| 单词 | saponification |
| 例句 | This method that I use for making soap is called cold process, where no additional heat is used to facilitate or speed up the saponification process. How to make soap at home (even if you failed chemistry) 2022-07-15T04:00:00Z Oil, such as coconut or olive oil, is mixed with an alkali such as lye to create a chemical reaction known as saponification. Soap maker uses ingredients that remind her of the South 2018-05-13T04:00:00Z Ansley then mixes the milk with sodium hydroxide, commonly called lye, and fats in a process called saponification - the process that produces soap. Excess goat milk leads to Fairbanks soap-making business 2015-03-15T04:00:00Z These oils vary in their saponification number from 10 to 60, while their unsaponifiable value averages about 80. Paint Technology and Tests 2011-09-15T02:00:12.263Z The heat produced by the further spontaneous saponification will cause the soap to rise in the middle of the frame. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. In another process saponification is effected by means of concentrated sulphuric acid. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" There are no saponification numbers for oils that can be considered close to this. Scientific American Supplement, No. 488, May 9, 1885 The seeds contain about 14% of a fatty crystalline material which melts at 39°, and after saponification yields a crystalline, fatty acid that may be regarded as a mixture of lauric and muriatic acids. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines Primed and second coated with a green paint containing zinc oxide and barytes, ground in an oil having a low saponification value. Paint Technology and Tests 2011-09-15T02:00:12.263Z When this stage is reached gradually add all but about 5 per cent. of the potash lye, and complete the saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Analysis of benzoates.—On saponification of these esters with alcoholic sodium hydrate, anomalous results are obtained. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 Saponification of the Oil.—Upon saponifying with alcoholic potash, it was found that 1,000 grammes of oil required 175.2 grammes of potash for complete saponification. Scientific American Supplement, No. 488, May 9, 1885 Fatty Acids.—We have already described the various methods of liberating fatty acids by hydrolysis or saponification. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture It is well known that whiting, being alkaline, has the property of acting on oil and causing its early disintegration by saponification. Paint Technology and Tests 2011-09-15T02:00:12.263Z When the saponification has occurred, the sugar, borax and glycerine are added, the water run in and the mixture stirred until the soap is thoroughly dissolved. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Normal results as regards acid numbers, on the other hand, are obtained by saponification with sodium ethylate in the cold, the product being digested with the half-saturated solution for 12 hours in a closed flask. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 This process is known as saponification, since it is the one which takes place in the manufacture of soaps. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Many other methods have been suggested for the bleaching, refining and treatment of materials intended for saponification, but the above practical processes are successfully employed. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Either as a skin soap or a soap for scouring wools, I should prefer one containing about � per cent. of free fatty matter, of course perfectly equally distributed, and not due to irregular saponification. The Chemistry of Hat Manufacturing Lectures Delivered Before the Hat Manufacturers' Association When the soap is taken from the crutcher it is advisable, however, to keep the soap in the frame well covered to assure complete saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. In practice it is not necessary to combine the saponification of cellulose ester with complete reduction of the nitric acid split off. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 If the saponification figures fall below 92 and yet the ratio is correct, it is adulterated with some neutral substance like paraffine. Scientific American Supplement, No. 443, June 28, 1884 It is extremely difficult to prevent discoloration of fatty acids, hence the products of saponification in this way do not compare favourably in appearance with those produced from the original neutral oil or fat. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Mix these perfectly with the above-mentioned stearic or margaric acids, and carbonated alkali; then add a strong solution of caustic potash or soda, until a perfect saponification is produced. The Art of Perfumery And Methods of Obtaining the Odors of Plants The recovery of glycerine is very closely allied with the soap-making industry, because glycerine is the very valuable by-product obtained in the saponification of oils and fats. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. For the saponification we employ a solution of sodium ethylate in the cold. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 The acetin method of Benedikt and Canton depends upon the conversion of glycerine into triacetin, and the saponification of the latter, and reduces the estimation of glycerine to an acidmetric method. Nitro-Explosives: A Practical Treatise The saponification commences when an emulsion forms, and the lye is then run in more quickly to prevent the mass thickening. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Now, in the saponification process, the Mather-Thompson Company claim to have achieved a complete triumph. Scientific American Supplement, No. 530, February 27, 1886 These are split apart in the process of saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. On saponification a portion of the cellulose, in again combining with water, is hydrolysed to soluble products. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 An important nucleus-synthetic reaction is the saponification of nitriles, which may be obtained by the interaction of potassium cyanide with a halogen substitution derivative or a sulphonic acid. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Having added sufficient "strength" for complete saponification, the boiling is continued until the soap becomes clear. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The economy effected by this change is considerable, but in the next operation, that of saponification, the new process differs even more widely from those generally in use. Scientific American Supplement, No. 530, February 27, 1886 The method of procedure for acid saponification, therefore, is to first purify the fats with dilute acid as already described. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The determination of the acetyl by saponification is also subject to an error sufficiently large to preclude the results being applied to solve the point. Researches on Cellulose 1895-1900 The molecular weight was determined by saponification with alcoholic potash, and subsequent titration of the excess of potash employed. Scientific American Supplement, No. 447, July 26, 1884 The glycerine liberated during saponification is contained in the soap and no doubt plays a part in the production of transparency. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The savor is due to bacterial action and fat saponification, which result in ammonia, glycerine, alcohol, fatty acids and other chemicals in very small quantities. Maintaining Health Formerly Health and Efficiency A laundry soap containing rosin cannot be advantageously made by the cold process, as the soap thus made grains during saponification and drops a portion of the lye and filling materials. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Careful saponification with excess alkali in acetone-aqueous solution at room temperature yielded a tannin very closely resembling tannin, identified as pentagalloyl glucose. Synthetic Tannins Chemists tell us that the oil from the kernels contains a green pigment which changes to yellow on saponification, and that the resin is emetic and purgative, and healing when applied as plaster. Tropic Days The commencement of the saponification is denoted by the formation of an emulsion. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The chemical definition of saponification is the conversion of an ester, of which glycerides are merely a certain type, into an alcohol and an acid or a salt of this acid. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Soaps containing a small percentage of fat should be well covered in the frame for twenty-four hours to retain their heat and insure proper saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Carbon Dioxide, Formation of in carbonate saponification, 45. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The glycerine furthermore receives a higher rating and price, being known as saponification crude which develops no glycols in refining it. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Fats and oils not only vary in the amount of alkali they absorb during saponification, but also differ in the strength of the alkali they require. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The acid saponification is therefore carried out by another method. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. In the saponification of fats and oils to form soap through the agency of caustic alkalis, as has been stated, the sodium or potassium salts of the mixed fatty acids are formed. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. For a more exact expression of the free acid in a given fat, the committee recommends that the ratio of acid number to saponification number be used. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. A lye of 20° B. is best adapted to the saponification of rosin when caustic hydrates are employed for this purpose, since weak lyes cause frothing. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. It is considered the best procedure to commence the pasting or saponification with weak lye. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture There are also other means of saponification, as, the hydrolysis of an oil or fat by the action of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, by autoclave and by ferments or enzymes. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Concerning the boiling of the soap, the saponification must be carefully carried out, as the high proportion of cocoanut oil may cause a violent reaction in the kettle causing it to boil over. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The fresh oil has a deep orange yellow tint not destroyed by saponification, a sweetish taste and an odor of orris root or violet which is also imparted to soap made from it. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. In order to do this it often is necessary to bleach the tallow before saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. It is absolutely necessary before proceeding further to ensure that saponification is complete. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Since the finished soap has conveyed to it the orange color of the oil, the oil is bleached before saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The saponification is only attained by prolonged boiling with sufficient lye of proper strength. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The hydroxides of these metals are usually used, except in the so called carbonate saponification of free fatty acids in which case sodium and potassium carbonate are used. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. When the kettle is boiling up well, shut off the steam and the saponification will complete itself. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The addition of cocoa-nut oil is unsatisfactory, the great objection being that complete saponification is difficult to ensure, and, further, there is always the liability of rancidity developing. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture F., add the lye and crutch until the soap begins to bunch, when it is ready to be run into barrels where the saponification will be completed. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. If the proportion is higher than this, it shows that the saponification has been conducted with too high a proportion of alkali, a condition which should be corrected in the kettle room. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. As has already been stated, the oil is bleached before saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Since soda ash or sodium carbonate is cheaper than caustic soda and readily unites with a fatty acid, it is used as the alkali in the carbonate saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Glycerine obtained by other Methods of Saponification.—French saponification or "candle crude" glycerine is the result of concentration of "sweet water" produced in the manufacture of stearine and by the autoclave process. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Thus about 10 per cent. of the fatty acids are true neutral fats and require caustic soda for their saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The saponification and finishing is carried out as with a full boiled soap. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. After the saponification has been completed the soap is briskly boiled all day and the proper corrections made; that is, if too alkaline, more oil is added, and if free fat is present, more potash. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. When saponification has taken place, the mass begins to clear and a sample taken out with a paddle and cooled should show a slight pink with a 1 per cent. alcoholic phenolphthalein solution. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The oil is now dried with anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered, and 1-2 grammes weighed into a flask and saponified with alcoholic potash as in the determination of ester or saponification value. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture It resembles cocoanut oil in respect to saponification and in forming a very similar soap. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Combining the required amount of lye for complete saponification of a fat therewith, heating slightly with dry heat and then allowing the saponification to complete itself. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Care must be taken that the soap in the kettle does not swell and run over during the saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. It more generally occurs in the winter and may be produced artificially by adding a small quantity of soda to the potash lye before saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. In the one case, after saponification with sulphuric acid, the liberated fatty acids are washed with water and treated with an oxide, carbonate, or other acid-fixing body, e.g., sodium carbonate, prior to distillation. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture When the saponification is nearly completed either silicate or carbonate of soda or common salt are added to make the soap "short" so as to form the mottle. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. To increase the hydrolysis a catalyzer, some neutral salt, usually manganese sulfate is added in the proportion of 0.15 per cent. appears to vary directly as the saponification number of the fat or oil. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. In the saponification of palm oil it is not advisable to combine it with tallow in the kettle, as the two do not readily mix. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. Salt, known as sodium chloride, is used to a large extent in soap making for "salting out" the soap during saponification, as well as graining soaps. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. So far this process has not been adopted on the practical scale, its chief drawback being the length of time required for saponification. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture It is customary to begin the saponification in the morning, which should be completed by noon. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The fatty acids obtained by various methods of saponification may be further improved by distillation. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. A good procedure is to use open steam for a period of about two hours, then close the valve and allow the saponification to continue without boiling, and repeat this until it is entirely saponified. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. A very cheap grade of soap may be made by making a run soap and adding the filler e. g. sodium silicate in the kettle during saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The saponification by means of carbonated alkali may be performed in an open vat containing a steam coil, or in a pan provided with a removable agitator. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Z Zinc oxide, Use of in autoclave saponification, 120. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. While the introduction of the Twitchell process to a great extent replaced the autoclave method of saponification for obtaining fatty acids for soap making, the autoclave method is also used. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The object is to harden the soap and to ensure complete saponification. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Thorough saponification takes place gradually, and the operation cannot be hurried; special care has to be bestowed upon this operation to effect the complete combination of fat and alkali. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The agitation being complete, chemical action takes place with the generation of heat, and finally results in the saponification of the fats. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Cotton-seed oil requires weak lyes for saponification, and, being difficult to saponify alone even with prolonged boiling, is generally mixed with animal fat. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The advantage of autoclave saponification over the Twitchell process is that a greater cleavage of the fats and oils results in less time and at a slightly less expense. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. This is saponified, and when the saponification is complete, "boiling-on-strength" is proceeded with. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Every precaution should be taken to ensure thorough saponification of the soaps intended for blending in shaving soap, otherwise there will be a tendency to become discoloured and develop rancidity with age. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The glycerine liberated during the saponification is retained in the soap. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The glycerine water resulting from acid saponification methods requires to be rendered alkaline by the addition of lime—the sludge is separated, and the liquor evaporated to crude. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Due to the water taken up in the saponification process there is a yield of about 103 pounds of fatty acids and glycerine for 100 pounds of fat. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. The "saponification equivalent" is the amount of fat or oil in grammes saponified by 1 equivalent or 56.1 grammes of caustic potash. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The result of this test is often expressed as the "Saponification Value," which is the number of milligrammes of KOH required for the saponification of 1 gramme of fat. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture As soon as saponification is complete, the brine and carbonate of soda solution are added, and the pan allowed to rest. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture This may be found by dividing 56,100 by the saponification equivalent or by multiplying the number of c.c. of N/1 alkali absorbed, by 56.1 and dividing by the quantity of fat taken. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture Caustic soda is then added to saponify the fat not converted by the lime saponification. Soap-Making Manual A Practical Handbook on the Raw Materials, Their Manipulation, Analysis and Control in the Modern Soap Plant. If there is only a small quantity of ester present, this preliminary saponification is unnecessary. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture The titre, iodine number, and saponification equivalent are determined in exactly the same manner as described under Fats and Oils. The Handbook of Soap Manufacture |
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