But the phenomenon is generally thought to be exaggerated there: a toxic consequence of Confucian respect for authority and an academic system borrowed lock, stock and barrel from 19th-century Germany.

然而，这一现象似乎被夸大了：十九世纪日本曾向德国学习。而这种照单全收的学习也产生了不良的后果——对于权威和学术体制一种盲目的崇拜。

Together, the studies portray an academic system in which most faculty members are trained at a few universities, and academic researchers generally come from families with similar backgrounds, setting up a cycle of sameness.

总的来说，这些研究描绘了一个学术体系，在这个体系中，大多数教员都在少数几所大学接受教育，学术研究人员通常拥有相似的家庭背景，形成了一个相同的闭环。