A treatise is basically a long paper that goes into great detail about something.

VPR：论文基本上是一篇长篇论文，详细介绍了某事。

However, a new study suggests that many current college students have never experienced the challenge of writing very long papers.

然而， 一项新的研究表明，许多现在的大学生从未经历过写很长论文的挑战。

In fact, he argues, many students avoid longer papers by choosing subjects in which they are less likely to be required.

事实上，他认为，许多学生通过选择不太可能被要求的科目来避免较长的论文。

Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.

在贝尔电话实验室，就如何增强可视光波释放效果，汤斯和阿瑟·肖洛对可行性条件进行了阐述。

" She made us come right in, and sign our names at the bottom of a long paper — under where she'd signed" .

“她让我们直接进来，并在一张长纸的底部签上我们的名字——在她签名的地方”。

If you write an essay at school, or a long paper, and you give it to the professor, the professor may give you feedback on your paper.

如果你在学校写了一篇论文， 或者一篇长论文，然后把它交给了教授， 教授可能会给你对论文的反馈。

In that case, " to beef up" would mean to add more facts in order to make it longer because you know the professors often like long papers.

在这种情况下，“加强” 意味着添加更多事实以使其更长， 因为你知道教授们经常喜欢长论文。