| 单词 | Marduk |
| 例句 | Thales held a similar view, but, as Benjamin Farrington said, “left Marduk out.” Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z You might decide that Marduk and Zeus were really the same. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z To explain the dry land, the Babylonians added that Marduk had placed a mat on the face of the waters and piled dirt upon it.' Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The Babylonian Marduk and the Greek Zeus was each considered master of the sky and king of the gods. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z For instance, “Marduk,” the last track on the new album, is a recital of 50 names of the highest god of the Mesopotamians. The Sound of the Vikings, With a Heavy Metal Twist 2022-09-02T04:00:00Z They include the foundation of the Ishtar Gate, built in the sixth century B.C. by Nebuchadnezzar’s father, Nabopolassar, and adorned with brick reliefs of the Babylonian gods Marduk and Adad. After Ravages of Time and War, Triage to Save Ruins of Babylon 2011-01-03T01:33:08Z There are no Persian inscriptions relating to the event at all; this is a description of events as seen from a Babylonian perspective, and describes Cyrus as having been guided by the Babylonian deity Marduk. Babylonian relic to visit US with historic message of tolerance 2012-11-27T19:03:48Z After he defeated the forces of the king in one battle, Cyrus was welcomed as a liberator by the Babylonians and he made a point of venerating Marduk to help ensure their ongoing loyalty. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z During Hammurabi’s dynasty, the storm god Marduk was elevated to the highest tier of the pantheon and accepted as the patron god of Babylonia. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z The congressional decree banning anyone involved with the group known as Marduk was approved Wednesday by an 87 to 13 vote. Guatemala Congress bars Swedish metal band, faces criticism 2018-09-27T04:00:00Z Jupiter was associated with Marduk, the city's patron god. Knowing all the angles: Ancient Babylonians used tricky geometry 2016-01-28T05:00:00Z The sunset hour was over at last, and the small household descended from the roof and entered their rooms, where the regular incantation was made and the prayers to Marduk and to Sin were said. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Marduk, the great lord, established as his fate for me a magnanimous heart of one who loves Babylon, and I daily attended to his worship.” Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z The Babylonian bible tells us that after Marduk had slain Tiamit in a great battle, he took his sword and cleaved her in two as you would a fish. What and Where is God? A Human Answer to the Deep Religious Cry of the Modern Soul 2011-07-03T02:00:08.347Z Nabonidus was taken prisoner, and the occupation of the city was so peaceful that the services of Bel Marduk continued without intermission. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z A general knowledge of the myth of Marduk among the Israelites cannot indeed be proved. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 7 "Equation" to "Ethics" 2011-02-27T03:00:31.973Z Bel and Nebo come forth from their shrines to receive her; Marduk and Shamash embrace her, their sister. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Marduk alone retains a large measure of his independence as a 789 concession on the part of the Assyrians to the traditions of the south, for which they always manifested a profound respect. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" The name of the place where Tiāmat was defeated by Marduk perhaps included that of a god of the underworld. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" Possibly the priests of Bel Marduk knew something about that writing on the wall. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z The Hammurabi dynasty came to an end about 1926 B.C., when the Hittites raided Babylonia and carried off the statues of Marduk and his consort. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 3 Atrebates to Bedlis Down the Mutâqutû, the second boulevard of Babylon, and from there to the great temple of Marduk, the largest building in the city, but second in size to that of Bel in Borsip, he went. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Marduk, the god of light, becomes the special champion of the forces arrayed against primeval darkness, and Tih�mat is vanquished and cut asunder. Oriental Women It is tempting, but incorrect, to suppose that a docile Israelitish writer accepted one of the chief forms of the Babylonian cosmogony, merely omitting its polytheism and substituting “Yahweh” for “Marduk.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 4 "Coquelin" to "Costume" In the long run the priesthood of Bel Marduk gained nothing by their treason. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z The chief god of his kingdom was Marduk, 'the later Bel', whose temple was called Esagilla. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 3 Atrebates to Bedlis The monster temple and the great square of Marduk were aglow with the sunset as Amraphel's chariot drew rein at the platform steps. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Her name becomes synonymous for goddess as Marduk becomes the synonym for god. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations In doing this, he is a counterpart of Marduk, the Babylonian creator. The Next Step in Religion An Essay toward the Coming Renaissance This device was to be practised quite successfully by the Romans in later times, but in Babylon it roused the jealousy of the powerful priesthood of Bel Marduk, the dominant god of the Babylonians. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z Moreover, at the beginning of the seventh tablet Marduk is hailed as "bestower of fruitfulness," "founder of agriculture," "creator of grain and plants," he "who caused the green herb to spring up." The Christian View of the Old Testament No table in the city, barring the king's own, was furnished so lavishly or so richly as this; for the rarest offerings made each day to Father Marduk were sent to this larder at sunset. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z A mighty war takes place between the female serpent Tiamat, associated with evil, and the male god Marduk, the champion of the gods of the upper realm, which ends in her overthrow. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations This whole story of the serpent in Eden is very likely but an adaptation, in another form, of the old Babylonian myth of "Marduk and the Dragon." From Bondage to Liberty in Religion A Spiritual Autobiography Babylon, for all that it was a conquered city, was of greater population and importance than Nineveh, and its great god Bel Marduk and its traders and priests had to be treated politely. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z Genesis presents God as almighty, but also as kind, beneficent, loving; Marduk, the Babylonian creator, is represented as a great hero, but exceedingly selfish. The Christian View of the Old Testament Afterwards she found herself walking on the bank of the river, only a little distance west of the spot where the huge temple of Marduk reared its bulk into the air. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z It was then that Marduk “established the districts or cities of Anu, Bel and Ea,” identified with the North, Middle and South. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations It was given also to Marduk, the tutelary god of Babylon, from whom local monotheism proceeded. The Lords of the Ghostland A History of the Ideal Before Shamash and Marduk, may I pray for my father. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters They shouted aloud, their heart was exalted, Then for Marduk, their avenger, did they decree destiny. The Christian View of the Old Testament The temple of Marduk, in which the king kept the feast of Tammuz, was the largest temple in Babylon, and the only important one on the east bank of the Euphrates. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z When the city of Babylon extended as far as to include Borsippa, the temple known as Ezida, “the true house,” was built for Marduk=Bel. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations Again, Merodach, or Marduk, is sometimes expressly identified with Bel as sun-god, sometimes with the divinity of the planet Jupiter. The Astronomy of the Bible An Elementary Commentary on the Astronomical References of Holy Scripture May Nabû and Marduk be gracious to the king, our lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Some of the great thinkers of Babylonia seem to have gone even so far as to consider the various deities manifestation of the one god Marduk. The Christian View of the Old Testament Belshazzar and his father drove home together from the square of Marduk. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z He explains that the seven directions were interpreted by the Babylonian theologians as a reference to the seven great celestial bodies, the sun and moon, Ishtar, Marduk, Ninib, Nergal and Nabu. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations No doubt the plan of a mosque differs entirely from that of a temple of Marduk or Nebo, but the principle of the decoration was the same. A History of Art in Chaldæa & Assyria, v. 1 Nabû and Marduk be gracious to the Gardener, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters From allusions in other writings we learn that Marduk was looked upon as the creator of the animals and other living creatures of the field. The Christian View of the Old Testament "Name of the great Marduk, Belshazzar, what is come to thee?" he asked, holding his friend at arm's-length and looking into his face with a mixture of sympathy and perplexity. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z “The first part of the name Marduk is also used to designate the ‘young bullock,’ and it is possible that the god was pictured in this way.” The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations In the great empires the gods of the capital cities naturally became preëminent; so Marduk in Babylonia and Ashur in Assyria. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV May Nabû and Marduk be gracious to the mother of the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Rahab is a reflection of the Babylonian Tiamat; Jehovah takes the place of the Babylonian god, Marduk, the conqueror of Tiamat; the enemies are the helpers of Tiamat mentioned in the Babylonian poem. The Christian View of the Old Testament Could he indeed, with this handful of soldiers, hold that temple of Marduk against the army of Cyrus and the Babylonish mob? Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z This process, which reached its culmination in the post-Khammurabic period, led to identifying the planet Jupiter with Marduk, Venus with Ishtar, Mars with Nergal, Mercury with Nebo, and Saturn with Ninib. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" A particularly good illustration of the dependence of a god's position on the political position of his region is furnished by the god Marduk, a name the meaning of which is uncertain. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Like Marduk and Sin Amurrû, who hearken to my father, my ears are attentive. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters To lordship over land and people, Marduk called me. The Christian View of the Old Testament It is from there, and from the house of Zicarû, near the temple of Marduk, that Babylon may look for its doom to come forth. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Incantations originally addressed to Ea of Eridu, as the god of the watery element, and to Nusku, as the god of fire, were transferred to Marduk. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" The elements of fire and water had much to do with the combating of disease, and the two chief deities appealed to were Ea, god of water, and Marduk, god of the sun and fire. Primitive Psycho-Therapy and Quackery Freeing of runaway slaves As an example we may take:846 To “the man whom may Marduk make to flourish” say, thus saith Ashtamar-Adadi: May Shamash and Marduk ever make thee flourish. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Let us remember that Hammurabi's code was represented as the work of Marduk.—In a general way, the gods are the authors of all inventions useful to humanity; cf. The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism Tiamat, the dragon whom Marduk fought, was merely the malevolent avatar of the Great Mother. The Evolution of the Dragon The strong tendency towards concentrating in one deity—Marduk—the attributes of all others was offset by the natural desire to make the position of Marduk accord with the rank acquired by the secular rulers. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" Mentioned in connection with the gates of the temple where the judges held court, the association of Khusha with Marduk, Shamash, Sin, and Nin-mar points to a considerable degree of prominence enjoyed by this deity. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk gave me to shepherd the black-headed race, whom Bêl had assigned me. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters He had been on Marduk and knew who Zaspar Makann was; he had made friends with the Royal Navy officers, and had been shocked to hear that they were now enemies. Space Viking By a somewhat analogous process of archaic rationalization the sons respectively of Osiris and Ea, the sun-gods Horus and Marduk, acquired a similarly confused reputation. The Evolution of the Dragon Marduk and Assur became rivals only when Babylonia gave the Assyrians trouble; and when in 689 B.C. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" He belongs to the deities that form a kind of court around Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He delighted the heart of Marduk his lord, and granted happy life to his people forever. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters These men didn't come here to correct the political mistakes of Marduk. Space Viking But Marduk created not only men and animals but heaven and earth also. The Evolution of the Dragon This was done by making Ea confer on Marduk as his son the powers of the father, and by making Nusku a messenger between Ea and Marduk. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" But they are also at the service of other gods, notably of Bel, who is spoken of as their 'lord,' of Ninib, of Marduk, of Ishtar, and of Nergal. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Ashur, Shamash, and Marduk give health to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters In a few days, everybody on Marduk knew that a treaty with Tanith was being discussed. Space Viking Marduk was given the power to destroy or to create, to speak the word of command and to control fate, to wield the invincible weapon and to be able to render objects invisible. The Evolution of the Dragon The Hebrews, at this time, did not doubt the real existence of other gods than Jehovah, such as Chemosh, the god of the Moabites, and Marduk and Shamash, gods of Babylon. Hebrew Life and Times They set themselves up as Marduk's defenders, and it must be said for the Assyrian rulers that they were mild and sparing in their treatment of their southern subjects. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Verily peace be to the king, my lord, may Nabû and Marduk be excessively gracious to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters It was beginning to look to Trask as though that would be the only treaty he'd sign on Marduk, and he was having his doubts about that. Space Viking I am Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon; I paved the Babel Way with blocks of shadu stone for the procession of the great lord Marduk. A Dweller in Mesopotamia Being the Adventures of an Official Artist in the Garden of Eden When a customer signed a contract it was proposed that he offer a sacrifice to the god Marduk, that the enterprise might prosper. Hebrew Life and Times Sargon, to emphasize his legitimate control over Babylonia as well as Assyria, says that he has been called to the throne by Ashur and Marduk, but Ashurbanabal goes further even than his predecessors. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Before Marduk, my lord, and Ṣarpanitum, my lady, with full heart let him draw near. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters It's not the way we do things here on Marduk. Space Viking The great temple of Marduk is a dusty heap of brick rubbish, and the Palace of Nebuchadnezzar appears as a mean slag heap looking down upon a land desolate and empty. A Dweller in Mesopotamia Being the Adventures of an Official Artist in the Garden of Eden A wife of Marduk may leave her estate to whomsoever she wishes. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 Like the Assyrian Nabu, the god places the sceptre in the king's hands, but he is, after all, only the supreme messenger of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria My lord, what thou sayest, under the command of Marduk, thy protector, what pleases thee, no one can hinder thee, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Every person on Marduk would be retired on an adequate pension after thirty years regular employment or at the age of sixty. Space Viking Similarly the Babylonian Marduk, "seer of the gods," was also their champion in fight. The Religion of the Ancient Celts Now the Bull, Marduk, was the special god of Babylon, and the time when he yielded his place to the Ram was also, as a matter of fact, the time of the decline of Babylon. The Electra of Euripides Translated into English rhyming verse In the closing days of the Babylonian monarchy a more serious attempt, it would appear, was made to displace Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Nabû, Marduk, Sin, Ningal, and Nusku be gracious to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Fifteen hundred hours, less the five hundred Bentrik was in space from Marduk. Space Viking He, as he declares in various inscriptions, 'paved the causeway with limestone flags for the procession of the Great Lord Marduk.' Ancient Town-Planning Compare the Babylonian myth of Marduk and Tiamat. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 13 — Religion and Philosophy In these great temples sacred to Marduk and Nebo, there were shrines to Sarpanitum, Tashmitum, Nusku, Ea and others, which also engaged the energies of the rulers. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Ashur, Shamash, and Marduk decree length of days, cheer of heart, and health of body to the lord of kings, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Admitted that the news would leak back to Marduk via Gilgamesh, it was over seven hundred light-years to the latter and almost a thousand from there to the former. Space Viking Bibl., thinks that "Günkel has conclusively shewn that the primeval Babylonian myth of the conquest of the chaos-monster or the great dragon Tiamat by the god Marduk lies at the root." The Three Additions to Daniel, a Study When the gods, his fathers, saw thus his word fulfilled, Joyful were they and did homage: Marduk is king. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 Only as Babylon began to rival, and finally to supersede, other centers of sun-worship, could Marduk be brought into the front rank of prevailing cults. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May my father's peace endure before Shamash and Marduk. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The People's Watchmen had possessed weapons that had been made openly and legally on Marduk for trade to the Neobarbarian planets and then clandestinely diverted to secret People's Welfare arsenals. Space Viking Mordecai is a modification of the name of the Babylonian god Marduk. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism This also must be looked on as a comparatively late form of the myth, since its hero is Marduk, god of Babylon. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 In this way, due homage was accorded to Marduk, and at the same time the close and cordial bonds of union between Babylon and Borsippa found satisfactory illustration. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Verily peace be to the king, my lord; may Ashur, Nabû, and Marduk be gracious to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The conquest of Marduk had moved into its final phase. Space Viking The temples as well as the walls of Babylon were rebuilt, and the king publicly proclaimed himself a devoted worshipper of Marduk and Nebo, the chief gods of the Babylonians. The Makers and Teachers of Judaism Let us now turn to the poem in which the combat between Tiamat and Marduk forms the principal feature. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 The list only illustrates a tendency towards a centralization of divine powers in Marduk, that accompanies the political centralization of the period. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Nabû and Marduk be gracious to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters You had a wonderful civilization here on Marduk. Space Viking If it had originated in the Hammurabi period, we should have had Marduk introduced instead of Enlil. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic To Marduk, their avenger, they gave over the rule. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 There are, however, a number of passages in the Assyrian inscriptions in which when Bel is spoken of, not Marduk but the old god Bel is meant. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Nabû and Marduk be excessively gracious to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters At ten—no, almost twelve; it had been a year and a half since Trask had left Marduk—the boy Count of Ravary was more easily diverted. Space Viking The Creation properly speaking, is only mentioned as an exploit of Marduk in the Sixth Tablet, and the Seventh Tablet is devoted wholly to the enumeration of the honorific titles of Marduk. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation To Marduk their first-born thus spake they:-- Thy rule, O lord, be chief among the gods, To destroy and to create--speak and let it be. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 While for Agumkakrimi, she still occupies a comparatively inferior rank, coming seventh in his list, Nebuchadnezzar places her immediately after Anu and before Ramman and Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nabû and Marduk be gracious to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Marduk was on the other side of the sun from Abaddon with ninety-five million miles—close, but not inconveniently so, Trask thought—to spare. Space Viking Marduk laid a rush mat upon the face of the waters, 18. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation On it mounted Marduk the mighty in battle. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 The great gods Nergal, Nabu, and Shamash come from their respective shrines to do homage to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He obeyed the order of Marduk his lord, he followed the commands of Marduk above and below. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The last microjump was aimed at the Moon of Marduk, which was plainly visible in the telescopic screen. Space Viking Ea called Marduk to the place where he gave oracles, 97. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation May Marduk, the lord of Babylon, announce my prayer to thee! Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 Whereas Marduk, although the god of Babylonia, was worshipped only in the city of Babylon where he was supposed to have his seat, temples to Ashur existed in various parts of the Assyrian empire. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nabû and Marduk be gracious to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters We decided, long ago, that Dunnan was planning to raid Marduk. Space Viking Marduk came and according to his heart he addressed him, 98. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Against Babylon he has brought a hostile host and slain its people, so that Marduk, the god of Babylon, curses him. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 The etymology of Anshar is as obscure as that of most of the ancient gods of Babylonia,—as of Sin, Marduk, Ishtar, and many more. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria By the name of Shamash, of Marduk, and of Apil-Sin they have sworn. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters There would be trouble with them on Marduk; they'd want to loot. Space Viking O Marduk, hear the counsel and advice of thy father, 99. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Then advance Tiamat, and Marduk the ruler of the gods To battle they rush, come on to the fight. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 From being used in restricted application to Babylonian affairs, Ashur and Marduk came to be invoked in a general way. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He bids him not to put off the garment of Ea, nor something belonging to Marduk of Eridu. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Her Highness the Crown Princess, or maybe her Majesty the Queen of Marduk, stopped being excited about the same time, and she and Steven and Mopsy played together. Space Viking Let them issue decrees to Marduk as their avenger. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation The gods are invited to a feast, the situation is described, and Marduk is invited to lead the heavenly hosts against the foe. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 Esarhaddon expressly sets up the claim of being the savior of Marduk's honor, as a kind of apology for proceeding against Babylonia with his armies. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It will be noted that the second text omits Marduk from the oath, while the others name him. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters And there would be the treaty—Tanith, Marduk, Beowulf, Amaterasu; eventually, treaties with the other civilized planets. Space Viking The Lord Marduk measured the dimensions of the Deep, 144. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Nudimmud was afraid and turned cowering back, Marduk accepted the task, the ruler of gods, your son, Against Tiamat to march his heart impels him. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 Here, too, we have one god towering above the others, only to a still greater degree even than Marduk in Babylonia. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Certain it is that a large number of the texts imply a devotion to Shamash as chief deity, while others ascribe the pre-eminence to Marduk or Sin. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters "Why, if it weren't so utterly ridiculous, one might even think he was making war on Marduk." Space Viking On hearing the words of the gods, the heart of Marduk moved him to carry out the works of a craftsman. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Marduk, thou, our avenger, Thine be the kingdom over all forever. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 Marduk, while absorbing the rôle of the old Bel, is still bound to acknowledge the fathership of Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria One which illustrates the Code279 extremely well, narrates first what had been given a notary and NU-BAR of Marduk by her father on her taking her vow and entering the temple of Anunitum. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Today, it is a civilized world, and one of Marduk's best friends. Space Viking Next Marduk assigns seats to the Seven Gods of Fate and to Enlil and Anu, and then he lays up in E-Sagila the famous bow which he bore during his fight against Tiâmat. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation That the gods may sit at the feast, Bread to eat, wine to drink, To give the rule to Marduk. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 For a time he has to fear the rivalry of Nabu, and we have seen that during the Cassitic rule, the glory of Marduk is somewhat dimmed. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When Babylon became supreme it was usual to swear by Marduk and the local gods as well. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Maybe that was what saved Marduk from having a real despotism. Space Viking It has long been surmised that the prominence of Marduk in the Legend was due to the political importance of the city of Babylon. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation On the other hand, the idea of the omnipotence of the divine word, when Marduk makes the garment disappear and reappear, is scarcely a primitive one. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 Hammurabi felt himself to be honoring Marduk, through paying homage to a deity having affinity with the patron protector of Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria If anyone shall change or alter the agreement, “may Marduk and Zarpanit decree his destruction.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Marduk had three moons; a big one, fifteen hundred miles in diameter, and two insignificant twenty-mile chunks of rock. Space Viking The most important of these is derived from the History of Babylonia, which was written in Greek by BEROSUS, a priest of Bel-Marduk, i.e., the "Lord Marduk," at Babylon, about 250 B.C. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Marduk, the god of that city, was thus placed at the head of the Babylonian pantheon. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament The continued existence of a god Bel in the Babylonian pantheon, despite the amalgamation of Bel with Marduk, is a phenomenon that calls for some comment. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The votary of Marduk shall leave it after her to whom she pleases. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters "We have too many people on Marduk, and all of them want soft jobs as nobles' servants," the captain said. Space Viking We may note in passing that some of the above-mentioned Helpers appear among the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac which Marduk "set up" after his conquest of Tiâmat, e.g., the Scorpion-man, the Horned Beast, etc. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Corresponding to each male deity was a female deity: thus, the consort of Marduk was Ishtar, while that of Bel was Belit. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament With the prayer to Sin, appeals to other gods and also goddesses are frequently combined,—to Marduk, Ishtar, Tashmitum, Nabu, Ramman, and the like. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Iltâni shall prepare the provisions of her sister, shall care for her well-being, shall carry her chair to the temple of Marduk. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters No doubt he would be imagining himself a Space Viking, returning to Marduk with a vast armada to rescue his father and the King from Zaspar Makann. Space Viking When Anu reported his inability to deal with Tiâmat, a council of the gods was called, and Ea induced his son, Marduk to be present. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation May Nabu and Marduk be propitious to the Director of these Observations, my Lord. History of Astronomy He does not speak of Nabu as the son of Marduk, and seems to be at particular pains to emphasize the equality of Nabu with Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The epic of the Creation tells how the god Marduk overcame a terrible dragon, the symbol of primeval chaos, and thus established order in the universe. Early European History The six hundred hour trip to Marduk passed pleasantly enough. Space Viking We next find Anshar in converse with the god Marduk, who offers to act as the champion of the gods and to fight Tiâmat and her allies. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation And even when this city had little military strength the priests of Marduk appear often to have succeeded in keeping a controlling hand on the affairs of stronger Assyria. The Ancient East At one time he enumerates Ashur, Sin, Shamash, Nabu, Marduk, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela; at another he prefers different combinations of these gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Marduk, the King of heaven and earth, the Lord of the eternity without end, entangle his weapons with bonds which cannot be broken. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature Think my men may have trouble on Marduk about that? Space Viking Marduk being a form of the Sun-god, the greatest of all the powers of light, thus becomes naturally the protagonist of the gods, and the adversary of Tiâmat and her powers of darkness. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation If they desired the favour of Marduk they must needs claim it at the sword's point, and when that point was lowered, his favour was always withdrawn. The Ancient East Babylonia regained her full measure of independence, Marduk once more obtained undisputed sway at the head of the pantheon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The god Marduk wishes to soothe the last moments of a dying man. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature A Royal Navy fleet unit knocked out in a battle with Space Vikings was bad enough, but being rescued and brought to Marduk by another Space Viking simply didn't make sense. Space Viking Next Marduk, with the view of testing the new power which had been given him, commanded a garment to disappear and it did so; and when he commanded it to reappear it did so. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Babylon had so far distanced all the older cities now that no other consummation of revolt was desired or believed possible than the substitution of one dynasty for another on the throne beloved of Marduk. The Ancient East For him Nabu is again merely the son of Marduk, and he honors Nabu in this capacity. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The following line is more explicit: "Place the guardian statues of Hea and Marduk at the door, on the right hand and on the left." Babylonian and Assyrian Literature "That couldn't happen on Marduk!" a young nobleman declared. Space Viking What the words "middle of Tiâmat" meant to the Babylonian we are not told, but it is clear that Marduk's entry into it was a signal mark of the triumph of the god. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation And to this very late period, when the empire was falling to pieces, is to be placed the hymn to Marduk which speaks of Tugdami the Cilician. Assyrian Historiography So general is this use of Bel for Marduk that the latter name does not occur until we reach Shalmaneser II., i.e., the ninth century. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Marduk, the great Lord of eternity without end, bind him in fetters which cannot be broken. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature He felt the back of his neck in a way that made Trask suspect that beheadment was the customary form of execution on Marduk. Space Viking Marduk leaped upon her body and looked on her followers as they attempted to escape. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation For every year at the festival of Zagmuk the king had to renew his power by seizing the hands of the image of Marduk in his great temple of Esagil at Babylon. The Golden Bough The kings are fond, especially when speaking of the Babylonian campaigns, of slipping in the name of Marduk after that of Ashur. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Their revolt at the ordered "way" of the gods was a necessary preliminary to the incorporation of the Dragon myths, in which Ea and Marduk are the heroes. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition He took the responsibility upon himself for saying: "From what I've heard of him, I think he's the most serious threat to civilized society on Marduk." Space Viking Marduk caught all the Eleven allies of Tiâmat in his net, and he trampled upon them as they lay in it helpless. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation While acknowledging Marduk as one of the chief gods, these foreign rulers in Babylonia—the Cassites—did not feel the same attachment to him as Hammurabi did. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He neglects no opportunity for exalting Marduk as the king, the creator, the leader of the gods, the lord of everything, the merciful one, the light of the gods, the all-wise. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He is the Sumerian god Gilimma, and in the Semitic translation Marduk's name is substituted. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition "Controversial," it appeared, was the dirtiest dirty-name anything could be called on Marduk. Space Viking The text then goes on to say that Marduk "devised a cunning plan," i.e., he determined to carry out a series of works of creation. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation To Nabu, as to Marduk, a consort was given. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nebopolassar, however, does not go to the extent of endeavoring to make Nabu supersede Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The idea was naturally not repugnant to the Semites, and it need not surprise us to find the very words of the principal Sumerian Creator put into the mouth of Marduk, the city-god of Babylon. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition "Our grandchildren, if any, will probably be raiding Marduk." Space Viking By this "cunning plan" Marduk deprived the powers of darkness of the opportunity of repeating their revolt with any chance of success. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Marduk becomes the mediator between Ea and mankind. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But whatever may have been Nebopolassar's intention in exalting Nabu at the cost of Marduk, Nebuchadnezzar restores the old relationship between the two. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria How mechanical was the Babylonian redactors' method of glorifying Marduk is seen in their use of the description of Tiamat and her monster brood, whom Marduk is made to conquer. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition What they have on Marduk is a ruling class that has been discrediting itself. Space Viking Having established the framework of his new heaven and earth Marduk, acting as the celestial architect, set to work to furnish them. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation The man smitten with disease, or otherwise in trouble, appeals to Marduk for help, who promptly brings the petition to his father Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At his side stands his son Marduk, who acts as a mediator. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Babylon herself had won her position by her own exertions; and it would be a natural idea to give Marduk his opportunity of becoming Creator of the world as the result of successful conflict. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition They had some nuclear power, introduced a century or so ago by traders from Marduk, one of the really civilized planets. Space Viking Over the first is the lance of Marduk, over the second the mason's square of Nabû, and over the third is the symbol of the goddess Ninkharsag, the Creatress. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Foreign rulers were naturally not so deeply attached to Marduk as were the natives of Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk, accordingly, is given the same titles as his father, Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria There Marduk, identified wholly as the Sun-god, conquers the once featureless primaeval water, which in the process of redaction has now become the Dragon of flood and storm. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition "You may find you're quite welcome on Marduk, at that," he said. Space Viking The mutilated text of the Fifth Tablet makes it impossible to gain further details in connection with Marduk's work in arranging the heavens. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Perhaps the pristine affinity between Marduk, who, as we saw, was originally a sun-deity, and Shamash, also had a share in Hammurabi's fondness for coupling these two gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The importance thus given to Marduk is an indication of a later period, and must be taken in connection with the supremacy accorded to the god after the union of the Babylonian states. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But the god holds in his left hand a purely Egyptian sceptre and in his right an emblem as purely Babylonian, the weapon of Marduk and Gilgamesh which was also wielded by early Sumerian kings. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition Three centuries ago, Ithavoll was a colony of Marduk—it seems we can't afford colonies, any more—and it seceded from us. Space Viking When Marduk had arranged heaven and earth, and had established the gods in their places, the gods complained that their existence was barren, because they lacked worshippers at their shrines and offerings. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation The glory of Marduk did not permit of any rival, and so his consort becomes merely his shadow,—less significant than most of the consorts of the male deities. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk is an afterthought that points to the remodeling of the ancient texts after the period of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the extant summary from Berossus we may possibly see evidence of a subsequent attempt to combine with these more ancient traditions the continued religious dominance of Marduk and of Babylon. Legends of Babylon and Egypt in relation to Hebrew tradition What we have gotten was stories from Gilgameshers about raids on planets where they trade, and every one of them is also a planet where Marduk ships trade. Space Viking Marduk made known to Ea his intention of creating man, and Ea suggested that if one of the gods were sacrificed the remainder of them should be set free from service, presumably to Marduk. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation The one forms the complement to the other; and Marduk, as the son of water and earth, takes his place in the theory as the creator of the world. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Damkina, the consort of Ea, is occasionally invoked, but it is significant that Sarpanitum, the consort of Marduk, is rarely mentioned. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria By the side of Marduk, the other children of Ea, the minor water-deities, disappear, so that to a later generation Dumuzi-zu-aba appears merely as a form of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It also left him wondering just how in Gehenna the Government of Marduk ever got anything done. Space Viking Thereupon Marduk summons a council of the gods, and asks them to name the instigator of the fight in which he himself was the victor. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation The transfer of his name and powers as god of Nippur to Marduk, the god of Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Her name becomes synonymous with goddess, as Marduk becomes the synonym for god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is left for Marduk to reëstablish order, and in return, he retains control of the precious tablets. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Of course, Marduk had a population of almost two billion, and had been civilized, with no hiatus of Neobarbarism, since it had first been colonized in the Fourth Century. Space Viking Uzu-mu-a may be the bolt with which Marduk locked the two halves of Tiâmat into place. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Nergal acts for the gods just as Marduk does. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria With the help of Ashur and Marduk their troops are victorious. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Bel, Ninib, Marduk, and Ishtar also send them out on missions. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria One thing; the government of a planet like Marduk would have to be something more elaborate than the loose feudalism of the Sword-Worlds. Space Viking The Anunnaki, wishing to give an expression of their admiration for Marduk's heroism, decided to build him a shrine or temple. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation A special significance, moreover, came to be attached to the sacred chamber in the Marduk temple. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Whereas Shamash is viewed as the 'judge of mankind,' Marduk becomes the god who restores the dead to life, though he shares this power with Shamash, Gula, Nebo, and Nergal. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Complementing in a measure, the cosmological associations that have been noted in connection with the zikkurat, the papakhu of Marduk was regarded as an imitation of a cosmical 'sacred chamber.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria "Well, we'll get you and your crew to Marduk in the Nemesis, then." Space Viking To this Marduk agreed, and chose Babylon, i.e., the "Gate of God," for its site. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Marduk, by virtue of his original quality as a solar deity, would naturally be pictured as coming forth from Du-azagga. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This dynasty was chiefly concerned in firmly establishing the position of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria That Du-azagga came to be especially associated with Marduk is due simply to the preëminent rank that he came to occupy. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria They couldn't understand that; Marduk was supposed to be a civilized planet, wasn't it? Space Viking The tablet ends with a long hymn of praise which the Anunnaki sang to Marduk, and describes the summoning of an assembly of the gods to proclaim ceremonially the great Fifty Names of this god. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation In their desire to make Marduk the central figure of the pantheon, they bring all the gods to his side. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Policy dictated that Nabu should be ignored, that the attempt must be made to replace his worship, even in Borsippa, by that of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The further speculation which brought the gods together yearly on the occasion of the great Marduk festival belongs likewise, and as a matter of course, to the period when Marduk's sway was undisputed. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Prince Bentrik arrived in the midst of an impassioned tirade against pusillanimous traitors surrounding his Majesty who were betraying Marduk to the Space Vikings. Space Viking Thus the gods accepted the absolute supremacy of Marduk. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Marduk was merely one solar deity among several, and a minor one at that, whereas the attributes of wisdom given to Nabu point to the intellectual importance that Borsippa had acquired. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Viewed in this light, Hammurabi's establishment of the Marduk cult in Borsippa assumes a peculiar significance. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria No doubt the daily official sacrifices at Marduk's temple were even more elaborate. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria That was how the space-battle of Marduk, the Battle off Marduk, ended. Space Viking It is indisputable that Marduk obtained his pre-eminence in the Babylonian Pantheon at this early period. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation As the position of Marduk, however, became more and more assured without danger of being shaken, the feeling of rivalry in his relations to the other gods began to disappear. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It meant that Borsippa was to be incorporated as part of Babylon, and that Marduk was henceforth to take the place occupied by Nabu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria So far as possible, the ancient traditions and myths were reshaped so as to contribute to the glory of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It was built four hundred years ago, when Marduk was fighting a combination of six other planets. Space Viking When Marduk destroyed Tiâmat and her associates, he found it necessary to fix the stars, the images of the great gods, in their places, as the Twelve Signs of the Zodiac. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation The sun triumphs over the storms, and the only objectionable feature in the tale—to a Babylonian—would be the degradation involved in obliging Marduk to secure the intercession of other gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is probably due to Assyrian influence that even in Babylonia, from the eighth century on, Nabu is occasionally mentioned before Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In Marduk's temple we learn that there were two basins,—a larger and a smaller one. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria "So we go to Marduk and smash him now, while he's still little enough to smash." Space Viking They issued the decree for Marduk as their avenger. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation We have already pointed out that the cult of Nabu at Borsippa at one time was regarded with greater sanctity than the Marduk worship in Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In official letters likewise, and in astronomical reports, Nabu is given precedence to Marduk, but this may be due to Nabu's functions, as the god of writing and the patron of science. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As a concession to the former supremacy of Nabu, the priests of E-Sagila, carrying the statue of Marduk, escorted Nabu back to Borsippa. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria They didn't come here to help liberate Marduk, they came here to fill their cargo holds. Space Viking Marduk spoke the word, the cloak disappeared, 26. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Kings and subjects alike paid their devotions to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Even when paying his homage at the shrines of other deities, he does not forget to couple the name of Marduk with that of the deity whose protection he invokes. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Both in the south and in the north, this tendency is but the expression of the preëminent rank accorded to Marduk and Ashur, respectively. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria All that matters to me is the peace and well-being of Marduk. Space Viking Tiâmat and Marduk, the envoy of the gods, roused themselves, 94. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Her opposition, however, is as powerless to stem Dibbarra's attack as was Marduk's grief at the onslaught on Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It did not seem consistent with this devotion to Marduk that Hammurabi and his successors should also recognize Nabu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As variant versions of a tale intended to account for one and the same fact,—the supremacy of Marduk,—they may well have arisen even in the same place. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Remember, I was reading up on Hitler, coming in from Marduk? Space Viking Marduk, the King of the gods, divided … he set the Anunnaki up on high. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation During this festival, Marduk was supposed to decide the fate of mankind for the whole year, and the intercession of the priests on the occasion was fraught with great importance. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Only the statues of Marduk and Sarpanitum seem to have been robbed by the Hani. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The 'chamber' of Marduk becomes the most sacred spot in this region, and the Ubshu-kenna the general name for the region itself. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria A great many of the people of Marduk would be glad of a chance to turn on Makann, once they had arms and were properly supported. Space Viking The latter deposits this object not in Marduk's temple at Babylon, but in Bel's sanctuary at Nippur. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Previous to the rise of the city of Babylon as the political center, the Nabu cult in E-Zida must have been more prominent than the worship of Marduk in E-Sagila. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The northern monarchs, in fact, seem to give Nabu the preference over Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The Nabu cult was combined with the worship of Marduk simply because it could not be suppressed. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When he saw that the name meant nothing to Trask, he added, "The ninth, outer, planet of the Marduk system." Space Viking The 'formation' of Apsu corresponds to the 'structure' made by Marduk according to the first version, as the seat of Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In any early combination, however, we may feel certain that Marduk was not introduced. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria On the other hand, they were careful not to give offence to the chief of the Assyrian pantheon,—the god Ashur,—by paying too much honor to Marduk, who was in a measure Ashur's rival. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria After this incidental mention of Aruru, the narrative passes back undisturbed to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Now it was time to take a count of his own ships, and then begin thinking about the Battle on Marduk. Space Viking The name Marduk appears here under the ideographic designation Tutu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But the story, while thus admitting the legitimacy of En-lil's claim to supreme power, is yet so constructed as to contribute to the glory of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria One might have supposed that when Bel became Marduk, the consort of Bel would also become Marduk's consort. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The tablets are taken away from him, and it is left for Marduk to recapture them. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria There was an awful lot of Em being converted to Ee off Marduk, today. Space Viking The myth served to show how Marduk came to supplant the rôle of the old Bel of Nippur. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Instead of setting aside En-lil altogether, as was done by the compilers of the Tiâmat myth, Marduk conquers for himself the supremacy that his followers claimed for him. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria That is the force of Ea's saying that Marduk's name also shall be Ea just as his. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But while the conflict between Marduk and Tiâmat is an intelligible nature-myth, symbolizing the annual rainstorms that sweep over Babylonia, there is no such interpretation possible in the contest between Nergal and Allatu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The Moon of Marduk was under fire and firing back. Space Viking In this sense, we have seen that Marduk, the god of spring, was also addressed as 'the restorer to life.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Not only do both symbolize the same natural phenomenon, but in both, Bel of Nippur was originally the central figure of the pantheon, and in both Marduk replaces Bel. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When describing his operations at Sippar he speaks of himself as 'doing good to the flesh of Shamash and Marduk.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We have seen that the tradition of this original character of Marduk survived in the popular mind. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria "Shoot this gang of turncoats, and I'll rule Marduk for you." Space Viking Gilgamesh triumphs as does Marduk, but when once the summer solstice, which represents the sun's triumph, is past, the decline of the sun's strength begins to set in. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk, the lord of Babylon, is enraged at the sight, but apparently is powerless. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We should expect to find at the head of the list Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The account of the beginning of things and of the order of creation is but incidental to an episode which is intended to illustrate the greatness of Marduk, the head of the Babylonian pantheon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This prominence given to Marduk points of course to Babylon as the place where the early traditions received their literary form. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The absence of Marduk from the deluge story is another indication of the antiquity of the tradition. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But for the theologians of Babylon, the position of Marduk as the head of the pantheon was a much more important factor. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria With Ramman we reach a deity whose introduction into the Babylonian pantheon and whose position therein appears to be entirely independent of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The Zu myth is made to account in a somewhat more respectful, conciliatory manner for the position of Marduk as the head of the pantheon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Bel could not be disposed of as Ea, who by virtue of his mythological relationships to Marduk—a solar deity—could be retained as the father of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The division that thus suggests itself between Marduk and Tiâmat, on the one hand, Bel and the monsters with Kingu at their head, on the other, may certainly be termed a natural one. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk's declaration that in the event of his vanquishing Tiâmat he will assume authority over all the gods is thus formally confirmed. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The altar is called a structure of 'joy and rejoicing,' and on the festival of Marduk, who is the 'lord of the Anunnaki and Igigi,' sacrifices were offered at this altar. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The compiler has added to the epic what Delitzsch appropriately designates an 'epilogue,'—a declaration of affection for Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Assigned in some traditions to Ea, in others as it would seem to Bel, the transfer of the traditions to Marduk is the deliberate work of the schools of theological thought. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The text at this point becomes defective, but we can still make out that the clay as building material is created by Marduk, and that he constructs houses and rears cities. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the following chapter, we will come across another form of this same myth suggested evidently, as was the fight of Marduk with Tiâmat, by the annual storms raging in Babylonia. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Next to Marduk, there is no deity who is given such distinction in Babylonia, after the union of the Babylonian states, as Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The identification with Marduk may be due to later traditions. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk, the sun rising up out of the ocean, becomes the offspring of Ea, and even the political supremacy of Marduk could not set aside the prerogatives of Ea in the popular mind. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Its chief aim being to glorify Marduk, but little emphasis is laid upon details of interest to us. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the 'epic,' the fight of Marduk with Tiâmat belongs to Marduk as a solar deity. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Of course, neither the rulers nor the priests of Babylon could have permitted the reverence for Ea to have gone to the length of throwing Marduk into the shade. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk's anger, the poet says in closing, terrifies even the gods, but he is a god upon whose mercy one may rely, though he punishes the evil-doer. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Setting aside, therefore, the special rôle assigned to Marduk, we find that the Babylonians never developed a theory of real beginnings. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The creation of mankind is next described, and is boldly ascribed to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Associated with Marduk in the creation of mankind is a goddess Aruru. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Moreover, Babylon being the seat of culture as well as of power, in the period following upon Hammurabi, Marduk was necessarily conceived as possessing the same wisdom that distinguishes Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk has stepped forward, the chief of the gods, your son, To proceed against Tiâmat, he has set his mind. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At its conclusion, so it would seem, Marduk is formally installed as the leader to proceed against Tiâmat. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The gods vie with one another in showering honors upon Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The method employed by Marduk is so graphically described that no comment is necessary. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As a consequence, the attributes of Ea were transferred in a body to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Unfortunately, these tablets are badly preserved, so that we are far from having a complete view of the various acts of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk subdues Tiâmat, fixes limitations to the 'upper and lower waters,' and triumphantly marches across the heavens from one end to the other, as general overseer. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk addresses the moon, specifying its duties, what position it is to occupy towards the sun at certain periods during the monthly course, and the like. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The great paean to Marduk would have been sadly incomplete had it not contained an account of the creation of mankind—the crowning work of the universe—by the head of the Babylonian pantheon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Again, there are incantations in which the name of Marduk appears without Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria So, eleven constellations, that is to say, the entire zodiac with the exception of the bull—the sign of Marduk—were identified with the eleven monsters forming the host of Tiâmat. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Sovereignty is not a right that he can claim—it is a trust granted to him by Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Jupiter is Marduk, the head of the Babylonian pantheon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Nabu and Marduk Be gracious to the king, my lord. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The gods who are called the progenitors of Marduk are represented as rejoicing upon seeing Marduk equipped for the fray. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk, as we have seen, was not often appealed to by the Assyrian kings, but Nabu seemed always ready to help them. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The popularity of the sun-cult in Assyria in connection with omens and oracles is probably due also in part to the influence of Marduk, who was, as we have seen, a solar deity. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Nabu, Marduk, Ishtar of Arbela Be gracious to the king, my lord, On the twenty-ninth day a watch we kept. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria On the 3d day, a day of supplication to Marduk and Sarpanitum, a favorable day. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is this amalgamation of the old Bel with Marduk that marks, as we have seen, the transition to the use of Bel's name as a mere title of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At night, in the presence of Marduk and Ishtar, the king is to bring his gift. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The Babylonian priests, while always emphasizing the predominance of Marduk, could not entirely resist the influences that came to them from the north. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Anu and the other great gods cheerfully acknowledge Marduk's power. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Instead of designating the series as a 'Creation Epic' it would be quite as appropriate to call it 'The Epic of Marduk.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk is a leader who has many gods as followers, but all of whom have their distinct functions. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The evident purpose of the 'epic' to glorify Marduk also accounts for the imperfect manner in which the creation of the universe is recounted. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria There was no danger in paying homage to Nabu, the son of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria May Nabu and Marduk Be gracious to the king, my lord. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In this way, the god Bel of the triad becomes one with Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria First among these shrines is that of Marduk's consort, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria To each of the great gods, Anshar, Anu, Bel, and Ea, some part in the contest is assigned, but the greatest rôle belongs to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The second tablet closes with Anshar's decision to send his son Marduk against Tiâmat: Marduk heard the word of his father. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He cannot endure the 'majestic halo' which surrounds Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk, brandishing his great weapon, addresses Tiâmat: Why hast thou set thy mind upon stirring up destructive contest? The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Neither Hammurabi nor his immediate successor make mention of Sarpanitum, and at no time does she appear independently of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Henceforth, the gods with Marduk—and no longer Tiâmat and her brood—decree the fate of the universe. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is here used as the name of Ea's temple in Eridu, but it is of course possible that E-Sagila has been deliberately introduced to enhance the glory of Marduk's temple in Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The popularity of the Nabu cult in Assyria, it will be recalled, is an offset against the supremacy of Marduk in the south. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria To Shamash they assigned the rôle played by Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria A factor in this amalgamation of Erua and Sarpanitum was the close association brought about in Babylon between Marduk and a god whose seat was originally at the Persian Gulf—Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As a proof of the power thus entrusted to Marduk, the gods give the latter a 'sign.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria After having vanquished Tiâmat, the valiant Marduk attacks her associates. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Hence the next act undertaken by Marduk is the regulation of the course of this subterranean sea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Such, however, is not the case, and the only god besides En-lil who is represented in the religious literature of the Babylonians as holding the tablets is Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Indeed, his case is a clear instance of the manner in which Marduk overshadows all his fellows. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is to account for the fact that Marduk holds the tablets which were originally in the hands of En-lil. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The endeavor to make Marduk more than what he originally was—a solar deity—leads to the introduction of a variety of episodes that properly belong to a different class of deities. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria While recognizing the 'deep' as the domain of Ea, the theologians saved Marduk's honor by having him take a part in fixing Ea's dwelling and in determining its limitations. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk accordingly absorbs the qualities of all the gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nabu is inferior to Ea, and were it not for the priority of Marduk, he would have become in Babylonian theology, the son of Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The gods recall with gratitude Marduk's service in vanquishing Tiâmat. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But the climax is reached when, upon hearing what the Igigi have done, the great gods, father Bel and father Ea cheerfully bestow their own names upon Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This "Marduk hymn" is to justify the transference of the rôle of the older Bel of Nippur to the younger god Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria There was nothing left but for Marduk to take the place of Bel. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The northern rulers now use Bel to designate the more ancient god, and, again, merely as a designation of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria What follows upon this episode, likewise turns upon the overshadowing personality of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This nature myth was admirably adapted to serve as the point of departure for the enlargement of the rôle of Marduk, rendered necessary by the advancement of the god to the head of the pantheon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This once done, it was a comparatively simple matter to follow up the conflict of Marduk and Tiâmat by a series of acts on Marduk's part, completing the work of general creation. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In this version, likewise, Marduk is assigned the most important rôle—an evidence that it was produced under similar influences as the larger epic. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The kings do not feel as close to them as to Marduk, or to Ashur, or even to the sun-god, or to the moon-god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The mention of E-Sagila suggests to a Babylonian, naturally, the great temple of Marduk in the city of Babylon—'the lofty house.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Aruru being a goddess, it was not so easy to have Marduk take up her rôle, as he supplanted Bel. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Accordingly a compromise was effected, as in the case of Marduk and Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Ea was not such a serious rival to Marduk as the older Bel. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But besides Marduk, Nebuchadnezzar invokes a large number of other deities. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Still, while cheerfully acknowledged by Ea as his equal, it is evident that in older traditions Ea was far superior to Marduk, and the latter replaces Ea as he does Bel. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Let all rejoice in the lord of gods, Marduk That he may cause his land to prosper and grant it peace. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria With this mention of Babylon, the connecting link is established which leads easily to the glorification of Babylon and Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The rest of the narrative, so far as preserved, is concerned with Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The form Marduk is Semitic, and points to an underlying stem, rdk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This difficulty would be accentuated in the case of a god like Marduk becoming the chief god of the whole Babylonian Empire. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Anshar-Ashur, the head of the Assyrian pantheon, could not be tolerated by the Babylonian priests as a power superior to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk gains the victory over Tiâmat, but is commissioned to do so by the assembly of the gods, including Anshar. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk, thou art honored among the great gods, Thy destiny is unique, thy command is Anu, Henceforth thy order is absolute. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk appears under a variety of names which will be taken up at their proper place. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The gods rejoice at the exhibition of Marduk's power. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk is undismayed: Then Tiâmat and Marduk, chief of the gods, advanced towards one another. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria There is great rejoicing among the gods, who heap presents and offerings upon Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As the vanquisher of chaos, Marduk is naturally singled out to be the establisher of the fixed form and order of the universe. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In chorus they greet and bless him, "Marduk be king." The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria For all that, the original rôle of Marduk is not obscured. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When Marduk's work is finished, the Igigi gather around him in adoration. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As for the older Bel, he voluntarily transfers to Marduk his name. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The popular element is the interpretation of the storms and rains that regularly visit the Euphrates Valley before the summer season sets in, as a conflict between a monster and the solar deity Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk could only take the new functions upon himself after receiving the powers of Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Not merely humanity, but the gods also had to acknowledge, and acknowledge freely, the supremacy of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In thus making Marduk the single creator, the theologians were as much under the influence of Marduk's political supremacy, as they helped to confirm that supremacy by their system. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Ascribing these laws to Marduk, they naturally pictured the beginnings of things as a lawless period. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk is also praised for the mercy he showed towards the associates of Tiâmat, whom he merely captured without putting them to death. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He had to be readmitted into the Babylonian pantheon, though in a subordinate position to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Mankind is enjoined not to forget Marduk Who created mankind out of kindness towards them, The merciful one, with whom is the power of giving life. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The sacred significance of ancient Nippur made its patron deity the most important rival of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria All mankind—royalty and subjects—are called upon to bear in mind Marduk's glorious deeds, achieved for the benefit of the world. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The whole hymn, conceived as a royal prayer to the god, clearly formed part of the ritual prepared for the great Marduk temple at Babylon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The kings of the northern empire vie with their southern cousins in beautifying and enlarging the structures sacred to Marduk and Nabu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It will be recalled that both in the Ishtar hymn and in the one to Marduk above quoted, great stress is laid upon pacifying the deity addressed. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The 'Maklu' ritual deals so largely with the fire-god that a specimen from another series, to illustrate the position of Ea and Marduk in the incantations, seems called for. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk sees him, And proceeds to the house of his father Ea and speaks: "My father, the evil curse as a demon has settled on the man." The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk, what can I tell thee that thou dost not know? The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nabu was a totally different deity, and in worshipping him who was the son of Marduk, the Assyrian kings felt that they were paying due regard to the feelings of their Babylonian subjects. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Upon ascending the throne, we find Nebuchadnezzar addressing a fervent prayer to the great god Marduk: O Eternal Ruler! The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In profound humility he confesses that what he has he owes entirely to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In confirmation of the theory as to the relationship between magical texts and hymns above advanced, we find scarcely any difference in the grade of religious thought between these two classes of Marduk hymns. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Ea occupying the chief rank in the incantations, the subsidiary rôle of Gibil-Nusku is indicated by making him, just as Marduk, the son of Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Upon hearing of his success the gods vie with one another in conferring honors upon Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria By Marduk, the chief magician of the gods, be ye foresworn. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria My son Marduk, take him to the overseer of the house of perfect purification, Dissolve his spell, release him from the charm, and from the troublesome bodily disease. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the presence of Shamash and Marduk cause my deeds to be regarded with favor, Command grace for me. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Commend me to Marduk, the merciful one, for favor, I will be subservient to thy greatness, I will exalt thy divinity. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk's name does not appear in the entire epic. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is to Marduk, that Hammurabi ascribes his success. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria By virtue of his character as a solar deity, Marduk, like the orb personified through him, is essentially a life-giving god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nabu's consort having thus been transferred to Marduk, a new mate had to be found for the former, when once his rivalry was no longer to be dreaded, and his cult again rose to prominence. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the religious literature, moreover, as reshaped by the schoolmen of the time, his rôle is even more prominent than that of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The explanation for this absence of solar traits is to be sought in the peculiar political conditions that resulted in bringing Marduk into such prominence. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is clear that these texts have been reshaped with the intention of adding to the glory of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria They must, therefore, have been remodelled at a time when the Marduk cult was in the ascendancy. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk listens to the petition addressed to him by the exorcising priest on behalf of the victim, and carries the word to Father Ea. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The latter, after first declaring Marduk to be his equal in knowledge, proceeds to dictate the cure. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Erua, however, was not prominent enough to become Marduk's mother, and so she was regarded as his consort. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The king regards himself as the beloved of Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Babylon, however, is the beloved city of Marduk, and upon its beautification and improvement Hammurabi expends his chief energy. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the eyes of the Babylonians such a haughty assumption on the part of the Assyrians must have been regarded as humiliating to Marduk, Nabu, and their associates. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nabonnedos formed the design of replacing both Marduk and Nabu by the cult of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In order to emphasize this, Hammurabi actually transfers the name of Nabu's temple in Borsippa, E-Zida, to the one erected by him at that place to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In E-Sagila the installation of the rulers over Babylonia took place, and a visit to Marduk's temple was incomplete without a pilgrimage across the river to E-Zida. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The hymns to Marduk and Nabu voice this emotion. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria To distinguish it from other festivals, Marduk's festival is sometimes spoken of as the "great" or the "lofty" Akitu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The union of Nabu and Marduk was symbolized by a visit which the former paid to his father, the chief of the Babylonian pantheon. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk was too much like Ashur to find a place at his side. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The visit of Nabu marked the homage of the gods to Marduk; and Nabu set the example for other gods, who were all supposed to assemble in E-Sagila during the great festival. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria On these days all the gods were brought together in the "chamber of fates" of Marduk's temple. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Marduk's toleration is the best evidence of his unquestioned headship. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The great lord Marduk saw it and cried "Alas!" The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At the same time, other ideas have been introduced into it, and Adapa himself, while playing the rôle of Marduk, is yet not entirely confounded with this god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria |
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