| 单词 | calorimeter |
| 例句 | This gold-standard method involves placing a small sample of food or drink inside a device known as a bomb calorimeter. Calories and kilojoules: how do we know the energy content of food and how accurate are the labels? 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z To find out the number of kcal in them, you can either run an experiment with a bomb calorimeter or look up an estimated value in an online nutrition database. Calories and kilojoules: how do we know the energy content of food and how accurate are the labels? 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z One test had participants exercise while wearing a mask that was connected to a machine called an indirect calorimeter, which measures exhaled carbon dioxide and helps estimate energy usage. People with obesity burn less energy during day 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z When an x-ray strikes one of the mercury telluride pixels in the calorimeter, it knocks loose an electron and transfers all its energy to it. Revolutionary x-ray sensor to probe workings of black holes and supernovae 2023-08-15T04:00:00Z This energy is measured by burning food in a calorimeter, which is how the units are determined. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The temperature increase is measured and, along with the known heat capacity of the calorimeter, is used to calculate the energy produced by the reaction. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The scattered electrons were detected through their energy loss in a detector called an electromagnetic calorimeter. Progress on the proton-radius puzzle 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Alimena and colleagues wanted to look for particles that live long enough to get stuck in CMS's calorimeter and decay only later. Atom smasher could be making new particles that are hiding in plain sight 2019-05-22T04:00:00Z In a particle detector—usually a huge barrel-shaped assemblage of various sensors—a photon typically creates a spray of particles or “shower” in a subsystem called an electromagnetic calorimeter. AI is changing how we do science. Get a glimpse 2017-07-05T04:00:00Z He brought with him a state-of-the-art device that he helped develop while at Wesleyan, known as the respiration calorimeter. When the Lab Rat Is a Snake 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z The temperature change produced by the known reaction is used to determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Dan McCammon, an astronomer at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, helped to design and build Hitomi’s premiere scientific instrument, an X-ray calorimeter that measures the energy of X-ray photons with exquisite precision. Software error doomed Japanese Hitomi spacecraft 2016-04-27T04:00:00Z The calorimeter consists of an electromagnetic section followed by a hadronic section. Observation of the rare Bs0 →µ+µ− decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Researchers place a portion of food in a device called a calorimeter and burn it to see how much energy it contains. On Food Labels, Calorie Miscounts 2015-04-27T04:00:00Z Using calorimeters and other thermal measuring devices, they observed how the samples responded to the temperature and moisture conditions likely to develop inside a rubble pile warming under the sun and exposed to the elements. Why did rubble piles spontaneously combust in aftermath of Japanese quake? 2014-12-16T05:00:00Z More recently, whole-room calorimeters allow for relatively normal activities to be performed, and these calorimeters generate data that more closely reflect the real world. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z She made particularly important contributions to a piece of hardware known as the liquid-argon calorimeter, which detects electromagnetic energy. Person of the Year Runner-Up: Fabiola Gianotti 2012-12-21T14:15:00Z Muons are identified by their ability to penetrate the calorimeter and the steel return yoke of the solenoid magnet and to produce signals in gas-ionization particle detectors located in compartments within the steel yoke. Observation of the rare Bs0 →µ+µ− decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z The depth segmentation of the calorimeter allows the directions of the photons to be measured. [Article] A Particle Consistent with the Higgs Boson Observed with the ATLAS Detector at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:55:01.327Z Forward calorimeters complement the coverage provided by the barrel and endcap detectors. [Article] A New Boson with a Mass of 125 GeV Observed with the CMS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:26:32.063Z These calorimeters are used to measure the metabolism of individuals under different environmental conditions, different dietary regimes, and with different health conditions, such as diabetes. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Electrons and photons will be stopped by the em calorimeter; jets will be stopped by both the em and hadronic calorimeters. [Article] Journey in the Search for the Higgs Boson: The ATLAS and CMS Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:26:28.033Z Photon, electron, and hadron candidates are identified by calorimeters. Observation of the rare Bs0 →µ+µ− decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z The muon spectrometer surrounds the calorimeters; it consists of superconducting magnets providing a toroidal field and a system of precision charged-particle detectors. [Article] A Particle Consistent with the Higgs Boson Observed with the ATLAS Detector at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:55:01.327Z The first level uses custom electronics close to the detector to analyze coarse information from the calorimeters and muon detectors to reduce the rate to 100 kHz or less. [Article] A New Boson with a Mass of 125 GeV Observed with the CMS Experiment at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:26:32.063Z The pellet is burned inside a bomb calorimeter, and the measured temperature change is converted into energy per gram of food. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z A plastic scintillator–iron sampling hadronic calorimeter, also with a novel geometry, is used in the barrel part of the experiment. [Article] Journey in the Search for the Higgs Boson: The ATLAS and CMS Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:26:28.033Z A hot body placed in an enclosure of lower temperature, e.g. a calorimeter in its containing vessel, generally loses heat by all three modes simultaneously in different degrees. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The plot on the top right shows the energy depositions projected into azimuthal and longitudinal coordinates—unrolling the calorimeter. [Article] A Particle Consistent with the Higgs Boson Observed with the ATLAS Detector at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:55:01.327Z It was found that no alteration of temperature of the water of the calorimeter that could be observed was produced. Lord Kelvin An account of his scientific life and work 2012-04-06T02:00:32.097Z They range from simple coffee cup calorimeters used by introductory chemistry students to sophisticated bomb calorimeters used to determine the energy content of food. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This called for an em calorimeter with the best possible energy resolution. [Article] Journey in the Search for the Higgs Boson: The ATLAS and CMS Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:26:28.033Z Part of the heat surrendered to the calorimeter is due to the contraction of volume. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z One is a new calorimeter for measuring the amount of heat produced by the combustion of any body. Heroes of Science: Physicists 2012-01-17T03:00:17Z The calorific value of the gas should be measured either by the Witz apparatus or by means of any other calorimeter. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z Would the amount of heat measured for the reaction in Example 5.5 be greater, lesser, or remain the same if we used a calorimeter that was a poorer insulator than a coffee cup calorimeter? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The em calorimeter is a cryogenic lead–liquid argon sampling calorimeter in a novel “accordion” geometry allowing fine granularity, both laterally and in depth, and full coverage without any uninstrumented regions. [Article] Journey in the Search for the Higgs Boson: The ATLAS and CMS Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider 2012-12-20T21:26:28.033Z This diminished giving off of heat was demonstrated by means of the calorimeter by I. Rosenthal, while E. Maragliano showed that the cutaneous vessels are contracted. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 3 "Fenton, Edward" to "Finistere" 2011-03-14T03:01:00.580Z The calorimeter with which he determined the amount of heat generated by the combustion, and the latent heat of evaporation, of various bodies has been already alluded to. Heroes of Science: Physicists 2012-01-17T03:00:17Z These analyses are made by means of calorimeters which give the calorific value either at a constant pressure or at a constant volume. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z Would the amount of heat absorbed by the dissolution in Example 5.6 appear greater, lesser, or remain the same if the experimenter used a calorimeter that was a poorer insulator than a coffee cup calorimeter? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z And in a separate look at 30 patients with high blood pressure, they found that people on beta-blockers generally burned fewer calories and fat after a meal -- measured by a device called a calorimeter. Blood pressure drugs feeding the obesity epidemic? 2011-03-11T00:05:56Z A metal vessel was placed in a calorimeter and air forced into it, the amount of energy expended in compressing the air being measured. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z Instead of using an oven they freeze-dried the samples before testing them in a calorimeter. Paying Waste: Sewage Contains More Usable Energy Than Scientists Thought 2011-01-11T18:45:05.253Z This second cover is downwardly inclined at its circumference toward the center to insure complete drainage of the mercury used for charging the calorimeter. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z How much would the temperature have increased if 100 mL of acid and 100 mL of base had been used in the same calorimeter starting at the same temperature of 22.0 ºC? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z To test his theory, in the early 1780s Lavoisier invented a new type of device — the ice calorimeter. History: The changing notion of food 2011-01-04T21:23:21.683Z In the next experiment the air was compressed as before, and then allowed to escape through a long lead tube immersed in the water of a calorimeter, and finally collected in a bell jar. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z If the test is made independently of the boiler test, a calorimeter for measuring the amount of moisture in the steam should be added to the outfit. Steam Engines Machinery's Reference Series, Number 70 2010-12-20T17:12:10.227Z The calorimeter having been completely filled with mercury is inverted in this liquid in the manner of a test tube. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z To determine the rate at which coal is to be fed into the burner in this type of plant, the heat of combustion per ton of coal must be determined using a bomb calorimeter. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z By weighing water flowing out of the calorimeter, Lavoisier was able to estimate metabolic heat and compare it with the heat produced by a lit candle or burning charcoal. History: The changing notion of food 2011-01-04T21:23:21.683Z This," Kennedy replied at length, "is what is known as a respiration calorimeter, which I have had constructed after the ideas of Professors Atwater and Benedict of Wesleyan, with some improvements of my own. The Social Gangster In the calorimeter it was found that the carbohydrates and fats burned to the same end products, namely, carbon dioxide and water, while the proteins, upon oxidation, produced carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen gas. Dietetics for Nurses The gas is forced from the bell to the calorimeter by the pressure in the bell. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z These easy-to-use “coffee cup” calorimeters allow more heat exchange with the outside environment, and therefore produce less accurate energy values. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Rumford proposed to eliminate this correction by starting with the initial temperature of the calorimeter as much below that of its enclosure as the final temperature was expected to be above the same limit. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" "It is what is known as a closed circuit calorimeter," he went on. The Social Gangster The following table represents the amount of heat produced as the result of a complete oxidation of the foodstuffs in the calorimeter. Dietetics for Nurses The conical form of the bottom causes the calorimeter to be emptied rapidly and to be refilled completely with explosive gas at a pressure slightly above that of the atmosphere. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z Would the amount of heat absorbed by the dissolution in Example 5.6 appear greater, lesser, or remain the same if the heat capacity of the calorimeter were taken into account? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This brake is practically a Joule calorimeter, ingeniously designed to churn the water in such a manner as to develop the greatest possible resistance. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" My respiration calorimeter shows that from that body there are still coming the products of respiration, that there is still heat in it. The Social Gangster In the body it was found that the carbohydrates and the fats acted in exactly the same manner as in the calorimeter, producing the same end products. Dietetics for Nurses During this operation the calorimeter must be maintained in the vertical position shown in the diagram. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z The temperature change measured by the calorimeter is used to derive the amount of heat transferred by the process under study. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z W is a conical can containing water cooled by ice I nearly to 0�, which is swung over the calorimeter as soon as the hot body has been introduced and the heater removed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" In the laboratory this is determined by burning the food in oxygen in a calorimeter. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The calorimeter, or apparatus for measuring the relative quantities of heat contained in bodies, was described by Mr de la Place and me in the Memoirs of the Academy for 1780, p. Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries Consequently, the vapor generated by the explosion must condense in the calorimeter if the final temperature of the calorimeter is the same as that of the water reservoir. Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines 2011-12-28T03:00:31.087Z A calorimeter is a device used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The direct determination of the specific heat at constant volume is extremely difficult, but has been successfully attempted by Joly with his steam calorimeter, in the case of air and CO2. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" For a description of the respiration calorimeter here mentioned see also publication No. 42 of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The matras is placed in a bath of boiling water, and when, from the thermometer, we judge the liquid is raised to a proper temperature, the matras is placed in the calorimeter. Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries One of these methods is to place some substance, such as barium chloride, in a calorimeter, noting at what point the mercury remains stationary. A History of Science, Volume 5(of 5) Aspects Of Recent Science For example, when an exothermic reaction occurs in solution in a calorimeter, the heat produced by the reaction is absorbed by the solution, which increases its temperature. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z A calorimeter is any piece of apparatus in which heat is measured. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" It returns to the calorimeter at the top. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man It is therefore essential that this experiment be carried on in a temperature somewhat above freezing: Hence, in time of frost, the calorimeter must be kept in an apartment carefully heated. Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries The quality of the steam may be determined from time to time by the use of a throttling calorimeter. Steam Turbines A Book of Instruction for the Adjustment and Operation of the Principal Types of this Class of Prime Movers Relatively inexpensive calorimeters often consist of two thin-walled cups that are nested in a way that minimizes thermal contact during use, along with an insulated cover, handheld stirrer, and simple thermometer. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The least trace of damp in the lagging, or of moisture condensed on the surface of the calorimeter, may produce serious loss of heat by evaporation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Attaching the tension-equalizer directly to the calorimeter obviates the necessity for this drying process and hence the sulphuric-acid vessel has been discarded. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Objections to the Calorimeter.—The calorimeter, or sixth method, has the same objection. Electricity for Boys Dr. Hare invented instruments of such great power as well to deserve the names of calorimeter and deflagrator. Continental Monthly , Vol. 6, No. 1, July, 1864 Devoted to Literature and National Policy. If this occurs in a calorimeter, ideally all of this heat transfer occurs between the two substances, with no heat gained or lost by either its external environment. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z It is best to make this correction as small as possible by using a large calorimeter, so that the mass of water is large in proportion to that of metal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" It leaves the tower through the tube C and enters the ventilating air-pipe on its way to the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The galvanoscope and electro-magnet do not respond equally to all currents, and this is also true, even to a greater extent, with the calorimeter. p. Electricity for Boys Two reservoirs of equal capacity are placed in a calorimeter; the one is filled with a gas, under a pressure of ten atmospheres; the second is perfectly empty. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence Bomb calorimeters require calibration to determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter and ensure accurate results. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Some heat is lost when the calorimeter is raised above the temperature of its enclosure, and before the final temperature is reached. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Under these conditions, therefore, the apparent volume of air in the system, exclusive of the tension-equalizer, is always the same, since it is confined by the rigid walls of the calorimeter and the piping. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Used on Trauzl lead blocks, pressure gauge, calorimeter, and small lead blocks: M - l l . Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Federal Investigations of Mine Accidents, Structural Materials and Fuels. Paper No. 1171 At our last meeting, Mr. Hartley proved, by experiments with his calorimeter, that gas of 16 or 17 candles gave only about 630 units of heat per cubic foot. Scientific American Supplement, No. 508, September 26, 1885 The calibration is generally performed each time before the calorimeter is used to gather research data. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z It can be minimized by making the mixing as rapid as possible, and by using a large calorimeter, so that the excess of temperature is always small. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" It is thus apparent that the constant-temperature conditions maintained in the calorimeter laboratory not only facilitate calorimetric measurements, but also simplify considerably the elaborate calculations of the respiratory exchange formerly required. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The fuel-testing laboratory at Washington is equipped with three Mahler bomb calorimeters and the necessary balances and chemical equipment required in the proximate analysis of coal. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Federal Investigations of Mine Accidents, Structural Materials and Fuels. Paper No. 1171 The data which we have used were obtained by the use of a calorimeter measuring the quantity of heat passing through covering. The American Architect and Building News, Vol. 27, No. 733, January 11, 1890 “The Snellen human calorimeter revisited, re-engineered and upgraded: Design and performance characteristics.” Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The Method of Condensation was first successfully applied by J. Joly in the construction of his steam calorimeter, a full description of which will be found in text-books. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Formerly this section also included the tension-equalizer, but very recently we have in both of the calorimeters attached the tension-equalizer directly to the respiration chamber. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The tables used in connection with calorimeter determinations are illustrated in Fig. 14. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Federal Investigations of Mine Accidents, Structural Materials and Fuels. Paper No. 1171 In practice, the measurement of a quantity of heat is very often effected by means of the ice calorimeter, the use of which is particularly simple and convenient. The New Physics and Its Evolution A sample of 0.562 g of carbon is burned in oxygen in a bomb calorimeter, producing carbon dioxide. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The water equivalent of the calorimeter is immaterial, since there is no appreciable change of temperature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Inability to illuminate the gage on the side of the lamp and the small windows on the side of the calorimeter precluded its use. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Calorimeter.—The explosion calorimeter is designed to measure the amount of heat given off by the detonation of explosive charges of 100 grammes. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Federal Investigations of Mine Accidents, Structural Materials and Fuels. Paper No. 1171 M. Curie has calculated directly, by the aid of the calorimeter, the quantity of energy liberated, measuring it entirely in the form of heat. The New Physics and Its Evolution The temperature of the calorimeter increases from 26.74 °C to 27.93 °C. What is the heat capacity of the calorimeter and its contents? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z H is an electric heater for raising the body to a suitable temperature, which can swing into place directly over the calorimeter. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Through a long transmission-tube passing through an air-tight closure in the walls of the calorimeter it is possible to count the beats of the heart without difficulty. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The respiratory calorimeter is an air-tight compartment in which men are confined for a week or more at a time while studies are being made concerning heat and energy yielded by food products. The Dollar Hen With Thompson's calorimeter the reverse is the case, as the whole of the heating power of the hydrogen is taken into account. Scientific American Supplement, No. 288, July 9, 1881 It is greatly preferable therefore to increase the calorimeter, and diminish the intensity of the draught. A Catechism of the Steam Engine The same calorimeter is afterwards filled with a known liquid, such as water, and the time of cooling is observed through the same range of temperature, in the same enclosure, under the same conditions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" These volumes change somewhat, depending upon the size of the body of the subject, the volume of the materials taken into the chamber, and the type of calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man A great improvement in the method of such work has recently been secured by the device of inclosing the person who is the subject of the experiment in a respiration calorimeter. The Evolution of Modern Medicine A Series of Lectures Delivered at Yale University on the Silliman Foundation in April, 1913 On the other hand, when the heating power of coal low in hydrogen is determined by Thompson's calorimeter, much difficulty is experienced in burning the carbon completely; hence a low result is obtained. Scientific American Supplement, No. 288, July 9, 1881 Q.--Is the method of determining the dimensions of a boiler flue, by a reference to its vent and calorimeter, the method generally pursued? A Catechism of the Steam Engine The ratio of the times of cooling is equal to the ratio of the thermal capacities of the calorimeter and its contents in the two cases. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" The rate of flow with the chair calorimeter is not far from 350 cubic centimeters per minute with a resting man. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The chair calorimeter was designed for experiments to last not more than 6 to 8 hours, as a person can not remain comfortably seated in a chair much longer than this time. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The principles involved in the construction of the chair calorimeter are here applied, i. e., the use of a structural-steel framework, inner air-tight copper lining, outer zinc wall, hair-felt insulation, and outer asbestos panels. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Q.--Are the proportions of vent and calorimeter, taken by Boulton and Watt for marine flue boilers, applicable also to wagon and tubular boilers? A Catechism of the Steam Engine As the method is usually practised, the calorimeter is made very small, and the surface is highly polished to diminish radiation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Usually several bottles of drinking-water are deposited in the calorimeter in a convenient position, as well as some urine bottles, reading matter, clinical thermometer, note-book, etc. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Special precaution was taken with this calorimeter to make it as comfortable and as attractive as possible to new and possibly apprehensive patients. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The greatest difficulty experienced with the calorimeter as a means of measuring heat has been to secure the average temperature of the ingoing water. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The flues of all flue boilers diminish in their calorimeter as they approach the chimney, as the smoke contracts in its volume in proportion as it parts with its heat. A Catechism of the Steam Engine It is better to use a fairly large calorimeter to diminish the rate of cooling and the uncertainty of the correction for the water equivalent. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" W. O. Atwater and F. G. Benedict: A respiration calorimeter with appliances for the direct determination of oxygen. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man A number of such experiments have been made with both calorimeters and it has been found that the hydrothermal equivalent of the bed calorimeter is not far from 21 kilograms. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man For the chair calorimeter a somewhat lower figure has been found, i. e., Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man With this calorimeter it is desired to make studies regarding the moisture elimination, and consequently it is necessary to avoid the use of all material of a hygroscopic nature. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man If such variations of density exist, they may introduce some uncertainty in the absolute values of results obtained with the ice calorimeter, and may account for some of the discrepancies above enumerated. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" The rigid walls of the calorimeter and piping necessitate some provision for minor fluctuations in the absolute volume of air in the confined system. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The trap-door is constructed on precisely the same plan as the rest of the calorimeter, having its double walls of copper and zinc, its thermal-junction system, its heating wires and connections, and its cooling pipes. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man As the temperature fluctuations are all within 1 degree, a table has been prepared giving the standard fluctuation represented by the formula 1 —— 1 + at in which t is the temperature of the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In the photograph are shown four upright channels and the channels at the top for supporting the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The resistance R could be deduced from a knowledge of the temperature of the calorimeter and the coefficient of the wire. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Cross-section in detail of walls of calorimeter 16 13. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Between the channels beneath the calorimeter floor and the 3-inch channels is placed a sheet of zinc which forms the outer bottom metallic wall of the chamber. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man As a solid base for the calorimeter chamber two 3-inch channels were placed parallel to each other 70 centimeters from the floor, joined to these uprights. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The construction of the calorimeter is such as to minimize the volume of air surrounding the subject and yet secure sufficient freedom of movement to have him comfortable. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The calorimeter was suspended by a steel wire, the torsion of which made the equilibrium stable. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" It does away with the necessity of rolling the calorimeter out of its protecting insulating house and minimizes the delay and expense incidental to repairs or modifications. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The points on the switch S7 indicated as i, ii, iii, iv, correspond respectively to the thermal-junction systems on the top, rear, front, and bottom of the chair calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man This calorimeter has been built, tested, and used in a number of experiments with men and women. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man With the chair calorimeter, the weighing arrangements make it possible to weigh the chair, clothing, etc., and thus apportion the total water vaporized between losses from the chair, furniture, and body of the man. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The power was transmitted to the paddles by bevel wheels, f, g, rotating a spindle passing through a stuffing box in the bottom of the calorimeter. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" As the calorimeter is now constructed, it is possible to get at all parts of it from the outside, with the exception of one small fixed panel through which the above connections are passed. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man When closed and sealed, and the connections made with the cooling pipes and heating wires, it presents an appearance not differing from any other portion of the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The two rubber pipes leading from the table can be used to connect the apparatus either with the bed or chair calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The balance is attached to an upright I-beam which is anchored to the floor and ceiling of the calorimeter laboratory. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Some heat is generally lost in transferring the heated body to the calorimeter; this loss may be minimized by performing the transference rapidly, but it cannot be accurately calculated or eliminated. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Both the front and back lower channels upon which the bottom rests are extended so as to provide for supports for the outer walls of asbestos wood, which serve to insulate the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Section of calorimeter walls and portion of ventilating air-circuit 43 26. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The diagram shows the water leaving the calorimeter and entering the meter through this funnel, but in practice it is adjusted to enter through an opening on the side of the meter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Furthermore, the apparatus must be installed in a fixed position in the laboratory, and connections should be such as to make it interchangeable with any one of five calorimeters. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man This is another objection to Rumford’s method of cooling the calorimeter below the surrounding temperature before starting. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" General plan of respiration calorimeter laboratory 4 2. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man As a result of these experiments it has been possible to make correction for the slight temperature changes in the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man By this method it is possible to raise the temperature of the calorimeter 1 degree or more in 2 hours and establish thermal equilibrium at the higher level. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man At the extreme right is the absorber table, and back of it the bed calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Among minor difficulties of the method may be mentioned the uncertainty of the thermal capacity of the calorimeter and stirrer, and of the immersed portion of the thermometer. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Vertical cross-section of chair calorimeter from front to back 13 10. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In the lower part of the figure is seen the asbestos board for the bottom of the calorimeter and underneath this a sheet of zinc. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man From this point it is carried through a pipe along the floor and up the rear wall of the calorimeter to the exit. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The two heaters, one for each calorimeter, are indicated on the diagram above and below the switch S9. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The galvanometer is suspended from the ceiling of the calorimeter laboratory and is free from vibration. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In constructing the new calorimeters it seemed to be desirable to avoid all use of mercury, if possible. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Based upon our preliminary tests, the Leeds & Northrup Company of Philadelphia, whose experience with such problems is very extended, were commissioned to construct an apparatus to meet the requirements of the respiration calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In making experiments of this nature it is our custom first to place the resistance-coil in the calorimeter and make the connections. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In the dome of the calorimeter, and directly over the head of the subject, is the opening for the weighing apparatus. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man This duct has a number of openings, each of which can be controlled by a valve, and an unlimited supply of cold air can be directed to any portion of the calorimeter room at will. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man From there it passes through a pipe along the top of the table and rises in the vertical pipe to the hose connection which is coupled with the calorimeter chamber. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The air is drawn down over the coils, passes through the blower, and is forced back again to the top of the calorimeter room into the large duct. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man It is possible, therefore, to remove all of the outer sections of the calorimeter with the exception of panels on the east side. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Consequently, as a result of this experience, in planning the calorimeters for the Nutrition Laboratory it was decided to design them for special types of experiments. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Point 1 is used for heating the air entering the calorimeter by means of an electric lamp placed in the air-pipe, as shown in fig. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man To the air-pipe just before it entered the calorimeter was attached a copper can with a rubber diaphragm top. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man To avoid this difficulty, arrangements are made for arbitrarily controlling the temperature of the air as it enters the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The observer's table is in the immediate foreground with water balance at the left, and chair calorimeter with balance for weighing man at the extreme left. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In the chair calorimeter there are on the top 16 elements consisting of four junctions each, on the rear 18, on the front 8, and on the bottom 13. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man As the level of the water in the tank is approximately 9 meters above the opening in the calorimeter, there is ample pressure for all purposes. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Furthermore, in the two forms of calorimeter now in use, the experiments being of but short duration, provision is made to render it unnecessary to open the food-aperture during the experiment proper. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The water then passes under the floor of the calorimeter laboratory and ascends to the apparatus D, which is used for heating it to the desired temperature before entering the calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In connection with the calorimeter and the accessories, mercurial and electric-resistance thermometers are employed. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The observer's table is so arranged electrically as to make possible temperature control and measurement of either of the two calorimeters. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The center row connects directly with the apparatus on the observer's table, the outer rows connect with either the chair calorimeter or the bed calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In the numerous previously published reports which describe the construction of and experiments with the respiration calorimeter, but little attention has been devoted to a statement of the routine. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Cross-section of opening, cross-section of panels of insulating asbestos, and supports of calorimeter itself are also indicated. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The details of the bed calorimeter are better shown in fig. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Near the chair calorimeter a special calorimeter with treadmill is shortly to be built. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Two pieces of channel iron are attached to these legs and the structural framework of the calorimeter chamber rests upon these irons. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Thus at the head of the sheet are recorded the time, the number of the period, kind of experiment, the name or initials of the subject, and the statement as to which calorimeter is used. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The connections for the pneumograph and stethoscope are made with the instruments outside on the table at the left of the bed calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man At the left is the observer's table and back of it the chair calorimeter with a large balance above for weighing subjects. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Hence in practically all of the alcohol-check experiments, especially of short duration, with this calorimeter, the values for water are invariably somewhat too high. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man It is thus possible to measure the capacity of the calorimeter for absorbing heat during a rise in temperature and the amount of heat lost by it during cooling. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The barometer recorded in millimeters is indicated in the column at the left and immediately below the heading, together with the temperature of the calorimeter as expressed in degrees centigrade. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man At present two calorimeters are completed, one under construction, and two others are planned. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In these calorimeters free use of these thermal junctions has been made. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Insulation of water-pipes through the wall.—To insulate the water-pipes as they pass through the metal walls of the calorimeter and to prevent any cooling effect not measured by the thermometers presented great difficulties. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The disposition of the switches is such as to make it possible to use alternately the reheaters on either the bed or the chair calorimeter, and the main resistance R1 suffices for both. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The points marked a, b, d, e, f, etc., connect with the bed calorimeter and A, B, D, etc., connect with the chair calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man No. 3 corresponds to the front of the chair calorimeter and is without communication with the bed calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man No. 2 connects with the bottom of both calorimeters. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The bed calorimeter is at the right, the absorber table in the immediate foreground, back of it the chair calorimeter and observer's table, and at the left the balance for weighing absorbers. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The structural steel skeleton of the calorimeter for long experiments is at the right and sections of the copper lining are in the rear, resting against the wall. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The other four resistances, 2, 3, 4, and 5, are connected with the different sections on the two calorimeters. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Above the chair calorimeter can be seen the balance for weighing the subject, and at its right the galvanometer suspended from the ceiling. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Some of the copper sections to be used in constructing the lining of the calorimeter can be seen against the wall in the rear. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Section A-B shows the entrance near the floor of the calorimeter room. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Photograph of framework of chair calorimeter 14 11. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man No. 5 corresponds to the top of both calorimeters. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The proposed calorimeters are to be placed in the spaces inclosed by dotted lines. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In the immediate foreground is the table for the absorption system, and back of it are the observer's table and chair calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man A view taken near the front end of the bed calorimeter is shown in fig. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man At the right, the structural skeleton of the large calorimeter is clearly shown. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Under these conditions, then, there would be no heat abstracted from nor stored by the calorimeter and its temperature should remain constant throughout the whole experiment. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man As several series of experiments have already been made with these respiration calorimeters, it is deemed advisable to publish the description of the apparatus as used at present. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man View of laboratory taken from entrance of bed calorimeter 4 6. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Plan of heating and ventilating the calorimeter laboratory 6 7. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man In constructing the building the use of columns in this room was avoided, as they would interfere seriously with the construction of the calorimeters and accessory apparatus. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Of the many electrical check-tests made with this type of apparatus, but one need be given here, pending a special treatment of the method of control of the calorimeter in a forthcoming publication. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The general plan of the laboratory and the distribution of the calorimeters and accessory apparatus are shown in fig. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man A large calorimeter modeled somewhat after the plan of Sondén and Tigerstedt's apparatus in Stockholm and Helsingfors is planned to be built immediately back of the balance for weighing oxygen cylinders. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Diagram of ventilation of the respiration calorimeter 57 28. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Pending the completion of the five calorimeters designed for this room a temporary wooden floor was laid, thus furnishing the greatest freedom in placing piping and electric wiring beneath the floor. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man If a certain amount of heat has been stored up in the calorimeter chamber or has been abstracted from it, there should be corrections made for the variations in the temperature of the chamber. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man As fast as the calorimeters are completed, permanent flooring with suitably covered trenches for pipes is to be laid. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The bed calorimeter and the absorbing-system table are better shown in fig. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man It is planned to install the copper-constantin junctions in the calorimeters now building. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man On the observer's table proper are all the electrical connections and at the left are the mercurial thermometers for the chair calorimeter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The current is then passed through the coil, and simultaneously the water is started flowing through the heat-absorbing system and the whole calorimeter is adjusted in temperature equilibrium as soon as possible. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Under ordinary conditions with rest experiments in the chair calorimeter or bed calorimeter, the temperature differences run not far from 2° to 4°. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The whole apparatus is permanently and substantially installed on the north wall of the calorimeter laboratory. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Sufficient light passes through this glass to enable the subject to see inside the calorimeter without difficulty and most of the subjects can read with comfort. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man The water is then conducted through a pipe beneath the floor to the calorimeter chamber, passed through the absorbers, and is finally measured in the water-meter. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Of the many check-tests made we quote one of December 31, 1908, made with the bed calorimeter: Several preliminary weights of the rates of burning were made before the lamp was introduced into the chamber. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man Two of these thermometers are placed in the dome of the calorimeter immediately over the shoulders of the subject, and the other three are distributed around the sides and front of the chamber. Respiration Calorimeters for Studying the Respiratory Exchange and Energy Transformations of Man |
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