannabis exposure, the greater the cortical thinning. Advice | Ask a Doctor: How does marijuana affect the adolescent brain? 2023-01-30T05:00:00Z The cortical bone is located near the margins of the bone and is more dense. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z This initial increase in cortical thickness is considered to reflect an explosion of synapses, that is, connections between neurons, while the subsequent thinning is thought to reflect a pruning away of unused connections. Adversity in Early Childhood Can Impair Brain Development 2023-05-12T04:00:00Z And T. rex, with its brain weighing one-third of 1 kilogram, had an estimated 3.3 billion cortical neurons—a higher density than baboons, Herculano-Houzel reports. Some dinos may have been as brainy as modern primates, controversial study argues 2023-01-10T05:00:00Z Emerging evidence also finds that exposure to fine particulate matter is correlated with reduced cortical thickness and thinner gray matter in the brain, which may influence information processing, learning and memory. Young kids who breathe polluted air can fall behind in school, study finds 2022-11-30T05:00:00Z The researchers reported that accelerated cortical thinning was associated with attentional impulsivity, but there was no link with any other cognitive function. Advice | Ask a Doctor: How does marijuana affect the adolescent brain? 2023-01-30T05:00:00Z By analyzing previously published data, researchers found that TKTL1 was mainly expressed in progenitor cells called basal radial glia, which give rise to most of the cortical neurons during development. ‘Breakthrough’ finding shows how modern humans grow more brain cells than Neanderthals 2022-09-07T04:00:00Z In our study, we observed that individuals with reversed congenital cataracts had a smaller visual cortical surface area and a higher thickness than what is found in sighted individuals of their respective age. Adversity in Early Childhood Can Impair Brain Development 2023-05-12T04:00:00Z “Even more amazing, we saw that functional connectivity was tremendously increased in all seven in cortical areas involved in speech and 3-D orientation.” A Hormone May Boost Cognition in Down Syndrome 2022-09-01T04:00:00Z Interestingly, humans and chimpanzees express USP14 at distinct levels in specific cell types, including cortical cells and fibroblasts. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The sensors read the cortical level activity of the brain and provides auditory and visual feedback to the client. How neurotherapy helps put anxiety in its place | Provided by Think Bright Therapy 2022-07-12T04:00:00Z Mouse brains with the human version produced more basal radial glia, which in turn developed into more cortical neurons, than did mice with the archaic version. ‘Breakthrough’ finding shows how modern humans grow more brain cells than Neanderthals 2022-09-07T04:00:00Z The interlobar arteries, in turn, branch into arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, and then into afferent arterioles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In other words, neurons in sensory cortical areas and even in the hypothetical central processor cannot “see” events that happen in the world. How the Brain ‘Constructs’ the Outside World 2022-05-31T04:00:00Z Each cortical hemisphere contains regions called lobes that are involved in different functions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There’s research that also suggests that yawns are initiated alongside increases in cortical arousal, so yawns themselves may function to promote alertness. Why yawns are contagious—in all kinds of animals 2022-05-24T04:00:00Z When the researchers introduced the human version of the gene into ferrets, the animals produced more cortical neurons and had larger brain folds, the researchers report today in Science. ‘Breakthrough’ finding shows how modern humans grow more brain cells than Neanderthals 2022-09-07T04:00:00Z Figure 14.23 The Sensory Homunculus A cartoon representation of the sensory homunculus arranged adjacent to the cortical region in which the processing takes place. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Only a few dozen people on the planet have had neural interfaces embedded in their cortical tissue as part of long-term clinical research. The Man Who Controls Computers With His Mind 2022-05-12T04:00:00Z If an increased number of folds in the cortical sheets of the brain is associated with increased social complexity, which of the following animals has the greatest social complexity? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Andersen’s group is exploring how this dual input aids BCI performance, contrasting use of the two cortical regions alone or together. Brain-Reading Devices Help Paralyzed People Move, Talk and Touch 2022-04-22T04:00:00Z “His brain seems to be using its cortical sheet as best it can to represent the things that it needs.” A newborn lost large parts of his brain. Today, he’s an athletic college grad. 2022-01-21T05:00:00Z The completion of cortical processing through the primary, associative, and integrative sensory areas initiates a similar progression of motor processing, usually in different cortical areas. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Another study investigating a drummer's ability to perform complex motor tasks with their two limbs independently found that drummer brains are wired differently, having a "more efficient neuronal design of cortical motor areas." Drummer jokes got it wrong: Why drummers are smarter, healthier, and live longer lives 2021-08-29T04:00:00Z The last structure that olfactory signals directly travel to is a cortical center in the temporal lobe structure important in spatial, autobiographical, declarative, and episodic memories. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Instead, he used electrodes placed on the cortical surface that detect the averaged activity of neuronal populations. Brain-Reading Devices Help Paralyzed People Move, Talk and Touch 2022-04-22T04:00:00Z They then used “deep-learning algorithms to create computational models for the detection and classification of words from patterns in the recorded cortical activity,” according to their paper. His voice silenced for years, a man can now communicate using only the electrical impulses from his brain 2021-07-14T04:00:00Z The greatest amount of cortical space is given to muscles that perform fine, agile movements, such as the muscles of the fingers and the lower face. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Yang’s team examined an area of the cortex and saw dramatic gene expression changes in neurons in a specific region called cortical layer 2/3. COVID Can Cause Forgetfulness, Psychosis, Mania or a Stutter 2021-01-21T05:00:00Z The renal pyramids along with the adjoining cortical region are called the lobes of the kidney. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It can be induced by multiple types of brain insult, and cortical neurons at the wave’s leading edge are briefly hyperactive before falling silent — an activity that fits with the appearance of fortification spectra. A richer view of aura 2020-10-13T04:00:00Z The thalamus is a major ‘relay station’ in the brain, directing sensory and motor information received from the environment to the appropriate cortical targets to mediate a suitable behavioural response. Maternal microbes support fetal brain wiring 2020-09-22T04:00:00Z Neurons located in the primary motor cortex, named Betz cells, are large cortical neurons that synapse with lower motor neurons in the brain stem or in the spinal cord. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These analyses will be highly challenging to perform, because studying deep cortical rhythms requires people in whom intracranial electrodes have been implanted. The brain rhythms that detach us from reality 2020-09-15T04:00:00Z The cortical radiate arteries branch into numerous afferent arterioles, and then enter the capillaries supplying the nephrons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In addition, “these electrodes may be designed to penetrate the cortex so that the electrode tips are closer to the neurons that lie several hundred microns below the cortical surface,” they added. Blind People Could ‘See’ Letters That Scientists Drew on Their Brains with Electricity 2020-05-15T04:00:00Z Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating the growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain. Can High-Intensity Exercise Improve Your Memory? 2020-04-29T04:00:00Z Areas 1, 2, 3, 4, 17, and 22 are each described as primary cortical areas. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The hosts defied their predestined loops, breached boundaries into other parks and eventually massacred their masters — and each other — in a blood-spattered, cortical fluid-drenched finale. Confused by 'Westworld'? That's a feature, not a bug 2020-03-06T05:00:00Z A nephron consists of three parts—a renal corpuscle, a renal tubule, and the associated capillary network, which originates from the cortical radiate arteries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The team created a model of the ventral region by adding an extra protein to cortical spheroids at just the right time. “Organoids” Reveal How Human Forebrain Develops 2020-01-24T05:00:00Z These cortical areas represent key nodes in a "stress and depression connectome." Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z The primary cortical areas are where sensory information is initially processed, or where motor commands emerge to go to the brain stem or spinal cord. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In 2019, researchers at the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle, Washington, used this strategy to look for enhancers in specific cortical layers in the human brain9. Technologies to watch in 2020 2020-01-20T05:00:00Z The renal arteries branch out from the aorta and enter the kidney where they further divide into segmental, interlobar, arcuate, and cortical radiate arteries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They found that children from low-income families had decreased cortical area and volume. Lead poisoning hits low-income children harder than their affluent neighbors 2020-01-20T05:00:00Z In the rat, descending influences over the adrenal medulla, as well as the kidney, originate largely from cortical motor areas. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z From the primary cortical areas of the somatosensory, visual, auditory, and gustatory senses to the association areas that process information in these modalities, the cerebral cortex is the seat of conscious sensory perception. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “Their cortical and cuticle cellular structure is perfect for yarn,” she said. How to keep your pet forever: Spin its fur into yarn | Produced by Advertising Publications 2020-01-15T05:00:00Z Juxtamedullary nephrons have a larger glomerulus, allowing them to filter blood at a greater rate than cortical nephrons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Children from low-income families living in high-risk areas had lower cognitive test scores and smaller cortical volume than children from high-income families living in the same areas. Lead poisoning hits low-income children harder than their affluent neighbors 2020-01-20T05:00:00Z In fact, the cortical areas that are the major source of cognitive control in the monkey appear to be absent in the rat. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z Praxis and gnosis are related to the conscious perception and cortical processing of sensory information. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “Individuals seem to be wired differently regarding this balance between top-down cortical control versus bottom-up subcortical processes that are more emotional,” Flagel says. Scientists Spot Addiction-Associated Circuit in Rats 2020-01-03T05:00:00Z Juxtamedullary nephrons have a smaller glomerulus, allowing them to filter blood at a greater rate than cortical nephrons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But with larger fields of view, “a good chunk of the cortical surface of a mouse” becomes open to scrutiny. The microscope makers putting ever-larger biological samples under the spotlight 2019-11-25T05:00:00Z These observations provide a new perspective on the neuroanatomical organization of the cortical influences over the sympathetic nervous system. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z The relationship between the words that describe actions, or the nouns that represent objects, and the cerebral location of these concepts is suggested to be localized to particular cortical areas. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The authors showed that repressing neural excitation in mouse cortical neurons grown in culture increases the expression and nuclear levels of FOXO1. Moderation of neural excitation promotes longevity 2019-10-15T04:00:00Z These again split to form arcuate arteries, from which cortical radiate arteries radiate out and branch into many afferent arterioles that enter the capillaries supplying the nephrons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Humans are distinct from other creatures down to our brain makeup—with especially enlarged cortical regions associated with creativity and abstract thinking. Humanity’s Journey 2019-09-19T04:00:00Z The power of transneuronal tracing with rabies virus is that it reveals the entire extent of the cortical influence over this system. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z The output influences the activity of part of the thalamus that can then increase or decrease cortical activity that often results in changes to motor commands. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Among the hundreds of cortical organoids they cultivated, many were still viable after nearly a year. Lab-Grown “Mini Brains” Can Now Mimic the Neural Activity of a Preterm Infant 2019-08-29T04:00:00Z These again split to form arcuate arteries, from which cortical radiate arteries radiate out and branch into many afferent arterioles that enter the capillaries supplying the nephrons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They barely mention the ‘brain in a dish’ approach to neurological research involving human cortical organoids, which is attracting considerable attention from bioethicists. From reproduction to the right to die: bioethics now 2019-08-12T04:00:00Z Indeed, the cortical motor areas are a major source of input to the adrenal medulla in both the rat and the monkey. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z The basal nuclei are a set of nuclei in the cerebrum responsible for comparing cortical processing with the general state of activity in the nervous system to influence the likelihood of movement taking place. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He believes cortical organoids will be used to model different aspects of brain function rather than to mimic an entire brain. Lab-Grown “Mini Brains” Can Now Mimic the Neural Activity of a Preterm Infant 2019-08-29T04:00:00Z These again split to form cortical radiate arteries that radiate out and branch into many afferent arterioles that enter the capillaries supplying the nephrons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It appears that they are related to neurological events that occur when particular cortical regions are starved of oxygen critical to their function, though the precise cause is unknown. Perspective | Five myths about consciousness 2019-07-26T04:00:00Z The primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex and a single secondary motor area account for about 93 percent of the cortical input to the adrenal medulla in the rat. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z The temporal lobe contains the cortical area for auditory processing, but also has regions crucial for memory formation. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Chronic pain is associated with physical changes in the brain at the cortical level. My chronic pain taught me about the links between the mind and body | Hannah Millington 2019-07-01T04:00:00Z These again split to form arcuate arteries, from which cortical radiate arteries radiate out and branch into many afferent arterioles that enter the capillaries supplying the nephrons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The state budget, scheduled for a House vote Friday, included money for chiropractor Victor Pedro, an advocate of cortical integrative therapy to treat brain injuries and disorders. Speaker pulls $1M for controversial brain treatment 2019-06-20T04:00:00Z Thus, the monkey adrenal medulla is the target of output from a broader set of cortical areas and is influenced by a more diverse set of behaviors. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z Nuclei beneath the cerebral cortex, known as the subcortical nuclei, are responsible for augmenting cortical functions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Also, modifying cortical activity using these techniques may, as a consequence, affect activity in the hippocampus. Better Memory Through Electrical Brain Ripples 2019-06-14T04:00:00Z The nephron consists of three parts: the glomerulus, the renal tubule, and the associated capillary network originating from the cortical radiate arteries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Think Altered Carbon’s cortical stacks: these devices copy a person’s personality and memories, and exist alongside their host. A Memory Called Empire is a brilliant blend of cyberpunk, space opera, and political thriller 2019-05-18T04:00:00Z Our findings should correct this perspective because they provide a concrete neural substrate for cortical areas involved in movement, cognition and affect to influence a major sympathetic effector, the adrenal medulla. Calling an Illness "Psychosomatic" Doesn't Mean It's Imaginary 2020-01-22T05:00:00Z The basal nuclei receive input from cortical areas and compare it with the general state of the individual through the activity of a dopamine-releasing nucleus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Does the cortical network use different coding schemes for different behavioural or environmental contexts, in a way that affects the pattern of the neuronal responses9? The influence of a single neuron on its network 2019-03-05T05:00:00Z The nephron consists of three parts: the renal corpuscle, the Bowman’s capsule, and the associated capillary network originating from the cortical radiate arteries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It has also been shown to have an anti-stress effect by blocking “cortical neuron excitation.” Perspective | I tried a dozen stress-relief snacks, tinctures and teas. So why am I still anxious? 2019-01-14T05:00:00Z But dying rats experience heightened activity in their frontal cortical areas, when the oxygen and glucose have been taken away and there is a huge influx of calcium into their brain cells. Opinion | What’s the last song you want to hear before you die? 2019-01-11T05:00:00Z The basal forebrain is responsible for modulating cortical activity in attention and memory. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These properties of cortical synapses suggest a type of network computation in which the spiking activity of a single neuron would mean very little. The influence of a single neuron on its network 2019-03-05T05:00:00Z The nephron consists of three parts: the renal corpuscle, the renal tubule, and the associated capillary network originating from the cortical radiate arteries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Exercise also promotes brain plasticity by stimulating growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain. How Exercise Affects Your Brain 2018-12-26T05:00:00Z Using small electrodes, the surgeons stimulated different parts of Mr. Manzini’s cortex, testing which areas were functional in a process known as cortical mapping. Guitarist Has Brain Surgery, and Strums All the Way Through 2018-12-21T05:00:00Z Testing of the senses begins with examining the regions known as dermatomes that connect to the cortical region where somatosensation is perceived in the postcentral gyrus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Curiously, cortical networks seem to be sensitive to the activation of some, but not all, stimulated neurons6,7. The influence of a single neuron on its network 2019-03-05T05:00:00Z A cortical reaction would occur if multiple sperm combine with an egg, resulting in a genetically inviable embryo. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As part of an exposé on screen time, “60 Minutes” reported that heavy screen use was associated with lower scores on some aptitude tests, and to accelerated “cortical thinning” — a natural process — in some children. Is screen time bad for kids’ brains? 2018-12-21T05:00:00Z At the front of the Smilodon skull, for example, the researchers found a larger amount of cortical bone than in Homotherium. The Bite of the Saber-Tooth 2018-12-15T05:00:00Z Input to the muscles comes from the descending cortical input of upper motor neurons and the direct innervation of lower motor neurons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This approach might more closely mirror the basic computation of the cortical circuitry than other approaches. The influence of a single neuron on its network 2019-03-05T05:00:00Z “It’s an enormously complex problem that would benefit from a team-oriented approach to research,” she says about cortical regeneration. Crashing the boards: Neuroscientist Maureen Condic brings a different voice to NSF oversight body 2018-11-26T05:00:00Z A slice through a brain organoid shows more mature cortical neurons on the outer edge of the structure.Credit: Lab-grown ‘mini brains’ produce electrical patterns that resemble those of premature babies 2018-11-14T05:00:00Z “These were long presumed to be largely similar across cortical areas. Tasic and colleagues demonstrate this is far from truth.” New Atlas Used to ID Brain Parts for Plans and Actions 2018-11-01T04:00:00Z It also appears that the binding of leptin to brain receptors triggers the sympathetic nervous system to regulate bone metabolism, increasing deposition of cortical bone. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Can we engineer cortical circuits in a dish? Paul G. Allen (1953–2018) 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z They found that most cell types were present in both cortical areas — with the exception of excitatory neurons. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z Measuring roughly 500-micrometres across, the columns run perpendicular to the cortical layers and communicate with each other through connections in one of the middle layers. The world’s strongest MRI machines are pushing human imaging to new limits 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z Mr. Hawkins says cortical columns handle every task in the same way, a sort of computer algorithm that is repeated over and over again. Jeff Hawkins Is Finally Ready to Explain His Brain Research 2018-10-14T04:00:00Z In the cortex of the thymus, they are exposed to cortical epithelial cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The high road is routed through the cortical sensory areas and delivers more complex and detailed representations of threat to the amygdala. Memories of trauma are unique because of how we respond to threat 2018-10-06T04:00:00Z A study published last year4 also found area-specific excitatory neurons in the developing human cortex, even before the cortical circuits begin to process sensory information. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z “Having autism is going to affect developmental trajectories of all kinds of things, including cortical structure,” he says. Brains of Children with Autism Show Unusual Folding Patterns 2018-07-09T04:00:00Z As Mr. Hawkins looked at that cup, he decided that cortical columns did not just capture sensations. Jeff Hawkins Is Finally Ready to Explain His Brain Research 2018-10-14T04:00:00Z Whereas the sensory cortical areas are located in the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes, motor functions are largely controlled by the frontal lobe. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z So your heart rate goes up, certain cortical areas shut down and you are able to fight back. Separating Families May Cause Lifelong Health Damage 2018-06-20T04:00:00Z This, together with Tasic and colleagues’ observations, suggests the need to revise our framework for understanding how cortical areas process diverse types of information. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z Scan the programme for its forthcoming meeting this summer and you will see sessions on the “cortical and subcortical mechanisms of conscious perception” and “understanding the neurocognitive underpinnings of voluntary act.” Out of their minds: wild ideas at the ‘Coachella of consciousness’ 2018-06-19T04:00:00Z If cortical columns handle sight and touch in this way, Mr. Hawkins thought, they handle hearing, language and even math in similar ways. Jeff Hawkins Is Finally Ready to Explain His Brain Research 2018-10-14T04:00:00Z The loops of cortical nephrons do not extend into the renal medulla very far, if at all. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “These genes likely play an important role in cortical development, and misregulation leads to disease,” he says. Trio of genes supercharged human brain evolution 2018-05-31T04:00:00Z In particular, these findings suggest that the functional specialization of cortical areas might rely not only on differences in microcircuits and connectivity patterns, but also on the use of different cell types to process information. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z The genes were found to delay development of cortical stem cells into neurons in the embryo, leading to the production of a higher number of mature nerve cells in this brain region. Scientists hunt down genes behind humankind's big brain 2018-05-31T04:00:00Z Monday, at a conference in the Netherlands, he is expected to unveil their latest research, which he says explains the inner workings of cortical columns, a basic building block of brain function. Jeff Hawkins Is Finally Ready to Explain His Brain Research 2018-10-14T04:00:00Z The team found that infraslow waves traveled through the cortical layers of the awake rodents’ brains — and changed direction when the animals were anesthetized. Superslow brain waves may play a critical role in consciousness 2018-05-30T04:00:00Z They first showed this both abolished the effects of directly stimulating cortical taste neurons on appetitive and aversive behaviors, and dramatically reduced these behaviors in response to real tastes. A Matter of Taste: Can a Sweet Tooth Be Switched Off in the Brain? 2018-05-30T04:00:00Z Future work is needed to sample cells from more cortical areas to establish how many area-specific excitatory-neuron types exist and how their distribution affects cortical function. Single-cell sequencing paints diverse pictures of the brain 2018-10-30T04:00:00Z The team found that infraslow waves traveled through the cortical layers of the awake rodents’ brains—and changed direction when the animals were anesthetized. Superslow Brain Waves May Play a Critical Role in Consciousness 2018-05-23T04:00:00Z Before removing a brain tumor or the locus of a patient's epileptic seizures, for example, neurosurgeons map the functions of nearby cortical tissue by directly stimulating it with electrodes. What Is Consciousness? 2018-05-22T04:00:00Z However, the evolutionary mechanisms that drive cortical size and structure are unknown. Aspm knockout ferret reveals an evolutionary mechanism governing cerebral cortical size 2018-04-10T04:00:00Z The team traced connections from 31 neurons using the more traditional method, moving from the mice’s primary visual cortex up to seven other cortical regions. "Bar Codes" Could Map Errant Brain Wiring in Autism and Schizophrenia 2018-03-30T04:00:00Z “The belief is that precision is usually encoded by neuromodulators in the brain — chemicals that change the gain on cortical responses,” says Rebecca Lawson of the University of Cambridge in the U.K. Does autism arise because the brain is continually surprised? 2018-03-09T05:00:00Z Neurons in these regions are organized into archetypal cortical columns, which are core functional units of circuits. A mixed model of neuronal diversity 2018-03-04T05:00:00Z Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness. Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z For another control, they also looked at cortical gene expression in 197 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, which should help exclude general disease processes shared by non–central nervous system conditions. Major mental illnesses unexpectedly share brain gene activity, raising hope for better diagnostics and therapies 2018-02-08T05:00:00Z Numerous regions in the brains of the pandits were dramatically larger than those of controls, with over 10 percent more grey matter across both cerebral hemispheres, and substantial increases in cortical thickness. A Neuroscientist Explores the "Sanskrit Effect" 2018-01-02T05:00:00Z Humans seemed to possess the most cortical neurons — by far — of any species on earth. To Unlock the Brain’s Mysteries, Purée It 2017-12-14T05:00:00Z The precise structure of these columns is thought to be tweaked across cortical areas to allow for different functions3–5. A mixed model of neuronal diversity 2018-03-04T05:00:00Z Both species are dwarfed by the average human, who clocks in at 16 billion cortical neurons. Which animals are smartest: Dogs, cats, or ... raccoons? 2017-12-04T05:00:00Z But the genomic data told a different story: Bipolar disorder overlapped the most in cortical gene activity with schizophrenia. Major mental illnesses unexpectedly share brain gene activity, raising hope for better diagnostics and therapies 2018-02-08T05:00:00Z Although the exact cellular underpinnings of gray matter and cortical thickness measures are still under investigation, increases in these metrics consistently correlate with enhanced cognitive function. A Neuroscientist Explores the "Sanskrit Effect" 2018-01-02T05:00:00Z Identification of a brainstem circuit regulating visual cortical state in parallel with locomotion. Locomotor speed control circuits in the caudal brainstem 2017-10-22T04:00:00Z Nowakowski et al. found that only select sets of genes are differentially expressed between progenitors across the two cortical regions, and that differences increase as neurons mature. A mixed model of neuronal diversity 2018-03-04T05:00:00Z The description of a cortical field composed of discrete cytoarchitectonic units. Ultra-selective looming detection from radial motion opponency 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z In mice, those genes are expressed earlier in development, in other cortical layers. Lab-grown 'minibrains' are revealing what makes humans special 2017-11-09T05:00:00Z Furthermore, in the absence of astrocytic NL2, the formation and function of cortical excitatory synapses are diminished, whereas inhibitory synaptic function is enhanced. Astrocytic neuroligins control astrocyte morphogenesis and synaptogenesis 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z There is another advantage to using human cortical tissue. First living human cells added to brain database 2017-10-24T04:00:00Z “It is the hypnotically captivating and age-old appeal of the ‘beauty and the beast’, only under the same cortical roof.” Playlist of the Lambs: psychopaths prefer rap over classical music, study shows 2017-09-26T04:00:00Z Pellis believes that playing while young helps an animal—and potentially a child— selectively prune the overabundance of cortical brain cells that exist at birth, aiding in the process of maturation. The Power of Play 2017-09-06T04:00:00Z On a tight cap, researchers have marked the cortical structures to target. Brain-altering magnetic pulses could zap cocaine addiction 2017-08-29T04:00:00Z One cortical neuron, for instance, was more closely related to a heart cell from the same person than to three-quarters of the surrounding neurons. The trickiest family tree in biology 2017-07-04T04:00:00Z “If disrupting adenosine signaling produces improvements in cortical plasticity but also hearing problems such as tinnitus, then it would not be an effective means of improving auditory perception in humans.” Can Hearing Be Restored by Making the Brain More Childlike? 2017-06-29T04:00:00Z Openings in the lichen, root-like structures called rhizines, cortical hairs, and reproductive structures all appear more or less like modern equivalents. New Trove of Lichen Fossils Expands Total from 15 to 167 2017-06-17T04:00:00Z Neuroimaging studies show that direct gaze changes how human brains develop and function, particularly the cortical and subcortical regions that scientists call “the social brain,” which underlies the ability to empathize. How to Make Soulful Eye Contact 2017-04-28T04:00:00Z “Larger overall volumes in males and higher cortical thickness in females fits with findings from previous research. But since previous research mostly used relatively small sample sizes, this study confirms these predictions.” Study finds significant differences in brains of men and women 2017-04-11T04:00:00Z And the fine control of facial muscles required for speaking seems to share cortical circuitry with regions that control gestures. Language: Points, grunts and speaks : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z The cortical surface area — a measure of the size of folds on the outside of the brain — grew faster in infants later diagnosed with autism, compared with those who did not receive a diagnosis. Brain scans may predict early signs of autism in high-risk babies 2017-02-14T05:00:00Z It passed through the right cerebral hemisphere and the cortical ribbon, caused an “extensive hemorrhage” and exited 2.7 inches below the top of her head. After a toddler accidentally shot and killed his older sister, a family’s wounds run deep 2016-12-01T05:00:00Z For example, a professional tennis player’s racket arm bone has a larger cortical thickness than that of the other arm. Study Suggests 3.2 Million-Year-Old Lucy Spent a Lot of Time in Trees 2016-11-30T05:00:00Z A new analysis of cross sections of three toe bones found that the cortical bone—the dense outer layer—wasn't buttressed in the same way as it is in the toes of modern humans. Meet the frail, small-brained people who first trekked out of Africa 2016-11-22T05:00:00Z In particular, the loss of motor neurons may be accompanied by the loss of cortical neurons in the frontal and temporal cortices of the brain. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z But beneath them, remineralized in calcium phosphate, the researchers also spied a pattern of tiny capillaries and other cortical tissues—the sort of fabric you’d expect for the cortex of a brain. A dinosaur’s brain, preserved in a pebble 2016-10-27T04:00:00Z “It seems as though there is a link between motor cortical activity, the loss of β rhythm and recovery,” Arbuthnott says. Electrotherapy: Shock value : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z Adrenocortical carcinoma, also called adrenal cortical cancer, ACC or simply adrenal cancer, is a cancerous tumor that forms in the outer layer of the adrenal gland. Adrenal Cancer: When Your Diagnosis Is One in a Million 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z They discovered a pattern: Small-brained animals with fewer neurons in the wrinkly outer layer of the brain, called the cortex, had shorter yawns than large-brained animals with more cortical neurons. Top stories: A Nobel for hungry cells, a CRISPR patent battle, and the science of yawns 2016-10-07T04:00:00Z The team also documented changes in participants' brain EEG patterns that they interpret as cortical regions reorganizing to reassume some control of lower limbs. Robo-suit and virtual reality reverse some paralysis in people with spinal cord injuries 2016-08-11T04:00:00Z The cortical shell — the outer layer of bone — also seems to be slightly thicker with weight bearing exercise. Exercise Is Not the Path to Strong Bones 2016-04-01T04:00:00Z The cortical map used most frequently today by both researchers and clinicians is essentially the same one developed more than 100 years ago by anatomist Korbinian Brodmann. Researchers just doubled what we know about the map of the human brain 2016-07-20T04:00:00Z “If you crawl along the cortical surface, at some point you are going to get to a location where the properties start changing, and where multiple independent properties change in the same place,” he says. Human brain mapped in unprecedented detail 2016-07-19T04:00:00Z The regions were mapped based on features such as cortical thickness and the amount of insulation, called myelin, around nerve-cell connections. Mind over gray matter: new map lays out brain's cerebral cortex 2016-07-20T04:00:00Z Using this method, the researchers divided the human brain into 180 cortical areas, including 97 new ones. This new brain map shows almost 100 areas never described before 2016-07-20T04:00:00Z Dr. Kim’s most recent paper is not published, but preliminary results show that the cortical layers, where the connections between neurons lie, become thicker during the first six months postpartum. Does Having a Baby Really Make It Harder to Concentrate? 2016-05-30T04:00:00Z Instead of comparing folds, the team relied on measures that included not just cortical topography, but thickness, white matter content and activity. Researchers just doubled what we know about the map of the human brain 2016-07-20T04:00:00Z The new map is based on multiple MRI measurements, which Yeo says “greatly increases confidence that they are producing the best in vivo estimates of cortical areas”. Human brain mapped in unprecedented detail 2016-07-19T04:00:00Z Both studies found malformations associated with microcephaly, including what’s known as cortical thinning and smaller brains. Zika causes microcephaly in mice 2016-05-11T04:00:00Z The researchers trained a machine learning algorithm to be able to identify the fingerprints — like functions and connectivity — of the 180 cortical areas. This new brain map shows almost 100 areas never described before 2016-07-20T04:00:00Z Studies of fetuses and babies with the characteristic marks of microcephaly often have found cortical abnormalities. New findings point to Zika as the culprit behind babies’ brain damage 2016-03-04T05:00:00Z Infected cortical neural progenitor cells were unable to divide normally and died more often, the researchers found. Zika Kills Cells Key to Fetal Brain Development, Study Says 2016-03-04T05:00:00Z During practice with the apparatus, we also noticed the presence of a cortical representation of the distance to reward location. Watch This Monkey Control a Wheelchair With Its Tiny Monkey Brain 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z For example, a single cortical neuron receives input from thousands of other cells, but it is unclear how it processes this information. Neural modelling: Abstractions of the mind : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-03-01T05:00:00Z Her other medical problems include dwarfism, spastic quadriplegia cerebral palsy, epilepsy, scoliosis and cortical visual impairment. 'We feel the pity': mother of two kids with microcephaly talks joy and struggle 2016-02-02T05:00:00Z Zoltan Molnar, a neuroscientist at Oxford University who studies cortical development, said this was an impressive study that reconciled different ideas about how the brain folds, using a simple model. Physics of brain wrinkles copied in a jar - BBC News 2016-02-01T05:00:00Z In the laboratory, the scientists exposed the so-called cortical neural progenitor cells to the Zika virus, along with two other types of cells present in early fetal development. Zika Kills Cells Key to Fetal Brain Development, Study Says 2016-03-04T05:00:00Z The navigation was enacted by populations of cortical neurons tuned to whole-body displacement. Watch This Monkey Control a Wheelchair With Its Tiny Monkey Brain 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z Researchers measured differences in brain size and in sulci shape and location—factors that have been shown to reflect the underlying cortical organization of the brain in previous studies. Humans can outlearn chimps thanks to more flexible brain genetics 2015-11-16T05:00:00Z Once they've overhauled the sensors, the team hopes to test the system with a live animal, not just cortical cells. A new kind of printed 'artificial skin' turns pressure into nerve pulses 2015-10-15T04:00:00Z Nonetheless, Markram says that the model reproduces emergent properties of cortical circuitry, so that manipulating it in certain ways, such as by simulating whisker deflections, leads to the same results as real experiments. Fragment of rat brain simulated in supercomputer 2015-10-07T04:00:00Z After amputation of a limb, some people still feel itching or pain from it, probably due to activity in the now-vacant part of their cortical 'map', the neurological representation that supports their body image. Neuroscience: In the blink of an I : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-08-04T04:00:00Z Initially, while monkeys remained seated in the robotic wheelchair, passive navigation was employed to train a linear decoder to extract 2D wheelchair kinematics from cortical activity. Watch This Monkey Control a Wheelchair With Its Tiny Monkey Brain 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z All sounds, positive and negative, triggered a noticeable response in the premotor cortical region of the brain. Laughter Is Contagious. But It's Not Alone. 2015-07-30T04:00:00Z In healthy brains and under normal circumstances, cortical self-control usually trumps emotional impulses. Why Do Cops Kill? 2015-07-02T04:00:00Z On average, all of the workers tipped to the right in their prefrontal cortical activity before taking up meditation. How to Stop Worrying 2015-05-28T04:00:00Z Ultimately these structures project back to the cortex, creating a series of cortical–basal ganglia loops. Intuition May Reveal Where Expertise Resides in the Brain 2015-05-22T04:00:00Z Next, monkeys employed the wireless BMI to translate their cortical activity into the robotic wheelchair’s translational and rotational velocities. Watch This Monkey Control a Wheelchair With Its Tiny Monkey Brain 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z Instead, as Pavlus explains, they “mimic cortical columns in the mammalian brain, which process, transmit and store information in the same structure, with no bus bottlenecking the connection.” Computing after Moore’s Law 2015-05-02T04:00:00Z The team also found that cortical surface area was related to performance on at least some cognitive tests, especially those measuring executive functions and memory. Poverty may affect the growth of children’s brains 2015-03-30T04:00:00Z The oxygen deprivation left Baby David with 80 percent brain damage, cortical blindness, partially deaf and he is fed through a feeding pump. Child continues to thrive after abuse left him brain damaged 2015-03-15T04:00:00Z The changes include a drop in brain volume, loss of myelin integrity, cortical thinning, impaired receptor binding and signalling, and altered concentrations of various brain metabolites. The upside of losing one's memory 2015-03-13T04:00:00Z Using this system, we aimed to model cell-fate decisions including specification, expansion and patterning during the ontogeny of cortical neural stem and progenitor cells. Dissecting neural differentiation regulatory networks through epigenetic footprinting : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-12-23T05:00:00Z The neural pathways of emotions, for example, are not confined to higher-level cortical structures in the brain but are found in evolutionarily older subcortical regions. How Science Can Inform Ethics and Champion Sentient Beings 2015-02-03T05:00:00Z The team also found a significant correlation between cortical surface area and family income levels, which ranged from less than $5000 per year to more than $300,000. Poverty may affect the growth of children’s brains 2015-03-30T04:00:00Z These connections are reciprocated by other fibers that extend back from the claustrum to the originating cortical region. Neuronal "Superhub" Might Generate Consciousness 2014-11-21T05:00:00Z Remarkably, his ES-cell-derived cortical cells assembled into floating, three-dimensional organoids similar to the embryonic organ from which the brain's cerebral cortex arises. Yoshiki Sasai (1962-2014) : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-02T04:00:00Z Indeed, the cortical neurons her lab grew from those iPS cells looked different than other cortical neurons and suffered delayed development. Could Reprogrammed Cells Fight "Untreatable" Diseases? 2014-08-27T04:00:00Z Electrophysiology insights could guide more sophisticated monitoring of cortical epilepsies and possibly other focal epilepsies as well. Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z Instead, at the very lowest income levels, each incremental increase in income led to relatively greater increases in cortical surface area, whereas the influence of income tended to level off at higher levels. Poverty may affect the growth of children’s brains 2015-03-30T04:00:00Z Neuroanatomical studies in mice and rats reveal a unique asymmetry—each claustrum receives input from both cortical hemispheres but only projects back to the overlying cortex on the same side. Neuronal "Superhub" Might Generate Consciousness 2014-11-21T05:00:00Z Sasai instructed both mouse and human ES cells to become cortical neurons, the type that expanded markedly during the evolution of the human brain. Yoshiki Sasai (1962-2014) : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-02T04:00:00Z It does appear to be the case that, some months ago, Ronaldo paid for the treatment of a young child who needed surgery for a brain abnormality, cortical dysplasia, which causes epileptic fits. Why does Ronaldo have zigzag hair? 2014-06-23T04:00:00Z “It was thought that the primary reorganization is among regions adjacent to the cortical stroke,” says Huguenard. Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z The results, published online this week in Nature Neuroscience, showed that cortical surface area was indeed correlated with different measures of socioeconomic status. Poverty may affect the growth of children’s brains 2015-03-30T04:00:00Z It is surrounded on all sides by white matter—the tracts, or wire bundles, that interconnect cortical regions with one another and with other brain regions. Neuronal "Superhub" Might Generate Consciousness 2014-11-21T05:00:00Z A new study fills the bill by showing that heavy video game play is associated with greater “cortical thickness” – a neuroscience term meaning greater density in specific brain areas. The Surprising Connection Between Playing Video Games And A Thicker Brain 2014-04-06T22:55:00Z In vivo imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and data from post-mortem studies in people with schizophrenia, pointed to cortical effects and implicated other neurotransmitter systems, such as glutamate and serotonin. Drug development: The modelling challenge 2014-04-02T17:21:02.740Z They found that even limited restraint of neuronal firing in a region of the motor cortex markedly reduced the number of seizure events in a rat model of cortical epilepsy. Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z So, language dysfunction in schizophrenia is a perfect storm of complexity, bringing together a dauntingly complicated mental illness and an equally complicated higher cortical function. Language: Lost in translation 2014-04-02T17:20:59.714Z The control group, on the other hand, showed a trend towards thinning of their cortices over the eight weeks perhaps as a reflection of cortical atrophy in normal aging. Can a Mnemonic Slow Memory Loss with Age? 2014-03-20T21:17:18Z Of the regions in the cortical, or memory, awareness and language parts of the brain, the insula contains the most receptors for nicotine. Teen Brains May Be Altered By Smoking 2014-03-03T20:05:17Z As with hippocampal lesions, in adolescence the animals begin to show many hallmarks of schizophrenia, such as cortical thinning, ventricular enlargement, the loss of a subset of interneurons in the frontal cortex, and cognitive changes. Drug development: The modelling challenge 2014-04-02T17:21:02.740Z We used high-density direct cortical surface recordings in humans while they listened to natural, continuous speech to reveal the STG representation of the entire English phonetic inventory. [Report] Phonetic Feature Encoding in Human Superior Temporal Gyrus 2014-02-27T19:26:37.254Z The data provide a precise spatio-temporal description of the cortical network underlying action monitoring and error processing. [Report] Action Monitoring and Medial Frontal Cortex: Leading Role of Supplementary Motor Area 2014-02-20T19:26:03.031Z During CFC, sensory features of the aversive event reach hippocampal output neurons through excitatory cortical afferents and require active inhibitory filtering to ensure that the hippocampus exclusively encodes the conditioned stimulus. [Research Article] Dendritic Inhibition in the Hippocampus Supports Fear Learning 2014-02-20T19:25:46.586Z GPR56 expression levels regulate progenitor proliferation. splice forms are highly variable between mice and humans, and the regulatory element of gyrencephalic mammals directs restricted lateral cortical expression. [Report] Evolutionarily Dynamic Alternative Splicing of GPR56 Regulates Regional Cerebral Cortical Patterning 2014-02-13T19:25:54.961Z For example, a homunculus, or “little man,” is mapped onto the brain’s motor and somatosensory cortices, such that different regions of this cortical map support movement and sensation in different body parts. Our Brains Have a Map for Numbers 2014-01-14T12:45:00.321Z The cortical linkup in females would promote communication between areas involved in analytical and verbal tasks and those for spatial and intuitive processing, the team says. Brains of women and men are wired differently 2013-12-10T00:09:58Z Organization of the cortical cytoskeleton guides the growth and morphogenesis of organisms, from bacteria to higher plants, that depend on cell walls. [Research Article] A Mechanism for Reorientation of Cortical Microtubule Arrays Driven by Microtubule Severing 2013-12-05T18:56:45.879Z BTBD3 regulation of dendrite orientation is conserved across species and cortical areas and shows how high-acuity sensory function may be achieved by the tuning of subcellular polarity to sources of high sensory activity. [Report] BTBD3 Controls Dendrite Orientation Toward Active Axons in Mammalian Neocortex 2013-12-04T22:56:58.093Z Vicarious says it’s creating software, which it calls a recursive cortical network, that thinks and learns like a human, even to the extent of being able to use what we think of as imagination. AI Startup Vicarious Claims Milestone In Quest To Build A Brain: Cracking CAPTCHA 2013-10-28T04:13:00Z All of those cortical copies generate a new semantic memory, representing only the gist or key facts about the experience, without all of its elaborate episodic details. Important New Theory Explains Where Old Memories Go 2013-10-15T10:45:00.593Z The results, which later earned Hubel and Wiesel a Nobel prize, became a canonical example of 'cortical computation', in which interconnected neurons transmit and transform information. Neuroscience: Through the eyes of a mouse 2013-10-09T17:20:26.103Z We used spinning-disk confocal microscopy to image the reorganization of cortical microtubule arrays in real time and visualize functional proteins tagged with fluorescent proteins. [Research Article] A Mechanism for Reorientation of Cortical Microtubule Arrays Driven by Microtubule Severing 2013-12-05T18:56:45.879Z Because lying is generally more difficult and complicated than telling the truth, if you suppress higher cortical functions you are more likely to speak the truth, simply because it's easier. Can a drug make you tell the truth? 2013-10-03T00:13:39Z Because lying is generally more difficult and complicated than telling the truth, if you suppress higher cortical functions you are more unlikely to speak the truth, simply because it's easier. Can a drug make you tell the truth? 2013-10-03T00:13:39Z There is no single cortical area responsible for storing a lifesworth of facts and experiences, but the hippocampus and the parahippocampal areas are always at the center of discussions on learning and memory. Mnemodystopia: A Little Context 2013-08-26T16:45:03.317Z But for all the natural examples of loop design, surprisingly little is known about why the networks in leaves and the cortical blood vessels are organized in this way. In Natural Networks, Strength in Loops 2013-08-20T17:15:00.780Z In plants, environmental and hormonal signals that modulate cell growth cause reorganization of cortical microtubule arrays. [Research Article] A Mechanism for Reorientation of Cortical Microtubule Arrays Driven by Microtubule Severing 2013-12-05T18:56:45.879Z That was accompanied by sharply reduced responses in cortical areas of the frontal lobe that regulate decision-making, providing top down control of the amygdala and other primitive brain structures. Wel: How Sleep Loss Adds to Weight Gain 2013-08-06T15:10:27Z He intends to use his chips as the equivalents of cortical columns, connecting them up to produce a computer that is, in this particular at least, truly brainlike. Neuromorphic computing: The machine of a new soul 2013-08-01T15:03:34Z “A cortical neural prosthesis for restoring and enhancing memory.” Mnemodystopia: A Little Context 2013-08-26T16:45:03.317Z In 2011, a Harvard study showed that mindfulness is linked to increased gray matter density in certain cortical areas, including the prefrontal cortex and regions involved in self-referential thoughts and emotion regulation. How Yoga Might Save The U.S. Trillions Of Dollars, And A Lot of Lives 2013-07-24T15:56:00Z The organization of cortical microtubule arrays in higher plant cells is essential for organizing cell and tissue morphogenesis, but it is not clear how specific architectures are acquired and reconfigured in response to environmental cues. [Research Article] A Mechanism for Reorientation of Cortical Microtubule Arrays Driven by Microtubule Severing 2013-12-05T18:56:45.879Z Her research focuses on computational modeling of cortical areas. "I Don't Know If I'm a Scientist": The Problem with Archetypes 2013-07-10T15:15:03.567Z Cell adhesion and cortical tension, with their associated forces, contribute to such changes. [Introduction to Special Issue] Introduction: Getting into Shape 2013-06-06T17:55:41.127Z The scans showed cortical development was reduced in the preterm babies compared with those born at full term, with the greatest effect in the most premature infants - those born at about 27 weeks. Premature babies have 'brain arrest' 2013-05-21T11:07:53Z The tiny fetal mouse brains developed cortical folds, the authors report today in Cell. 'Master Gene' Makes Mouse Brain Look More Human 2013-04-25T21:05:00Z Prof Black, of Dundee University, claimed that so-called "Harris lines" in Declan's bones and what was described as "cortical erosion" were evidence of malnutrition and neglect. Apology over 'quack doctor' comment 2013-04-24T11:29:04Z Their evidence also covered a medical phenomenon known as cortical erosion. Child death mum cleared of charges 2013-04-18T14:51:42Z Significant bilateral connectivity was evident in half of the 42 areas tested, and the strength of FC between homologous cortical brain regions increased with advancing gestational age. [Research Articles] Cross-Hemispheric Functional Connectivity in the Human Fetal Brain 2013-02-20T19:25:08.873Z Perceiving invisible light through a somatosensory cortical prosthesis. Brain implant gives rats a feel for infrared 2013-02-15T15:47:00Z Based on that discovery, the team hypothesized that varying levels of the gene's expression in mice and humans might account for the varying levels of cortical thickness and different shapes between the two species. 'Master Gene' Makes Mouse Brain Look More Human 2013-04-25T21:05:00Z To examine the extent of both the cortical and subcortical lesions of each brain, Dronkers’s team used high resolution volumetric MRI. The man who couldn t speak and how he revolutionized psychology 2013-02-08T20:15:05.317Z Both appear to enhance cortical excitability and cognitive performance. News Analysis: So Long, Lance. Here Comes 21st-Century Doping. 2013-01-19T17:06:21Z Therefore, we examined the association between neonatal growth and diffusion tensor imaging measures of microstructural cortical development in infants born very preterm. [Research Articles] Slower Postnatal Growth Is Associated with Delayed Cerebral Cortical Maturation in Preterm Newborns 2013-01-16T20:25:10.547Z Analysis of pyramidal neurons revealed that cortical deficits were associated with impaired expansion of the dendritic arbor and reduced synaptic density. [Research Articles] Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization 2013-01-16T20:25:08.363Z This indicates that the cortical neurons underwent transformation to a more primitive phenotype. Dedifferentiation Turning Back the Cellular Clock 2013-01-11T17:45:05.063Z Taken together these data indicate that grid modules are extensive and interspersed and cut across cortical layers. The entorhinal grid map is discretized 2012-12-11T21:22:10.423Z Spindles are faster “bursts” of oscillation in the circuitry connecting the thalamus and cortex, which might activate biochemical processes that flag these cortical memory traces for later consolidation. Sleep On It 2012-11-20T14:45:00.323Z However, the relationship between postnatal growth and cortical development remains largely unknown. [Research Articles] Slower Postnatal Growth Is Associated with Delayed Cerebral Cortical Maturation in Preterm Newborns 2013-01-16T20:25:10.547Z We conclude that cortical growth impairments are associated with diffuse disturbances in the dendritic arbor and synapse formation of cortical neurons, which may underlie the cognitive and learning disabilities in survivors of preterm birth. [Research Articles] Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization 2013-01-16T20:25:08.363Z The knockdown of these two proteins caused cortical neurons in the mouse brain to reprogram back to an immature or stem cell-like state. Dedifferentiation Turning Back the Cellular Clock 2013-01-11T17:45:05.063Z And the enlarged amygdala and the smaller cortical thickness in the fusiform gyrus may relate to the deficits autistic individuals experience in dealing with emotion and reading faces. A Little Hard Science From the Big Easy: Temple Grandin's Brain and Transgenic Sniffer Mice 2012-10-19T16:15:02.623Z Furthermore, the complexity of the cortical EEG signal decreased significantly when patients stopped responding. Safely Switching Consciousness Off and On Again 2012-09-20T11:15:05.657Z Avoiding growth impairment during neonatal care may allow cortical development to proceed optimally and, ultimately, may provide an opportunity to reduce neurological disabilities related to preterm birth. [Research Articles] Slower Postnatal Growth Is Associated with Delayed Cerebral Cortical Maturation in Preterm Newborns 2013-01-16T20:25:10.547Z Children who survive preterm birth exhibit persistent unexplained disturbances in cerebral cortical growth with associated cognitive and learning disabilities. [Research Articles] Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization 2013-01-16T20:25:08.363Z As a prelude, back in 2007, our research team at Duke trained rhesus monkeys to walk upright on a treadmill as the electrical activity of more than 200 cortical neurons was recorded simultaneously. Coming Soon: Artificial Limbs Controlled by Thoughts 2012-08-29T11:15:00.213Z One study found people who meditated at least once a week for four years showed increased cortical gyrification, the folding of the that helps people process information. Can Meditation Make You Smarter? 2012-08-12T23:35:16Z Even though the hard outer shell, or cortical bone, grows thicker in some spots over time, autopsies show that these thickened sections are often riddled with holes. Cracks in the Test: Doctors Improve Osteoporosis Screens 2012-08-06T12:15:00.413Z Fractional anisotropy and eigenvalues were recorded from 15 anatomically defined cortical regions. [Research Articles] Slower Postnatal Growth Is Associated with Delayed Cerebral Cortical Maturation in Preterm Newborns 2013-01-16T20:25:10.547Z Together, these findings suggest a link between abnormal cortical FA and disturbances of neuronal morphological development. [Research Articles] Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization 2013-01-16T20:25:08.363Z The densely rippled structure sits on the inside of the cortical mantle, resembling a tiny Japanese fan tucked neatly into the brain's interior. A Single Brain Structure May Give Winners That Extra Physical Edge 2012-07-24T13:45:00.233Z So the cortical representation is likely to be more complicated than a single hotspot. Neuroscience: Hardwired for taste 2012-06-25T13:20:57.153Z These results might explain why so many early counting studies that only sampled cortical gray matter found a roughly 1:1 or slightly higher glia to neuron ratio. Know Your Neurons: What is the Ratio of Glia to Neurons in the Brain? 2012-06-13T15:45:02.603Z Since no cortical connectome is known yet, it's not clear how to connect the model neurons with each other. Another Perspective on Massive Brain Simulations 2012-06-11T16:15:00.407Z To experimentally investigate this possibility, we measured the orientation distribution of dendritic branches and observed that it corresponds with the theoretically predicted pattern of increased anisotropy within cases that exhibited elevated cortical FA after ischemia. [Research Articles] Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization 2013-01-16T20:25:08.363Z In this video from Blue Brain, the viewer moves from the level of a single brain cell up through the circuits of a cortical column. From Neuron to Whole Brain [Video] 2012-06-11T12:15:02.450Z Furthermore, the communication between the PFC and cortical regions in the back of the brain was also disrupted. This Is Your Brain on Drugs 2012-05-15T11:45:00.207Z The cortical cells are fibrous and contain pigment granules of varying darkness that give hair strands their natural color. Hairy Science: Measuring Humidity with a Hair Hygrometer 2012-04-19T14:15:00.237Z Thus we understand how the force in a medium which I shall call cortical or cerebral may, for example, lift the table, pull somebody's beard, hit him, caress him, etc. Mysterious Psychic Forces An Account of the Author's Investigations in Psychical Research, Together with Those of Other European Savants 2012-03-28T02:00:29.747Z Further, measurement of cortical FA may be useful for noninvasively detecting neurological disorders affecting cortical development. [Research Articles] Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization 2013-01-16T20:25:08.363Z As a rule, the epithelium becomes granular earlier and to a marked degree in the cortical than in the tubular portion. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z He burned away the delicate neurons of the cortical cells, and to-day he cannot say "pianoforte" without a trial. Unicorns 2012-03-14T02:00:26.677Z Ringing.—If the strip of cortical tissues and cambium is removed all round the stem, exposing the wood in a form of a ring, complications may ensue owing to the following circumstances. Disease in Plants 2012-03-01T03:00:22Z Comparative studies with humans and great apes indicate that this area is relatively larger and more richly interconnected in humans, whereas other frontal cortical areas are more equivalent in size and connectivity. Top Multitaskers Help Explain How Brain Juggles Thoughts 2012-02-16T16:45:00.243Z The “recurrent sensations” experienced after prolonged occupation with some one kind of sensory object may be regarded as due to an abnormal excitability of the cortical system concerned, resulting from its unduly prolonged exercise. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 8 "Haller, Albrecht" to "Harmonium" 2012-01-02T03:00:22.443Z Having now sketched the condition of this cortical jacket when the branch or stem is still young, it will be easy to see broadly what occurs as it thickens with age. Scientific American Supplement, No. 648, June 2, 1888. 2011-12-26T03:00:15.410Z A striking feature in the roots of several genera, excluding the Abietineae, is the occurrence Anatomy. of thick and somewhat irregular bands of thickening on the cell-walls of the cortical layer next to the endodermis. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z The bruised cortical tissues rapidly dry as they perish, and may adhere to the wood below. Disease in Plants 2012-03-01T03:00:22Z Moreover, there are many reasons for the view that the gray cortical substance in the brain, with its characteristic pyramidal cell, is the anatomical substratum of this kind of nervous activity. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z Second, from these scalp data, the authors attempted to reconstruct the activation of five distinct but close cortical regions, using MMN source localizations previously reported in healthy subjects. [Technical Comment] Comment on ?Preserved Feedforward But Impaired Top-Down Processes in the Vegetative State? 2011-12-01T18:55:34.760Z In the same way, anything which cuts or injures the continuity of the cortical layers results in diverting the nutritive substances into other channels. Scientific American Supplement, No. 648, June 2, 1888. 2011-12-26T03:00:15.410Z The study provides some interesting insight into how cortical excitability may be related to conscious awareness.” Observatory: Mapping Grapheme-Color Synesthesia in the Brain 2011-11-21T23:25:02Z They are frequently due to some previous injury, such as the crushing or grazing of cortical tissues by cart-wheels. Disease in Plants 2012-03-01T03:00:22Z And more are coming: In imaging studies, for instance, neuroscientists have identified cortical areas that are highly active when people suppress impulses or other behaviors. Profiles in Science: Telling the Story of the Brain?s Cacophony of Competing Voices 2011-10-31T16:56:41Z In the neurosciences, there’s what we call “cortical chauvinism” – that is, the neocortex gets the most research. Neuroscientist Bradley Voytek is Bringing the Silicon Valley Ethos into Academia 2011-10-17T12:29:09Z Indeed, it is not difficult to see that unless certain provisions are made for keeping up the continuity of the cortical tissues, they must give way under the pressure from within. Scientific American Supplement, No. 648, June 2, 1888. 2011-12-26T03:00:15.410Z Let us next ask whether there is awareness of the underlying cortical process. Spencer's Philosophy of Science The Herbert Spencer Lecture Delivered at the Museum 7 November, 1913 2011-09-25T02:00:15.883Z And the disorder seems to be mediated by a cortical mechanism. Catherine Kerr on the Science of Meditation 2011-09-09T13:59:49Z For example, comparing the brains of different mammal species, for every S additional units of cortical surface area, there is a number of additional neurons N equal to S0.75 multiplied by a constant, b. Mathematics, Cities, and Brains: What Can A Highway Engineer Learn From A Neuroscientist? 2011-08-18T21:15:00.250Z A cortical neural prosthesis for restoring and enhancing memory. [Editors' Choice] The Biodigital Brain 2011-07-05T19:27:33.833Z A sense of fairness is both cerebral and visceral, cortical and limbic. Thirst for Fairness May Have Helped Us Survive 2011-07-04T16:37:45Z It involves, I believe, the differentiation of a superior cortical system from an inferior system of nervous arcs. Spencer's Philosophy of Science The Herbert Spencer Lecture Delivered at the Museum 7 November, 1913 2011-09-25T02:00:15.883Z Mystifier as he was, he must have suffered at times from acute cortical irritation. The Poems and Prose Poems of Charles Baudelaire with an Introductory Preface by James Huneker 2011-06-01T02:00:22.477Z As it happens, the total volume of white matter axons scales as the 1.5 power of cortical surface area! Mathematics, Cities, and Brains: What Can A Highway Engineer Learn From A Neuroscientist? 2011-08-18T21:15:00.250Z A host of other studies built on this basic idea, showing that blocking cortical expansion also blocks learning, and that more expansion often correlates with better learning. The Learning Brain Gets Bigger -- then Smaller 2011-05-24T13:45:02.440Z That an irritative lesion in the line of the centripetal tracts can influence cortical life is shown by thalamus lesions in which hallucinations are sometimes present. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Of course it implies a great deal more than cortical process only; but this may perhaps be taken for granted. Spencer's Philosophy of Science The Herbert Spencer Lecture Delivered at the Museum 7 November, 1913 2011-09-25T02:00:15.883Z "Call it a cortical blink--just a brief shutdown of a piece of cortex that can disrupt neural processing." Surreptitious Sleep States Uncovered 2011-04-27T21:15:00.460Z Martindale and his group interpreted alpha power as a marker of decreased cortical arousal and defocused attention and suggested that creative people were allowing more information into their conscious awareness during creative work. The Unleashed Mind: Why Creative People Are Eccentric 2011-04-14T13:15:00.277Z Critically though, despite reverting to cortical status quo, the rats retained their sharpened perceptual skills. The Learning Brain Gets Bigger -- then Smaller 2011-05-24T13:45:02.440Z This explains the manifold epileptic aura, which is simply an isolated, exaggerated, and limited cortical function. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Every time you encounter a particular person or object, a similar pattern of spiking neurons is generated in higher-order cortical regions. Being John Malkovich: Personal Control of Individual Brain Cells 2011-04-04T14:15:04.497Z Here’s the thing: After that initial explosion of cognitive growth, they noticed a decline in both cortical thickness, as well as the amount of glucose used during that task. You Can Increase Your Intelligence: 5 Ways to Maximize Your Cognitive Potential 2011-03-07T17:15:00.513Z This may also explain why individuals with autism, who have disrupted frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortical areas, have difficulty working out what the rest of us just know without having to think very much. Knowing Me, Knowing You: How Social Intuition Goes Awry in Autism 2011-03-07T14:15:02.063Z What does a different response in "cortical control areas" mean? The difference between fructose and glucose 2011-02-14T16:08:04Z It is evident, therefore, that the mal-connection of cortical centres is at the root of various tropho-neurotic, nervous, mental, moral and other perversions exhibited in degenerates. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z These bundles are generally marked by the possession of nuclei, especially in their cortical parts, which become no doubt the nuclei of the nerve sheath, and, in the neighbourhood of the ganglia, of nerve cells. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z It appeared that the sensory input from the reinnervated skin was processed within the cortical representation of the missing forepaw. Rewiring the Human Arm 2011-01-25T12:45:00.383Z My love of the garish is reflected in my flowery shirts and pants and, I’m sure, in an enhanced cortical representation of these hues. Think Different: How Perception Reveals Brain Differences 2011-01-24T14:15:02.497Z Within some of the "cortical control areas" where differences were seen, lie some important neural real estate, including regions where notions of reward and addiction are processed. The difference between fructose and glucose 2011-02-14T16:08:04Z Where, for example, the cortical area for vision overlaps that of the centre for forearm and hand, the associating fasciculus underlying the debatable land is subservient to the co-ordinations employed in writing and drawing. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z However, when the players took their time and consciously evaluated a given board pattern, brain activation was limited to the prefrontal cortex and other cortical areas in both professional and amateur players. This Week in Science 2011-01-20T19:25:00.570Z As such, they dramatically illustrate the specialisation of cortical areas for very particular functions.. The Neuroscience of Tone Deafness 2011-01-18T14:15:00.303Z Here the scientists correlated the width of the cortical sheet—the thickness of its gray matter—with how long each stable percept lasts before it switches. Think Different: How Perception Reveals Brain Differences 2011-01-24T14:15:02.497Z In a vertical transverse section each gland is seen to consist of two parts, cortical and medullary. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z It is not difficult to perceive the relation existing between a defective brain weight, paucity of the gyri, deficiency of properly developed cortical cells and such an elementary form of mental aberration as simple imbecility. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Dr. Thomas G. Beach/Civin Laboratory for NeuropathologyIn a microscopic view of brain tissue, cortical gray matter is shown in yellow, with amyloid plaques appearing in dark brown. The New Old Age: Closing In on Alzheimer's Disease 2010-12-14T16:24:30Z This spreading wave is called “spreading cortical depression,” and at this time we believe that this is the cause of the migraine aura. Can Migraines Cause Mood Swings? 2010-08-04T13:46:00Z More recently, studies by Dr. Shungu and colleagues looking at brain lactate levels suggest that cortical blood flow issues result in a reduced ability to clear the toxin lactate. 2010-01-21T16:07:00Z The cortical substance is composed of bundles of cells, separated by a stroma, which have a different appearance in different parts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z He supposes the human body to consist of a cerebroso-medullary part, of which the nerves are processes; and a cortical part, including the vascular system and its fluids. Lives of Eminent Zoologists, from Aristotle to Linnæus with Introductory remarks on the Study of Natural History Outlines of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or cortical cells. The Elements of Botany For Beginners and For Schools The pallium is reptilian in character, though its cortical area is more extensive. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" These motor discharges may, through the 'back stroke' action, in turn exert an influence upon the slower cortical reaction. Creative Intelligence Essays in the Pragmatic Attitude Each lobe is divided into a large number of lobules divided by areolar tissue, and each of these, under the microscope, is seen to consist of a cortical and medullary part. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z The cortical or vascular system undergoing continual waste, requires continual reparation, which is effected by means of suitable diet. Lives of Eminent Zoologists, from Aristotle to Linnæus with Introductory remarks on the Study of Natural History Vice versa the deepest coma becomes sleep again, when the suspended function of the cortical centres is roused by strychnine injections. On Snake-Poison: its Action and its Antidote The cortical neurone therefore collects impulses in the region of cortex just about its perikaryon and discharges them to other regions, some not cortical or even cerebral, but spinal, &c. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" He felt the beginnings of cortical hypertrophy and screamed. Turning Point To the naked eye the cortical part is yellow while the medullary is red. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z The chain of events is: stimulus, response of the sense organ and sensory nerve, first cortical response which is sensation, second cortical response which is perception. Psychology A Study Of Mental Life This proves him to be of the "literary" type of music lover; music must first be a picture before it makes a tonal image in the cortical cells. Ivory Apes and Peacocks As far as the present writer can find from reference to books and from the clinical experience of others, “pain” is unknown as an aura in cortical epilepsy, or at most is of equivocal occurrence. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The gray border is called the cortical, or cineritious portion, while the white central portion is called the medullary. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) In most cases these threads have an externally cortical layer, which imparts rigidity; usually from the apex, but sometimes laterally, the spores are produced. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses In sleep the cortical brain functions sink to a low level, and perhaps cease altogether in the deepest sleep. Psychology A Study Of Mental Life The first offences are committed intermittingly at the prompting of attacks of cortical irritation, the last two almost continuously owing to a state of constant irritation. Criminal Man According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso The cortical area for the thumb is larger than those for the whole abdomen and chest combined. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" Large portions of the cortical, or outer part, are frequently removed without affecting the functions of this 348 organ. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) Mucedines.—Here, on the other hand, the threads, if coloured at all, are still delicate, more flexuous, with much thinner walls, and never invested with an external cortical layer. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses These special aptitudes thus have a fairly definite cortical localization, and possibly others have also. Psychology A Study Of Mental Life His ear was become a monstrous labyrinth, a cortical lute of three thousand strings, and upon it impacted the early music at the dawn of things. Melomaniacs There is, however, no evidence that they do this by changing in any way the cortical mechanisms themselves. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The root possesses all the medicinal properties of the plant, and is active throughout, both in its cortical and ligneous portions. North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, July, 1826 They are cortical responses, or are supposed to be. Cogito, Ergo Sum Now it is practically impossible that such a function as attention or memory should have any localized cortical center, for these are general functions. Psychology A Study Of Mental Life Effusions into the cortical motor areas give rise to irritation or paralysis of the muscles governed by the affected centres. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The general appearance and arrangement of the neurones in a particle of cortical grey matter are shown in fig. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" Increase of intellectual activity means an increase of work in the cortical cells, dependent on a congested, sometimes a temporarily anæmic state. Essay on the Creative Imagination In some species there is an enveloping cortical substance; in other species no such substance can be detected. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions Show by a diagram how one cortical center arouses another. Psychology A Study Of Mental Life In rare cases the whole motor area is destroyed—cortical hemiplegia; more generally the lesion affects one or more groups of muscles, and occasionally all the muscles of one limb are paralysed—cortical monoplegia. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The tendency of physiology is to regard the actions of the cortex as reactions to impulses communicated to the cortical cells by nerve-channels reaching them from the sense organs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The cortical surface of the brain appeared much browner than usual, but neither the medullary part nor cerebellum were impaired. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy Two substances, distinguishable by their color, namely, the white or medullary and the gray or cortical substance, enter into the formation of nervous matter. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse A movement of a single hand, as in writing or buttoning a coat, may also represent a higher or cortical coördination. Psychology A Study Of Mental Life During the progress of the symptoms there is frequently evidence of direct pressure upon definite cortical centres or cranial nerves, giving rise to focal symptoms. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. It is surrounded by a cortical field which, though intimately connected with it by manifold conducting fibres, &c., is yet on various grounds distinct from it. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" Physiologically, Wolberg believes that hypnosis represents an inhibition of the higher cortical centers, and a limitation of sensory channels such as takes place in sleep. A Practical Guide to Self-Hypnosis The whole irritation becomes eliminated, the emotion is relieved from suppression and the source of the cortical uproar is removed forever. Psychotherapy It is composed of two substances, a white fibrous substance which forms the internal portion and a gray, cortical tissue which forms the external layer. How to Become Rich A Treatise on Phrenology, Choice of Professions and Matrimony In some cortical lesions, for reasons not yet understood, the paralysis remains of the flaccid type. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The cortical area for the tongue is larger than that for the neck. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" In the fronto-parietal or parietal regions, signs of damage to the cortical motor area were seldom absent, sometimes evanescent, at others prolonged. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre His motivation had been thalamic rather than cortical and he was having trouble externalizing it verbally. A Slave is a Slave But that appearance that you call a cork," says he, "is nothing but the outward spacies and external qualities of the cortical nathur. Stories of Comedy When it begins in the face and passes successively to the arm and leg, the pressure is on the cortical centres. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Thus, flexion of the leg is more extensively represented than is extension, opening of the jaw has a much larger cortical area than has closure of the jaws. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" Seventh nerve.—Facial paralysis was most commonly observed in cases of wound of the mastoid process, apart from central cortical facial paralyses, of which several are quoted in the chapter on injuries of the head. Surgical Experiences in South Africa, 1899-1900 Being Mainly a Clinical Study of the Nature and Effects of Injuries Produced by Bullets of Small Calibre He found also that the cortical area connected with the left eye—namely, the right occipital region—was much thinner than that for the right eye, which had retained its sight longer than the other. The Mind and Its Education "The gray cortical layer attained in general only about a third of the normal thickness, and was especially weakly represented in the frontal region." The Mind of the Child, Part II The Development of the Intellect, International Education Series Edited By William T. Harris, Volume IX. The paralysis may be spastic in lesions of the cortex or internal capsule; if it is flaccid the lesion is almost certainly cortical. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The roof of the telencephalon is mainly epithelial, and contains no traces of cortical structure. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The cortical part of the root yields a milky saponaceous juice which is very bitter and slightly sedative. Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure Without this cortical activity, these facts would have existed just as truly, but you would never have known them. The Mind and Its Education So long, for instance, as the individual walks onward without disturbance, his mind is free to dwell upon other matters, cortical activity not being necessary to control the process of walking. Ontario Normal School Manuals: Science of Education It is not always possible, however, to distinguish between cortical and sub-cortical tumours, and in many cases both areas are invaded. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. In the latter animal the cortical area is so extensive as to be thrown into many and deep sulci, and yet the Echidna is one of the lowliest of mammals in other respects. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The skeletal parts consist of five zones of needles composed of an organized substance and embedded in the cortical plasm, the last zone coming to a point at the posterior end. Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 21:415-468, 1901 How Mood is Produced.—During most of our waking hours, and, indeed, during our sleeping hours as well, a multitude of sensory currents are pouring into the cortical centers. The Mind and Its Education But medullary or fibrillary substance everywhere begins in and proceeds from the cortical; out of it nerves arise, and from them all things of the body. Angelic Wisdom Concerning the Divine Love and the Divine Wisdom Except in the presence of infection, separated fragments live and become reunited, but they may unite in such a manner as to project towards the brain and, by irritating the cortical centres, cause traumatic epilepsy. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Other regions of the cortex possess fibres coming from or going to various regions of the cortex itself, but do not possess in addition, as do the five primitive cortical fields, the fibres of projection. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The ectoplasm consists of a relatively thick cortical plasm specially noticeable in the posterior half of the body and a delicate cuticle which bears almost imperceptible longitudinal markings—the insertion points of the fine cilia. Marine Protozoa from Woods Hole Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission 21:415-468, 1901 All the peculiarities of dream life are explicable as the incoherent effort, due to some physiological stimulus, of certain organs, or of the cortical elements of a brain otherwise asleep. Dream Psychology Psychoanalysis for Beginners P. Rosenbach has found experimentally that potassium bromide diminishes the sensibility of the cortical substance of the cerebrum to electric excitement, while, the excitability of the underlying white substance remains unaltered. Scientific American Supplement, No. 455, September 20, 1884 In infected compound fractures, an abscess may form in the cortical grey matter within a few days of the injury from direct spread of infection from the bone and membranes. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. As to what part the cortical mechanism has in the elaboration or association of mental processes to which olfaction contributes, no evidence worth the name seems as yet forthcoming. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" If a man takes too much alcohol, its first apparent effect will be to paralyze the higher or cortical center. Psychology and Achievement Being the First of a Series of Twelve Volumes on the Applications of Psychology to the Problems of Personal and Business Efficiency Their occurrence is, moreover, a strong argument against the doctrine which derives the dream from the isolated activity of certain cortical elements. Dream Psychology Psychoanalysis for Beginners Prof. Hamilton, of Aberdeen, claims that the corpus callosum is not a commissure, but the decussation of cortical fibers on their way down to enter the internal and external capsules of the opposite side. Scientific American Supplement, No. 520, December 19, 1885 The cortical discharge may overflow into neighbouring centres and cause more widespread convulsive movements, or, if strong and long-continued, may even lead to general convulsions. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Still less is there satisfactory knowledge regarding the existence of cortical areas concerned with sensations originated in the alimentary canal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The cortical centres or structures with specialised functions localised in particular regions of one hemisphere are associated by fibres passing to the same region in the opposite hemisphere by this bridge. The Brain and the Voice in Speech and Song On being broken transversely, it was immediately seen that the internal part was divided into interior or central, exterior or cortical. An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales, Volume 2 As the colour is confined to the cortical part, the small roots are best, these having proportionally more bark than the large. The Botanist's Companion, Volume II Other Special Centres.—The cortical centres for vision lie on the median surfaces of the occipital lobes in the neighbourhood of the calcarine fissure. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. They may probably also be excited by cortical stimulation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" There are at present two camps—those who maintain the older views of precise cortical centres, and those who follow Marie and insist upon a revision. The Brain and the Voice in Speech and Song Six hundred cortical layers were found outside of these antique hacks, indicating that they were made in the 12th century. Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers The Root.—The cortical part of the root, dried and rolled up into quills, is sometimes brought to us. The Botanist's Companion, Volume II In overriding displacement, even the dense cortical bone intervening between the medullary canal of the two fragments is ultimately absorbed and the continuity of the medullary canal is reproduced. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The part of the cortex immediately behind the central fissure seems to be the main cortical goal for these upward-conducting paths. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The microscope showed a great many air-vesicles both in the medullary substance and between the medullary and cortical substance. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine When the brain is cut, it is found to be composed of two substances, essentially different in construction and function—the cortical and the medullary. The Dog The cortical centers for the voluntary muscles extend over most of the lateral psychic zones of the brain, so that their culture is brain building. Youth: Its Education, Regimen, and Hygiene The cortical layer is made up of nerve cells or areas which control the voluntary muscles of the body. Common Diseases of Farm Animals Eijkman first thought that the cortical material contained something necessary to neutralize the effects of a diet rich in starch. The Vitamine Manual Castellanos mentions a case of recovery from punctured wound of the kidney by a knife that penetrated the tubular and cortical substance, and entered the pelvis of the organ. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The whole of the kidney may be affected with anæmia or defect of blood, or this may be confined to the cortical substance, or even to the tubular. The Dog The second level regroups these simple movements by combinations and associations of cortical structure in wider, more complex mechanisms, producing a higher class of movements. Youth: Its Education, Regimen, and Hygiene The gray or cortical layer is distinct from the white or connecting structure. Common Diseases of Farm Animals These lie parallel in the medullary or central structure, but On reaching the cortical or outer layer, they wind about and interlace, ending, at last, in dilated closed sacs called Malpighian capsules. A Practical Physiology Or if the cortical secretion pours in an overwhelming amount of its secretion from the first into the blood there will be no fear, but anger immediately. The Glands Regulating Personality Everything happens as though your perception were a result of the internal motions of the brain and issued in some sort from the cortical centres. Bergson and His Philosophy It is formed, according to Flahault, by the enlargement of the layers of the cortical parenchyma at the base of the hypocotyl. The Power of Movement in Plants It comes so suddenly upon us, our cortical cells pealing with the minor, that its very abruptness is witty. Chopin : the Man and His Music Note on the cut surfaces, on the outer side, the darker cortical portion, and on the inner side, the smooth, pale, medullary portion. A Practical Physiology All the arguments," he says, "from fact which may be invoked in favour of a probable accumulation of memories in the cortical substance, are drawn from local disorders of memory. Bergson and His Philosophy |
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