UPFs are now simply part of the flavour of modern life.

超加工食品现在已经成为现代生活味道的一部分。

Because this frankenfood is cheap to produce and buy, upf displaces healthier alternatives, particularly for poor people.

因为这种“弗兰肯食品”的生产和购买成本都很低，它取代了更健康的替代品，尤其是对穷人来说。

Arguably, some upfs are more akin to industrial products than food.

可以说，一些 UPF 更类似于工业产品而不是食品。

Mr van Tulleken, a doctor and television presenter, draws a distinction between " ultra-processed food" (upf) and " processed food" .

医生兼电视节目主持人范·塔肯先生对“超加工食品”(upf)和“加工食品”进行了区分。

Lobo said that when she tells people about UPFs, the first reaction is panic and anger.

洛博说，当她告诉人们超加工食品的危害时，第一反应是恐慌与愤怒。

He thought UPFs were being wrongly blamed for the poor health outcomes of living in poverty.

他认为，人们误将生活贫困导致的健康状况不佳归咎于超加工食品。

The concept of UPFs was born in the early years of this millennium when a Brazilian scientist called Carlos Monteiro noticed a paradox.

超加工食品的概念诞生于本世纪初，当时一位名叫卡洛斯·蒙泰罗的巴西科学家注意到了一个悖论。

UPFs are a relative novelty in Brazil and memories of a firm tradition of home cooking have not died yet here.

超加工食品在巴西是一种相对新鲜的事物，巴西人对家常菜的坚定传统的记忆还没有消失。

In 2014, the Brazilian government took the radical step of advising its citizens to avoid UPFs outright.

2014年，巴西政府采取了激进措施，建议公民彻底避免食用超加工食品。

But UPFs are different. They are processed in ways that go far beyond cooking or fermentation, and they may also come plastered with health claims.

但超加工食品不同。它们的加工方式远超出了烹饪或发酵的范畴，而且它们还可能贴上健康声明来做掩饰。

After Hall's study was published in July 2019, it was impossible to dismiss Monteiro's proposition that the rise of UPFs increases the risk of obesity.

霍尔的研究于2019年7月发表，之后，要反驳蒙泰罗的观点，即超加工食品的增加导致了肥胖风险的增加，成为了不可能。

Warner said the study convinced him that " eating rate, texture and palatability" of UPFs lead to overeating, and ended with a call for more research.

华纳表示，这项研究让他相信 “超加工食品的食用速率、口感和可口性” 会导致过量进食，并最后呼吁进行更多的研究。

Now that we have evidence of a link between diets high in UPFs and obesity, it seems clear that a healthy diet should be based on fresh, home-cooked food.

既然我们有证据表明高超加工食品饮食与肥胖之间存在联系，那么，很明显，健康的饮食应该以新鲜的家常食物为基础。

If you look at the UPFs that are consumed in the largest quantities, the majority of them take the form of sweet treats or sugary drinks.

如果你看看摄入最多的超加工食品，你会发现其中大多数都是甜食或含糖饮料。

In 2018, a study from France – following more than 100,000 adults – found that a 10% increase in the proportion of UPFs in someone's diet led to a higher overall cancer risk.

2018年，法国的一项研究对超过10万名成年人进行了调查，发现饮食中超加工食品的比例增加10%会导致整体患癌风险增加。

Just because people who eat a lot of UPFs are more likely to be obese or suffer from cancer does not mean that obesity and cancer are caused by UPFs, per se.

仅仅因为摄入大量超加工食品的人更容易肥胖、患癌症，这并不意味着肥胖和癌症本身就是由超加工食品引起的。

(Curiously, rates do not vary for men, even though a greater share of American men than women are obese.) The reasons why upf can be harmful are not always clear, even to scientists.

(奇怪的是，尽管美国男性的肥胖率高于女性，但男性的肥胖率却没有变化。)即使对科学家来说，超加工食品有害的原因也并不总是很清楚。

Some UPFs, such as sliced bread or mass-produced cakes, have been around for many decades, but the percentage of UPFs in the average person's diet has never been anything like as high as it is today.

一些超加工食品，如切片面包、批量生产的蛋糕，已经存在了几十年，但超加工食品在普通人饮食中所占的比例从未像今天这样高。

In the 10 years since Monteiro first announced the concept, numerous peer-reviewed studies on UPFs have been published confirming the links he suspected between these foods and higher rates of disease.

自蒙泰罗首次提出“超加工食品”这一概念以来的10年里，业内发表了众多相关的同行评议研究，证实了他所怀疑的这些食物与较高发病率之间的联系。

He uses a definition proposed by Carlos Monteiro, a food scientist, describing upf as " formulations of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, made by a series of industrial processes, many requiring sophisticated equipment and technology" .

他使用了食品科学家卡洛斯·蒙泰罗提出的定义，将超加工食品描述为“原料的配方，主要用于专用工业用途，通过一系列工业过程制成，其中许多过程需要复杂的设备和技术”。