" Cogito, ergo sum" would be regarded by most people as having a true premiss.

“Cogito, ergo sum” 将被大多数人视为具有真实前提。

Thus, though wrong in her premisses, Viviette had intuitively decided with sad precision.

因此，虽然她的前提是错误的， 但薇薇特凭直觉做出了令人遗憾的精确决定。

We may say: 'Derivative knowledge is what is validly deduced from premisses known intuitively'.

我们可以说：“派生知识是从直觉已知的前提中有效地推导出来的知识” 。

This, however, is a circular definition: it assumes that we already know what is meant by 'known premisses'.

然而，这是一个循环定义：它假定我们已经知道“已知前提” 的含义。

Thus we shall have to amend our definition by saying that knowledge is what is validly deduced from known premisses.

因此，我们将不得不修改我们的定义， 说知识是从已知前提有效地推导出来的东西。

Contemporary economists, who might hesitate to agree with Mill, do not hesitate to accept conclusions which require Mill's doctrine as their premiss.

当代经济学家可能会犹豫是否同意穆勒的观点，但会毫不犹豫地接受以穆勒学说为前提的结论。

If any one asks: 'Why should I accept the results of valid arguments based on true premisses'?

如果有人问：“为什么我应该接受基于真实前提的有效论证的结果” ？

In the first place, it is too wide, because it is not enough that our premisses should be true, they must also be known.

首先，它太宽泛了，因为我们的前提应该是真的还不够，它们还必须是已知的。

The inductive principle has less self-evidence than some of the other principles of logic, such as 'what follows from a true premiss must be true'.

与其他一些逻辑原则相比，归纳原则的自明性较低，例如“从真实前提得出的结论必须为真”。

In like manner, a true belief cannot be called knowledge when it is deduced by a fallacious process of reasoning, even if the premisses from which it is deduced are true.

以类似的方式，当一个真信念被错误的推理过程推导出来时，它不能被称为知识，即使推导出它的前提是真的。

But are we to say that nothing is knowledge except what is validly deduced from true premisses? Obviously we cannot say this. Such a definition is at once too wide and too narrow.

但是我们是否可以说，除了从真实前提有效地推导出来的东西之外，没有什么是知识？显然我们不能这样说。这样的定义既太宽又太窄。

I am not speaking of judgements as to what is useful or as to what is virtuous, for such judgements do require empirical premisses; I am speaking of judgements as to the intrinsic desirability of things.

我不是在谈论关于什么是有用的或什么是美德的判断，因为这样的判断确实需要经验前提；我说的是关于事物内在可取性的判断。

In derivative knowledge our ultimate premisses must have some degree of self-evidence, and so must their connexion with the conclusions deduced from them. Take for example a piece of reasoning in geometry.

在派生知识中，我们的最终前提必须具有某种程度的自明性，它们与从中推导出的结论的联系也必须如此。以一段几何推理为例。

That is to say, if we wish to prove that something of which we have no direct experience exists, we must have among our premisses the existence of one or more things of which we have direct experience.

也就是说，如果我们想证明我们没有直接经验的事物存在，我们的前提中必须有一个或多个我们有直接经验的事物的存在。

But the classical school ignored the problem, as a consequence of introducing into their premisses conditions which involved its non-existence; with the result of creating a cleavage between the conclusions of economic theory and those of common sense.

但是古典学派忽略了这个问题，因为在他们的前提条件中引入了问题不存在的条件；其结果是经济理论的结论与常识的结论之间产生了分歧。

It is not enough that the axioms from which we start should be self-evident: it is necessary also that, at each step in the reasoning, the connexion of premiss and conclusion should be self-evident.

我们开始的公理应该是不言而喻的是不够的：在推理的每一步，前提和结论的联系应该是不言而喻的。