The advantage of studying mitochondrial DNA is that it is not shuffled around by sex.

研究线粒体DNA的优点在于它不会被性别打乱。

By the time we have differentiated tissues and organs, variations in the mitochondrial DNA are scattered at random throughout our bodies.

当我们有了分化的组织和器官，线粒体 DNA 的变异是随机地散布在我们的身体里。

The team also looked at mitochondrial DNA in six of the seven fossils.

该团队还研究了七块化石中六块的线粒体 DNA。

A study in 2008 compared the mitochondrial DNA from both modern and fossil tuatara bones.

2008 年的一项研究比较了现代和化石喙头蜥骨骼的线粒体 DNA。

Hublin's group also compared their mitochondrial DNA to that of ancient and present-day people.

Hublin 的小组还将他们的线粒体 DNA 与古人和现代人的线粒体 DNA 进行了比较。

What's so useful for scientists is that mitochondrial DNA changes little over time.

随着时间的推移线粒体 DNA 只改变了很小一部分，这对科学家来说非常有用。

Specifically, they looked at mitochondrial DNA sequences Which are passed unchanged down the maternal line.

他们目标明确的着手于线粒体的 DNA 顺序，这些 DNA 完全遗传于母系mitochondrial 英/ˌmaitəu'kɔndriəl/ 美/ˌmaitəu'kɔndriəl/ n。线粒体sequence 英/'siːkw(ə)ns/ 美/'sikwəns/ n。有关联的一组事物， 一连串，顺序， 连续maternal 英/mə'tɜːn(ə)l/ 美/mə'tɝnl/ a。母亲的；母性的；母系的；母体遗传的maternal line 母系。

Mutations in over 75 genes – in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA – can lead to this syndrome.

超过 75 个基因（包括核 DNA 和线粒体 DNA）的突变可导致该综合征。

The woman's mitochondrial DNA matched that of a man from Chagyrskaya.

这名女性的线粒体 DNA 与来自 Chagyrskaya 的一名男性相匹配。

They then compared mitochondrial DNA from Eddowes present family members as well as people from the present Kosminski family.

然后，他们比较了 Eddowes 现在的家庭成员以及现在的 Kosminski 家族成员的线粒体 DNA。

Dr Paabo's analysis showed that Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA is indeed different from that of Homo sapiens.

Paabo 博士的分析表明，尼安德特人的线粒体 DNA 确实与智人不同。

By comparing the changes that have accumulated over the millennia, we find the most ancient human mitochondrial DNA comes from Africa, where our species originated.

比较数千年来积累的变化，我们发现最古老的人类线粒体 DNA 来自非洲，我们这个物种的起源。

The embryo would then have nuclear DNA from the original mother and father, and mitochondrial DNA from the egg cell donor.

然后，胚胎将具有来自原始母亲和父亲的核 DNA，以及来自卵细胞供体的线粒体 DNA。

Further analysis showed also that two of the mitochondrial DNA samples from Chagyrskaya were closer to the Okladnikov boy than to any of the other Chagyrskayans.

通过进一步的分析，Chagyrskaya洞穴两个个体的线粒体DNA样本表明，这两个个体与Okladnikov洞穴男孩的亲缘关系，比他们和同洞穴其他个体的关系都要近。

This translates to over 150,000 copies of mitochondrial DNA that we inherit from our mothers, each of which is independent and could vary slightly from the others.

这意味着我们体内超过 15 万份的线粒体 DNA 是从母亲那里继承的。每一个都是独立的，且彼此之间可能略有不同。

" Genetic analysis has shown that the bear does not differ in mitochondrial DNA from the modern bear from the north-east of Russia – Yakutia and Chukotka, " Cheprasov said.

“基因分析表明，这头熊的线粒体DNA与俄罗斯东北部雅库特和楚科奇的现代熊没有区别。”

Of the thousands upon thousands of mitochondrial DNA that has been extracted from domestic dogs, every single one of them just looks just like a grey wolf.

在成千上万的线粒体 DNA 中那些从驯养狗身上萃取下来的 DNA每一部分都与灰狼的 DNA 非常接近。

This conclusion was confirmed in 2017,   when another group of researchers announced that they were able to recover  ancient mitochondrial DNA from Macrauchenia, which revealed the exact same results.

这一结论在 2017 年得到证实， 当时另一组研究人员宣布他们能够从 Macrauchenia 中恢复古代线粒体 DNA，并揭示了完全相同的结果。

His first big breakthrough came in 1997, when he sequenced mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthals, a human species that lived in Europe and western Asia, and became extinct about 30,000 years ago.

他的第一个重大突破出现在 1997 年，当时他对尼安德特人的线粒体 DNA 进行了测序，尼安德特人是一种生活在欧洲和西亚的人类，大约在 3 万年前灭绝。

Seventeen years after receiving a death sentence, Mr Fain was exonerated: mitochondrial DNA—which is easier to obtain than nuclear DNA but can only rule people out—found in the hair proved that it did not belong to him.

在被判处死刑 17 年后，费恩先生终于被宣告无罪：在头发中发现的线粒体 DNA（比核 DNA 更容易获取， 但只能排除人为因素）证明它不属于他。