The Byzantines chucked a napalm-like substance, known as Greek Fire, over the walls of besieged cities.

拜占庭人会在被围困城市的城墙上投掷一种被称为“希腊火”的凝固汽油弹状物质。

It has served as the capital city for three great historical empires — the Romans, the Byzantines and the Ottomans.

它曾是历史上三个伟大帝国的首都——罗马帝国、拜占庭帝国和奥斯曼帝国。

Also like their Western counterparts, the Byzantines enjoyed spectacle and sport.

与他们的西方同行一样，拜占庭人也喜欢观赏和运动。

The Siege of Constantinople was crucial for  its long-term consequences for the Byzantines.

君士坦丁堡之围对其对拜占庭人的长期影响至关重要。

And on the back, where the Byzantines would have put a cross, there is a column with a sphere at the top.

金币背面，拜占庭人铸十字架的地方，铸着一个顶着圆球的圆柱。

They were relatively easy pickings because they’d been fighting the Byzantines for like 300 years and were super tired.

他们是相对容易挑选的，因为他们已经与拜占庭人作战了大约 300 年并且非常疲倦。

Sharing continuity with the classical Roman Empire gave the Byzantine empire a technological and artistic advantage over its neighbors, whom Byzantines considered barbarians.

和历史悠久的罗马帝国共存的拜占庭帝国比它的邻国多了几分科技和艺术的优势，拜占庭人将邻国们看作野蛮人。

For example the Byzantines recorded that in 839 AD, the emperor Theophilos hired a few Varangians called the Rhos to fight for him.

比如拜占庭有记录公元839年，赛奥夫鲁斯雇佣了一些称为罗斯的瓦良格人来为他打仗。

And situated as they were between two very wealthy empires—the Byzantines and the Sassanians—there was plenty to fight for.

由于他们位于两个非常富有的帝国——拜占庭帝国和萨珊帝国——之间，因此有很多东西可以为之而战。

And although the Byzantines spoke Greek not Latin, they considered themselves Romans and if they did then we probably should too.

尽管拜占庭人说希腊语而不是拉丁语，但他们认为自己是罗马人，如果他们这样做，那么我们可能也应该这样做。

The Byzantines followed a different form of Christianity, the branch we now call Eastern or sometimes Greek Orthodox.

拜占庭人信奉一种不同形式的基督教，即我们现在称为东正教或有时称为希腊东正教的分支。

To better distinguish the classical, Latin-speaking, pagan Roman Empire from the medieval, Greek-speaking, Christian Roman Empire, scholars renamed the latter group Byzantines.

为了更好地区分讲拉丁语的古典罗马帝国和讲希腊语的中世纪基督教罗马帝国，学者们将后者重新命名为拜占庭帝国。

The peasants provided the Byzantine state with less and less revenue which made it hard for the Byzantines to maintain a viable army and navy.

他们为拜占庭帝国提供的税收就越来越少这使得拜占庭很难维持有效的军队和海军。

He  strengthened his position by making a treaty with the now virtually powerless Byzantines to fight  jointly against the Christians in the Holy Land.

他与现在几乎无能为力的拜占庭人签订条约，共同对抗圣地的基督徒，从而巩固了自己的地位。

The Byzantines, who’d had their literal-asses kicked at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, felt the threat and called upon the West for help.

拜占庭人在 1071 年的曼齐刻尔特战役中惨败，他们感受到了威胁并向西方寻求帮助。

Over the next 30 years, four caliphs, all from Muhammad's tribe, conquered vast areas beyond Arabia, including their mighty neighbors, the Persians and the Byzantines.

在接下来的 30 年里，来自穆罕默德部落的四位哈里发征服了阿拉伯以外的广大地区，包括他们强大的邻居波斯人和拜占庭人。

Working-class Byzantines would've also had similar lives to their Ancient Roman counterparts; many farmed or plied a specific trade, such as ceramics, leatherworking, fishing, weaving, or manufacturing silk.

劳动阶层的拜占庭人过着和古罗马帝国人民相似的生活；农民们在固定的领域进行贸易，比如说瓷艺，皮革加工，捕鱼，编制，或者制造丝制品。

The Byzantines would use a system of tubes and siphons to create a type of flamethrower capable of shooting a flammable liquid chemical at their enemies.

拜占庭人会使用管子和虹吸管系统来制造一种能够向敌人发射易燃液体化学物质的火焰喷射器。

The period from 843 to 1025 AD represented a high point of military security and cultural achievements for the Byzantines largely due to the comparative freedom from internal bickering.

843年到1025年这段时间可以看做是拜占庭国防和文化成就的顶峰。这大部分原因是由于内部争论带来的相对自由的环境。

Working-class Byzantines would’ve also had similar lives to their Ancient Roman counterparts; many farmed or plied a specific trade, such as ceramics, leatherworking, fishing, weaving, or manufacturing silk.

工人阶级的拜占庭人也会过着与古罗马人相似的生活。许多人耕种或从事特定行业，例如陶瓷、皮革加工、渔业、编织或制造丝绸。