| 单词 | commensal |
| 例句 | Either there was soil deeper down, or this species of tree was a remarkable instance of a commensal or a parasite. Life of Pi 2001-09-01T00:00:00Z In a commensal tradition, where food is precious, the powerful older people made wrongdoers eat alone. The Woman Warrior 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z The second comes from biology and is a little grim: an animal in which a parasite or commensal animal lives. What to Cook This Week 2016-07-03T04:00:00Z Cats are called commensal domesticates, Levy reminded the jury, which means they choose to live with humans, but they can revert back to feral state. Festival Dispatch: Cats vs. Dogs 2014-10-12T04:00:00Z "Our results, then, provide support that the commensal colonization factor complex might also function in humans to enhance the colonization of B. vulgatus," Morrow said. Fecal microbe transplants: B. vulgatus genes that correlate with early colonization 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z "The number of commensal bacteria in very low compared to the gut so it is possible that they don't do much," Persat said. Newly developed lung-like organoids could revolutionize how we treat respiratory infections 2023-08-05T04:00:00Z Since many protists live as commensals or parasites in other organisms and these relationships are often species-specific, there is a huge potential for protist diversity that matches the diversity of hosts. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z For example, the commensal bacteria that inhabit our skin and gastrointestinal tract do a host of good things for us. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many organisms living together in biomes share commensal relationships with each other and larger organisms. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z "Based on their known functions, the identification of both the chitobiase -- and subsequently a complete commensal colonization factor complex -- and fimbrillin proteins supports the involvement of these proteins in B. vulgatus colonization," Morrow said. Fecal microbe transplants: B. vulgatus genes that correlate with early colonization 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z Many potential commensal relationships are difficult to identify because it is difficult to prove that one partner does not derive some benefit from the presence of the other. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z A commensal relationship occurs when one species benefits from the close, prolonged interaction, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Another example of a commensal relationship is the clown fish and the sea anemone. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most of the more than 700 species of these bacteria are nonpathogenic commensal organisms that cause no harm as long as they stay in the gut lumen. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To find out, she and her colleagues grew a subset of NOD mice in a germ-free environment, devoid of bacteria and viruses, including the commensal bacteria that normally populate the intestines. Why Nearly 80 Percent of Autoimmune Sufferers Are Female 2021-09-15T04:00:00Z Trillions of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other single-celled organisms reside in the gastrointestinal tract in a dynamic, commensal ecosystem. Gut Reactions: Microbes in the Digestive Tract Influence COVID Severity 2021-06-24T04:00:00Z The commensal bacteria that inhabit our skin and gastrointestinal tract do a host of good things for us. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In some cases it is commensal and in others it is parasitic. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This process triggers an IgA-mediated response, if warranted, in the lumen that blocks the commensal organisms from infiltrating the mucosa and setting off a far greater, widespread systematic reaction. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Danska’s research suggests that the composition of commensal microbes diverges in male and female mice around puberty, so something seems to happen to the bacteria around that time. Why Nearly 80 Percent of Autoimmune Sufferers Are Female 2021-09-15T04:00:00Z Instead of buying time on the array, Breakthrough Listen is tapping into the data stream while the telescope observes its regular targets—a procedure known as commensal observing. How big money is powering a massive hunt for alien intelligence 2020-09-10T04:00:00Z Animals in this phylum show parasitic and commensal symbioses with other species in their habitat. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Cooperative interactions between epithelial cells and immune cells are key to managing this complex balancing act, coordinating tolerance to food antigens and to commensal microbes, but initiating protective immune responses against pathogens. Gut pain sensors help to combat infection 2020-04-19T04:00:00Z Accordingly, many scientists have become accomplished bacterial naturalists, labouring to catalogue the startling diversity of these commensal communities. The hunt for a healthy microbiome 2020-01-28T05:00:00Z We developed our genetic system for a commensal strain of Clostridium that produces a lot of molecules that are characteristic of the microbiome. Homing in on the molecules from microbes 2020-01-28T05:00:00Z Indeed, they are the most abundant fungal species in mammalian skin, accounting for more than 80–90% of the skin’s commensal mycobiome9. Fungi accelerate pancreatic cancer 2019-10-01T04:00:00Z Months after birth, however, the infants’ microbiotas grew more similar — with the exception of a common genus of commensal bacteria called Bacteroides. C-section babies are missing key microbes 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z As key sensors of the gut that aid immune defences, these follicles use immune cells and specialized epithelial cells called M cells to monitor and respond to pathogens and commensal microbes. Gut pain sensors help to combat infection 2020-04-19T04:00:00Z The emerging picture indicates that even if there is no one healthy microbiome, there are ample opportunities for our lifestyle to interfere with the proper function of these complex commensal communities. The hunt for a healthy microbiome 2020-01-28T05:00:00Z In fact, it’s become clear that many of these commensal bacteria use the glycans studding mucin molecules as a primary source of energy. Mucus: The Body's Unsung Hero 2019-06-28T04:00:00Z In the healthy colon, the epithelium, immune cells and commensal microbes collaboratively maintain a stable equilibrium that both preserves intestinal health and protects the gut from potential threats. Gut reaction 2018-11-06T05:00:00Z While it appears to be a commensal relationship that favors the content creator, there are benefits to the audience in identity definition. What Drives Our Quest for the Perfect Instagram Picture? 2018-09-29T04:00:00Z Such commensal bacteria are crucial for providing resistance against gut colonization by pathogens, including Salmonella13. Gut pain sensors help to combat infection 2020-04-19T04:00:00Z Staphylococcus epidermidis belongs to a group of microorganisms termed commensals, and usually colonizes human skin without causing disease. Killer T cells show their kinder side 2018-03-25T04:00:00Z This early signature is extinguished as CD4+ T cell immunity develops in response to the expanding commensal burden. Innate and adaptive lymphocytes sequentially shape the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism 2018-01-21T05:00:00Z These studies typically generate a long list of commensals implicated as biomarkers of disease, with no clear relevance to disease pathogenesis1,2,3,4,5. Moving beyond microbiome-wide associations to causal microbe identification 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z Future prospects should also reflect on how inhibiting specific enzymes of commensal microbes affects the overall activity and structure of the gut microbiota in the longer term. Microbiome-wide association studies link dynamic microbial consortia to disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z For example, the presence of multiple strains of commensal E. coli with overlapping nutritional requirements interferes with the colonization of the mouse intestine by EHEC53. Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z As the authors note, many of the day-to-day interactions between immune-system cells and microbes are probably with the commensals in the skin, gut and airways. Killer T cells show their kinder side 2018-03-25T04:00:00Z Elucidation of the mechanisms by which commensal microbes deliver antigens for presentation in an immunogenic versus a tolerogenic context might enable the development of effective mucosal vaccines. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z To demonstrate the generalizability of our approach, we used it to identify several commensal organisms that induce intestinal expression of an antimicrobial peptide. Moving beyond microbiome-wide associations to causal microbe identification 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z Although such examples underline the importance of transcriptional responses to commensal colonization for the innate immune system, several lines of evidence suggest that regulation also occurs through mechanisms other than gene expression. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z This phenomenon is not observed in commensal E. coli, however, which suggests that E. coli uses available sugars in a stepwise fashion54. Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z "From a clinical standpoint," he writes, "the development of commensal bacteria as preventive and therapeutic agents is a high priority." New research confirms thriving microbiome is linked to a healthier body 2016-04-28T04:00:00Z The next grade down is a commensal relationship, in which one organism obtains benefits from another, without harming or helping it, like the remora that hitches aboard sharks and gobbles up their leftovers. The Verge Review of Animals: the dog 2015-11-08T05:00:00Z If you take mice that are germfree, those that have a sterile gut with no commensal bacteria, the phenomenon of oral tolerance does not occur. How Can Peanut Allergies Be Prevented? 2015-02-23T05:00:00Z Such findings suggest that colonization by commensal microorganisms profoundly shapes the myeloid landscape of the host, both in mucosal tissues and systemically. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z The inflammatory response of the host also ignites competition between commensal and pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae over trace elements such as iron, which is less available during inflammation. Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z A commensal relationship is defined as one that is clearly beneficial to all parties. Sorry Cats, You’re Still Historical Afterthoughts 2013-12-19T22:27:12Z A large number of bacterial sequences, reports the team, were from "animal commensals, mutualists and pathogens… including those associated with annelids, sea anemones, brachiopods, tardigrades and fish." Antarctic lake 'might have fish' 2013-07-08T13:29:29Z In way, we too spawn host environments and symbiotic relationships with each other — some mutualistic, some parasitic… and some simply commensal. Squatters of the microbial world: foram-in-a-foram 2013-06-12T23:45:00.353Z Microbial sensing by myeloid cells of the lamina propria provides regulatory signals that are crucial for the maintenance of commensal mutualism and the initiation of inflammatory responses in the host67, 98. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z The ability of pathogenic bacteria to successfully compete with commensal species for nutrients is therefore important for their establishment in the gut. Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z On Bermuda, P. parvus became extinct after human arrival in the 16th century, and P. spelaeus on New Zealand became extinct following the arrival of humans and their commensals. Tubenosed seabirds that shear the waves: of Calonectris, Lugensa, and Puffinus (petrels part VII) 2013-02-10T21:45:00.213Z As a result, it may be a parasite, commensal, or even mutualist. Darwin's Neon Golf Balls 2013-01-15T18:45:06.010Z Microbes of the microbiome were thought to be commensals that benefited from the human host but did no harm. Genomic approaches to studying the human microbiota 2012-09-13T11:21:35.367Z The importance of the innate-immune sensing of commensal microorganisms was recognized merely a decade ago. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z Nitrate respiration drives the Nos2-dependent expansion of commensal E. coli in mice with chemically or genetically induced colitis, but not in animals without signs of intestinal inflammation91. Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z Thus, colonization of the outer mucous layer by commensals is an important adaptation that supports a stable host–microbiota relationship. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system 2012-09-13T11:20:55.227Z These findings suggest that our much-ignored commensal skin bacteria play an important role in fending off infections. Skin Bacteria Are Your Friends 2012-07-26T21:45:04.877Z Her group studies how commensal bacteria shape intestinal immunity in the mammalian gut and how the immune system prevents commensal bacteria from invading host tissues and causing disease. Live Chat: The Bugs Inside of Us 2012-06-06T14:11:31Z Myelopoiesis in the bone marrow is reduced in the absence of commensal bacteria and their microbial products in the blood. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z It was practised by ladies of high rank amongst their commensals and attendants. Curiosities of Medical Experience 2012-03-09T03:00:20.410Z Now extending to all jawed vertebrate taxa, except cartilaginous fish and reptiles, this unique class of immunoglobulin is adapted for interactions with the commensal microbiota and mucosal pathogens. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system 2012-09-13T11:20:55.227Z Plants or other materials used in their construction and any commensal arthropods present were saved and later identified. Comparative Ecology of Pinyon Mice and Deer Mice in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado 2012-02-24T03:00:32.243Z Unlike most pathogens, S. aureus is a commensal organism; it lives on the skin and in the nostrils of up to one-third of humans, mostly without causing disease. Vaccine development: Man vs MRSA 2012-02-01T18:20:36.980Z This idea was developed further after the realization that host–microbiota mutualism is lost in the absence of innate immune recognition of commensal microorganisms, with detrimental consequences for health4, 5. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z They have a well-developed proboscis which is used as a suctorial organ; some are abyssal, but the majority are either commensals or parasites of Echinoderms. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z Furthermore, a portion of the sIgA response that contributes to partitioning of commensal organisms away from the epithelium is generated in ILFs without the requirement for T cells. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system 2012-09-13T11:20:55.227Z Possibly this flagellate was a parasite rather than a commensal, as the individual on which it swarmed was unusually emaciated and colourless, and bore neither gonads nor buds. Freshwater Sponges, Hydroids & Polyzoa 2011-06-25T02:00:17.833Z These friendly, or “commensal,” bacteria help defend against viruses by keeping the immune system on alert for viral invaders, the team discovered. Antibiotics May Make Fighting Flu Harder 2011-03-15T16:33:00Z Myelopoiesis in the bone marrow is reduced in the absence of commensal bacteria and their microbial products in the blood. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z In addition, says Artis, the findings "suggest that our diet might affect our ability to fight viruses by influencing the composition of our commensal bacteria." Friendly Bacteria Fight the Flu 2011-03-14T23:15:00.267Z An additional immune mechanism that prepares the neonate for commensal colonization is the seeding of the intestinal epithelium with specialized intraepithelial lymphocytes before birth. Reciprocal interactions of the intestinal microbiota and immune system 2012-09-13T11:20:55.227Z ‘This is the dream of his life’; and then shouted and choked with fun at the difference between the occasion, and the expectation he would have imagined in his commensal’s mind.” The Life of Bret Harte With Some Account of the California Pioneers 2011-01-14T03:00:47.427Z More detailed analysis of the plant-community reveals very considerable distinctions among commensals. Introduction to the Science of Sociology The crosstalk between innate immunity and the microbiome is now known to extend far beyond the achievement of a careful balance between tolerance to commensal microorganisms and immunity to pathogens. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z I shall once more be commensal with wild creatures, and wonder that solitude was ever a pain; I shall be healthily disdainful of the valetudinarian who lives to spoil either his body or his soul. Apologia Diffidentis Later the child is nourished by food shared with commensals. Folkways A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals The “commensal,” as appears from a subsequent essay by Mr. Howells, was Mark Twain, who, like Bret Harte, had recently arrived from the West. The Life of Bret Harte With Some Account of the California Pioneers 2011-01-14T03:00:47.427Z Like commensals.—When a plant-community consists solely of individuals belonging to one species—for example, solely of beech, ling, or Aira flexuosa—then we have the purest example of like commensals. Introduction to the Science of Sociology Each married couple also becomes a separate commensal group and will not eat with the parents of either of them. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India - Volume IV of IV Kumhar-Yemkala Since all the citizens of the Roman State participated in a common sacrifice, they might be considered as a single caste, or even a subcaste or commensal group. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) It is doubtful whether any animals live in a truly commensal relationship with spectabilis, but of not unfriendly associates there are a great number. Life History of the Kangaroo Rat The animals and plants die away before men, except such as he preserves for his food or delight, or such as maintain a precarious footing about him as commensals and parasites. Certain Personal Matters But the majority of individuals of a plant-community are linked by bonds other than those mentioned—bonds that are best described as commensal. Introduction to the Science of Sociology Colville ordered it, and was sorry when the last of his commensals, slightly bowing him a good-night, left him alone to it. Indian Summer The subcaste or commensal group was the direct evolutionary product of the pre-existing tribe. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) Really, I don't know what more we could ask of you, unless it were the foot-padded footpad himself as a commensal. The Garotters |
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