| 单词 | gene |
| 例句 | I wonder if she is living in a better world than the one I left, among people who no longer remember what it is to have pure genes. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z A gene, in short, possessed not just information to encode a protein, but also information about when and where to make that protein. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The room buzzed with excitement as everyone talked about cell cloning and hybrids, mapping human genes, and using cultures to cure cancer. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z I feel like lam not hearing anything new—just the same philosophy that spawned the factions, driving people to manipulate their genes instead of separating into virtue- based groups. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z If the base sequences were always the same, all DNA molecules would be identical and there would not exist the variability that must distinguish one gene from another. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z These genes had to be positioned farther apart on the chromosome. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Yet, even as he had come to accept the existence of genes, Morgan had remained perplexed about their material form. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mendel, perhaps, was the original “anatomist” of the gene: in capturing the movement of information across generations of peas, he had described the essential structure of the gene as an indivisible corpuscle of information. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Families must share not just social and cultural networks—but networks of active genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Here a limited gene pool may have spared Indians great suffering. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z Perhaps just as important, Stalin and his compatriots found the prospect of “shattering” and “retraining” genes via shock therapy satisfying ideologically. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z While my family’s history of mental illness was cutting through my consciousness like a red line, my scientific work as a cancer biologist was also converging on the normalcy and abnormalcy of genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mendel had discovered the discontinuous nature of genes, Fisher knew, because he had chosen highly discrete traits and crossed pure-breeding plants to begin with. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Mom doesn’t give the beast too much credit for passing on good genes.” The Great Santini 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z Females can be carriers and transmit the gene, but only males are typically afflicted by the disease. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And so before it’s too late I want to get it down for good: this rollercoaster ride of a single gene through time. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Boveri had identified the chromosome as the physical residence for genes, but the deeper architecture of genes and chromosomes still remained unclear. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z That is why the brain library is some ten thousand times larger than the gene library. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z What was the chemical and physical nature of the gene? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It is created in a laboratory by adding genes to corn DNA. The Omnivore's Dilemma 2006-04-11T00:00:00Z And if scientists could figure out how to turn disease genes off, they might be able to create a form of gene therapy. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z It can be argued that youthful derring- do is in fact evolutionarily adaptive, a behavior encoded in our genes. Into the Wild 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z “As you can see, he has the right genetic components for simulation awareness, but he doesn’t have the same ‘healed’ genes that Tris does.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Galton had been unable to discover genes, but he would not miss out on the creation of genetic technologies. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But he still yearned for a more tangible description of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Now, however, I knew that genes could crystallize; hence they must have a regular structure that could be solved in a straightforward fashion. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z For all the talk in the late 1920s about the links between genes and identity, the gene itself appeared to possess little identity of its own. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In humans, a mutant BRCA1 gene increases the risk for breast cancer—but not all women carrying the BRCA1 mutation develop cancer. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Their gene pool was correspondingly restricted, which meant that Indian biochemistry was and is unusually homogeneous. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z “Let me start by saying that your mother was a fantastic discovery. We located her almost by accident inside the damaged world, and her genes were nearly perfect.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z The nucleic acid in a chromosome, as one biochemist put it, was merely the “structure-determining, supporting substance”—a glorified molecular scaffold for genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It came from a cell’s genes, of course. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z This idea of the “gene” will be modified and extended in further pages. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Proteins act as regulatory sensors, or master switches, in this process—turning on and turning off genes, or even combinations of genes, in a coordinate manner. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Given the fact that DNA was known to occur in the chromosomes of all cells, Avery’s experiments strongly suggested that future experiments would show that all genes were composed of DNA. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z That genes could be regulated—i.e., turned “on” and “off” by particular cues—deepened the understanding of how genes function in time and space to specify the unique features of distinct cells. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Specific sequences of DNA were appended to a gene that provided context for its activity—its “work.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Sure. I know all about genes. I knew two sisters, uglies, who looked almost the same. But parents and children? That’s just weird.” Uglies 2005-02-08T00:00:00Z “Speaking of genes and a bad hand,” Allys says, glancing over her shoulder and rolling her eyes. The Adoration of Jenna Fox 2008-04-29T00:00:00Z Even though every cell contains the same set of genes—an identical genome—the selective activation or repression of particular subsets of genes allows an individual cell to respond to its environments. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It is also surprising that Indonesians and Filipinos are so similar to tropical Southeast Asians and South Chinese in other physical features besides light skins and in their genes. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z “You really think Natalie’s going to be able to open that because of her genes?” The Strangers 2019-04-02T00:00:00Z The gene—the fundamental unit of heredity—must also be made of subunits, he reasoned, and the structure of DNA should illuminate these subunits. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Among the herbicides are some that are classified as “mutagens,” or agents capable of modifying the genes, the materials of heredity. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z Hitching a ride, the gene descended a mountain and left a village behind. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z How did a lactose-sensing protein recognize and regulate only a lactose-digesting gene—and not the thousands of other genes in a cell? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But now, with me around the lab always wanting to talk about genes, Francis no longer kept his thoughts about DNA in a back recess of his brain. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z To accomplish this, they have their own genome, a tiny thing with fewer than fifty genes, left over from their former existence as free-floating bacteria. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z Like the Red Queen’s bewildered servants in Alice in Wonderland, the genes scurry about to enact the instructions—build a thorax, make a wing—but in the wrong places or at the wrong times. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Research into HPV eventually uncovered how Henrietta’s cancer started: HPV inserted its DNA into the long arm of her eleventh chromosome and essentially turned off her p 5 3 tumor suppressor gene. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z One of the genes in the module specified a “transporter protein” that allowed lactose to enter the bacterial cell. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The combination of regulatory sequences and the protein-encoding sequence defined a gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z I think about what my mother said, about activating my genes and becoming Chinese. The Joy Luck Club 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z But genes—and linkage—were certainly potent forces in this history. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Once again, the pairing of bases is used to build the gene back. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z He tells me I’m blessed; the genes are good on both sides, and if I think I’m depressed now, imagine if I knew I was going to lose my hair like everyone else! It’s Kind of a Funny Story 2006-04-02T00:00:00Z I can’t imagine isolating a gene for murder, or cowardice, or dishonesty. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Sometimes they’re caused by the interaction of many genes, possibly in combination with environmental factors. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z Brains—not genes—had to be washed clean. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The Pa-Ja-Mo paper laid a central question of genetics to bed: How can an organism have a fixed set of genes, yet respond so acutely to changes in the environment? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Walter Noel’s red blood cells and liver cells contained the same genetic information—but gene regulation ensured that the hemoglobin protein was only present in red blood cells, and not in the liver. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z For Morgan, the principal mystery of organismal biology was not the gene but genesis: How did “units of heredity” enable the formation of animals and maintain the functions of organs and organisms? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The revelation of the structure of DNA by Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin brought one journey of genes to its close, even as it threw open new directions of inquiry and discovery. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Sometimes I daydreamed about discovering the secret of the gene, but not once did I have the faintest trace of a respectable idea. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z He didn’t know how it worked yet, but his discovery showed that something in cells regulated genes. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Then even a gene library of 1,000 volumes would not be enough. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The gene was not a “purely theoretical unit.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But no one had seen a gene in action or knew its material essence. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z That genes could also be reproduced, recombined between chromosomes, and repaired by specific proteins, explained how cells and organisms manage to conserve, copy, and reshuffle genetic information across generations. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z I hesitate, not sure if I want to see my genes, or Tobias’s genes, or to compare them, like it matters. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Which means they’ll carry the gene no matter what, but they could look totally normal. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z Lunches at the Eagle frequently went by without a mention of DNA, though usually somewhere on our after-lunch walk along the backs genes would creep in for a moment. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z But it could not explain the copying of genes themselves: How are genes replicated when a cell divides into two cells, or when a sperm or egg is generated? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If a chromosome disappeared and production of a certain enzyme stopped, researchers knew the gene for that enzyme must be on the most recently vanished chromosome. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Concordance is a convenient measure for whether genes influence a trait. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In the 1980s, human geneticists begin to use these techniques to map and identify genes linked to diseases, such as Huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “You don’t have to worry about me. I’m not obsessed with producing strong genes.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z The son of a cobbler from South Africa, Brenner had come to England to study biology on a scholarship; like Watson and Crick, he too had become entranced by Watson’s “religion of genes” and DNA. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z As he was well aware, however, the study of genes had a dark side. The Woman All Spies Fear 2021-10-19T00:00:00Z If the eugenicist learned these laws and then figured out how to hack them—à la Plato—he would acquire unprecedented power; by manipulating genes, he could manipulate the future. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Our slowest defensive response is through natural selection, which changes our gene frequencies from generation to generation. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But doing that would require DNA samples from her immediate family—preferably her husband as well as her children—to compare their DNA to HeLa’s and create a map of Henrietta’s genes. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z But to describe genes in the wild, he knew that he would have to go wild himself. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Just before the spermiogenesis and oogenesis, the cell turns briefly into a playpen for genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Perhaps some missing genes contribute to the spatial deficit. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z The gene molecule had to somehow look like a gene molecule. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Yet almost none of them seemed to take seriously the evidence that genes were made of DNA. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The fourth R of gene physiology, essential to both the survival and mutability of organisms, might be “repair.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The behaviour of other social animals is determined to a large extent by their genes. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z The idea of the genes’ being immortal smelled right, and so on the wall above my desk I taped up a paper sheet saying DNA RNA protein. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Under this scheme, gene replication starts with the separation of its two identical chains. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z In appearance and genes those islands’ inhabitants are similar to South Chinese, and even more similar to tropical Southeast Asians, especially those of the Malay Peninsula. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z “So we both inherited the sarcasm gene. Good.” Far from the Tree 2017-10-03T00:00:00Z The gene, Schrödinger posited, had to be made of a peculiar kind of chemical; it had to be a molecule of contradictions. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z No gene, no message, and no protein labored in vain. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If fly genes could be altered with such modest doses of radiation, then could the alteration of human genes be far behind? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In their genes and skeletons as well as in external appearance, the Japanese are very similar to other East Asians, including North Chinese, East Siberians, and especially Koreans. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Hugo de Vries had proposed that mutations were responsible for variation: changes in genes created changes in forms that could be selected by natural forces. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z We get half our genes from our mother and half from our father. Speak 1999-10-01T00:00:00Z In Jacob and Monod’s model, in contrast, bacterial genes were strung together for a reason. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “It’s what will enable us to read your genes,” Matthew says. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z The ‘gene’ is nothing but a very applicable little word. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z First, genes had to explain the phenomenon of variation: How could discrete units of heredity explain that human eyes, say, do not have six discrete forms but seemingly 6 billion continuous variants? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Whatever children inherit from their parents—habits, skills, genes, contacts, money—seems to matter more today. Class Matters 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z The building of organs and structures, Lewis concluded, is encoded by master-regulatory “effector” genes that work like autonomous units or subroutines. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The mapmaker genes activate and silence genes that make organs and structures.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Veer southwest again, and the journey brings you to the Science Museum on Exhibition Road to encounter the “gene molecule” in person. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “About three hundred years ago, some Rusty figured a way to engineer the species to adapt to wider conditions. She messed with the genes to make them propagate more easily.” Uglies 2005-02-08T00:00:00Z Nothing about the natural world, at first glance, suggests the existence of a gene; indeed, you have to perform rather bizarre experimental contortions to uncover the idea of discrete particles of inheritance. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In addition, within recent years, molecular geneticists have begun to extract DNA from ancient human skeletons and to compare the genes of Japan’s ancient and modern populations. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z That’s one of the reasons why everyone in the city has to take the aptitude test at sixteen—if they’re aware during the test, that shows us that they might have healed genes.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z When a strand of DNA is used to build the RNA message, it is the pairing of bases between DNA and RNA that allows a gene to generate its RNA copy. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The mechanism by which genes specify macroscopic anatomical features—limbs, organs, and structures—was the first to be deciphered. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And here is the simplest answer I have received: “Divergent” means that my genes are healed. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Precisely because they were rare, the mutants had acted like lamps in the darkness, allowing biologists to track “the action of a gene,” as Morgan had described it, across generations. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A single cell must be capable of carrying the entire set of instructions to build an organism from scratch—hence genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Monod and Jacob, working with Arthur Pardee, a microbial geneticist from America, discovered three cardinal principles that governed the regulation of genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z We still do not know what causes the difference of outcomes between these three women—but it is some combination of age, exposures, other genes, and bad luck. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The establishment of linkage between genes prompted a second, and third, discovery. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z By the mid-twentieth century, the gene—or the denial of its existence—had already emerged as a potent political and cultural tool. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The desire to eat meat may be an instinct, something that is in our genes. The Omnivore's Dilemma 2006-04-11T00:00:00Z When Morgan examined these crosses, tabulated across dozens of notebooks, he found a surprising pattern: some genes acted as if they were “linked” to each other. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Let us return to linkage: Morgan’s experiments had established that genes that were physically linked to each other on the same chromosome were inherited together. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The mathematics to model a trait controlled by five or seven genes, Fisher discovered, was not all that complex. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The plant would also lack genes for resistance to diseases of northern climates, while uselessly carrying genes for resistance to diseases of southern climates. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But the problem with studying vertical transformation is that the gene never leaves the living organism or cell. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But what was the chemical identity of the “message” that was built from a gene? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Listen to me, boy. Scientists created me from the genes of dogs and tigers and men and hyenas, but people always believe I am only their dog.” Ship Breaker 2010-05-01T00:00:00Z But we may easily be doing so now by inadvertence, for many chemicals, like radiation, bring about gene mutations. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z We sent something about our genes, something about our brains, and something about our libraries to other beings who might sail the sea of interstellar space. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The gene, meanwhile, invades discourses concerning race, racial discrimination, and “racial intelligence,” and provides startling answers to some of the most potent questions coursing through our political and cultural realms. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z As with language, the system is governed by genes, and there are genetic differences between species and between inbred animals of the same species. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z I guess throwing phones is in our genes. They Both Die at the End 2017-09-05T00:00:00Z Yet in this brief flash of six decades, the gene had transformed from an abstract concept in a botanical experiment to a powerful instrument of social control. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They left behind some bones, stone tools, a few genes in our DNA and a lot of unanswered questions. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z That, as we will soon learn, is the ultimate disease of malfunctioning genes—cancer. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The gene, he argued, had been “invented by geneticists” to support a “rotting, moribund bourgeoisie” science. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Throughout the biological world, genes generally travel vertically—i.e., from parents to children, or from parent cells to daughter cells. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z You would have thought that with all their talk about genes they should worry about what they were. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The gene, Morgan realized, solves one problem—the transmission of heredity—but creates another: the development of organisms. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The viruses, instead of being single-minded agents of disease and death, now begin to look more like mobile genes. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z These are my genes, this is my mess. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z The new genes don’t come from corn plants. The Omnivore's Dilemma 2006-04-11T00:00:00Z The natural culprit was an abnormality in the gene for hemoglobin—the protein that carries oxygen and is present abundantly in red cells. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Throughout the process, genes remain biologically visible, but chemically impenetrable—shuttered within the black box of the cell. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And second, some genes are activated by external triggers or by random chance. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If I have children, there’s a one-in-two chance that I will pass on the defective gene to them. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z I wanted to give up conventional biochemistry, which I believed incapable of telling us how genes work. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z This book very elegantly propounded the belief that genes were the key components of living cells and that, to understand what life is, we must know how genes act. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Once released, the imbeciles would start breeding again, contaminating and befouling the gene pool. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z When another sugar, such as glucose, was present, the lock remained intact, and no lactose-digesting genes were allowed to be activated. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Peculiarness is determined by genes, not geography. But large portions of the peculiar world have simply not been explored.” Hollow City 2014-01-14T00:00:00Z The language of the brain is not the DNA language of the genes. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z I never thought that Matthew, who went out of his way to show me the difference between my “pure” genes and Tobias’s “damaged” genes, might be helping Nita. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Never before in history, and never with such insidiousness, had genes been so effortlessly conflated with identity, identity with defectiveness, and defectiveness with extermination. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Monod called one such gene module an operon.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The political empowerment of the working class, Galton believed, would just provoke their genetic empowerment: they would produce bushels of children, dominate the gene pool, and drag the nation toward profound mediocrity. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Our lunch conversations quickly centered on how genes were put together. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Finally, perhaps the most important difference between almonds and acorns is that bitterness is controlled by a single dominant gene in almonds but appears to be controlled by many genes in oaks. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z “I hope he did not get his mother’s fighting genes o,” Ifemelu teased. Americanah 2013-05-14T00:00:00Z They activate and silence genes, thereby defining the embryo’s axis from head to tail. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They would be even more powerful if that pox epidemic hadn’t flattened their birthrate and made them so desperate for a new gene pool and breeders. Mockingjay 2010-08-24T00:00:00Z But even as geneticists celebrated the synthesis of heredity, evolution, and natural selection, the material nature of the gene remained an unsolved puzzle. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z McKusick was a renowned geneticist who’d founded the world’s first human genetics department at Hopkins, where he maintained a catalog of hundreds of genes, including several he’d discovered himself in Amish populations. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z “We haven’t gotten to test the genes of someone in such a late generation of the experiment before, and you and Tobias seem to be somewhat . . . odd, in your manifestations of certain things.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z The Russian Revolution may not have been about genes, but it was very much about heredity. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But Kornberg’s synthesis of DNA had created order out of disorder—a gene out of its chemical subunits. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The face and body may be perfect, but if a twisted gene or a malformed egg can produce physical monsters, may not the same process produce a malformed soul? East of Eden 1952-09-01T00:00:00Z This must mean that we possess genes for all kinds of information, with strands of special, peculiarly human DNA for the discernment of meaning in syntax. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Later, in graduate school at Indiana University, it was my hope that the gene might be solved without my learning any chemistry. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Those lost in the memory serum haze are gathered into groups and given the truth: that human nature is complex, that all our genes are different, but neither damaged nor pure. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z It made sense the same way that there would be two Natalie Mayhews, the same way that Ms. Morales and Judge Morales undoubtedly held the exact same genes. The Strangers 2019-04-02T00:00:00Z I agree to reproduce at least twice to give my corrected genes the best possible chance of survival. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Does August see himself as he might have looked without that single gene that caused the catastrophe of his face? Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z They use the plagues to cull the population of weak genes, the same way the Trials pick out the strongest. Legend 2011-11-29T00:00:00Z Fabyan was about to expand into gene research at Riverbank, and he wanted a bright young man to lead the way. The Woman All Spies Fear 2021-10-19T00:00:00Z The damaged copy of a gene is reconstructed using the complementary strand, or the second copy of the gene, as its guide.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And what weight should we assign each of the many inputs that affect a child’s outcome: genes, family environment, socioeconomic level, schooling, discrimination, luck, illness, and so on? Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything 2005-04-12T00:00:00Z Was there experimental proof that identifiable mutations in real genes were responsible for variation? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Without their knowing, my grandparents, on their way to America, were each carrying a single mutated gene on the fifth chromosome. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z We follow her past the gene therapy room where I saw a map of my genetic code, farther into the heart of the compound than I have been yet. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Among other things, scientists involved in the case claim that the practice of gene patenting has inhibited their research, and they aim to stop it. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Mutations occur when DNA is damaged by chemicals or X-rays, or when the DNA replication enzyme makes a spontaneous error in copying genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z So working out DNA’s chemical structure might be the essential step in learning how genes duplicated. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z But a phenotype was not determined by one gene in a one-to-one manner. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Frederick Griffith had made genes move between organisms. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Josh looked like the Korean genes had skipped him altogether. Eleanor & Park 2013-02-26T00:00:00Z Imagine a population of organisms with gene variants that are capable of interbreeding. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Have you had surgery, Mr. Bender? Or maybe you simply have excellent genes?” The Adoration of Jenna Fox 2008-04-29T00:00:00Z DNA from the maternal chromosome can exchange positions with DNA from the paternal chromosome—potentially generating a gene hybrid of maternal and paternal genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And no one was considered to be even remotely beautiful, privileged because of a random twist in their genes. Uglies 2005-02-08T00:00:00Z We do deny that...geneticists will see genes under the microscope....The hereditary basis does not lie in some special self-reproducing substance. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Dobzhansky could now restate the essential truth of Mendel’s discovery—a gene determines a physical feature—by generalizing that idea across multiple genes and multiple features: a genotype determines a phenotype. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The caterpillar and the butterfly carry precisely the same genome—but gene regulation enables the metamorphosis of one into the other. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A second theory, unappealing to those Japanese who prefer the first theory, argues instead that the Yayoi transition represents a massive influx of immigrants from Korea, carrying Korean farming practices, culture, and genes. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The gene is about to meet its twin. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Might they somehow have an inkling of the long evolutionary progression from genes to brains to libraries that has occurred on the obscure planet Earth? Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z A gene was defined by what a gene does: it was a carrier of hereditary information. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z While the molecular description of the gene clarified the mechanism of the transmission of heredity, it only deepened the puzzle that had preoccupied Thomas Morgan in the 1920s. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z We are not committed or bound by our genes to stick to one activity forever, like the wasps. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The thread began on a day two hundred and fifty years ago, when the biology gods, for their own amusement, monkeyed with a gene on a baby’s fifth chromosome. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z “We can’t have the same behavioral expectations for those with damaged genes as we do for those with pure genes, after all.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z I watch her run back toward the gene therapy room, and then I keep walking. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Moreover, few Indians carry the gene that permits adults to digest lactose, a form of sugar abundant in milk. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z This allowed scientists to begin mapping human genes to specific chromosomes by tracking the order in which genetic traits vanished. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z In an epidemic those people with genes for resistance to that particular microbe are more likely to survive than are people lacking such genes. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z “I’m not talking about my genes. I’m talking about Marcus. You really have no idea, do you?” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Three profoundly destabilizing scientific ideas ricochet through the twentieth century, trisecting it into three unequal parts: the atom, the byte, the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Asking to see my genes feels a little like asking me to strip down. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Over the last two decades, genetic technologies have advanced so rapidly that we can decipher how several of these genes operate in time and space to enable these complex functions. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Did you inherit the same gene as your little sister?” Far from the Tree 2017-10-03T00:00:00Z So with human help, corn can now take genes from other plants and animals. The Omnivore's Dilemma 2006-04-11T00:00:00Z These master-regulatory genes work by turning other genes on and off; they can be likened to circuits in a microprocessor. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But where might genes be found within cells? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z There must be some gene that switches on at the birth of the firstborn child, and suddenly stuff like that starts to come out of their mouths. The Wednesday Wars 2007-05-21T00:00:00Z Genes reside on chromosomes—long, filamentous structures buried within cells that contain tens of thousands of genes linked together in chains.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z With just three genes in question, there would be six alleles or gene variants in total—three from the mother and three from the father. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z For instance, all cultivated peas share the same recessive gene that prevents ripe pods of cultivated peas from spontaneously popping open and spilling their peas, as wild pea pods do. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z If the gene was the central currency of biological information, then major characteristics of the living world—not just heredity—should be explicable in terms of genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “The first letter is your faction of origin,” she says, “and the second is your faction of choice. They thought that keeping track of the factions would help them trace the path of the genes.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z If he started with five genes, the permutations were even greater in number, and the variations in height produced by these permutations seemed almost continuous. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Our separate gene libraries have many pages in common, another reminder of our common evolutionary heritage. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z If genes were, indeed, independent particles of information, then it should be possible to select, purify, and manipulate these particles independently from one another. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z There is a relatively new literature that talks about genes that may or may not dispose certain individuals to crime. The Tipping Point 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z But the work stalled; the connection between genes and pigments was far too complicated to yield a workable hypothesis. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z He says we are poisoning the rivers and ruining the gene pools of the planet. Cat's Eye 1988-09-01T00:00:00Z If we can turn it on and off, on whims, it isn’t likely that our genes are providing the detailed instructions. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Similarly, the gene for sable color was linked with the gene that specified the shape of a wing. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z You could survive and pass your unremarkable genes to the next generation by working as a water carrier or an assembly-line worker. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Chang had used those cells to discover enzymes and genes specific to liver cells. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Despite his indisputable reputation, Bragg had worked out his Law just before World War I, so I assumed he must be in effective retirement and would never care about genes. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z It is from the progeny of this parent cell that we take our looks; we still share genes around, and the resemblance of the enzymes of grasses to those of whales is a family resemblance. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z But if genes blended with each other, then Jenkin’s “white man” was fundamentally doomed—at least in a genetic sense. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In contrast, proteins—diverse, chatty, versatile, capable of assuming Zelig-like shapes and performing Zelig-like functions—were infinitely more attractive as gene carriers. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A group of researchers at the Special Pathogens Branch of the C.D.C.—principally Anthony Sanchez and Heinz Feldmann—have picked apart the genes of all the filoviruses. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Did every gene have a unique chromosomal “address”? Did genes overlap? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Beware the feral, washed-out, hare-lipped genes that sculpted the occasional unfathomable barbarisms of the poor white South. The Great Santini 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z Shaped through long eons of evolution, our genes not only make us what we are, but hold in their minute beings the future — be it one of promise or threat. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z I have what the Republic considers good genes— and better genes make for better soldiers make for better chance of victory against the Colonies, my professors always say. Legend 2011-11-29T00:00:00Z Perhaps their distinctive external appearance involves relatively few genes that arose through sexual selection after they migrated from mainland Asia and became isolated on the Japanese archipelago. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z He is part of the team that is making a map of all the genes in the human body. Silent To The Bone 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z It had been floating about for almost thirty years in the circle of theoretically inclined geneticists intrigued by gene duplication. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The “missing ingredient” experiment propelled Beadle and Tatum toward a new understanding of genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Ironically, even though embryology had launched the discipline of modern genetics, the reconciliation between genes and genesis would be a vastly more engaging scientific problem. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And then the gene moved on again, into new bodies ... Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z You see, black people have a gene that makes them not tip, so please overpower that gene. Americanah 2013-05-14T00:00:00Z This is ten thousand times more information than in our genes, and about ten times more than in our brains. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The generation of an RNA copy of a gene was termed transcription—referring to the rewriting of a word or sentence in a language close to the original. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z For some years the suspicion had existed among the more inspired geneticists that viruses were a form of naked genes. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The “action” of a gene is described in mechanistic terms: genes encode chemical messages to build proteins that ultimately enable form and function. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z As genetics moved from a material to a mechanistic conception of genes—from what genes are to what they do—human biologists began to perceive long-sought connections between genes, human physiology, and pathology. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z An inferior child with bad genes is no use to the country. Legend 2011-11-29T00:00:00Z A long line of studies, including research into twins who were separated at birth, had already concluded that genes alone are responsible for perhaps 50 percent of a child’s personality and abilities. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything 2005-04-12T00:00:00Z The messenger was generated afresh when a gene was translated. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But the discovery had a more important consequence: conceptually, Morgan had not just linked genes; he had linked two disciplines—cell biology and genetics. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Although their experimental strategies were superficially dissimilar, both were studying gene regulation. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The terrifying economy of evolution had again produced the most elegant solution to gene regulation. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Sturtevant’s rudimentary genetic map would foreshadow the vast and elaborate efforts to map genes along the human genome in the 1990s. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And even though I was only half Persian, I had inherited a full-strength tea-loving gene sequence from my mom. Darius the Great Is Not Okay 2018-08-28T00:00:00Z It was this “messenger molecule,” as he called it, that carried the instructions to build a protein based on a gene’s code. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “One good thing about this gene I have, though,” I said. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Even as genetics was being used to justify sweeping changes in law and society, the gene itself had remained a doggedly abstract entity, a ghost lurking in the biological machine. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Today, most live-born Western infants survive fatal infections as well and reproduce themselves, regardless of their intelligence and the genes they bear. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But more than the material nature of the gene, it was the sheer malleability of the genome—that X-rays could make such Silly Putty of genes—that stunned scientists. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Biologists might have blanched at trying to describe the “gene molecule” on purely hypothetical grounds—but what physicist could resist taking a ramble in weird, risky territory? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Had Moni inherited a gene, or a set of genes, that had made him susceptible—the same genes that had affected our uncles? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z What was its relationship to the sequence of the gene? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Not one person in the exotic mix of my family gene pool has ever shown any obvious signs of having what August has. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z “Everybody looks more Mexican than I do. Pick it up with the people who handed me their genes.” Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe 2012-02-21T00:00:00Z It was through gene regulation, Monod argued, that cells could achieve their unique functions in time and space. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mutations in these genes can lead to the accumulation of DNA damage—and thus, more mutations—ultimately leading to cancer. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Its genes would be telling it to grow at a leisurely rate, sufficient only to bring it to maturity in five months. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z But what if real-world traits, such as height or skin color, were the result of not a single gene, with just two states—“tall” and “short,” “on” and “off”—but of multiple genes? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The inseparability of features had a material basis: the chromosome was a “string” along which certain genes were permanently strung. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z How, for instance, does a wing-making master gene “know” to build a wing in the second thoracic segment, and not, say, the first or third segment? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The ingenious property of the gene was that it offered a potential solution to all these problems in a single sweep. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But once transposed into RNA, how was a gene’s “message” decoded into a protein? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Especially when they hear that someone else might be making money off those scraps, or using them to uncover potentially damaging information about their genes and medical histories. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z If so, the best way to find out what a gene was and how it duplicated was to study the properties of viruses. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z It was as if the build-a-thorax gene had incorrectly been commanded in the wrong compartment—and had sanguinely launched its command. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z ‘Which means we share fifty per cent of our gene pool.’ The London Eye Mystery 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z For her age, she was an unusually determined and purposeful girl, quite full of the maternal genes in that respect. I, Robot 1950-12-02T00:00:00Z I wanted to believe they were all wrong about me, that I was not limited by my genes, that I was no more damaged than any other person. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Even if “white genes” were the most superior—the “fittest,” to use Darwin’s terminology—nothing would protect them from the inevitable decay caused by blending. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z This means pharmaceutical companies, scientists, and universities control what research can be done on those genes, and how much resulting therapies and diagnostic tests will cost. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z I feel excited, suddenly, to learn more about my genes, which feels like the same thing as reading my mother’s journal: I will get pieces of her back. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z “I’m just saying that doesn’t mean one set is damaged and one set isn’t. The genes for blue eyes and brown eyes are different too, but are blue eyes ‘damaged’? Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z He wouldn’t have looked for alternative treatments or a guru or some faulty gene to blame. Becoming 2018-11-13T00:00:00Z He even showed me a map of my genes on a screen to prove it. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Arrayed in their regiments, my genes carry out their orders. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Gene regulation—the turning on and off of genes by proteins—described the mechanism by which combinatorial complexity could be generated from the one hard copy of genetic information in a cell. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The gene provides an organizing principle for modern biology—and it tantalizes us with the prospect of controlling our bodies and fates. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Within the nucleus, the chromosomes mysteriously move and divide, ranging themselves in age- old patterns that will serve to distribute the determiners of heredity, the genes, to the daughter cells. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z The word genocide shares its root with gene—and for good reason: the Nazis used the vocabulary of genes and genetics to launch, justify, and sustain their agenda. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The most striking examples of variation involved flies collected from the same region that possessed two radically different configurations of the same genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z These perks act as multipliers, a doubling or tripling down on an already overflowing basket of advantages: the parents’ good genes, the family’s wealth and status, the leafy neighborhood within the excellent school district. Drama High 2013-09-26T00:00:00Z To Monod, diauxie suggested that genes could be regulated by metabolic inputs. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z First, genes had to be made of matter. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “When I was going through my bitter phase, my counselor told me we’re all products of our parents, genes, or environment in one way or another.” The Adoration of Jenna Fox 2008-04-29T00:00:00Z On the one hand, the Japanese people are biologically undistinctive, being very similar in their appearance and genes to other East Asians, especially to Koreans. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z The two populations now evolve independently, à la Darwin—until particular gene variants are selected in the two sites that become biologically incompatible. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z We must figure out much more than our genes can know. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Why was there no hemoglobin in his eye or his skin—even though eye cells and skin cells and, indeed, every cell in the human body possessed identical copies of the same gene? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Maybe they’ll ask me to sing and my voice will be high and off-key and they’ll laugh about how the musical gene skipped right over me. Harbor Me 2018-08-28T00:00:00Z In May 2009 the American Civil Liberties Union, several breast- cancer survivors, and professional groups representing more than 150,0 scientists sued Myriad Genetics over its breast-cancer gene patents. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Starting with a population with natural variation in gene configurations, he had added a force of natural selection: temperature. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mom jokes that it’s my diluted Mexican genes that make it taste soapy to me. The First Rule of Punk 2017-08-22T00:00:00Z In the summer of 1902, working on grasshopper sperm and egg cells—which have particularly gigantic chromosomes—Sutton also postulated that genes were physically carried on chromosomes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In a wild fly species named Drosophila pseudoobscura, for instance, Dobzhansky found multiple gene variants that influenced complex traits, such as life span, eye structure, bristle morphology, and wing size. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z We would cross two varieties to see what new forms emerged from the rearrangement of the parental genes, and from natural and induced mutations. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z They did not, as a glance at the faces of most modern New Guineans makes obvious, and as detailed studies of New Guinean genes confirm. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z I leave the gene therapy room just as Nita is walking back to it. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z And there are others, not yet clearly delineated, whose existence in the cell is indicated by the presence of cytoplasmic genes. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z To understand the rise of Christianity or the French Revolution, it is not enough to comprehend the interaction of genes, hormones and organisms. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z In the late 1930s, Beadle and Tatum reasoned that isolating the actual eye pigment of a fruit fly might solve the riddle of gene action. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Most Europeans who escaped fatal infections also escaped other potential causes of death and proceeded to pass on their genes. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z “So in Indianapolis you just. . . corrected their genes and shoved them in a city somewhere? Without factions?” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z If genes were discrete particles specifying one trait, then how could this property be reconciled with the occurrence of human characteristics, say, height or skin color, in continuous curves? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In Mendel’s experiments, every gene had behaved like an independent entity—a free agent. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The whale, like all the other animals on the Earth, has a gene library and a brain library. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z And we can, on occasion, deliberately alter some of these genes to change their functions, thereby resulting in altered human states, altered physiologies, and changed beings. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A gene, whatever it was, was capable of motion, transmission, and of energy-induced change—properties generally associated with chemical matter. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Genes for “desirable” attributes might be selected or augmented, while undesirable genes might be eliminated from the gene pool. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The process of selection, notably, acts on a physical or biological attribute—and the underlying genes are selected passively as a result. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The regulation of genes—the selective turning on and off of certain genes in certain cells, and at certain times—must interpose a crucial layer of complexity on the unblinking nature of biological information. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z That genes carried messages had been abundantly clear for half a century. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Remarkably, the three R’s of gene physiology are acutely dependent on the molecular structure of DNA—on the Watson-Crick base pairing of the double helix. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Once a sugar-sensing protein had detected sugar in the environment, it would recognize one such tag and turn the target genes on or off. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Well, when our predecessors at the Bureau inserted ‘corrected’ genes into your ancestors, they also included a genetic tracker, which is basically something that shows us that a person has achieved genetic healing. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z For such genes, neither the genotype nor the environment is the sole predictor of outcome: it is the intersection of genes, environment, and chance. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z These genes, Morgan’s students hypothesized, were physically closest to each other on the chromosome. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But how do genes make a whole organism grow back out of a single cell? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “It’s about more than genes, here, and you know it.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z David got his hair gene from his dad and his eye gene from his mom. Speak 1999-10-01T00:00:00Z But even the segmentation genes have to have their masters: How does the second segment of the fly thorax “know” to be a thoracic segment, and not an abdominal segment? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Bell, a vastly more virulent form of “genetic cleansing” would engulf that continent like a violent contagion, morphing the language of genes and inheritance into its most potent and macabre form. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z On the other hand, it was equally obvious that I had not done anything which was going to tell us what a gene was or how it reproduced. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z “Us. That’s who. We’d have the most adorable kids. Don’t you think? Mixed kids always come out so beautiful. Maybe it’s because our genes are so different.” Little Fires Everywhere 2017-09-12T00:00:00Z But only red blood cells were affected by the altered genes—not Noel’s neurons or kidneys or liver cells or muscle cells. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The delayed recognition of the gene as the answer to the central problem of biology had a strange consequence: genetics had to be reconciled with other major fields of biology as an afterthought. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z As new flies had been born, selected, and bred, the gene frequencies had changed, resulting in populations with new genetic compositions. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “I guess so. It’s like a disease, right? They can see it in our genes. That’s not really up for debate, is it?” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z But Morgan’s fruit fly genes did not always behave independently. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “The word ‘gene’ is completely free of any hypothesis,” Johannsen remarked. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “But your genes—” “If genes are destiny, then Nailer should have sold you to your enemies and spent the bounty on red rippers and Black Ling whiskey.” Ship Breaker 2010-05-01T00:00:00Z Between the late 1950s and the 1970s, however, it was the physiology of genes that dominated scientific inquiry. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “These people tell you there’s something wrong with your genes, and you just believe it?” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Having pinpointed the location of gender-carrying genes to a single chromosome, Stevens proposed that all genes might be carried on chromosomes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If the Fess was a reluctant geneticist, then DNA was a reluctant “gene molecule.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “But when the genetic manipulations began to take effect, the alterations had disastrous consequences. As it turns out, the attempt had resulted not in corrected genes, but in damaged ones,” David says. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Fraternal twins come from two totally separate eggs, and the differences between us were obvious: I got all the scientific genes, and Harry got all the artistic genes. Confessions of a Murder Suspect 2012-09-24T00:00:00Z By appropriating the language of genes and inheritance, entire systems of power and statehood were justified and reinforced. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The more contemporary term is recombination—the ability to generate combinations of combinations of genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The explanation is that occasional individual almond trees have a mutation in a single gene that prevents them from synthesizing the bitter-tasting amygdalin. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z It’s like there’s a prom gene, and I’m missing it. Leah on the Offbeat 2018-04-24T00:00:00Z And genetic crosses revealed that every mutant was defective in only one gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It may be that some missing genes are more contributive to the spatial deficit. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z The third R of the physiology of genes is a word that lies outside common human vocabulary, but is essential to the survival of our species: recombination—the ability to generate new combinations of genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Just as nineteenth-century human anatomy and physiology laid the foundation for twentieth-century medicine, the anatomy and physiology of genes would lay the foundation for a powerful new biological science. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z As though something in their family genes had bestowed on them compulsory bumps that appeared randomly on different parts of their bodies. The God of Small Things 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z “Oh my God. You guys are so different. Like, I didn’t even think that was possible. Aren’t siblings supposed to share the same genes and everything?” When Dimple Met Rishi 2017-05-30T00:00:00Z If a scientist had been asked what a gene was made of, how it accomplished its function, or where it resided within the cell, there would be few satisfactory answers. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Avery had established himself as a competent microbiologist, but had never imagined venturing into the new world of genes and chromosomes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And what happened to genes upon natural selection? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A “gene for redness,” Beets understood, is a unit of hereditary information, and it is carried from a parent to its children in an indivisible form in DNA—in genes, in chromosomes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z No one knew or understood the chemical structure of chromatin, but of the two “intimately mixed” components, proteins were vastly more familiar to biologists, vastly more versatile, and vastly more likely to be gene carriers. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Before Maurice’s talk, I had worried about the possibility that the gene might be fantastically irregular,” Watson would later write. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z What was the link between a “gene for redness” and “redness” itself—between information and its physical or anatomical form? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The master copy of information—i.e., the gene—was stored permanently in a deep repository or vault. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The RNA copy of a gene then moved from the nucleus to the cytosol, where its message was decoded to build a protein. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “No. I’ve already figured out you can’t be him. No one’s genes are that good. I just don’t know who you really are. A serial killer, maybe?” The Adoration of Jenna Fox 2008-04-29T00:00:00Z When our genes could not store all the information necessary for survival, we slowly invented them. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z It cannot be debated that the existence of a “gene” was utterly unknown to Mendel. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The human genome contains about between twenty-one and twenty-three thousand genes that provide the master instructions to build, repair, and maintain humans. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Since twins share identical genetic material, he reasoned, any substantial similarities between them could be attributed to genes, while any differences were the consequence of environment. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Scientists who’ve gone ahead with research involving the breast- cancer genes without Myriad’s permission have found themselves on the receiving end of cease-and-desist letters and threats of litigation. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z Griffith’s experiment had generated widespread speculations about the molecular identity of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A gene is more than a set of protein-building instructions, but Beadle and Tatum’s experiments provided a mechanistic basis for a gene’s function. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z No other animal had ever moved into such a huge variety of radically different habitats so quickly, everywhere using virtually the same genes. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z I’m always fascinated by how the same genes rearrange themselves across brothers and sisters. All The Bright Places 2015-01-06T00:00:00Z As one researcher would later describe it, Avery had discovered “the material substance of the gene”—the “cloth from which genes were cut.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Indeed, as predicted, when the gene encoding the hemoglobin B chain was later identified and sequenced in sickle-cell patients, there was a single change: one triplet in DNA—GAG—had changed to another—GTG. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z He had been a special now for over a year, and not merely in regard to the distorted genes which he carried. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z If DNA was truly the gene carrier, he reasoned, then its structure should illuminate the nature of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The second group consists of chemicals that act on the chromosomes, probably affecting the gene chemicals and causing the chromosomes to break up. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z He had preempted the century of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The only difference in code between the gene’s original and the RNA copy was the substitution of the thymine to a uracil. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mutations in genes that specified the basic elements of the body plan were more difficult to identify, since the mutations sharply decreased the survival of organisms. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z By doing this, they helped make it possible to study what genes do, and how they work. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z But de Vries’s conjecture predated the molecular definition of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Morgan and Sturtevant extended that anatomical strand in the 1920s, demonstrating that genes were material units, spread linearly along chromosomes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In America, in contrast, the great unwashed masses were increasingly foreign—and their genes, like their accents, were identifiably alien. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “My sister was a runner-up a few years ago. Guess you could say it’s in my genes.” Dumplin' 2015-09-15T00:00:00Z Proteins ultimately enabled structure and function—bringing genes to life. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z An organism is much more than its genes, of course, but to understand an organism, you must first understand its genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In this case, the genetic tracker is awareness during simulations—it’s something we can easily test for, which shows us if your genes are healed or not. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z We are the only species on the planet, so far as we know, to have invented a communal memory stored neither in our genes nor in our brains. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z While gene was evolving into “nature” and “kind,” bbeu was moving through similar transformations. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Our understanding of genes has allowed us to manipulate organisms with unparalleled dexterity and power. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Before Maurice’s talk I had worried about the possibility that the gene might be fantastically irregular. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z These genes, in turn, activate “mapmaker” genes that make segments and split the body into its broad domains. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Because he had my father’s drinking genes, too. Please Ignore Vera Dietz 2012-10-12T00:00:00Z Charles never figured this out because to do so he needed to know about genes. Charles and Emma: The Darwins' Leap of Faith 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z Morgan had visualized genes as “beads on a string,” but even Morgan had no idea what his description meant in material form. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And third, genes had to explain development: How could individual units of instruction prescribe the code to create a mature organism out of an embryo? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It has recently been learned that the genes for the marking of self by cellular antigens and those for making immunologic responses by antibody formation are closely linked. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Mutations in genes that specified macroscopic structures, such as limbs and wings, were the easiest to spot and the first to be characterized. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z That was a gene’s signal to make more RNA messages and thereby generate the relevant enzyme to digest the sugar. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z There is a recursion here that is worth noting: like all proteins, DNA polymerase, the enzyme that enables DNA to replicate, is itself the product of a gene.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Thus, the essential trick of gene replication could come from the requirement that each base in the newly synthesized chain always hydrogen-bonds to an identical base. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Caught in transit between two organisms, a gene exists momentarily as a pure chemical. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A chemist seeking to understand the gene has no more opportune moment to capture the chemical nature of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z I own half his genes, and all of his history. The Poisonwood Bible 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z By the early 1960s, however, the gene had vastly exceeded a “hypothesis.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Delay the act by an hour and you change the gene selection. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z If you want to get all biological, then you’d have to say that I was an exciting addition to the Reardan gene pool. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian 2007-09-01T00:00:00Z The Catholic Church has survived for centuries, not by passing on a ‘celibacy gene’ from one pope to the next, but by passing on the stories of the New Testament and of Catholic canon law. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z But it also suggested a solution to the central question in embryogenesis: How can thousands of cell types arise from an embryo out of the same set of genes? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In the 1940s and 1950s, Avery, Watson, and Crick identified DNA as the gene molecule, and described its structure as a double helix—thereby bringing the anatomical conception of the gene to its natural culmination. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It can refer to one gene, a configuration of genes, or even an entire genome. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “What a beautiful girl you are. So much like your momma. You guys must have some great genes in the family.” I Can Make This Promise 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Intuitively, biologists had long guessed that the best place to visualize a gene was the embryo. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The individual effect of a gene, Fisher argued, was like a dot of a pointillist painting. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Beadle and Tatum shared a Nobel Prize in 1958 for their discovery, but the Beadle/Tatum experiment raised a crucial question that remained unanswered: How did a gene “encode” information to build a protein? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The information in our genes is very old—most of it more than millions of years old, some of it billions of years old. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Was one gene physically or chemically linked to another? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z This knowledge is stored in its genes and in its brains. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The genome project, in turn, inspires attempts to understand human variation and “normal” behavior in terms of genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z From there we can crank the microscope one more turn to the level of genes, which is an opportunity to review studies of dyslexia and other inherited language disorders. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z A cosmic ray striking a different gene, producing a different mutation, can have small consequences early but profound consequences late. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The third cardinal feature of gene regulation, Monod and Jacob discovered, was that every gene had specific regulatory DNA sequences appended to it that acted like recognition tags. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z So I get it from both sides of the gene pool. Shelter (Book One): A Mickey Bolitar Novel 2011-09-15T00:00:00Z We might describe these three reconciliations as attempts to explain nature’s past, present, and future through the lens of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If Dobzhansky had capriciously trimmed the wings of all the flies in one box, he would have affected their phenotypes—the shape of their wings—without ever touching their genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z For two genes on the same chromosome, the same principle applied: there was no simple way to separate the forked-bristle gene from the coat-color gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Eugenicists such as Galton had hoped to select complex phenotypes—intelligence, height, beauty, and moral rectitude—as a biological shortcut to enrich genes for intelligence, height, beauty, and morality. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The title was rambling, but the message was succinct: if you mixed the effects of three to five variant genes on any trait, you could generate nearly perfect continuity in phenotype. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Her eighth child, Leopold, had inherited the gene and died of a brain hemorrhage at age thirty. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They were mostly self-pollinating: that is, the crop varieties could pollinate themselves and pass on their own desirable genes unchanged, instead of having to hybridize with other varieties less useful to humans. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Griffith, however, did not go along, since for some months he had preferred a scheme where gene copying was based upon the alternative formation of complementary surfaces. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z When the Dutch biologist Hugo de Vries encountered the concept of the gene in the 1890s, he quickly intuited that the idea would reorganize our understanding of the natural world. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “A gene,” Beadle wrote in 1945, “can be visualized as directing the final configuration of a protein molecule.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The atom, the byte, and the gene provide fundamentally new scientific and technological understandings of their respective systems. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The mutation in the hemophilia gene, which affects the clotting of blood, had likely arisen spontaneously in Queen Victoria at birth. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “These selections here suggest healed genes. We wouldn’t see them if the genes were damaged.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z A functional circuit of genes was switched on and off, as if operated by a common spool or a master switch. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mendel did not give this unit of heredity a name, but he had discovered the most essential features of a gene.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The real power of eugenics lay in the manipulation of genes—not in the selection of features. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They heated the material to sixty-five degrees—hot enough to warp most proteins—then added acids to curdle the proteins, and the transmission of genes was still unaltered. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The weird thing is, though you’d never know it from looking at them: both my parents carry that mutant gene. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z “No one likes to be told there’s something wrong with them, especially something like their genes, which they can’t change.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z DAD: It makes you a teenager with addiction genes. Please Ignore Vera Dietz 2012-10-12T00:00:00Z He stops at a door marked gene therapy room i. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z But the “action” of a gene—still a vague, mystical concept—intrigued Beadle. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They are like engrams, built into our genes. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z There are two immense words from Indo-European, gene and bbeu, each a virtual anthill in itself, from which we have constructed the notion of Everything. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Even though none of her genes had apparently been passed down to me, I felt like it gave me a certain cachet among my girlfriends to have the gorgeous mom. Americanized 2018-02-08T00:00:00Z The right people were being overrun by the wrong people, they argued, and the right genes corrupted by the wrong ones. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Walter Noel had inherited two abnormal copies of the hemoglobin B gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mutations in the genes thus result in malformed, ectopic segments and organs. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A scientific noun can launch a thousand questions—and the idea of the “gene” did exactly that. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Some genes were so tightly linked that they never crossed over. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If he marries someone who has the gene, their kids will have the same odds as my kids. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z Hence we should not be surprised that modern Japanese and Korean people resemble each other far more in their appearance and genes than in their languages. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z ME: But I’m not just my genes, Dad. Please Ignore Vera Dietz 2012-10-12T00:00:00Z But if a mutation disrupts the function of an enzyme, then the normal gene must specify the information to make the normal enzyme. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Nor is he denying that our genes play a role in determining who we are. The Tipping Point 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Maybe taking care of the elderly is ingrained in my Indian genes. You Bring the Distant Near 2017-09-12T00:00:00Z Thus there is both a steady flow of genes among maize landraces and a force counteracting that flow. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z This distinction also marks a seminal transition in the story of the gene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And when the structure of DNA was known, we might be in a better position to understand how genes work. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Is that something that came from their father’s genes, or is it because they lived in Arizona and we lived in Ohio? The Strangers 2019-04-02T00:00:00Z So the populations did not merge, but a few lucky Neanderthal genes did hitch a ride on the Sapiens Express. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z What if there were five genes that governed height, say, or seven genes that controlled the shape of a nose? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z This would be like women finding out Jesus had had a twin sister who’d gotten half God’s genes but none of the glory. The Secret Life of Bees 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z Even if Linus was somewhere near the right structure, the odds seemed against his getting near the secret of gene replication. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Using linkage analysis, geneticists could even trace an actual configuration of genes that evolved to make the progeny infertile. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The languages and genes of those homeland inhabitants, as well as their livestock, crops, technologies, and writing systems, became dominant in the ancient and modern world. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z Although Frederick Griffith’s experiment was the most definitive demonstration that the gene was a chemical, other scientists were also circling the idea. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The two populations remained completely distinct, and when the Neanderthals died out, or were killed off, their genes died with them. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Genes specified proteins that switched on genes that specified proteins that switched on genes—and so forth, all the way to the very first embryological cell. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In 1941, three years before Avery’s landmark experiment, two scientists, George Beadle and Edward Tatum, working in a basement tunnel at Stanford University, discovered the missing link between genes and physical traits. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z She was a molecular biologist working on identifying genes associated with complex genetic traits. Silent To The Bone 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z I got my “I don’t want to know about it” gene from my dad and my “I’ll think about it tomorrow” gene from my mom. Speak 1999-10-01T00:00:00Z Geneticists use these Punnett squares to determine inheritance, recessive and dominant genes, probabilities and chance. Wonder 2012-02-14T00:00:00Z The isolation is also reflected in genes and physical anthropology. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z “I was wondering if you and that other guy—Marcus Eaton’s son?—would mind coming in so that I can test your genes.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z To study human bloodlines, and to eliminate what Davenport saw as “unfit” persons—such as Jews—from the American gene pool. The Woman All Spies Fear 2021-10-19T00:00:00Z “A group of scientists told you that my genes were damaged, that there was something wrong with me—they showed you test results that proved it. And even I started to believe it.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z But for now, in a fragile peace dominated by the buzz of flies, they immersed themselves in experiments on genes and chromosomes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z By the end of the evening, Sturtevant had sketched the first linear genetic map of half a dozen genes along a Drosophila chromosome. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “I know this is just the fault of your genes, Nita,” David says weakly. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z Over a barely digested lunch, the three scientists realized that this intermediate molecule had to shuttle from the cell’s nucleus, where genes were stored, to the cytoplasm, where proteins were synthesized. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Chromatin—the biological structure where genes resided—was known to be made of two types of chemicals: proteins and nucleic acids. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z For Morgan, this genetic linkage could only mean one thing: genes had to be physically linked to each other. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Of course there were scientists who thought the evidence favoring DNA was inconclusive and preferred to believe that genes were protein molecules. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z “The Bureau is obsessed with procreation—with passing on genes. And George and I are both GPs, so any entanglement that can’t produce a stronger genetic code . . . It’s not encouraged, that’s all.” Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z “I guess we know who got the good genes.” Insurgent 2012-05-01T00:00:00Z Our understanding of genes has reached such a level of sophistication and depth that we are no longer studying and altering genes in test tubes, but in their native context in human cells. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “They’re like me and Zion. Sharing genes from the same parents. It’s science. DNA. Zion and me were born right after one another. Twins. Me first,” she brags. Black Brother, Black Brother 2020-03-03T00:00:00Z At face value, the Russian Revolution had little to do with genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z What were genes made of, and how did they function? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Second, genes had to explain evolution: How could the inheritance of such units explain that organisms have acquired vastly different forms and features over time? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Another gene encoded an enzyme that was needed to break down lactose into parts. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It can be beneficial if it means that a population lacks deleterious genes. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z I try to go back in my mind to a time before genetics, before everyone was in the habit of saying about everything, “It’s in the genes.” Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z But the real information, Bateson argued, was not contained in the features, but in the combination of genes that determined them—i.e., in the genotype. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z First they assume the form of elongated threads, on which the genes are aligned, like beads on a string. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z Griffith’s identification of a chemical capable of carrying hereditary instructions between organisms—the “gene molecule”—would have sparked a thousand speculations and restructured the chemical theory of life. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The gene entrances English and American reformers, who hope to manipulate human genetics to accelerate human evolution and emancipation. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Simple combinatorial mathematics yielded twenty-seven unique combinations of these six gene variants. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “The genes I got from my mom and dad. And my luck, well, I don’t where that came from. God, maybe.” Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe 2012-02-21T00:00:00Z By the late 1930s, Dobzhansky began to realize that his understanding of genes, variation, and natural selection had ramifications far beyond biology. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Maybe it’s not her genes,” I say, shrugging. Allegiant 2013-10-22T00:00:00Z But thus far, the gene had been “visible” only in a statistical sense. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “Must be a recessive gene,” Rafe replied, then pulled the ketchup bottle closer to his plate. Far from the Tree 2017-10-03T00:00:00Z This horizontal exchange of genes is called transformation. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Plants treated with various phenols suffered profound destruction of chromosomes, changes in genes, a striking number of mutations, “irreversible hereditary changes.” Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z |
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