| 单词 | muon |
| 例句 | Keep splitting and you get neutrinos and quarks and muons and antiquarks and mesons—on and on and on, smaller and smaller and smaller. Things Not Seen 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z When this happens, a neutrino produces a particle called a muon, a heavy relative of the electron. The hunt for neutrinos in the Antarctic 2011-01-23T00:05:49Z It contains the electron and another particle called the muon, which is to all appearances identical to the electron but its mass is 210 times larger. Steven Weinberg: 'I wanted to be on the in – privy to all the secrets of physics' 2013-03-03T00:05:05Z He manages — to move from math to physics — an exquisite rendering of what one might call feelings at the subatomic level, emotion’s muons, gluons and quarks. Books of The Times: Paolo Giordano?s ?Solitude of Prime Numbers?: Scarred Souls 2010-03-11T22:53:00Z There are three types, or "flavours", of neutrino: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos. The hunt for neutrinos in the Antarctic 2011-01-23T00:05:49Z It was a Damascene moment: down one path lay sex, drugs and rock'n'roll; down the other, gluons, muons and the quest to find the hypothesised Higgs boson particle. Brian Cox: Physics is better than rock'n'roll 2011-03-24T08:01:00Z Far more downwards-moving muons are produced by charged particles in the atmosphere above the detector, but these don't point back to the sources of cosmic rays. The hunt for neutrinos in the Antarctic 2011-01-23T00:05:49Z Like X-rays, muons from cosmic rays can pass through solid objects. Scientists Discover Secret Hallway Inside Pyramid 2023-03-15T04:00:00Z Physicists have never successfully collided muons, primarily because the particles live for a scant 2.2 microseconds before decaying. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z As neutrinos zip along at nearly the speed of light, they have the strange ability to change back and forth among three types or flavors: electron, muon, and tau. China’s new underground lab could answer long-standing neutrino mystery 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z Physicists at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory last week released a new measurement of the magnetism of a particle called the muon, a heavier, unstable cousin of the electron. News at a glance: A win for young climate activists, a research suspension, and China’s mpox surge 2023-08-16T04:00:00Z They had hoped to have it by now, but uncertainties in what the standard model says the amount of wobbling in muons should be, has increased, because of developments in theoretical physics. Scientists at Fermilab close in on fifth force of nature 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z And, also like X-rays, muons from these rays can be used to develop of a rough picture of the inside of solid objects. Scientists Discover Secret Hallway Inside Pyramid 2023-03-15T04:00:00Z If muons could be wrangled, they’d create collisions that are both clean and high-energy—ideal for exploring beyond the Standard Model’s borders. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z As the electron antineutrinos travel from the reactors to JUNO, many will oscillate into muon or tau antineutrinos that the detector can’t see. China’s new underground lab could answer long-standing neutrino mystery 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z However, it has not elicited as much excitement as the 2021 result, which appeared to slightly exceed the prediction of physicists’ prevailing standard model, possibly signaling undiscovered particles lurking in the vacuum around the muon. News at a glance: A win for young climate activists, a research suspension, and China’s mpox surge 2023-08-16T04:00:00Z The results showed that the muons wobbled faster than the standard model said it should. Scientists at Fermilab close in on fifth force of nature 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z As part of these rays, tiny particles called muons – smaller than atoms – are constantly striking the Earth. Scientists Discover Secret Hallway Inside Pyramid 2023-03-15T04:00:00Z In muons, “nature provided us a gift; we should take advantage of it,” argues Patrick Meade, a theorist at Stony Brook University. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Unlike electrons, however, muons are at the center of a tangled inquiry into the prevailing theory of particle physics. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z Theorists now realize the standard model’s prediction was less certain than thought, obscuring whether the muon is really extra-magnetic. News at a glance: A win for young climate activists, a research suspension, and China’s mpox surge 2023-08-16T04:00:00Z They have found more evidence that sub-atomic particles, called muons, are not behaving in the way predicted by the current theory of sub-atomic physics. Scientists at Fermilab close in on fifth force of nature 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z A second, larger void inside the pyramid was detected using muon tomography in 2017. Egypt: Hidden corridor in Great Pyramid of Giza seen for first time 2023-03-02T05:00:00Z The most viable approach begins with passing the muons through a medium such as liquid hydrogen, which saps their energy. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z This apparent discrepancy in the muon’s “magnetic moment” has been significant to physicists because it could arise via nudges from undiscovered particles that are unaccounted for by current theory. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z Neutrinos come in three types—electron, muon, and tau—depending on how they’re produced. Nuclear reactor mystery solved, with no need for new particles 2023-01-11T05:00:00Z Scientists believe that an unknown force could be acting on the muons. Scientists at Fermilab close in on fifth force of nature 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z The apparent anomaly was an unexpected difference between the behaviour of electrons and that of their more-massive cousins, muons, when they arise from the decay of certain particles. Hint of Crack in Standard Model Vanishes in LHC Data 2022-12-22T05:00:00Z Then powerful magnets can focus the muons and accelerate them into a loop where they collide before they decay. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Making progress on this vexing problem boils down to better calculations and more precise measurements of the muon’s magnetic moment. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z Electron neutrinos pour from the Sun, muon neutrinos rain from the sky as cosmic rays strike the atmosphere, and tau neutrinos emerge in the decay of tau particles, which can be created with atom smashers. Nuclear reactor mystery solved, with no need for new particles 2023-01-11T05:00:00Z The E821 experiment and the discovery of mysterious muon behavior happened before my time in particle physics. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z The most frequent decay pattern produced another type of meson, called a kaon, plus pairs of particles and their antiparticles—either an electron and a positron or a muon and an antimuon. Hint of Crack in Standard Model Vanishes in LHC Data 2022-12-22T05:00:00Z This process churns out neutrinos so profligately that “people were always intrigued with the possibility of using muons as a neutrino source,” says André de Gouvêa, a neutrino theorist at Northwestern University. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z On Thursday researchers announced the latest measurement milestone, which pins down the muon’s magnetic moment to an error of just one part in five million. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z For example, a decaying pi-plus spits out the combination of mass states that makes a muon neutrino. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z The experiment found a deviation from the standard expectation, and it agreed with the P5′ findings, indicating that some new phenomenon might be occurring in muons. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z But a separate anomaly, also involving muons, could be going away. Hint of Crack in Standard Model Vanishes in LHC Data 2022-12-22T05:00:00Z For years it seemed like building a muon collider might be the only way to answer whether neutrinos behave differently than antineutrinos. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Such limitations have pushed researchers to hunt for as-yet-undescribed new particles within the Standard Model—ones that could subtly influence the muon’s behavior in ways theory does not predict. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z By smashing energetic protons from a particle accelerator into a target to produce pipluses, they will generate a beam of muon neutrinos and shoot it toward a distant underground detector. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z For instance, the electron has heavier versions called muons and taus, the up quark has heavier relatives named charm and top quarks, and the down quark is followed by strange and beauty quarks. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z The muon’s magnetic moment had seemed to be stronger than predicted by the standard model, but the latest theoretical calculations suggest that it is not, after all. Hint of Crack in Standard Model Vanishes in LHC Data 2022-12-22T05:00:00Z Consequently, instead of a muon collider, neutrino physicists chose to go forward with the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, which is currently under construction in South Dakota. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Physicists must calculate the remote possibility that the muon interacts not with one but up to five photons popping in and out of existence before continuing on its way. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z There, researchers will count the surviving muon neutrinos and the electron neutrinos that have emerged along the way. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z We would expect these classes of decays to give rise to muons approximately as often as electrons. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Possibilities for next-generation facilities such as a muon collider have invigorated the community. Physicists Struggle to Unite Around Future Plans 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z The knockout blow for muon colliders was, ironically, the discovery of the Higgs boson, the particle responsible for giving other elementary particles mass. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Although it’s relatively straightforward to compute the influence of virtual photons, muons are also affected by a class of particles called hadrons—clumps of quarks bound together by gluons. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z Rarely, a muon neutrino zipping through the water will knock a neutron out of an oxygen atom and change it into a proton, while the neutrino itself morphs into a high-energy muon. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z Yet experiments that have measured these processes, such as LHCb, observe more electrons than muons, suggesting an imbalance. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Physicists are also reassessing particle flavor, a quantum property that defines the species of fermion: up quark, down quark, electron, muon, and so on. Physicists Struggle to Unite Around Future Plans 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z But for a muon collider, trying to smash muons together just by producing Higgs bosons is a worst-case scenario—like using a helicopter to get groceries. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z For decades, this data-driven approach has allowed theorists to make predictions about otherwise intractable contributions to the muon’s behavior. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z Similarly, an electron neutrino can strike a neutron to produce a high-speed electron, which is lighter than a muon and will be buffeted more by the water molecules. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z How, one might ask, can one account for a lack of muons by adding new particles? Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Flavor has often been taken for granted, but anomalies that indicate flavor-based behavioral differences between electrons and muons have reawakened interest in the subject. Physicists Struggle to Unite Around Future Plans 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z “If you look at the different energy scales of potential muon colliders, the Higgs factory is one of the hardest ones to actually build,” admits Mark Palmer, an accelerator physicist and former director of MAP. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z To measure the muon’s magnetic moment, physicists at the Muon g−2 experiment begin by funneling a beam of muons into a storage ring around the 50-foot magnet. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z It proved neutrinos oscillate by studying muon neutrinos generated when cosmic rays strike the atmosphere. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z Here tau leptons are expected less frequently than muons or electrons because they are heavier. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Physicists disagree emphatically—some would choose mysterious neutrinos; others might point to whatever unknown particles constitute dark matter or even to better-known particles such as muons or bottom quarks, for their rare decays. Physicists Struggle to Unite Around Future Plans 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z A decade ago many U.S.-based physicists had wholly discounted the prospect of a muon collider. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z There, a muon does thousands of laps in the span of a few microseconds before it decays. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z With the neutrinos’ energy constrained, physicists basically count the number of arriving muon neutrinos, electron neutrinos, and their antimatter counterparts. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z Furthermore, the decays to muons and electrons show a relative asymmetry not expected in the Standard Model. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Over the past two years, the idea of a muon collider has spread throughout the particle physics community. Physicists Struggle to Unite Around Future Plans 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z The technical challenges seemed too great, and it wasn’t clear why a muon collider’s capabilities might be needed. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Recording when and where the decay takes place gave the researchers an experimental answer to how much the muon wobbled because of its interactions with virtual particles such as photons and hadronic blobs. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z So, in addition to the muon or electron, a collision will typically produce a spurt of other particles such as pions, kaons, protons, and neutrons. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z This finding, called the Cabibbo Angle Anomaly, can be interpreted as another sign that electrons and muons might behave differently. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Experimentally, little has changed about a muon collider, which faces daunting technical obstacles. Physicists Struggle to Unite Around Future Plans 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z Refocused by SUSY’s lack of success, physicists scrutinized the competing collider candidates and found that only a muon collider would marry the energy and precision they wanted within a single machine. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z In 2021 the collaboration measured the muon’s magnetic moment to a precision of one part in two million. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z Neutrinos and their antimatter counterparts both come in three types or flavors—electron, muon, and tau—depending on how they’re generated. Showdown: Two huge neutrino detectors will vie to probe matter’s origins 2022-09-28T04:00:00Z This term describes how strongly a muon interacts with a magnetic field. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z The tortured logic meant that at the latest Snowmass, particle physicists could point to the promise of investigating Higgs parameters with a muon collider but not actually endorse a muon collider over any alternative. Physicists Struggle to Unite Around Future Plans 2022-09-08T04:00:00Z What’s more, it seemed like a muon collider was no longer a fantasy, thanks to the work of MAP and the Italian team. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Using an enormous amount of computational resources, the BMW team made the most precise calculation of the muon’s magnetic moment—and found it disagreed with all other theoretical predictions. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z The message was encoded by mechanically interposing or not interposing a three-inch block of brass in the muon beam every time a 12-billion-electron-volt synchrotron at the Argonne National Laboratory emitted a short burst of particles. 50, 100 & 150 Years Ago: September 2022 2022-09-01T04:00:00Z The G-2 project sends muons around a magnetized ring and measures how their spins change as they travel. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z The faster the muon moves, the longer it lives. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z At high energies, hurtling muons create a sort of messy cloud of roiling energy right before a collision, making it impossible to see anything. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z For better or worse, this is what a frontier of 21st-century particle physics looks like: a messy back-and-forth as physicists desperately searching for breakthroughs compete to see who can most meticulously measure muons. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z Richard C. Arnold, who conducted the experiment, suggests that muon beams are potentially competitive with microwave-relay and satellite systems for long-range communication. 50, 100 & 150 Years Ago: September 2022 2022-09-01T04:00:00Z If muons were alone in the experiment, their spins would not change—but virtual particles arising around them can tug on the muons, introducing a wobble to their spins. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Figure 28.7 A muon in the Earth’s atmosphere lives longer as measured by an Earth-bound observer than measured by the muon’s internal clock. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But with a new design using tungsten nozzles and an LHC-developed timing method, researchers now believe they’ll be able to filter out the mess to clearly see muons colliding. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Researchers are increasingly turning to protons, neutrons, muons and neutrinos as tools for precisely targeting tricky tumors, probing fossils and volcanoes and revealing the hidden structures of Earth, among an ever expanding list of applications. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z Neutrinos come in three “flavors”: electron, muon and tau. What Are Neutrinos, and How Can We Measure Their Mass? 2022-06-15T04:00:00Z First, most anomalies, in particular the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, would affect Z decays, such as Z bosons turning into a muon and an antimatter muon. Rule-Breaking Particles Pop Up in Experiments around the World 2022-11-14T05:00:00Z Those points are fixed relative to the Earth but moving relative to the muon. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Even though a muon collider is becoming more feasible, many wary physicists still prefer other collider options. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z That leaves muons and neutrinos to continue down to the surface. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z For example, some electron neutrinos from the sun turn into muon and tau neutrinos by the time they reach Earth. What Are Neutrinos, and How Can We Measure Their Mass? 2022-06-15T04:00:00Z Take the muon, a subatomic particle that became briefly famous last year. As the Large Hadron Collider Revs Up, Physicists’ Hopes Soar 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z More recently, a third lepton family was discovered when τ particles were created and observed to decay in a manner similar to muons. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z She and other young physicists have been a driving force behind the muon collider’s surging popularity by giving talks and trying to persuade more hesitant senior colleagues. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z It’s their inherent survivability, when compared with other cosmic ray debris, that makes muons and neutrinos interesting as probes of structure within objects. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z Similarly, electrons have heavier cousins, muons and taus, which are identical to electrons but for their mass. Large Hadron Collider Seeks New Particles after Major Upgrade 2022-04-27T04:00:00Z Nobody knows where muons fit in the grand scheme of things. As the Large Hadron Collider Revs Up, Physicists’ Hopes Soar 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z Some collisions of these particles with nuclei in the upper atmosphere result in short-lived particles called muons. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The dream to build a muon collider is a return to ambition. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Fluctuations in the count of atmospheric muons that made it through provided a measure of the thickness of the material lying on top of the tunnel. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z CMS uses a solenoid, a ring-shaped magnet, to bend the path of charged particles such as muons. Large Hadron Collider Seeks New Particles after Major Upgrade 2022-04-27T04:00:00Z Last year, a team of some 200 physicists associated with the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Illinois reported that muons spinning in a magnetic field had wobbled significantly faster than predicted by the Standard Model. As the Large Hadron Collider Revs Up, Physicists’ Hopes Soar 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z We on the Earth see the muon’s half-life time dilated—as viewed from our frame, the muon decays more slowly than it does when at rest relative to us. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z As noteworthy as anything else about the muon collider is the enthusiasm it inspires in its advocates, many of whom proudly sport muon-themed apparel. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z By measuring the atmospheric muons that passed through the stone, they found there were no unknown chambers. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z These thin chambers full of wires will capture the tracks of particles such as muons as they rocket outward from the collision point to the rest of the detector. Large Hadron Collider Seeks New Particles after Major Upgrade 2022-04-27T04:00:00Z Scientists ascribed the fractional but real difference to the quantum whisper of as-yet-unknown particles that would materialize briefly around the muon and would affect its properties. As the Large Hadron Collider Revs Up, Physicists’ Hopes Soar 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z The Earth-bound observer measures the proper length L0 , because the points at which the muon is produced and decays are stationary relative to the Earth. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In other words: we choose to collide muons not because they are easy but because they are hard. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Although disappointing from an archaeological point of view, it showed the muons from cosmic rays could unveil the inner structure of a pyramid without disturbing a single stone. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z RELATED: Why some physicists are skeptical about the muon experiment that hints at "new physics" "No smoking gun" for particle experiment that, if true, would upend physics 2022-04-14T04:00:00Z The Standard Model holds that electrons and muons are equally likely to appear in this reaction. As the Large Hadron Collider Revs Up, Physicists’ Hopes Soar 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z To the muon, the Earth, air, and clouds are moving, and so the distance L it sees is not the proper length. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z “The muons are calling, and we must go.” Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Despite these successes, scanning based on cosmic ray descendants largely went on hiatus until 2003, when the number of muon imaging papers and experiments took off. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z Created in a high energy particle collision, a W quickly decays into either an electron or its heavier cousin, a particle called a muon, and an antineutrino. Mass of rare particle may conflict with ‘standard model,’ signaling new physics 2022-04-06T04:00:00Z But Dr. Patel and his colleagues have found more electron pairs than muon pairs, violating a principle called lepton universality. As the Large Hadron Collider Revs Up, Physicists’ Hopes Soar 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z The Earth, air, and clouds are moving relative to the muon in its frame, and all appear to have smaller lengths along the direction of travel. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z For proponents, the draw of a muon collider is its potential to combine the strengths of two existing types of colliders. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z By looking at how muons scatter as they pass through a material instead of just checking to see how many are absorbed, Borozdin and his colleagues increased the resolution of the images they could create. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z For example, she notes that the muon appears to be slightly more magnetic than predicted. Mass of rare particle may conflict with ‘standard model,’ signaling new physics 2022-04-06T04:00:00Z This anomaly, like the muon’s magnetic anomaly, hints at an unknown “influencer” — a particle or force interfering with the reaction. As the Large Hadron Collider Revs Up, Physicists’ Hopes Soar 2022-06-13T04:00:00Z Clouds and other objects are also contracted along the direction of motion in the muon’s reference frame. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The P5 report is set to come out this fall, and many physicists hope it includes a strong push for a muon collider. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Just about anything too big or dense to x-ray and too small to study with seismic waves is fair game for muon imaging. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z A year ago a different team found another problem with the standard model and how muons react. Key particle weighs in a bit heavy, confounding physicists 2022-04-07T04:00:00Z Instead physicists must infer its presence and properties by studying those decay products—chiefly electrons and muons. Elementary Particle’s Unexpected Heft Stuns Physicists 2022-04-07T04:00:00Z Suppose the π -meson is at rest and all of the missing mass goes into the muon’s kinetic energy. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z There are no guarantees that any future collider would find new particles, but advocates are enthusiastic about the discovery potential that muons hold. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Neutrinos probe far deeper than muons because they lack electric charge; they are not swerved off their paths by electrically charged protons and electrons in atoms. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z Nearly massless and rarely interacting with other matter, neutrinos come in three types—electron, muon, and tau—depending on how they’re generated. Trying to stay ahead of competition, U.S. pares down troubled $3 billion neutrino experiment 2022-03-28T04:00:00Z By measuring the energy deposited in the CDF detector by those events’ electrons and muons, the physicists worked backward to figure out how much energy—or mass—the W boson originally had. Elementary Particle’s Unexpected Heft Stuns Physicists 2022-04-07T04:00:00Z What is the approximate uncertainty in the mass of a muon, as determined from its decay lifetime? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z A future with a real live muon collider remains far-off. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z The muons and many of the neutrinos that make it to the surface of the planet begin with cosmic rays that ram into the upper atmosphere. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z In “The Unseen Universe,” Marcela Carena describes apparent discrepancies between the observed behavior of muons—one of the three types of charged leptons—and calculations based on the Standard Model of particle physics. Readers Respond to the October 2021 Issue 2022-02-20T05:00:00Z A particle called the muon—a heavier, unstable cousin of the electron—is slightly more magnetic than physicists’ prevailing theory of fundamental particles and forces predicts. Science’s 2021 Breakthrough of the Year: AI brings protein structures to all 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z But it was soon realized that muons do not feel the strong nuclear force and could not be Yukawa's particle. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Even on the fastest, most optimistic time line, a muon collider wouldn’t turn on for at least two decades. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z These techniques have been known as muon tomography for three-dimensional imaging and muon radiography for two-dimensional imaging, but the term muography is more widely used for both techniques these days. Physics Particles Fly as Practical Tools 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z If the discrepancies for muons are real, I would also expect discrepancies for tau leptons. Readers Respond to the October 2021 Issue 2022-02-20T05:00:00Z Those in the standard model increase the muon’s magnetism by a precise amount. Science’s 2021 Breakthrough of the Year: AI brings protein structures to all 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z The electron, positron, muons, and neutrinos are examples of leptons, the name meaning low mass. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But physicists are already dreaming about where they can explore with muons. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z In April, new measurements confirmed that a fleeting subatomic particle called the muon may be ever so slightly more magnetic than theory predicts. Choose your own Breakthrough of the Year with Science’s 2021 poll 2021-11-29T05:00:00Z As a shade-tree quantum mechanic, I wonder if the vibrations of muons are the effect of waves of gravity—the crests and troughs of the waves. Readers Respond to the October 2021 Issue 2022-02-20T05:00:00Z To measure muon magnetism, scientists fire a beam of them into a magnetic field, where they twirl like compass needles at a rate that depends on how magnetic they are. Science’s 2021 Breakthrough of the Year: AI brings protein structures to all 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z So muons are leptons with a family of their own, and conservation of total Lµ also seems to be obeyed in many experiments. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The trouble with muons is that they die. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Their collisions with gases make tiny particles named pions, which speedily decay into muons, subatomic blobs more than 200 times heavier than electrons. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z This is because the rules of quantum mechanics are not consistent with the simplest kind of new force unless that force affects at least one other kind of particle besides the muon. Readers Respond to the October 2021 Issue 2022-02-20T05:00:00Z Other physicists say the theoretical consensus still indicates that the muon is extra magnetic. Science’s 2021 Breakthrough of the Year: AI brings protein structures to all 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z For example, pions feel the strong force and do not penetrate as far in matter as do muons, which do not feel the strong force. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But just as the effort got off the ground, two discoveries seemingly spelled any muon collider’s demise. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Trillions of muons are shooting toward the ground at close to the speed of light every single second. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z Tau leptons are much more unstable than muons and harder to produce in the first place, but one could imagine building a particle accelerator optimized for producing them—a “tau factory”—in the future. Readers Respond to the October 2021 Issue 2022-02-20T05:00:00Z The muon’s magnetism gives scientists an indirect way to search for additional, undiscovered particles. Science’s 2021 Breakthrough of the Year: AI brings protein structures to all 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z They are known to come in three types, or flavors: electron, muon and tau neutrinos. Can Sterile Neutrinos Exist? 2021-11-04T04:00:00Z When muons decay, they produce neutrinos—insubstantial particles that barely interact with matter. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z When muons encounter an object, some pass right through while others get stopped in their tracks. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z They claim that everything we see is the result of vibrating strings, such that gravity is one kind of vibration, whereas the effects we see with muons are other kinds. Readers Respond to the October 2021 Issue 2022-02-20T05:00:00Z Thanks to quantum uncertainty, empty space around the muon roils with particle-antiparticle pairs popping in and out of “virtual” existence too fast to be directly observed. Science’s 2021 Breakthrough of the Year: AI brings protein structures to all 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z A particle that starts off as an electron neutrino, for instance, can turn into a tau or muon neutrino, and vice versa. Can Sterile Neutrinos Exist? 2021-11-04T04:00:00Z Neutrinos come in three known types, or flavours - the electron, muon and tau. Neutrino result marks new chapter in physics 2021-10-27T04:00:00Z That means muons can be used to see inside things that would otherwise be inaccessible, from nuclear reactors to the depths of Egypt’s pyramids. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z Neutrinos come in three types—electron, muon, and tau—which morph into one another as they zip along at near–light speed. Costs balloon for U.S. particle physics megaproject 2021-09-21T04:00:00Z The Fermilab project was following up on a 2001 experiment that found tantalizing hints of the muon wobble effect I had been hoping for. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Physicists there generate a stream of muon neutrinos and shoot them to a detector 470 meters away. Can Sterile Neutrinos Exist? 2021-11-04T04:00:00Z But a couple of experiments have shown that particles called muons seem to wobble in weird ways, hinting that they may be interacting with additional particles beyond the ones we know about. A Big Day Birding and a Possible Fifth Force of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z He and his colleagues say if you can use muons to track the movement of molten rock in real time, you should be able to forecast when an eruption is about to transpire. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z In Astrobiology in 2019, Melott and two colleagues found that if the supernova exploded just 150 light-years away, rather than 300, the muon radiation would have hit marine animals surprisingly hard. Exploding stars may have assaulted ancient Earth 2021-07-15T04:00:00Z If there are additional particles in the universe beyond the ones we know about, they, too, will show up as virtual particles and exert an influence on a muon’s spin in our experiments. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z If muon neutrinos could quickly turn into sterile neutrinos and then into electron neutrinos, electrons would have shown up at MicroBooNE. Can Sterile Neutrinos Exist? 2021-11-04T04:00:00Z The largest is the Square Kilometer Array, with some 6,000 aboveground counters and more than 1,100 subsurface muon detectors to catch cosmic rays and gamma rays. Highest-Energy Particles Yet Arrive from Ancient Crab Nebula 2021-07-08T04:00:00Z When muons zip through material, their momentum is sapped. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z Water blocks most particles that rain down from the sky, but muons can penetrate up to 1 kilometer. Exploding stars may have assaulted ancient Earth 2021-07-15T04:00:00Z The Fermilab experiment and its precursor measured a stronger wobble in muons’ spins than what we expect based on just the known particles. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Instead of a muon neutrino oscillating into a sterile neutrino and then into an electron neutrino, the neutrino source that provides the muon neutrinos could also produce heavier sterile neutrinos—or some other new particle. Can Sterile Neutrinos Exist? 2021-11-04T04:00:00Z The new observatory is everything that CASA-MIA was, plus a bigger and better surface array, much better muon detectors, a cleverly designed layout and a higher altitude. Highest-Energy Particles Yet Arrive from Ancient Crab Nebula 2021-07-08T04:00:00Z The denser the material is, the more likely these muons will lose all their energy, grind to a halt and decay into neutrinos and electrons. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z Most fizzle out in further collisions, but muons—heavy short-lived cousins of electrons—keep going. Exploding stars may have assaulted ancient Earth 2021-07-15T04:00:00Z Nearly a decade after that, Fermilab announced a measurement of muon wobble with an uncertainty of less than half a part in a million. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z In April a team of physicists at Fermi National Laboratory in Batavia, Ill., announced anomalous behavior in the magnetic wiggle of the muon. The Subatomic Keys to the Universe 2021-05-25T04:00:00Z The muons were forced to turn in circles, and the whirling muons were made to “walk” in steps down the magnet. The Fermilab Muon Measurement Might or Might Not Point to New Physics, But... 2021-05-02T04:00:00Z To perceive these features, volcanologists could use muon detectors, which range from the size of a suitcase to the area of a small apartment. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z Taken at face value, the surprisingly strong magnetism of the elementary particles called muons, revealed by an experiment this month, suggests that the established theory of fundamental particles is incomplete. Muon Results Throw Physicists’ Best Theories into Confusion 2021-04-29T04:00:00Z Teams around the world are tackling the lattice calculations for the muon g-2 factor. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z At the heart of both experiments are subatomic particles called muons. Kentucky group part of landmark physics experiment 2021-04-24T04:00:00Z It used a much larger 14-meter-diameter storage ring and ran at a certain “magic” energy where the electric field would not affect the muon spin. The Fermilab Muon Measurement Might or Might Not Point to New Physics, But... 2021-05-02T04:00:00Z The endless muon rainstorm will shower the volcano at an angle. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z According to the standard model, muons are supposed to be identical to electrons in every way except for their mass, which is 207 times larger. Muon Results Throw Physicists’ Best Theories into Confusion 2021-04-29T04:00:00Z This result happens to dilute the discrepancy between the experimental and Standard Model expectations—if it is correct, there may not be evidence of additional particles tugging on the muon after all. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z “In fact, there’s muons that are raining down on us, you and I,” said Plaster, explaining that the particles occur naturally when cosmic rays strike Earth’s atmosphere. Kentucky group part of landmark physics experiment 2021-04-24T04:00:00Z Host Sarah Crespi talks with Staff Writer Adrian Cho about a new measurement of the magnetism of the muon—an unstable cousin of the electron. Why muon magnetism matters, and a count of all the Tyrannosaurus rex that ever lived 2021-04-15T04:00:00Z The detectors can only see the parts of the volcano that the muons are penetrating. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z As a consequence, B mesons should produce electrons and muons at rates that are nearly equal. Muon Results Throw Physicists’ Best Theories into Confusion 2021-04-29T04:00:00Z In the research I published 25 years ago searching for clues about the muon’s wobble, my collaborators and I considered a proposed property of nature called supersymmetry. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z A heavier, unstable cousin of the electron, the muon acts like a tiny bar magnet, and its magnetism provides a means to dowse for hints of new particles. Fresh calculation of obscure particle's magnetism could dim hopes for new physics 2021-04-14T04:00:00Z Tiny particles called muons aren’t quite doing what is expected of them in two different long-running experiments in the United States and Europe. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Placing detectors around dozens more volcanoes, and subjecting volcanic rocks to muons in laboratories, will improve the technique’s precision as it vies for mainstream use. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z The data, published in the journal Physical Review Letters, showed that fundamental particles called muons behaved in a way that was not predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics. New physics or statistical fluke? Not all physicists are buying the muon mystery 2021-04-10T04:00:00Z Our calculations showed that virtual superparticles in the vacuum could make the muons wobble faster than the Standard Model predicts, just as the experiment saw. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z In it, the muon emits and reabsorbs particles known as hadrons, which consist of other particles called quarks. Fresh calculation of obscure particle's magnetism could dim hopes for new physics 2021-04-14T04:00:00Z Researchers pored over the data from several years and a few thousand crashes and found a 15% difference, with significantly more electrons than muons, said experiment researcher Sheldon Stone of Syracuse University. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Unpredictable eruptions will remain a fact of life, no matter how well scientists wield the magic of muons. How Do You See Inside a Volcano? Try a Storm of Cosmic Particles. 2021-11-10T05:00:00Z The aforementioned particles, known as muons, acted peculiarly when exposed to a strong magnetic field at Fermilab. New physics or statistical fluke? Not all physicists are buying the muon mystery 2021-04-10T04:00:00Z The first category includes new particles that have masses comparable to or smaller than the muon and that interact with muons with a strength millions of times weaker than the electromagnetic force. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Their hybrid estimate of the muon’s magnetism agrees well with the consensus prediction, Lehner says. Fresh calculation of obscure particle's magnetism could dim hopes for new physics 2021-04-14T04:00:00Z The particle célèbre is the muon, which is akin to an electron but far heavier, and is an integral element of the cosmos. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z They are also made in lab-created particle collisions, such as those used in the Fermilab experiments to measure the muon’s magnetic moment. Is the Standard Model of Physics Now Broken? 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z In such a magnetic field, the muon wobbles in a manner determined by an intrinsic number known as the g-factor. New physics or statistical fluke? Not all physicists are buying the muon mystery 2021-04-10T04:00:00Z The simplest theoretical models of this type involve new, lighter cousins of the Higgs boson or particles related to new forces of nature that act on muons. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z The muon is one of these fundamental particles; it's similar to the electron, but more than 200 times heavier. 'Strong' evidence found for a new force of nature 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Dr. Polly and his colleagues — an international team of 200 physicists from seven countries — found that muons did not behave as predicted when shot through an intense magnetic field at Fermilab. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The muon was one of the first unstable particles known, with its discovery dating back to 1936. Is the Standard Model of Physics Now Broken? 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z This number changes depending on the muon's environment and interactions with other particles. New physics or statistical fluke? Not all physicists are buying the muon mystery 2021-04-10T04:00:00Z These particles could interact with muons with a strength comparable to the electromagnetic and weak interactions. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Instead, the scientists found that muons wobbled at a faster rate than expected. 'Strong' evidence found for a new force of nature 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z “This is strong evidence that the muon is sensitive to something that is not in our best theory,” said Renee Fatemi, a physicist at the University of Kentucky. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The muon’s magnetic moment determines how fast the particle’s spin axis orbits around magnetic field lines. Is the Standard Model of Physics Now Broken? 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z "This quantity we measure reflects the interactions of the muon with everything else in the universe," Fatemi said. New physics or statistical fluke? Not all physicists are buying the muon mystery 2021-04-10T04:00:00Z Another possibility is a new type of particle called a leptoquark—a strange kind of boson that shares properties with quarks as well as leptons such as the muon. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z No one yet knows what this potential new force does, other than influence muon particles. 'Strong' evidence found for a new force of nature 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z What part muons play in the overall pattern of the cosmos is still a puzzle. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z To measure it at Fermilab, physicists create muons and keep them going in a circle of about 15 meters in diameter with powerful magnets. Is the Standard Model of Physics Now Broken? 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z One previous anomaly emerged in 2018, an experiment that involved binding muons to protons and then measuring the proton's radius turned up a peculiar result about the proton. New physics or statistical fluke? Not all physicists are buying the muon mystery 2021-04-10T04:00:00Z If muons are just heavier cousins of the electron, as the Standard Model claims, then we can precisely predict what fraction of these decays should produce muons versus electrons. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z New measurements confirm a fleeting subatomic particle called the muon may be ever so slightly more magnetic than theory predicts, a team of more than 200 physicists reported this week. Particle mystery deepens, as physicists confirm that the muon is more magnetic than predicted 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Nowadays muons are produced copiously at places like the Large Hadron Collider when more ordinary particles are crashed together at high energies. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z This means that if there are more particles than those in the Standard Model, they should contribute to the muon g-2—hence its relevance. Is the Standard Model of Physics Now Broken? 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The observed width of the proton, when it was bound with a muon, appeared to be about 4 percent shorter than was expected. New physics or statistical fluke? Not all physicists are buying the muon mystery 2021-04-10T04:00:00Z But LHCb data show a persistent three-sigma discrepancy from this prediction, perhaps indicating that muons are more different from electrons than the Standard Model allows. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Familiar standard model particles flitting about the muon increase that magnetism by about 0.1%. Particle mystery deepens, as physicists confirm that the muon is more magnetic than predicted 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z This entourage influences the behavior of existing particles, including a property of the muon called its magnetic moment, represented in equations by a factor called g. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Both sets of results involve the strange, fleeting particle called the muon. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Muon g-2 is an experiment at Fermi National Laboratory in Batavia, Ill, that aims to precisely measure how magnetic muons are by watching them wobble in a magnetic field. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The Muon g-2 experiment may be telling us something new, with implications far beyond the muons themselves. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z The experiment involves measuring the rate at which the muons twirl to exquisite precision. Particle mystery deepens, as physicists confirm that the muon is more magnetic than predicted 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z According to a formula derived in 1928 by Paul Dirac, the English theoretical physicist and a founder of quantum theory, the g factor of a lone muon should be 2. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The muon is the heavier cousin to the electron that orbits an atom’s center. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z A beam of positive pions—lightweight particles made from an up quark and a down antiquark—decay into muons and muon neutrinos. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z We can also look at the behavior of muons in different kinds of experiments, such as LHCb. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z But, on the chance that the muon is really signaling the presence of something new, many theorists will be eager to start. Particle mystery deepens, as physicists confirm that the muon is more magnetic than predicted 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z But muons aren’t alone, so the formula must be corrected for the quantum buzz arising from all the other potential particles in the universe. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z But the muon is not part of the atom, it is unstable and normally exists for only two microseconds. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The muons are collected and channeled into an orderly circular path around the magnet, which they will circle, at most, a few thousand times before they decay into positrons. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Now it seems muons may be the messengers of a new order in the cosmos and, for me personally, a dream come true. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z The original results, announced in 2001 and then finalized in 2006, found that the muon’s magnetic moment—a measure of the magnetic field it generates—is slightly larger than theory predicted. Long-Awaited Muon Physics Experiment Nears Moment of Truth 2021-03-31T04:00:00Z That leads the factor g for the muon to be more than 2, hence the name of the experiment: Muon g-2. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The Standard Model predicts that these beauty quark crashes should result in equal numbers of electrons and muons. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Imagine each muon as a tiny analog clock. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z I had just finished writing up some theoretical work on muon particles—heavier cousins to electrons—and it was out for the scrutiny of my particle physics colleagues during peer review. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Muon g – 2 measures the muon’s magnetic moment by moving the particles around in a 15-metre-diameter circle. Long-Awaited Muon Physics Experiment Nears Moment of Truth 2021-03-31T04:00:00Z In the experiment, an accelerator called the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron created beams of muons and sent them into a 50-foot-wide storage ring, a giant racetrack controlled by superconducting magnets. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Researchers poured over the data from several years and a few thousand crashes and found a 15% difference, with significantly more electrons than muons, said experiment researcher Sheldon Stone of Syracuse University. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z When the muon’s time is up, it decays into a positron that is emitted in the direction of the hour hand. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z I had been analyzing the flickering effects of unseen “virtual” particles on muons, aiming to use the clues from these interactions to piece together a fuller picture of our quantum universe. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z The space around a muon seethes with all kinds of ‘virtual particles’—ephemeral versions of actual particles that continuously appear and disappear from the vacuum—which alter the muon's magnetic field. Long-Awaited Muon Physics Experiment Nears Moment of Truth 2021-03-31T04:00:00Z At Fermilab, a new campus devoted to studying muons was being built. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z The experiment sends muons around a magnetized track that keeps the particles in existence long enough for researchers to get a closer look at them. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Calculating the virtual particles’ effect on the muon’s spin—the rate at which its hour hand turns—requires a series of equally arduous and incredibly precise theoretical determinations. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z As a young theorist just launching my career, I had heard about proposed experiments to measure the tiny wobbles of muons to gather such clues. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Under the Standard Model—the theory that describes elementary particles and the forces they obey, minus gravity—leptons such as electrons and muons are identical except for their mass. Unexplained Results Intrigue Physicists at World’s Largest Particle Collider 2021-03-25T04:00:00Z The experiment started up in 2018 with a more intense muon beam and the goal of compiling 20 times as much data as the Brookhaven version. A Tiny Particle’s Wobble Could Upend the Known Laws of Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z Preliminary results suggest that the magnetic “spin” of the muons is 0.1% off what the Standard Model predicts. ‘Tantalizing’ results of 2 experiments defy physics rulebook 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z They plan to independently corroborate the Muon g-2 result using a slightly different method to observe muon behavior. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z I watched with excitement as he showed a collection of new evidence that agreed with the earlier trial, both suggesting that muons are not acting as current theory prescribes. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z So B mesons should decay to a kaon and two muons at the same rate at which they decay to a kaon and two electrons. Unexplained Results Intrigue Physicists at World’s Largest Particle Collider 2021-03-25T04:00:00Z The B mesons are not decaying in the way the model says they should: instead of producing electrons and muons at the same rate, nature appears to favour the route that ends with electrons. Cern experiment hints at new force of nature 2021-03-23T04:00:00Z According to the Standard Model, beauty quarks should decay into equal numbers of electron and muon particles. LHC machine finds tantalising hints of new physics 2021-03-23T04:00:00Z Even if all of these efforts confirm there is new physics at work in muons, however, they will not be able to reveal what, exactly, that new physics is. Long-Awaited Muon Measurement Boosts Evidence for New Physics 2021-04-07T04:00:00Z It has to do with the way a muon spins when it travels through a magnetic field. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Yet LHCb is seeing a difference in this rare beauty decay: B mesons seem to decay to muons 15 percent less often than they do to electrons. Unexplained Results Intrigue Physicists at World’s Largest Particle Collider 2021-03-25T04:00:00Z Wu and colleagues were almost scooped by rivals led by Leon Lederman, also at Columbia, who measured the same effect in the decay of a particle called the muon. Postage stamp to honor female physicist who many say should have won the Nobel Prize 2021-02-05T05:00:00Z Instead, the process yields more electrons than muons. LHC machine finds tantalising hints of new physics 2021-03-23T04:00:00Z Like the electron, the muon spins like a top, and its spin imbues it with magnetism. The cloak-and-dagger tale behind this year’s most anticipated result in particle physics 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z The subject of the experiment—muons—are produced in abundance by cosmic rays in Earth’s atmosphere; more than 10,000 of them pass through our bodies every minute. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z But he is encouraged by the latest LHCb result because it follows a pattern of other measurements that also hint at differences between electrons and muons. Unexplained Results Intrigue Physicists at World’s Largest Particle Collider 2021-03-25T04:00:00Z It was enough to show the existence of two types of neutrino, one associated with the electron, the other with the muon. Jack Steinberger, Nobel laureate in physics, dies at 99 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z Consider, for instance, the muon—a cousin of the electron that is two hundred times heavier. Physicists Achieve Best-Ever Measurement of Fine-Structure Constant 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z Thousands of muons enter the ring with their spin axis pointing in the direction they travel, like a football thrown by a right-handed quarterback. The cloak-and-dagger tale behind this year’s most anticipated result in particle physics 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z At Fermilab, a 50-foot-diameter ring of powerful magnets stores muons created under controlled conditions by smashing a beam of protons from a particle accelerator into a target of mostly nickel. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Therefore, if the particle is detected downstream from that source, it will have different probabilities of being an electron, muon or tau neutrino. Readers Respond to the July 2020 Issue 2020-11-21T05:00:00Z Inside “Cloud Chamber,” otherwise invisible particles — protons, electrons, muons and alpha particles — manifest before the naked eye, swirling and sparkling when immersed in the tank’s frozen mist. Science + social justice + magic. The spellbinding formula of artist Glenn Kaino 2020-11-09T05:00:00Z Just like the electron, the muon also exhibits a magnetic moment when subjected to a magnetic field. Physicists Achieve Best-Ever Measurement of Fine-Structure Constant 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z Were it not for the extra magnetism from the virtual particles, the muons would precess at the same rate that they orbit the ring and, thus, always spin in their direction of travel. The cloak-and-dagger tale behind this year’s most anticipated result in particle physics 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z This process produces pions, unstable composite particles that then decay into neutrinos and muons through weak force effects. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Because the muon and tau neutrinos consist of different superpositions of these three states, it is not correct to say the tau neutrino is either heavier or lighter than the electron or muon neutrinos. Readers Respond to the July 2020 Issue 2020-11-21T05:00:00Z The latest combined measurement is statistically significant to nearly four sigma, which means there is a roughly one-in-15,000 chance the result is a random fluke, assuming the Higgs does not decay to muons. Higgs Boson Gives Next-Generation Particle Its Heft 2020-08-06T04:00:00Z Moreover, similar to the electron, there is a difference between the theoretical and experimental values of the muon’s magnetic moment. Physicists Achieve Best-Ever Measurement of Fine-Structure Constant 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z As they orbit, each muon decays to produce a positron, which flies into one of the detectors lining the ring. The cloak-and-dagger tale behind this year’s most anticipated result in particle physics 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z At this point, the muons enter a ring filled with the vacuum of “empty” space. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z When the muons and electrons encounter a living molecule, these oriented magnets may cause a tiny difference in the rate of mutation of right-handed and left-handed life. Cosmic Rays and the Handedness of Life 2020-07-22T04:00:00Z Under this universality, taus are more massive versions of muons, which are merely more massive versions of electrons. Higgs Boson Gives Next-Generation Particle Its Heft 2020-08-06T04:00:00Z Physicists are now eagerly awaiting the first results of the “Muon g-2” experiment at Fermilab that is expected to provide the most precise experimental measurement of the muon’s magnetic moment. Physicists Achieve Best-Ever Measurement of Fine-Structure Constant 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z Ultimately, researchers measured the muon’s magnetism to a precision of 0.6 parts in 1 billion, arriving at a value about 2.4 parts per billion bigger than the theoretical value at the time. The cloak-and-dagger tale behind this year’s most anticipated result in particle physics 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z Like electrons, muons have electric charge and a property we call spin, which makes them behave as little magnets. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Among the products of these reactions are electron neutrinos—one of the three known flavors, along with muon and tau neutrinos. Hidden Neutrino Particles May Be a Link to the Dark Sector 2020-07-09T04:00:00Z Unfortunately for physicists looking to depart from the predictions of the Standard Model, the muon seems to get its mass from the same place as the tau. Higgs Boson Gives Next-Generation Particle Its Heft 2020-08-06T04:00:00Z The machine won over competitors, including a linear electron–positron collider and one that would accelerate muons instead. Daily briefing: DNA hints at an ancient dynasty in Neolithic Ireland 2020-06-18T04:00:00Z Using a purer, more intense muon beam, the revamped g-2 ultimately aims to reduce the experimental uncertainty to one-quarter of its current value. The cloak-and-dagger tale behind this year’s most anticipated result in particle physics 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z An external magnetic field makes the electrically charged muons orbit around the ring at almost the speed of light. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Both experiments were attached to particle accelerators that created steady streams of muon neutrinos, and both used detectors placed some distance away that were tuned to observe electron neutrinos. Hidden Neutrino Particles May Be a Link to the Dark Sector 2020-07-09T04:00:00Z In 1936, physicists discovered a heavier version of the electron, called a muon; this shattered their assumption that they knew all the elementary particles. Why the Big Bang Produced Something Rather Than Nothing 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z Researchers at the Super-Kamiokande detector in Japan found that one flavour of neutrino — muons — morphed into different types of particle at a different rate than did their antimatter twins. Daily briefing: Why the coronavirus death toll in Wuhan, China, has just jumped by 50% 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z The gap between theorists’ consensus value for the muon’s magnetism and the Brookhaven value is now 3.7 times the total uncertainty, El-Khadra says, not too far from the five times needed to claim a discovery. The cloak-and-dagger tale behind this year’s most anticipated result in particle physics 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z At the same time, this magnetic field causes the spin of the muons to precess smoothly like a gyroscope, as the particles travel around the ring, but with a small wobble. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z The electron, muon and tau flavors would all be observable, at least in principle. Hidden Neutrino Particles May Be a Link to the Dark Sector 2020-07-09T04:00:00Z Or in this case, between muon neutrinos and muon antineutrinos. Why the Big Bang Produced Something Rather Than Nothing 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z The team found that one flavour of neutrino — muons — morphed into different types of particle at a different rate than did their antimatter twins. Daily briefing: Meet the unsung virologist who discovered the first coronavirus 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z Even more rarely, a muon neutrino morphs into an electron neutrino on the journey to Super-K. Skewed neutrino behavior could help explain matter’s dominion over antimatter 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z The rate of precession depends on the strength of the muon’s internal magnet and is proportional to a factor that we call g. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z For example, as neutrinos travel, they oscillate between three different “flavors”: electron, muon and tau. Weird Neutrino Behavior Could Explain Longstanding Antimatter Mystery 2020-04-16T04:00:00Z Asked to summarize the result, Dr. Sánchez, a team spokesman, said, “In relative terms more neutrino muons going to neutrino electrons than antineutrino muons going to antineutrino electrons.” Why the Big Bang Produced Something Rather Than Nothing 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z The T2K experiment detects the muons and electrons and discriminates between them, thereby identifying the flavour of the impinging neutrino and measuring the oscillation probability of muon-to-electron neutrino conversion. Matter–antimatter symmetry violated 2020-04-14T04:00:00Z When T2K runs with antineutrino beams, such interactions produce either an antimuon or a positron, whose signals parallel those generated by the muons and electrons. Skewed neutrino behavior could help explain matter’s dominion over antimatter 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z The way the equations of the Standard Model are written, if the muon didn’t wobble at all, the value of g would be 2. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Figure 1 | Production and ionization cooling of muons. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z When they were discovered in 1936, muons were an unexpected addition to the then small set of known particles. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z They used the spectroscopic method but with special “muonic” hydrogen: instead of an electron, this atom contains a muon, a particle with about 200 times the mass of an electron. Ultraprecise Measurement Pinpoints the Proton’s Size 2019-11-27T05:00:00Z Muon neutrinos turn into electron neutrinos at a higher rate than muon antineutrinos turn into electron antineutrinos, the 357-strong team reports today in Nature. Skewed neutrino behavior could help explain matter’s dominion over antimatter 2020-04-15T04:00:00Z If that were the case, the muon’s direction of motion and direction of spin would always be the same with respect to each other, and g-2 would be zero. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Some of these particles decayed into elementary particles known as muons. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z This beam of muons is anything but dense, however—even after magnets funnel it into a small area. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z Because the muon hugs the proton more tightly than an electron would, its energy levels are more sensitive to proton size, promising more accurate results. Ultraprecise Measurement Pinpoints the Proton’s Size 2019-11-27T05:00:00Z Because muons spend more time inside the proton, their energy levels are affected much more strongly than are those of the electrons. How big is the proton? Particle-size puzzle leaps closer to resolution 2019-11-06T05:00:00Z In that case, scientists would measure no wobble of the muon. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Finally, the muons passed through an energy-absorbing medium made of lithium hydride or liquid hydrogen that reduced this spread by a process called ionization cooling. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z To focus a muon beam, physicists need to remove the muons’ jittery up-and-down and side-to-side energy by cooling them—that is, by slowing them down. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z Or is there something peculiar about how protons interact with muons, compared with their behavior around electrons? Ultraprecise Measurement Pinpoints the Proton’s Size 2019-11-27T05:00:00Z That means muon measurements of the proton’s radius should be millions of times more precise than those made using ordinary hydrogen. How big is the proton? Particle-size puzzle leaps closer to resolution 2019-11-06T05:00:00Z Virtual particles also interact with the muons in the Fermilab ring and change the value of g. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Heavy particles such as protons and muons lose much less energy than do lightweight particles such as electrons. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z Removing energy from particles is usually very straightforward, except that muons are short-lived—on average, they decay into other particles after only two millionths of a second. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z A muon is about 200 times heavier than an electron. Progress on the proton-radius puzzle 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z More recently, however, improved spectroscopy experiments using ordinary hydrogen found a shrunken proton, suggesting that muons were not so special after all. How big is the proton? Particle-size puzzle leaps closer to resolution 2019-11-06T05:00:00Z You can imagine the virtual particles as ephemeral companions that a muon emits and immediately reabsorbs—they follow it around like a little cloud, changing its magnetic properties and thus its spin precession. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z By contrast, because muons are elementary particles, all of the energy from their collisions is available for particle production. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z When muons are fired through a material, they dislodge electrons, ionizing atoms. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z As a result, there is a much higher probability that the muon in a muonic-hydrogen atom will be found inside the proton than would the electron in an ordinary hydrogen atom. Progress on the proton-radius puzzle 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z While searching for a pion in cosmic rays, scientists discovered a different particle5, which is now called a muon. Detection of a strange particle 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z Therefore, scientists always knew that g would not be exactly 2 and that there would be some wobble as muons spin around the ring. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Unlike electron beams, which are produced with almost laser-like quality, muon beams are generated through a complicated process resulting in a beam that is more reminiscent of the spray of pellets from a shotgun. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z This ionization process drains kinetic energy from muons, rendering them slightly less frenetic. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z For example, the Muon Scattering Experiment12 at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland is simultaneously investigating muon–proton and electron–proton scattering. Progress on the proton-radius puzzle 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z The result suggested muon neutrinos were quickly morphing into heavier sterile neutrinos and then into electron neutrinos, in a kind of flavor-changing shortcut. Resurrected detector will hunt for some of the strangest particles in the universe 2019-08-08T04:00:00Z Physicists do this by monitoring one of the decay particles they create: electrons, from decays of negatively charged muons, or positrons—the antiparticle version of electrons—from decays of positively charged muons. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Such a conversion involves reducing the spread of the muons’ positions and velocities in the directions perpendicular to the beam. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z The technique worked: reducing the muons’ energies let the team concentrate them into a smaller area, creating a denser beam. MICE Cold: Collaboration Demonstrates Muon Ionization Cooling 2020-02-05T05:00:00Z This experiment is testing for possible differences in the behaviour of electrons and muons — an observation that would imply the existence of physics beyond that of the standard model of particle physics. Progress on the proton-radius puzzle 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z The high energy electron or muon spawned by a neutrino in a flash of light would ionize the argon along its path, leaving a trail of electrons. Resurrected detector will hunt for some of the strangest particles in the universe 2019-08-08T04:00:00Z By determining the energy and arrival time of the electrons or positrons, scientists can deduce the spin direction of the parent muon. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z Several cooling techniques are used at accelerators, but none is fast enough to cool muons, which are unstable and short-lived. Muon colliders come a step closer 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z The study's authors also emphasize that more muon detectors will need to be installed, in particular on the western slope of the fortress, in order to obtain a full-size underground picture. Scientists may have found one of the oldest Christian churches in the world 2019-07-11T04:00:00Z Fortunately, the air showers sparked by cosmic rays contain a higher proportion of muons, short-lived cousins of the electrons, than the showers from gamma rays. Highest energy light ever seen traced to Crab Nebula 2019-07-08T04:00:00Z As in previous efforts, Fermilab physicists will blast high energy protons into a target to produce an intense beam of muon neutrinos. Resurrected detector will hunt for some of the strangest particles in the universe 2019-08-08T04:00:00Z A team of about 200 physicists from 35 universities and labs in seven countries developed techniques for measuring the muon g-2 property with unprecedented accuracy. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z But I’m shocked today that almost nobody has, for example, even heard of muons—even though we’re continually bombarded with them from cosmic rays. Remembering Murray Gell-Mann 2019-06-06T04:00:00Z An additional 1170 buried detectors will look for particles called muons, which can help discriminate between gamma ray showers and showers caused by cosmic rays, charged particles that can also reach extraordinary energies. China’s ambitious telescopes rise in the thin air of the Tibetan Plateau 2019-04-25T04:00:00Z This was a fertile patch for experimentation, and theorists were continually buffeted by new and startling results, from the appearance of the muon to the observation of structure inside the proton; these demanded explanation. A struggle for the soul of theoretical physics 2019-04-15T04:00:00Z If a few muon neutrinos oscillate to sterile neutrinos and then to electron neutrinos, then many more must oscillate to the sterile form and disappear altogether. Resurrected detector will hunt for some of the strangest particles in the universe 2019-08-08T04:00:00Z The first experiments to measure the muon g-2 took place at CERN, and by the late 1970s they had produced results that, within their impressive but limited precision, agreed with standard theory. Weird Muons May Point to New Particles and Forces of Nature 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z The muon—which basically nobody understands even today—was like a heavy electron, interacting mainly through electromagnetic forces. Remembering Murray Gell-Mann 2019-06-06T04:00:00Z Similarly, there are six leptons: the electron, muon, tau and the three neutrinos. Why Is There More Matter Than Antimatter? 2019-03-21T04:00:00Z By studying the magnetism of a particle called the muon, physicists hope to find results this year that could point to new particles or forces, something they have craved for decades. The science stories likely to make headlines in 2019 2019-01-03T05:00:00Z "If you don't see muon neutrinos disappearing at the same time, it's a dagger in the heart of the sterile neutrino," Parke says. Resurrected detector will hunt for some of the strangest particles in the universe 2019-08-08T04:00:00Z His discovery of the muon neutrino established that there was more than one type of neutrino. Leon Lederman (1922-2018) 2018-11-04T04:00:00Z In two separate analyses, the CMS team found data that pointed to a build-up of muons, or heavy electrons, in their detector. Has new ghost particle manifested at Large Hadron Collider? 2018-10-31T04:00:00Z One of them was a previously unknown substance called a muon neutrino, which had different properties from other neutrinos. Leon Lederman, who won Nobel Prize for key discoveries in particle physics, dies at 96 2018-10-04T04:00:00Z There are three known types of neutrino: electron, muon and tau. Special relativity validated by neutrinos 2018-08-12T04:00:00Z It's not quite as simple as counting the muon neutrinos in each detector, however. Resurrected detector will hunt for some of the strangest particles in the universe 2019-08-08T04:00:00Z His observation of muon decay knocked down a pillar theory about symmetry in one of the fundamental forces. Leon Lederman (1922-2018) 2018-11-04T04:00:00Z Physicists know that neutrinos come in at least three flavors, known as electron, muon and tau neutrinos, depending on their subatomic origin. The Neutrino Trappers 2018-07-16T04:00:00Z But on 22 September 2017, one of these neutrinos showed up near IceCube's cubic kilometre array and decided to interact with the surrounding material, creating another particle called a muon. Source of cosmic 'ghost' particle revealed 2018-07-12T04:00:00Z Most of the neutrinos produced in the atmosphere are muon neutrinos. Special relativity validated by neutrinos 2018-08-12T04:00:00Z Just as muon to electron neutrino appearance would be accompanied by electron neutrino disappearance, it also requires the disappearance of muon neutrinos. The Standard Model of Physics Is a Tyrant 2018-07-05T04:00:00Z It did: the muon neutrino, the second neutrino family to be discovered. Leon Lederman (1922-2018) 2018-11-04T04:00:00Z An electron neutrino, say, can emerge from a nuclear reactor in one place and appear in a detector somewhere else as a muon neutrino. The Neutrino Trappers 2018-07-16T04:00:00Z They constantly oscillate among three known types, or “flavors,” called electron, muon and tau. Evidence for a new fundamental particle thrills and baffles physicists 2018-06-15T04:00:00Z Such changes stem from the fact that electron, muon and tau neutrinos are not particles in the usual sense. Special relativity validated by neutrinos 2018-08-12T04:00:00Z These are the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino and the tau neutrino. Has US physics lab found a new particle? 2018-06-06T04:00:00Z Alongside enormous neutrino detectors around the world, Fermilab is leading an ambitious global effort to study muon neutrinos beamed from Chicago to South Dakota, to understand how they oscillate from one flavour to another. Leon Lederman (1922-2018) 2018-11-04T04:00:00Z Volcanologists and nuclear engineers are also finding new uses for the same technique, called muography, which harnesses muons to probe the innards of dense structures. Muons: the little-known particles helping to probe the impenetrable 2018-05-23T04:00:00Z On the way to the tank, some muon neutrinos should transform into electron neutrinos at a rate determined by the difference in mass between the two. Evidence for a new fundamental particle thrills and baffles physicists 2018-06-15T04:00:00Z These waves are observed as a muon neutrino only because they are in phase, which means the peaks of the two waves are seen at the same time. Special relativity validated by neutrinos 2018-08-12T04:00:00Z These muon neutrinos then travel underground to a detector. Has US physics lab found a new particle? 2018-06-06T04:00:00Z The muon is a heavier, unstable cousin of the electron. Renewed measurements of muon's magnetism could open door to new physics 2018-01-25T05:00:00Z And D’Alessandro is part of a team using muons to probe inside the walls of the dome of Florence’s cathedral, in a race to save the fifteenth-century structure, which is cracking. Muons: the little-known particles helping to probe the impenetrable 2018-05-23T04:00:00Z And they would explain why electron, muon and tau neutrinos are so lightweight. Evidence for a new fundamental particle thrills and baffles physicists 2018-06-15T04:00:00Z That's because it was found using muon radiography, a type of imaging that uses subatomic particles to peer through walls or solid structures. Unsolved Science Mysteries From 2017 2017-12-18T05:00:00Z The implication of the paper is that some of the muon neutrinos are flipping to sterile neutrinos before switching identity again to electron neutrinos. Has US physics lab found a new particle? 2018-06-06T04:00:00Z Each muon is also magnetized like a miniature bar magnet. Renewed measurements of muon's magnetism could open door to new physics 2018-01-25T05:00:00Z These applications often use a slightly different technique, which tracks how muons change direction when they hit atomic nuclei in a material. Muons: the little-known particles helping to probe the impenetrable 2018-05-23T04:00:00Z Instead of X-rays, the team used muons, the heavy cousins of electrons that form when cosmic rays from outer space collide with particles in Earth’s atmosphere. There’s a void in the Great Pyramid of Giza, but it may not be so mysterious 2017-11-30T05:00:00Z Observation and characterization of a cosmic muon neutrino flux from the northern hemisphere using six years of IceCube data. Measurement of the multi-TeV neutrino interaction cross-section with IceCube using Earth absorption 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Scientists and engineers built radiation-resistant robots like the Manbo and a device like a huge X-ray machine that uses exotic space particles called muons to see the reactors’ innards. Six Years After Fukushima, Robots Finally Find Reactors’ Melted Uranium Fuel 2017-11-19T05:00:00Z Place a muon in a magnetic field perpendicular to the orientation of its magnetization, and its magnetic polarity will turn, or precess, just like a twirling compass needle. Renewed measurements of muon's magnetism could open door to new physics 2018-01-25T05:00:00Z For example, some of the electron neutrinos emitted by the sun are transformed into muon and tau neutrinos as they hurtle towards the Earth. In search of the neutrino, ghost particle of the universe 2017-11-04T04:00:00Z As the muons pass through matter they lose energy and decay, so if the team detected a small amount of muons, that means they were passing through matter. There’s a void in the Great Pyramid of Giza, but it may not be so mysterious 2017-11-30T05:00:00Z Evidence for astrophysical muon neutrinos from the northern sky with IceCube. Measurement of the multi-TeV neutrino interaction cross-section with IceCube using Earth absorption 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z These are photographic films which capture the tracks of muons passing through them. A new chamber has been detected in the Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-01T04:00:00Z Thanks to quantum uncertainty, however, the muon continually emits and reabsorbs other particles. Renewed measurements of muon's magnetism could open door to new physics 2018-01-25T05:00:00Z Yet muons may play an increasing role in future discoveries. Cosmic rays reveal mysterious void in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Then two more teams associated with ScanPyramids, one from France and another from Japan, also confirmed the anomaly with muon tomography, even from outside the pyramid. There’s a void in the Great Pyramid of Giza, but it may not be so mysterious 2017-11-30T05:00:00Z An improved method for measuring muon energy using the truncated mean of dE/dx. Measurement of the multi-TeV neutrino interaction cross-section with IceCube using Earth absorption 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z To look for such chambers Dr Morishima and his colleagues deployed three sorts of muon detector in various places in and around the pyramid. A new chamber has been detected in the Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-01T04:00:00Z But, she adds, "The muon hits the sweet spot of being light enough to be long-lived and heavy enough to be sensitive to new physics." Renewed measurements of muon's magnetism could open door to new physics 2018-01-25T05:00:00Z Stone absorbs muons' energy in ways that pockets of air do not. Cosmic rays reveal mysterious void in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z But if they detected more muons, it suggests the particles were passing through empty space or less dense material. There’s a void in the Great Pyramid of Giza, but it may not be so mysterious 2017-11-30T05:00:00Z Scientists used muons, a by-product of cosmic rays, to image the interior of the Great Pyramid—and found a previously unknown space inside. Physics Phenomenon Reveals A Pyramid's Mystery 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Photo: ScanPyramids mission The research team found it by tracking particles called muons. Subatomic particles reveal a mysterious structure inside Giza's Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Will the muon end up being a portal to new physics? Renewed measurements of muon's magnetism could open door to new physics 2018-01-25T05:00:00Z One type of muon detector, called a nuclear emulsion film, catches muons as lines of little black globules. Cosmic rays reveal mysterious void in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z When they analyzed their data from a region above the Grand Gallery, a long inclined passageway that leads to the King’s Chamber, they found something strange: an unexpected excess of muons. There’s a void in the Great Pyramid of Giza, but it may not be so mysterious 2017-11-30T05:00:00Z The muons travel at close to the speed of light and behave much like x-rays when they meet objects. Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z “It’s a striking discovery,” says Chris Morris, a physicist at Los Alamos National Laboratory and expert on muon imaging techniques. Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z The magnetism of muons is measured as the short-lived particles circulate in a 700-ton ring. Renewed measurements of muon's magnetism could open door to new physics 2018-01-25T05:00:00Z Independent teams were assigned to each of the three muon detectors arrayed around the Great Pyramid. Cosmic rays reveal mysterious void in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z In December 2015, physicist Kunihiro Morishima of Nagoya University, Japan, and his colleagues placed a series of detectors inside the Queen’s chamber, where they would detect muons passing through the pyramid from above. Cosmic-ray particles reveal secret chamber in Egypt's Great Pyramid 2017-11-01T04:00:00Z While most of the monument is made of stone that absorbs muons, chambers and cavities let the particles pass through. Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Each team used a different method for spotting muons. Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z The muon scan is accomplished by planting special plates inside and around the pyramid to collect data on the particles, which rain down from the earth’s atmosphere. Scientists discover hidden chamber in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Each minute, muons rocket through your skull by the hundreds. Cosmic rays reveal mysterious void in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z The particles are partially absorbed by stone, so any large holes in the pyramid would result in more muons than expected hitting the detectors. Cosmic-ray particles reveal secret chamber in Egypt's Great Pyramid 2017-11-01T04:00:00Z All three techniques can tell from which direction incoming muons arrive. Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Since muons pass more easily through empty space than through solid materials, arranging multiple muon detectors in and around a structure lets scientists map the structure’s solid and empty parts. Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z The scientists made the discovery using cosmic-ray imaging, recording the behavior of subatomic particles called muons that penetrate the rock similar to X-rays, only much deeper. Scientists discover hidden chamber in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z In the new discovery, which the journal Nature published Thursday, scientists from those institutions teamed up with Japanese physicists and brought three types of muon detectors to examine the Great Pyramid. Cosmic rays reveal mysterious void in Egypt’s Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Around 10,000 muons rain down on each square metre of Earth’s surface every minute. Cosmic-ray particles reveal secret chamber in Egypt's Great Pyramid 2017-11-01T04:00:00Z To pinpoint the cavity, scientists from Nagoya University in Japan, and KEK, the country’s high energy physics lab, installed muon-detecting photographic plates and electronic muon detectors around the Queen’s chamber. Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z These “excess” muons seemed to trace a 100-foot-long cavity with a cross-section resembling the Grand Gallery. Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z When super-fast comic rays collide with air molecules, they produce a range of "daughter" particles, including muons. 'Big void' identified in Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Every minute, tens of thousands of muons pass through each square meter of Earth. Cosmic rays reveal unknown void in the Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z When a neutrino interacts with the surrounding material, it generates another particle, a muon. Astrophysics: Chasing ghosts in Antarctica : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z At the same time, researchers from CEA, France’s energy research organisation, trained “muon telescopes” on the pyramid from the outside. Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z All three pyramids are now being investigated, using muon tomography and infrared thermography, for the presence of internal voids — a project of international consortium ScanPyramids under the authority of Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities. Archaeology: The wonder of the pyramids : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z "With muons you measure an integrated density," he explained. 'Big void' identified in Great Pyramid 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z One of the first times scientists used muon imaging was to search for hidden chambers in Khafre’s pyramid at Giza in the late 1960s. Cosmic rays reveal unknown void in the Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z Neutrinos come in three types—electron, muon, and tau—and interact with atomic nuclei in a few ways. Milk jug–sized detector captures neutrinos in a whole new way 2017-08-03T04:00:00Z Scientists discovered the void using sensors that detect particles known as muons, which rain down on Earth when cosmic rays slam into atoms in the upper atmosphere. Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z They come in three types—electron, muon, and tau—that can morph, or oscillate, into one another. Excavation starts for U.S. particle physicists’ next giant experiment 2017-07-21T04:00:00Z Here “lepton” refers to the class of particles including electrons, muons and taus. Lawbreaking Particles May Point to a Previously Unknown Force in the Universe 2017-07-17T04:00:00Z To answer questions about the cavity’s structure and function, the researchers hope to do more muon imaging experiments with finer resolution. Cosmic rays reveal unknown void in the Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z For example, a muon neutrino can strike a neutron in a nucleus, transforming it into a proton while itself turning into a muon—a heavier cousin of the electron—in so-called “quasi-elastic scattering.” Milk jug–sized detector captures neutrinos in a whole new way 2017-08-03T04:00:00Z When the teams compared their results, all had found a muon hotspot in the same place, indicating the presence of a large cavity in the pyramid. Archaeologists discover mysterious void deep within Great Pyramid of Giza 2017-11-02T04:00:00Z By firing muon neutrinos from particle accelerators to distant underground detectors, physicists have sketched out the basics of such “neutrino oscillations.” Excavation starts for U.S. particle physicists’ next giant experiment 2017-07-21T04:00:00Z For decades, they have known that neutrinos come in three types, or "flavors"—electron, muon, and tau—depending on the particle interactions in which they are born. Weighing the universe's most elusive particle 2017-06-29T04:00:00Z “Everyone felt that a lower case Greek letter was called for, in analogy with the µ,” Feldman wrote, referring to the muon particle. The Tao of Tau 2017-06-27T04:00:00Z One involves looking at a deviation in how muons wobble on their axes as they travel in a magnetic field. Rare particle decays offer hope of new physics 2017-06-06T04:00:00Z The interaction between the tiny magnetic field of the muon and the large uniform field of the experiment’s magnet involves the exchange of photons. First beam for an important new physics experiment 2017-06-04T04:00:00Z To probe the muons, Fermilab physicists will inject the particles into a magnetic field contained in a ring some 14 metres across. Muons’ big moment could fuel new physics 2017-04-10T04:00:00Z They discovered that the radioactive decay of elementary particles called muons doesn't obey otherwise-universal rules. Physics: Six decades of science advising : Nature : Nature Research 2017-02-14T05:00:00Z Wait longer, and the mass states' muon parts will reinforce again, turning the tau neutrino back into a muon neutrino. Did the Nobel committee get the physics wrong? 2016-12-14T05:00:00Z Looking at data from 22 June 2015, they found a statistically significant spike in the number of muons that day. Solar storms can weaken Earth’s magnetic field 2016-10-31T04:00:00Z Amongst the debris produced are large numbers of short-lived particles called pions, which produce muons when they decay. First beam for an important new physics experiment 2017-06-04T04:00:00Z Isidor I. Rabi, a renowned theorist, famously said after he learned of the muon — a fat, short-lived cousin of the electron. Physicists Recover From a Summer’s Particle ‘Hangover’ 2016-10-17T04:00:00Z They then repeated the experiment with a beam of muon antineutrinos. Morphing neutrinos provide clue to antimatter mystery 2016-08-11T04:00:00Z So the state's usual flavor combination of electron, muon, and tau emerges. Did the Nobel committee get the physics wrong? 2016-12-14T05:00:00Z Gupta and his team collected data from a telescope in India that measures the number of charged particles called muons that are created as byproducts when cosmic rays hit Earth’s atmosphere. Solar storms can weaken Earth’s magnetic field 2016-10-31T04:00:00Z Because they are quantum particles, photons undergo quantum fluctuations, and these affect the interaction with the muons. First beam for an important new physics experiment 2017-06-04T04:00:00Z That ghosting is what IceCube researchers tried—but failed—to detect for one type of neutrino, the muon. Phantom Particles That Would Have Redefined Physics Probably Aren’t Real, Scientists Conclude 2016-08-08T04:00:00Z Different proportions of the states create the different flavours, named electron, muon and tau. Morphing neutrinos provide clue to antimatter mystery 2016-08-11T04:00:00Z The IceCube team hoped to find a dearth of muon neutrinos at particular energies. Icy telescope throws cold water on sterile neutrino theory 2016-08-07T04:00:00Z So instead of looking for correlations between neutrinos measured at different times, Formaggio and colleagues looked for equivalent correlations in the number of muon neutrinos arriving in Minnesota with different energies. Massive neutrino experiment undermines our sense of reality 2016-07-12T04:00:00Z First the pions, then the muons are steered and focussed by magnets. First beam for an important new physics experiment 2017-06-04T04:00:00Z Perhaps it would be the biggest deal since the muon itself. Who ordered that? 2016-03-07T05:00:00Z In 2013, a second study15 using the muon technique confirmed the discrepancy with previous estimates of proton size, which had come from determinations involving electrons rather than muons. Zombie physics: 6 baffling results that just won't die 2015-10-29T04:00:00Z As cosmic-ray protons collide with the atmosphere, they produce showers of other particles—including muon neutrinos. What Neutrinos Reveal 2015-10-08T04:00:00Z This was that when cosmic rays smash into the atmosphere they create fewer muon neutrinos than they should. Wisdom, ancient and modern 2015-10-07T04:00:00Z The way the muons behave in the precisely-known and uniform field of the big magnet from Brookhaven will allow the important measurement of their own magnetic fields to be made. First beam for an important new physics experiment 2017-06-04T04:00:00Z When scientists counted the number of muon neutrinos that arrived at Super Kamiokande, however, they found far fewer than expected. Shape-Shifting Particles Win Two Scientists the Nobel Prize in Physics 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z Researchers tried to find flaws in the muon technique, but have now given up. Zombie physics: 6 baffling results that just won't die 2015-10-29T04:00:00Z Researchers working with Superkamiokande found that muon neutrinos, which are produced as high-energy particles from space strike the atmosphere, change identity as they travel. Proof that neutrinos change identity bags physics Nobel 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z Fermilab officials plan to use the magnet in a physics experiment called Muon g-2, which will study the properties of muons, subatomic particles that live only 2.2 millionths of a second. Scientists at Fermilab power up 17-ton magnet for experiment 2015-10-04T04:00:00Z This particle, too, would interact more strongly with the tau than the muon and the electron. Two Accelerators Find Particles that May Break Known Laws of Physics 2015-09-09T04:00:00Z Here, too, the experiment detected a different mix of neutrinos than expected—in this case, fewer electron neutrinos and more taus and muons. Shape-Shifting Particles Win Two Scientists the Nobel Prize in Physics 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z This shift is sensitive to the proton’s radius, and muons — which some 200 times more massive than electrons — make it millions of times easier to measure. Zombie physics: 6 baffling results that just won't die 2015-10-29T04:00:00Z Last year, LHCb found a similar bias, with a significance of 2.6 sigma, in decays of another type of B meson, this time a preference to decay into electrons rather than muons. LHC signal hints at cracks in physics' standard model 2015-09-02T04:00:00Z What starts off as an electron neutrino in the Sun might be a muon or tau neutrino by the time it reaches Earth. The Little Particles That Might Help Explain Why We're Here 2015-08-09T04:00:00Z Leptons are a category of particles that includes electrons, as well as their heavier cousins muons and taus. Two Accelerators Find Particles that May Break Known Laws of Physics 2015-09-09T04:00:00Z In a paper to be published soon in Physical Review Letters, the team turns its attention to the north - revealing a similar number of muon neutrinos which flew into the planet in the northern hemisphere. Fastest ever neutrino among slew of fresh findings - BBC News 2015-08-07T04:00:00Z The denser the material the muons pass through, the more they are scattered and deflected from their original path. Giving buildings a cosmic CT scan 2015-06-30T04:00:00Z There are three known types, or 'flavours', of neutrino: electron, muon and tau. Neutrinos found to switch to elusive 'tau' flavour 2015-06-15T04:00:00Z The first run of NOνA saw 33 muon and 6 electron neutrinos at its Minnesota detector, which is a tiny number — but enough to show that neutrino oscillation is happening. The Little Particles That Might Help Explain Why We're Here 2015-08-09T04:00:00Z Categories for which both muons are detected in the central region of the CMS detector are denoted with CR, those for which at least one muon was detected into the forward region with FR. Observation of the rare Bs0 →µ+µ− decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Lederman won the Nobel prize for physics with two other scientists for discovering a subatomic particle called the muon neutrino. Physicist puts Nobel prize medal up for auction 2015-05-26T04:00:00Z Thus, muon tomography is probably best suited for routine inspections or monitoring equipment on an ongoing basis rather than conducting quick assessments of a catastrophic failure, he notes. Giving buildings a cosmic CT scan 2015-06-30T04:00:00Z The particles' names allude to the fact that on the rare occasions when neutrinos interact with protons or neutrons, they variously produce electrons, muons or tau leptons. Neutrinos found to switch to elusive 'tau' flavour 2015-06-15T04:00:00Z The second part is a detector that counts the proportion of muon to electron neutrinos. The Little Particles That Might Help Explain Why We're Here 2015-08-09T04:00:00Z Categories for which both muons are detected in the central region of the CMS detector are denoted with CR, those for which at least one muon was detected into the forward region with FR. Observation of the rare Bs0 →µ+µ− decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Lederman won the Nobel Prize in physics with two other scientists for discovering a subatomic particle called the muon neutrino. Physicist's Nobel Prize up for auction, $325,000 to start 2015-05-26T04:00:00Z Durham and his colleagues describe their imaging technique, called muon tomography, online today in AIP Advances. Giving buildings a cosmic CT scan 2015-06-30T04:00:00Z It detected electron neutrinos in a beam originally made of muon neutrinos. Neutrinos found to switch to elusive 'tau' flavour 2015-06-15T04:00:00Z For that reason, NOνA’s detectors don’t even pretend to catch every neutrino, just enough to get a sense of the relative numbers of muon and electron flavors. The Little Particles That Might Help Explain Why We're Here 2015-08-09T04:00:00Z The red arched curves represent the trajectories of the muons from the decay candidate. Observation of the rare Bs0 →µ+µ− decay from the combined analysis of CMS and LHCb data : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z In the only Higgs decay to be witnessed so far the God particle broke down into four muons. Does The God Particle Decay Into Dark Matter? 2015-03-05T05:00:00Z For that effort, each array of muon detectors will measure 7 meters by 7 meters, and they’ll be placed about 50 meters apart on opposite sides of the devastated reactor building, Borozdin says. Giving buildings a cosmic CT scan 2015-06-30T04:00:00Z His doctoral work was pursued at Columbia University and entailed pioneering work on mu-mesic atoms, those in which muons replace electrons. Val Logsdon Fitch, physics pioneer and Nobel laureate, dies at 91 2015-02-08T05:00:00Z The beam of neutrinos then travels 500 miles to Ash River in northern Minnesota, where another detector again measures the relative fraction of muon and electron neutrinos. The Little Particles That Might Help Explain Why We're Here 2015-08-09T04:00:00Z |
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