Rather, they expanded modest local practices into a rapacious global enterprise.

他们是将小规模的当地买卖扩展为贪婪劫掠的全球企业。

This local practice was then spread out to entire China and even passed on to neighboring countries.

这个地方的习俗随后传遍了整个中国，甚至传到了邻国。

In 1777, the Captaincy-General of Venezuela was established, in order to strengthen Madrid's control over the colony and its economic output, resulting in higher taxes and greater restrictions on local business practices.

1777年， 委内瑞拉都督府成立，以加强马德里对殖民地及其经济产出的控制，导致更高的税收和对当地商业行为的更大限制。