| 单词 | electron |
| 例句 | The cloud itself is essentially just a zone of statistical probability marking the area beyond which the electron only very seldom strays. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z However, for orbits whose lengths were not a whole number of wavelengths, each wave crest would eventually be canceled out by a trough as the electrons went round; these orbits would not be allowed. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The protons have a positive charge and the electrons an equal negative charge. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The uncertainty principle also predicts that there will be similar virtual pairs of matter particles, such as electrons or quarks. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The result of their bombardments of boron and other light elements by alpha rays, moreover, had led them to propose that the proton was composed of a neutron and a positive electron, or positron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z We make our living by catching electrons at the moment of their excitement by solar photons, swiping the energy released at the instant of each jump and storing it up in intricate loops for ourselves. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z If there is a ring particle in the way, the proton or electron is absorbed by this small snowball. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Thomson, Ernest Rutherford’s mentor, discovered the electron in 1897, thereby establishing that atoms were divisible into even smaller particles—“corpuscles,” he called them. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z For instance, the renormalization trouble—the infinite mass and charge of the electron—vanishes. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z For example, if the electric charge of the electron had been only slightly different, stars either would have been unable to burn hydrogen and helium, or else they would not have exploded. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In 1998, Japanese observers reported that neutrinos do have mass, but not a great deal–about one ten-millionth that of an electron. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Quantum mechanics rules the domain of the very, very small: atoms and electrons and subatomic particles. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z In Rutherford’s experiment, the alpha-particles had energies of millions of electron volts. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z If they were right, he observed, “such phenomena as heredity and memory and intelligence, and our ideas of morality and religion ... are explainable in terms of positive and negative electrons and ether.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As with the zero-point energy, scientists learned to ignore the infinite mass and charge of the electron. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z “Nothing. He’s just shown he can run the station perfectly. I’ve never seen an electron storm handled so well.” I, Robot 1950-12-02T00:00:00Z According to the new theory, an electron moving between orbits would disappear from one and reappear instantaneously in another without visiting the space between. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z For billions of years they would have heard only weak and intermittent radio static caused by lightning and the trapped electrons and protons whistling within the Earth’s magnetic field. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Carl Sagan in Cosmos raised the possibility that if you traveled downward into an electron, you might find that it contained a universe of its own, recalling all those science fiction stories of the fifties. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z As it was, the Europeans had their hands full trying to understand the strange behavior of the electron. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z By Rutherford’s reckoning, therefore, the helium atom had two orbital electrons and a nucleus comprising four protons and two electrons; radium had 138 electrons and a nucleus of 226 protons and 88 electrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Nor would these, together with electrons, form separate, well-defined atoms. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z On a smaller scale, the electrical forces that cause the electrons to orbit round the nucleus in an atom would behave in the same way as gravitational forces. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The fact that atoms are composed of three kinds of elementary particles—protons, neutrons and electrons—is a comparatively recent finding. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z At the heart of it was Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, which states that the electron is a particle but a particle that can be described in terms of waves. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Called "On the Constitutions of Atoms and Molecules," the paper explained how electrons could keep from falling into the nucleus by suggesting that they could occupy only certain well-defined orbits. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Protons and neutrons are packed into the nucleus, while electrons spin around outside. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z It revealed that an electron orbiting around the nucleus could be thought of as a wave, with a wavelength that depended on its velocity. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Art3mis’s eyes lit up in surprise and delight, and she began to mirror my movements, the two of us orbiting each other like accelerated electrons. Ready Player One: A Novel 2011-08-16T00:00:00Z In 1930 he predicted the existence of the positron, a positively charged electron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Atoms would literally be crushed together, their electrons forced into the nucleus, forming neutrons. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z As an electron sits in the vacuum, it occasionally absorbs or spits out one of these particles, such as a photon. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z By comparison, the total number of atoms in your body is about 1028, and the total number of elementary particles—protons and neutrons and electrons—in the observable universe is about 1080. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z I can’t think of myself, my body, sometimes, without seeing the skeleton: how I must appear to an electron. The Handmaid's Tale 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z Radio-sodium had a gratifyingly lengthy half-life of fifteen and a half hours and gamma ray energies that Ernest calculated at about 5 million electron volts. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z His confidence was based on the recent discovery by Dirac of the equation that governed the electron. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The next category is the electromagnetic force, which interacts with electrically charged particles like electrons and quarks, but not with uncharged particles such as gravitons. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “Yeah,” was the sour response, “and we’re in a bad position for an electron storm, too. Our Earth beam is right in the probable path.” I, Robot 1950-12-02T00:00:00Z In other words, if one used equipment designed to examine electrons as particles, they would appear to behave as particles; if one used equipment best suited for detecting waves, they appeared as waves. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yet this has been done with the aid of the electron microscope and the techniques of the biochemist. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z Eventually, once the temperature had dropped to a few thousand degrees, and electrons and nuclei no longer had enough energy to overcome the electromagnetic attraction between them, they would have started combining to form atoms. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z It has been nearly a century since scientists measured the electron’s mass and charge. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z “I got it at a discount. I’m sure it’s mixed with electrons.” The House of the Scorpion 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z It explained mathematically why the electron had spin Vi\\ that is, why it didn’t look the same if you turned it through only one complete revolution, but did if you turned it through two revolutions. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The great tail is blown away from the icy nucleus of the comet by a wind of protons and electrons from the Sun, which has set below this horizon. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z If you measure an electron’s position with zero error—you know exactly where it is at a given moment—you must have zero information about how fast it is going. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z This model explained quite well the structure of the simplest atom, hydrogen, which has only one electron orbiting around the nucleus. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z They had bombarded dozens of elements with deuterons and assiduously tracked emissions of alpha particles during the bombardments; but the continued emission of electrons or positrons after the bombardments ended had escaped their notice. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Bethe had not been wrong about this obstacle, merely premature; but if the cyclotron were to move beyond 30 million electron volts, the issue had to be faced now. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Black holes are zero-dimensional, as are particles such as the electron. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z As the probe approaches zero distance from the electron, the number of particles it passes goes up to infinity—so the probe’s measurements of the mass and charge of the electron also go to infinity. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Their goal was to investigate the structure of light by measuring the interval from the moment a quantum particle of light, a photon, strikes a target to the emission of an electron from its surface. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The force of gravity is so great that the star’s electrons give up their struggle once and for all; the electrons smash into the star's protons, creating neutrons. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The electron that scientists see in the laboratory—the electron that physicists, chemists, and engineers have known and loved for decades—is an impostor. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The chemistry of an atom depends only on the number of electrons, which equals the number of protons, and which is called the atomic number. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z When that happens, an orbital electron drops down from a higher shell to fill the gap in the K shell. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Thomson proposed a structural model for the atom in which his negatively charged electrons were suspended within an undifferentiated positively charged mass, like bits of fruit within a soft custard. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Conventional electrodynamic theory demanded that a flying electron should very quickly run out of energy–in only an instant or so–and spiral into the nucleus, with disastrous consequences for both. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Indeed, he thought that water was a common principle underlying all of matter, just as today we might say the same of electrons, protons and neutrons, or of quarks. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z But in 1905, Einstein showed that the particle theory of light could explain the photoelectric effect, the ejection of electrons from a metal upon exposure to a beam of light. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z These particle energies are usually measured in units called electron volts. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z He published prolifically; his areas of interest, which included the propagation of electron beams and their usefulness as ionization agents, were among the most intriguing in physics; and his resourceful laboratory technique was widely praised. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The laws of quantum mechanics treat particles such as the electron as points; that is, they take up no space at all. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The attraction between the unlike charges of electrons and protons is what holds the atom together. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z As light glimmered around the Institute, Tom sliced pieces of monkey liver with his diamond knife and put them into the electron microscope. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z In particular, no two electrons of the same quantum state can be forced into the same spot. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Leptons are the source of electrons and neutrinos. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z This means that the mass and charge don’t go off to infinity, because you are no longer passing an infinite cloud of particles as you approach the electron. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The picture that nearly everybody has in mind of an atom is of an electron or two flying around a nucleus, like planets orbiting a sun. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z What this means in practice is that you can never predict where an electron will be at any given moment. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z There is, we are told, an infinite hierarchy of universes, so that an elementary particle, such as an electron, in our universe would, if penetrated, reveal itself to be an entire closed universe. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Ninety cuts and you come to a carbon atom, with six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus and six electrons in the exterior cloud. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Another asked, “If electrons are constantly moving, why isn’t this chair I’m sitting on moving?” Malala: The Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Changed the World 2013-10-08T00:00:00Z Alvarez, meanwhile, pondered a similar physical limitation governing the acceleration of electrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Neutrinos, like protons, electrons and neutrons, carry an intrinsic angular momentum, or spin, while photons have no spin at all. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Bohr’s model corresponded to experimental observation only for the very simplest atom, hydrogen, which had only one proton and one electron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Even so, the number of useful ways of putting nucleic acids together is stupefyingly large—probably far greater than the total number of electrons and protons in the universe. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Without electrical forces, there would no longer be things in the universe—merely diffuse clouds of electrons, protons and neutrons, and gravitating spheres of elementary particles, the featureless remnants of worlds. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The GUTs also predict that at this energy the different spin-'/2 matter particles, like quarks and electrons, would also all be essentially the same, thus achieving another unification. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Ultraviolet light is light with a lot of energy, so scientists naturally concluded that it took quite a bit of energy to kick an electron out of an atom. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z From nothing at all, suddenly there were swarms of photons, protons, electrons, neutrons, and much else–between 1079 and 1089 of each, according to the standard Big Bang theory. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Oddly for someone who had been rubbing shoulders with physicists for nearly twenty years, Weaver mistakenly described the beam in his diary as comprising 5-million-volt “electrons”—particles that were not in the cyclotrons inventory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As he aged, Mendeleyev became increasingly eccentric–he refused to acknowledge the existence of radiation or the electron or anything else much that was new–and difficult. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Since each atom is electrically neutral, the number of protons in the nucleus must exactly equal the number of electrons in the electron cloud. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z More recently, we have learned how to use electromagnetic fields to give particles energies of at first millions and then thousands of millions of electron volts. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z A zero-dimensional electron has an infinite mass and charge because it is a singularity; as you get closer and closer to it, your measurements zoom off to infinity. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The "shell" of an atom isn’t some hard shiny casing, as illustrations sometimes encourage us to suppose, but simply the outermost of these fuzzy electron clouds. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Every atom is made from three kinds of elementary particles: protons, which have a positive electrical charge; electrons, which have a negative electrical charge; and neutrons, which have no charge. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The atom—the fundamental unit of matter—was actually made of even more fundamental units of matter: electrons, protons, and neutrons. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z We might indeed expect to find several new layers of structure more basic than the quarks and electrons that we now regard as “elementary” particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Some two or three times farther from the Sun than Pluto is, the pressure of the interstellar protons and electrons becomes greater than the minuscule pressure there exerted by the solar wind. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z In Lawrence’s expansive vision, Rutherford’s goal of 10 million electron volts was already within reach. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z If the bullet has enough energy—if its frequency is high enough—then it knocks the electron free. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z He suggested that maybe the electrons were not able to orbit at just any distance from the central nucleus but only at certain specified distances. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Radium emitted alpha particles at a meager 7.6 million electron volts and beta rays—that is, electrons—at only 3 million volts. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As pressure in the star increases, the exclusion principle states that electrons inside must move faster and faster to avoid one another. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Cosmic rays, mainly electrons and protons, have bombarded the Earth for the entire history of life on our planet. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z According to quantum theory, everything—light, electrons, protons, small dogs—have both wavelike and particlelike properties. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z For white dwarfs, the pressure of the electrons, stripped from their nuclei, holds the star up. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The swarm of particles makes it difficult to get a measurement of the electron’s mass and charge, because the particles interfere with the measurement, masking the electron’s true properties. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z A glimpse, a pale shimmer on the air; a glow, aurora, dance of electrons, then a face again, faces. The Handmaid's Tale 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z Frederick A. Murphy was one of the original discoverers of Ebola virus, the wizard with an electron microscope who had first photographed the virus and whose work had hung in art museums. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z It also predicted that the electron should have a partner: an antielectron, or positron. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z One was the so- called wave-particle duality of nature at the infinitesimal scale: experiments sometimes showed light and electrons behaving like particles, and other times as waves. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The true electron is hidden in a shroud of particles, made up of the zero-point fluctuations, those particles that constantly pop in and out of existence. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z What happens is that a matter particle, such as an electron or a quark, emits a force-carrying particle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z He wanted to look at the cells in his electron microscope to try to find some visual evidence that they were infected with simian fever. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The diagram of the atom has a nucleus, with electrons circling it. Cat's Eye 1988-09-01T00:00:00Z They had discovered the X ray, the cathode ray, the electron, and radioactivity, invented the ohm, the watt, the Kelvin, the joule, the amp, and the little erg. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z He leaves and I lean against the door and feel every electron in my body vibrating, alive. The Queen of Water 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z A typical atom has a kind of cloud of electrons on the outside. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The journal carried a report by Merle Tuve claiming that his Tesla coil could drive alpha particles to energies as high as 10 million electron volts without “any serious difficulty.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Now the slice, sitting on the grid, which was held in place by the tire iron, was positioned in the microscope, centered in the beam of electrons. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z I looked through the chemicals in my set and picked the ones that would result in the same type of electron balance that occurred in the hydrogen-and-oxygen bond. Because of Mr. Terupt 2010-10-11T00:00:00Z However, if the electron is a loop of string, the particle is no longer a singularity. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z But this technology was still not capable of “approaching, much less surpassing, the success of the radioactive elements, in providing us with high-speed electrons and high-speed atoms.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z By put it in the beam, he meant “look at it using the electron microscope,” which is much more powerful than a light microscope, and can see deeper into the universe within. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z It is a radiating plasma in which the high temperature has stripped some of the electrons from their nuclei. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The electron doesn’t fly around the nucleus like a planet around its sun, but instead takes on the more amorphous aspect of a cloud. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Thomson, had demonstrated the existence of a particle of matter, called the electron, that had a mass less than one thousandth of that of the lightest atom. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z And since there are forces that do not obey the symmetry T, it follows that as the universe expands, these forces could cause more antielectrons to turn into quarks than electrons into antiquarks. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The “true” electron is a bit heavier and carries a greater charge than the electron that physicists observe. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z However, their indirect effects, such as small changes in the energy of electron orbits in atoms, can be measured and agree with the theoretical predictions to a remarkable degree of accuracy. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Eventually alpha rays were identified as helium atoms stripped of their electrons—that is, helium nuclei-—and beta rays as energetic electrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z These stars would be supported by the exclusion principle repulsion between neutrons and protons, rather than between electrons. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “I’ve brought in a number of different ingredients,” Luke said, “and they’ll interact perfectly because of the electron balance and resulting bond formations.” Because of Mr. Terupt 2010-10-11T00:00:00Z She took the sharing of electron pairs seriously. We Are the Ants 2016-01-19T00:00:00Z Such combinations make up the particles known as mesons, which are unstable because the quark and antiquark can annihilate each other, producing electrons and other particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The electron is a zero-dimensional object, and its very zerolike nature ensures that scientists don’t even know the electron’s mass or charge. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z When a bullet hits an electron, it gives it a nudge. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The very idea of a color broadcast was so implausible that Alvarez secreted a small magnet in his pocket to verify that the picture was actually produced by electrons striking a phosphor screen. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “The electron storm that’s coming up. Do you know it’s heading straight dead center across the Earth beam? I had just figured that out when that robot dragged me out of my chair.” I, Robot 1950-12-02T00:00:00Z For over a week I pored over electron micrographs of muscle and collagen fibers, looking for hints of helices. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Geisbert tried to look at many samples of virus as a way of sharpening his skills with an electron microscope. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z My elbow does not slither through the table because atoms have electrons around their nuclei and because electrical forces are strong. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z No matter how bright the beam is, if the light is the wrong color, all the electrons in the metal stay put; none of them can escape. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z This is different from beta decay, in which a neutron is transformed into a proton by the emission of an electron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It not only kept electrons from spiraling catastrophically into the nucleus; it also explained hydrogen’s bewildering wavelengths. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The electromagnetic attraction between negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons in the nucleus causes the electrons to orbit the nucleus of the atom, just as gravitational attraction causes the earth to orbit the sun. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In K-capture, the nucleus absorbs one of the two electrons from its innermost electron “shell”— the “K” shell—thereby transforming a nuclear proton into a neutron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Institute hired him to operate its electron microscope, which uses a beam of electrons to make images of small objects, such as viruses. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Ernest Rutherford depicted the atom as a miniature solar system, with negatively charged electrons surrounding a tiny yet massive nucleus consisting of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Or, put slightly differently, until it is observed an electron must be regarded as being "at once everywhere and nowhere." A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Equally, if a real photon collides with an atom, it may move an electron from an orbit nearer the nucleus to one farther away. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The electrons only appeared in certain orbits because they only existed in certain orbits. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Heisenberg's uncertainty principle shows that there is no possible way to measure the pencil’s length—or an electron’s position—and its velocity with perfect accuracy at the same time. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z They don’t go all the way to zero distance from the electron when they calculate the electron’s true mass and charge; they stop short of zero at an arbitrary distance. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z A white dwarf is supported by the exclusion principle repulsion between the electrons in its matter. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z So most of the electrons and antielectrons would have annihilated with each other to produce more photons, leaving only a few electrons left over. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The principal problem they faced was that the electron sometimes behaved like a particle and sometimes like a wave. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z In reality, however, even when the electrons are sent one at a time, the fringes still appear. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z But scientists can give black holes and electrons an extra dimension. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The atom as a whole carried a neutral charge: the negative charges of its orbital electrons balanced the positive charge of the nucleus, the latter created by an excess of protons over electrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In France, Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, the scion of a ducal family, found that certain anomalies in the behavior of electrons disappeared when one regarded them as waves. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z He dismantles the machine, stares into its circuits, lets his fingers trace the journeys of electrons. All the Light We Cannot See 2014-05-06T00:00:00Z There was no evidence that hydrogen ions had charged around Edlefsen’s “rather sketchy” apparatus at all, much less at any appreciable fraction of 1 million electron volts. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Electrons as particles and electrons as waves were equally valid manifestations of the same thing; there was no contradiction, but rather, in Bohr’s term, “complementarity.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z According to the rules of quantum mechanics, the zero-dimensional electron has infinite mass and infinite charge. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Just as zero punches a hole in the smooth sheet of general relativity, zero smooths and spreads out the sharp point charge of the electron, covering it in a fog. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Thus the electrons would either escape from the atom altogether or would spiral into the nucleus. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z He was thinking that under such circumstances an electron might combine with a proton to form an uncharged, hitherto undetected compound particle he dubbed the neutron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Deep inside the atom, hidden far beneath the electron cloud, is the nucleus, generally composed of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The nucleus looks like a raspberry, the electrons and their rings look like the' planet Saturn. Cat's Eye 1988-09-01T00:00:00Z Nevertheless, most of the mass of an atom is in its nucleus; the electrons are by comparison just clouds of moving fluff. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The trouble with this was that the laws of mechanics and electricity, before quantum mechanics, predicted that the electrons would lose energy and so spiral inward until they collided with the nucleus. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z For example, split the atom and you get neutrons and electrons and protons. Things Not Seen 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z On the other hand, if a light particle doesn’t have enough energy to nudge the electron out, then the electron stays put; the photon skitters away instead. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Because protons and electrons were unknown in Mendeleev’s day, he arranged his elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Russian scientist created a chemistry tool with room for discovery 2019-03-05T05:00:00Z It took until the 1930s before we could actually see a virus under the electron microscope. Fareed Zakaria Looks at Life After the Pandemic 2020-10-06T04:00:00Z Specifically, the size of a probability wave at any given point of location is proportional to the probability that the electron is located at that location. Our godless brains: Emerging science reveals mind-blowing alternatives to a higher power 2014-04-26T20:00:00Z Examples include Einstein's equation of general relativity, Dirac's equation for the electron and the Lagrangian at the heart of the standard model of particle physics. The beauty of the Higgs boson 2012-08-04T23:05:33Z In April 1982, Shechtman was on sabbatical at America's National Institute of Standards and Technology, when he saw something curious through his electron microscope. Dan Shechtman: 'Linus Pauling said I was talking nonsense' 2013-01-06T00:07:04Z Seven women got into the square and started walking, in circles and zigzags, creating what looked at first like a children’s-show dramatization of the properties of electrons. Kate Gilmore?s Public Art, on Bryant Park Platform 2010-05-07T23:00:00Z Electricity flows through wires, like a fluid, or flies through a vacuum as a volley of individual electrons. What Does Quantum Physics Actually Tell Us About the World? 2018-05-08T04:00:00Z The reason a heated material glows is that electrons in its atoms have been given extra energy, then drop back to a lower level, losing the energy as a photon of light. What goes on when lightning strikes? 2013-05-25T23:07:12Z “Gantry Trampoline” features four cast members, including the striking contortionist Windu Ben Sayles, flying from trampoline to Gantry like surging electrons. For Children Listings for Dec. 18-24 2015-12-18T05:00:00Z It was the end of slam dancing, which was kind of like electrons harmlessly bouncing off each other, to the gladiator mosh pit. "I'm not getting over violence against women": Rebecca Solnit discusses her new anti-memoir 2020-03-10T04:00:00Z In these days of time-limited videoconferencing, Miss Manners prefers almost any one of these to the communication snapping off at the whim of a distant electron. Perspective | Miss Manners: Handling bike lane infractions 2020-08-05T04:00:00Z They know you cannot pin him down any more than quantum physicists can pin down the location of an electron. 'Steel Hammer' bangs out a spectacularly inventive social message at UCLA's Royce Hall 2015-10-25T04:00:00Z But a powerful scanning electron microscope allowed us to see details of plant cells. The real Paleo diet 2022-12-05T05:00:00Z June Almeida found work at the Ontario Cancer Institute, where she learned how to operate a huge, powerful electron microscope. June Almeida had an unlikely path to discovering coronavirus 2021-01-11T05:00:00Z “All of a sudden, you can make gates for electrons and control electrons. This is how we became Silicon Valley.” In Silicon Valley, dropping in at the GooglePlex, tech museums and the Jobs garage 2017-07-13T04:00:00Z Also, what about the energy generated as electrons whip through protein chains in mitochondria? Our godless brains: Emerging science reveals mind-blowing alternatives to a higher power 2014-04-26T20:00:00Z “In laboratory tests,” the exhibition tells us, “colonies grow right on electrodes where they soak up flowing electrons.” In ‘Life at the Limits,’ Extreme Creatures at American Museum of Natural History 2015-04-02T04:00:00Z There are three types, or "flavours", of neutrino: electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos. The hunt for neutrinos in the Antarctic 2011-01-23T00:05:49Z Hill reporters track his movements on the Senate floor, staking out his office, sometimes for hours, and then orbiting around him like electrons as he walks the halls of Congress. One year of ‘President Manchin’: For the Democratic agenda, all roads go through West Virginia 2021-12-14T05:00:00Z Projected text explained some of the physicist Niels Bohr’s epochal discoveries about the fixed orbits of electrons, and then Cheng came onstage and collapsed. Review: Reveling in Live Dance at Japan Society 2022-01-16T05:00:00Z Some of the most astonishing images at this show are electron microscope scans of the fangs and spinnerets of these tiny creatures, organic sculptures of elaborate complexity. Exhibition Review: ‘Spiders Alive!’ at American Museum of Natural History 2012-07-27T21:25:49Z Wave your hand in front of a Theremin and try to get electrons in the air to settle on a specific pitch instead of randomly flit about, as is their nature, on infinite other paths. What do microtones have to do with global warming? Two concerts offer an answer 2017-10-25T04:00:00Z When this happens, a neutrino produces a particle called a muon, a heavy relative of the electron. The hunt for neutrinos in the Antarctic 2011-01-23T00:05:49Z Michael’s project examined how sound particles called phonons interact with electrons, which are part of an atom. North Bethesda teen wins a top prize at Intel Science Talent Search 2015-03-11T04:00:00Z This means that, as we enter the atomic world, we must abandon common sense, and talk instead of wave functions and electron states. Mark Miodownik: an obsession with materials 2013-05-24T15:53:00Z The world is the color of a dead television channel if you are the electron, caught glowing somewhere between the gun and the glass. Burning Man on its last legs 2012-10-14T14:00:00Z Dirac's beautiful equation is just like that – it describes the electron and predicts the existence of its anti-matter partner, the positron. The beauty of the Higgs boson 2012-08-04T23:05:33Z Thanks in part to the computer colouring and the almost unnatural-seeming level of resolution, many of these photographs look like images from electron microscopy. Abstract and affecting, the new Mars pictures are a confrontation with the sublime | Sam Leith 2010-03-21T22:30:00Z So the nucleus of an oxygen atom is surrounded by eight electrons. Russian scientist created a chemistry tool with room for discovery 2019-03-05T05:00:00Z But less is known about Munch’s palette, and scientists, using updated technologies and tools like transmission electron microscopes, are breaking new ground. ‘The Scream’ Is Fading. New Research Reveals Why. 2020-02-07T05:00:00Z The atomic reality that Lucretius describes is not an isolated phenomenon—it is not a separate realm of electrons and nuclei, electromagnetic fields, particles and waves. The Slowness of Literature and the Shadow of Knowledge 2019-11-06T05:00:00Z For Shakespeare’s remains to be detected, electrons in the atoms of his bones would have to absorb energy and momentum from the radar waves and then kick it back out. Alas, Poor William Shakespeare. Where Does His Skull Rest? 2016-03-24T04:00:00Z It keeps the electrons in their orbits in the atom, and, as light, brings us daily news that the sun is still shining. Listen up, Marco Rubio!: Science lessons for the tea party 2012-11-25T19:00:00Z It contains the electron and another particle called the muon, which is to all appearances identical to the electron but its mass is 210 times larger. Steven Weinberg: 'I wanted to be on the in – privy to all the secrets of physics' 2013-03-03T00:05:05Z Bring the balloon near small pieces of paper and the nearer parts of the paper fragments become positively charged because the negative charge on the balloon repels electrons to the far side of the paper. What goes on when lightning strikes? 2013-05-25T23:07:12Z “And these are particles — electrons, as well as a piece of its own magnetic field.” Viewing the Northern Lights: ‘It’s Almost Like Heavenly Visual Music’ 2019-02-11T05:00:00Z Hearing them through the sound system of Bonnaroo’s main stage was like examining them through an electron microscope, and the effect of all the inexorably changing details on the crowd was remarkable. ArtsBeat: Bonnaroo: Final Thoughts 2012-06-11T08:36:58Z The sunlight oxidises the oil in the paint, releasing electrons. Yellow mellowed 2011-02-14T19:00:00Z Many physicists have described the quantum state — how electrons, for instance, take different positions in a way that prevents them from having material properties until they’re measured — as something similar to a coin-flip. Perspective | Playboi Carti made the album of the year. Playboi Carti made the album of the year. Playboi Carti made the 2021-12-09T05:00:00Z For years, they used a jaunty theme song: “We are the joy boys of radio; we chase electrons to and fro.” Ed Walker, WAMU personality who burnished radio’s golden age, dies at 83 2015-10-26T04:00:00Z Ionised air, or plasma, is created when air is separated into positive ions and electrons, making it much more conductive. Blaine prepares for shocking feat 2012-10-03T10:41:21Z One month later, LHC produced a particle beam of 1.18 trillion electron volts — a bolt of lightning measures about 1 million electron volts — breaking the old record. Fermilab poised to hit the off switch 2011-09-30T14:41:00Z In some electron micrographs, it seems to be an inflated spacesuit. In ‘Life at the Limits,’ Extreme Creatures at American Museum of Natural History 2015-04-02T04:00:00Z We can’t know, but we can pay attention to moments like the final image in “Touchdown” — floating lights representing how electrons “glow when they fall.” Review: Reveling in Live Dance at Japan Society 2022-01-16T05:00:00Z “Those electrons are the key to another property of the periodic table,” Gordin said. Russian scientist created a chemistry tool with room for discovery 2019-03-05T05:00:00Z Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged; when the two are combined, electricity is generated. The power of pee: Kids in England learn how urine can create electricity 2016-08-30T04:00:00Z Dr. Bender, 33, is a postdoctoral researcher in physics at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Utrecht University, where his research focuses on spintronics, the study of electron spin. Rachel Mehlsak, Scott Bender 2018-06-24T04:00:00Z Rub a balloon on your hair and it gains a negative charge, dragging electrons from the hair. What goes on when lightning strikes? 2013-05-25T23:07:12Z The shape of the crew’s patch represents the international atomic symbol, showing an atom with particles called electrons circling the nucleus. NASA crews show their creativity in long history of mission patches 2018-07-16T04:00:00Z It was simply based on the quantum theory idea, that the earth is one of an immeasurable number of earths, each one differing by one electron. Terry Pratchett enters parallel worlds of science fiction 2010-06-16T13:51:00Z Today, techniques involving infrared imaging, as well as x-ray photography, electron microscopy and mass spectrometry, many of them pioneered by the National Gallery, are mainstays in the business of art curation. What lies beneath 2010-06-19T23:05:00Z The bacteria break down matter from the wastewater into protons and electrons. The power of pee: Kids in England learn how urine can create electricity 2016-08-30T04:00:00Z Total waste of electrons, financing and my time. ‘The Crown’ Episodes 1 and 2: Stiff Lips, Warm Heart 2016-11-04T04:00:00Z Responsibility for the shutdown is like an electron in a probability cloud, with no fixed location, impossible to pin down. Analysis | ‘The buck stops with everybody’: How Trump twists cliches to do his bidding 2019-01-11T05:00:00Z Their new cocktail bar, Teachers Lounge in Greenwood, is outfitted to look like a seventh-grade classroom, complete with blackboards chalkful of civic lessons and electron diagrams. Cocktail class is in session 2013-08-07T00:04:48Z The tardigrade, a creature whose cuteness depends on the quality of your scanning electron microscope, is about as appealing as an organism without eyes can be. In ‘Life at the Limits,’ Extreme Creatures at American Museum of Natural History 2015-04-02T04:00:00Z Advances like the electron microscope and high-speed cameras have made the invisible visible. Spare Times for Children for Feb. 14-20 2014-02-14T00:09:30Z An electron can be in two places at once. Off the scale: why Gerhard Richter towers above the artists of today 2010-11-22T14:51:00Z “I have this speculative idea that hundreds and hundreds of years ago, there was the ‘domestication of electrons’ through witchcraft,” she said. Moon-landing conspiracy theorists aren’t all the same. Meet some from the Pacific Northwest. 2019-07-12T04:00:00Z Like an orbital shaped by statistical probability, she seems to appear and disappear, coalescing as an electron might only where you expect to see one. Where are the women Kerouacs? 2013-03-13T22:28:00Z When electrons moving through a metal encounter a magnetic atom, they are affected by the atom's spin -- the magnetic pole of elementary particles. Riddle of Kondo effect solved in ultimately thin wires 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z The team's findings illuminate the fact that not all polymers will behave similarly when tweaked in an effort to mimic the efficient electron transport in chiral structures. Researchers identify unexpected twist while developing new polymer-based semiconductors 2023-11-14T05:00:00Z Accelerating toward the north and south poles, such electrons can generate intense radio emissions at frequencies around a few hundred kHz. Scientists uncover aurora-like radio emission above a sunspot 2023-11-13T05:00:00Z Deep within every piece of magnetic material, electrons dance to the invisible tune of quantum mechanics. quantum mechanics: Unlocking the secrets of spin with high-harmonic probes 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z “Most electrons that were generated in the past were used at the point they’re generated, like when you turn on a light switch,” adds O’Gorman at Ford. How to turn your electric car into a mobile power plant 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z In trying to screen the effect of the atomic spin, the electron sea groups together close to the atom, forming a new many-body state which is called the Kondo resonance. Riddle of Kondo effect solved in ultimately thin wires 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z In nature, chiral molecules, like proteins, funnel electricity very efficiently by selectively transporting electrons of the same spin direction. Researchers identify unexpected twist while developing new polymer-based semiconductors 2023-11-14T05:00:00Z "Instead, sporadic flare activity in nearby active regions seems to pump energetic electrons into large-scale magnetic field loops anchored at the sunspot, which then power the ECM radio emission above the region." Scientists uncover aurora-like radio emission above a sunspot 2023-11-13T05:00:00Z To produce the probes, the researchers focused 800-nanometer laser light into a tube filled with neon gas, where the laser's electric field pulled the electrons away from their atoms and then pushed them back. quantum mechanics: Unlocking the secrets of spin with high-harmonic probes 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z “Now, with electric vehicles and storage, you have the ability to take that electron and hold it for a while and use it when it’s more” valuable. How to turn your electric car into a mobile power plant 2023-11-12T05:00:00Z This artificial orbital, its coupling to the electron sea, as well as the resonant transitions between orbital and sea can be imaged with the scanning tunnelling microscope. Riddle of Kondo effect solved in ultimately thin wires 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z Potential applications include solar cells that function like leaves, computers that use quantum states of electrons to compute more efficiently and new imaging techniques that capture three-dimensional information rather than 2D, to name a few. Researchers identify unexpected twist while developing new polymer-based semiconductors 2023-11-14T05:00:00Z The problem with tapping their transformative potential is that, in solids, the vast number of atoms often drowns out the exotic quantum properties electrons carry. Atomic dance gives rise to a magnet 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z "There's this concept of spintronics, which takes the electronics that we currently have, and instead of using only the electron's charge, we also use the electron's spin," elaborated Ryan. quantum mechanics: Unlocking the secrets of spin with high-harmonic probes 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z Their core is incredibly hot, and there are countless free electrons swimming in that dense, infernal soup. See JWST’s Spectacular New View of the Crab Nebula 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z This experimental technique uses a sharp metallic needle to measure electrons with atomic resolution. Riddle of Kondo effect solved in ultimately thin wires 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z In this specific geometry, the researchers found that rather than jumping between atoms, electrons were "caged," and settled into the same band of energy. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "Each electron possesses a magnetic spin that acts like a tiny compass needle embedded in the material, reacting to the local magnetic field," said Rice materials scientist and co-author Boris Yakobson. Atomic dance gives rise to a magnet 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z This model predicts how a cloud of electrons in a material will evolve from moment to moment when exposed to various inputs. quantum mechanics: Unlocking the secrets of spin with high-harmonic probes 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z Normally a quantum mechanical property called degeneracy pressure makes the electrons resist compression, adding support to the core. See JWST’s Spectacular New View of the Crab Nebula 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z Other experiments at the Molecular Foundry showed that the material has great potential as a dielectric, an insulating "electron barrier" material commonly used in capacitors for energy storage and computing applications. Scaling up nano for sustainable manufacturing 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z In recent years, physicists have successfully trapped electrons and confirmed their electronic flat-band state in two-dimensional materials. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "The effect of atomic motion on electrons is surprising because electrons are so much lighter and faster than atoms," said Zhu, Rice's William Marsh Rice Chair and an assistant professor of materials science and nanoengineering. Atomic dance gives rise to a magnet 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z "It wipes out the bacteria -- sterilizes the culture with a single dose of light. And then when you look at what occurs with electron microscopy, you see the collapse of the chromosome." New antibiotic approach proves promising against lyme bacterium 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z But during one specific stage of stellar fusion, it’s possible for those electrons to instead be absorbed into atomic nuclei, removing that pressure. See JWST’s Spectacular New View of the Crab Nebula 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z "Food is a tougher problem than electricity; few people care where the electrons in our wall socket originate, but many people care a lot about where their food comes from," Davis said. How to eat our way out of the climate crisis 2023-11-06T05:00:00Z But scientists have found that electrons that are trapped in two dimensions can easily escape out the third, making flat-band states difficult to maintain in 2D. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z But as they continue to shrink in size over the years, billions of transistors can fit on one chip, resulting in more heat generated from the movement of electrons, which affects chip performance. Researchers develop solid-state thermal transistor for better heat management 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z And for quantum computers, precise timing is even more essential, as they exploit the bizarre behaviour of tiny particles -- such as atoms, electrons, and photons -- to process information. Late not great -- imperfect timekeeping places significant limit on quantum computers 2023-10-30T04:00:00Z The element’s abundance may allow researchers to distinguish between a “normal” core collapse and one triggered by electron capture. See JWST’s Spectacular New View of the Crab Nebula 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z They have successfully obtained the world's first high-resolution 3D image of the thick filament in its natural cellular environment, utilizing a cutting-edge technique known as electron cryo-tomography. Breakthrough discovery sheds light on heart and muscle health 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z In previous work, the team observed trapped electrons in a two-dimensional lattice of atoms that resembled some kagome designs. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Others have suggested the extra kick could have come from primordial magnetic fields, interactions of neutrinos, or even changes in the electron’s mass. The universe’s puzzlingly fast expansion may defy explanation, cosmologists fret 2023-10-31T04:00:00Z In particular, Webb highlights what is known as synchrotron radiation: emission produced from charged particles, like electrons, moving around magnetic field lines at relativistic speeds. The Crab Nebula seen in new light by NASA's Webb 2023-10-30T04:00:00Z The latter is the eerie glow emitted by trapped electrons spiraling at nearly the speed of light around the pulsar’s intense magnetic field lines. See JWST’s Spectacular New View of the Crab Nebula 2023-11-10T05:00:00Z A specific enzyme group found in algae and in bacteria can produce molecular hydrogen simply by catalyzing protons and electrons. How to protect biocatalysts from oxygen 2023-10-30T04:00:00Z When the atoms were arranged in a pattern of interconnected, corner-sharing triangles, electrons were confined within the hexagonal space between triangles, rather than hopping across the lattice. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z This is enough to stop the electron exchange and thus the energy transfer. Tracking down environmental toxins 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z An electron moving through a solid generates a polarization in its environment due to its electric charge. Physicists simulate interacting quasiparticles in ultracold quantum gas 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Each molecule can store one electron from hydrogen at room temperature, store it for up the three months, and can be its own catalyst to extract said electron. A potentially cheaper and 'cooler' way for hydrogen transport 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z This switching excites the copper electrons, a phenomenon called the spinaron effect. New quantum effect demonstrated for the first time: Spinaron, a rugby in a ball pit 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z But, like others, the researchers found that the electrons could escape up and out of the lattice, through the third dimension. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z The team has not yet fully optimized their electron qubit and will continue to work on extending the coherence time even further as well as entangling two or more qubits. Major milestone achieved in new quantum computing architecture 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z In this way, the researchers simulate a complex state similar to the one produced in the solid state by a free electron. Physicists simulate interacting quasiparticles in ultracold quantum gas 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z "Transporting it in its gaseous state requires significant energy. An alternative way of storing and transporting it would be to 'split-up' the hydrogen atoms into its base components, electrons and protons." A potentially cheaper and 'cooler' way for hydrogen transport 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Bode continues: "This combination of the cobalt atom's changing magnetization and the copper electrons bound to it is the spinaron predicted by our Jülich colleague." New quantum effect demonstrated for the first time: Spinaron, a rugby in a ball pit 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z The team wondered: Could a 3D configuration of similar lattices work to box in the electrons? Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z The neon platform keeps the electron qubit protected and inherently guarantees a long coherence time. Major milestone achieved in new quantum computing architecture 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z The hardness of materials is determined by the strength of the chemical bonds that are formed between the electrons of the neighbouring atoms. Conduction electrons drive giant, nonlinear elastic response in Sr2RuO4 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z In experiments run by the team, acoustic exciton-polarons in Re6Se8Cl2 moved fast -- twice as fast as electrons in silicon -- and crossed several microns of the sample in less than a nanosecond. A superatomic semiconductor sets a speed record 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Until now, it was considered the universal model to explain the interaction between magnetic atoms and electrons in quantum materials such as the cobalt-copper duo. New quantum effect demonstrated for the first time: Spinaron, a rugby in a ball pit 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z They found that, in theory, this geometry could effectively trap electrons within each cube. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "These attributes, along with coherence time, make our electron qubit exceptionally compelling." Major milestone achieved in new quantum computing architecture 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z In many quantum materials, layers of strongly bonded atoms separate layers in which current can flow due to a small subset of the electrons in the material. Conduction electrons drive giant, nonlinear elastic response in Sr2RuO4 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z For example, DOE runs four circular electron accelerators, or synchrotrons, that generate x-rays, and since the 1970s the intensity of such sources has increased 100 billion–fold. Little nuclear physics lab to tackle Department of Energy’s big data problem 2023-10-24T04:00:00Z In the spinaron effect, the cobalt atom remains in perpetual motion, maintaining its magnetic essence despite its interaction with the electrons. New quantum effect demonstrated for the first time: Spinaron, a rugby in a ball pit 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z They then looked to measure the energy of individual electrons in the crystal, to see if they indeed fell into the same flat band of energy. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z One special feature of iron is its "spin state," which is a quantum property of the electrons in each iron atom that drives their magnetic behavior and reactivity in chemical reactions. Researchers probe molten rock to crack Earth's deepest secrets 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z An intuitive picture is that the strongly bonded layers determine the hardness, giving the current-carrying electrons a rigid atomic background, called a lattice, in which to flow. Conduction electrons drive giant, nonlinear elastic response in Sr2RuO4 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Cosmic radiation—high-energy particles such as protons, electrons and neutrons—degrades most electronics. What It Takes to Grow Crystals in Space 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z In the Kondo effect, on the other hand, the magnetic moment is neutralized by its the electron interactions. New quantum effect demonstrated for the first time: Spinaron, a rugby in a ball pit 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z To do so, researchers typically carry out photoemission experiments, in which they shine a single photon of light onto a sample, that in turn kicks out a single electron. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z It allows protons to pass through but blocks electrons, forcing them to flow through an external circuit from the negatively charged anode to the positively charged cathode, thereby producing an electric current. Generating clean electricity with chicken feathers 2023-10-20T04:00:00Z The flowing electrons and the lattice know about each other, and if the lattice changes for some reason there will be effects on the current patterns. Conduction electrons drive giant, nonlinear elastic response in Sr2RuO4 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z In simple terms, it takes a lot of energy for electrons to reach the level required for conduction in these materials, so they maintain their normal conductivity even when hot. What It Takes to Grow Crystals in Space 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z After growth, electron irradiation detaches individual carbon atoms from the diamond's perfect crystal lattice. A miniature magnetic resonance imager made of diamond 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z A detector can then precisely measure the energy of that individual electron. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z The researchers found that the key to enhancing ceramic toughness lay in the use of metals from the fifth and sixth columns of the periodic table, due to their higher number of valence electrons. Electron-rich metals make ceramics tough to crack 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z If the flowing electrons interact strongly with each other, they can spontaneously change current patterns, but if that happens, the effect on the lattice is usually very weak. Conduction electrons drive giant, nonlinear elastic response in Sr2RuO4 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z When I zoom in on a conventional graphene aerogel with a scanning electron microscope, the structure looks very porous and tortuous, and the sheets are randomly bound together. What It Takes to Grow Crystals in Space 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z "The QAH effect is promising because there is no energy loss as electrons flow along the edges of materials." Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z With ARPES, the team measured the energies of thousands of electrons across a synthesized crystal sample in about half an hour. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Valence electrons -- those residing in an atom's outermost shell and engaging in bonding with other atoms -- proved to be a pivotal factor. Electron-rich metals make ceramics tough to crack 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z Quasiparticle-based light sources could have a distinct advantage over existing forms, like free electron lasers, which are scarce and massive, making them impractical for most laboratories, hospitals, and businesses. Scientists propose super-bright light sources powered by quasiparticles 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z If your cell phone, for instance, landed on Venus, the thermal energy would set off a flurry of electrons and send your device on the fritz. What It Takes to Grow Crystals in Space 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z Because the electrons travel cleanly in one direction, the effect is referred to as dissipationless, meaning no energy is lost in the form of heat. Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z They found that, overwhelmingly, the electrons in the crystal exhibited the exact same energy, confirming the 3D material's flat-band state. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z By using metals with a higher valence electron count, the researchers successfully improved the material's resistance to cracking when subjected to mechanical load and stress. Electron-rich metals make ceramics tough to crack 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z Using lasers to accelerate electrons within a photonic nanostructure constitutes a microscopic alternative with the potential of generating significantly lower costs and making devices considerably less bulky. Milestone: Miniature particle accelerator works 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z The interactions between electrons, ions, and photons within the material ejected from a neutron-star merger determine the light that we can see through telescopes. Grasping the three-dimensional morphology of kilonovae 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z "In a QAH insulator, electrons on one side of the material travel in one direction, while those on the other side travel in the opposite direction, like a two-lane highway," Chang said. Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z To see whether they could manipulate the coordinated electrons into some exotic electronic state, the researchers synthesized the same crystal geometry, this time with atoms of rhodium and ruthenium instead of nickel. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "Those extra electrons are important because they effectively make the ceramic material more ductile, meaning it can undergo more deformation before breaking, similar to a metal," said Vecchio. Electron-rich metals make ceramics tough to crack 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z In other words, it has not been shown that electrons really have increased in speed significantly. Milestone: Miniature particle accelerator works 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z A magnet is a common example of a ferroic material: Its electrons can coordinate to spin in the same direction without an external magnetic field. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z They found that applying a 5-millisecond current pulse to the QAH insulator impacts the internal magnetism of the material and causes the electrons to change directions. Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z On paper, the researchers calculated that this chemical swap should shift the electrons' flat band to zero energy -- a state that automatically leads to superconductivity. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z The additional valence electrons around the metal atoms then reorganized to bridge these openings, forming new bonds between neighboring metal atoms. Electron-rich metals make ceramics tough to crack 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z The structures they use are merely 0.5 millimeters in length, and the channel the electrons are accelerated through is only roughly 225 nanometers in width, making these accelerators as small as a computer chip. Milestone: Miniature particle accelerator works 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z "We are looking for environments where electrons are slowed down -- where their interactions with the surrounding lattice of atoms is small, so that their interactions with other electrons can come through," Ju explains. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z Changing the flow of electrons is an important step in writing and reading these quantum states. Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z The charged particles may jostle and bump against each other, but for the most part they're unconcerned with other electrons as they hurtle forward, each with their own energy. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Each combination yielded a different concentration of valence electrons within the material. Electron-rich metals make ceramics tough to crack 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z "Using this technique, we have now succeeded not only in guiding electrons but also in accelerating them in these nano-fabricated structures over a length of half a millimeter," explains Stefanie Kraus. Milestone: Miniature particle accelerator works 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z "That's when we have some chance of seeing interesting collective behaviors of electrons." From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z "By narrowing the QAH insulator devices, the current pulse resulted in very high current density that switched the magnetization direction, as well as the direction of the electron transport route." Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z But when a material's electrons are trapped together, they can settle into the exact same energy state and start to behave as one. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z They identified two high-entropy carbides that exhibited exceptional resistance to cracking under load or stress, thanks to their high valence electron concentrations. Electron-rich metals make ceramics tough to crack 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z Now the aim is to increase the gain in energy and electron current to such an extent that the particle accelerator on a chip is sufficient for applications in medicine. Milestone: Miniature particle accelerator works 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z The team carried out some simple calculations and found that some coordinated behavior among electrons should emerge in a structure of five graphene layers stacked together in a rhombohedral pattern. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z The team is currently exploring how to pause electrons on their route -- to essentially turn the system on and off. Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z Now, physicists at MIT have successfully trapped electrons in a pure crystal. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z LEDs beam out light when electrons - negatively charged particles - within the device drop from a higher energy state to a lower one. The incredible power of blue LEDs 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z Spintronic memories, like those used in some high-tech computers and satellites, use magnetic states generated by an electron's intrinsic angular momentum to store and read information. Physicists demonstrate powerful physics phenomenon 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z "In five layers, electrons happen to be in a lattice environment where they move very slowly, so they can interact with other electrons effectively," Ju says. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z A new electrical method to conveniently change the direction of electron flow in some quantum materials could have implications for the development of next-generation electronic devices and quantum computers. Electrical control of quantum phenomenon could improve future electronic devices 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z The electrons' trapped state is possible thanks to the crystal's atomic geometry. Physicists trap electrons in a 3D crystal 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "I was studying the cracks in the crystals under the electron microscope and these cracks kept filling in," said Silu Guo, a University of Minnesota chemical engineering and materials science Ph.D. student. Surprising discovery shows electron beam radiation can repair nanostructures 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z More recently, scientists have found that electrons are also capable of generating electricity through a second kind of movement: orbital angular momentum, similar to how Earth revolves around the sun. Physicists demonstrate powerful physics phenomenon 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z "And we can look at all these flakes and tell which has five layers, in this rhombohedral stacking, which is what should give you this slowing-down effect in electrons." From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z These ions are like subatomic bullets that hit atoms and molecules in our upper atmosphere and rip away their electrons, which are like shrapnel. How to Watch the Northern Lights and Other Awesome Auroras 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z Down at the level of atoms and electrons, quantum physics describes the behavior of the very smallest objects. Quantum Physics Isn’t as Weird as You Think. It’s Weirder 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z The researchers say the next step is to introduce new factors like changing the electron beam conditions or changing the temperature of crystal to find a way to improve or speed up the process. Surprising discovery shows electron beam radiation can repair nanostructures 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z After nearly a year of painstaking measurements, researchers were able to detect a clear magneto-optical signal which showed that electrons gathered at one end of the film exhibited strong orbital Hall effect characteristics. Physicists demonstrate powerful physics phenomenon 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z The researchers measured electrons' response to an electric field and a magnetic field, and found that indeed, two ferroic orders, or sets of coordinated behaviors, emerged. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z Recombining with electrons can make atomic oxygen emit red or green light, depending on atmospheric conditions. How to Watch the Northern Lights and Other Awesome Auroras 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z But the "bonus" sample of overflow material was immediately examined with electron microscopes and X-ray instruments, said Dante Lauretta, principal mission investigator at the University of Arizona. NASA unveils newly returned carbon-rich asteroid sample 2023-10-11T04:00:00Z In a surprising new study, researchers at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities have found that the electron beam radiation that they previously thought degraded crystals can actually repair cracks in these nanostructures. Surprising discovery shows electron beam radiation can repair nanostructures 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z Depending on its physical motion, an electron's spin produces a magnetic current. Physicists demonstrate powerful physics phenomenon 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z The first ferroic property was an unconventional magnetism: The electrons coordinated their orbital motion, like planets circling in the same direction. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z They further characterized the nanomaterial with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, which sends beams of electrons at the material to form an image. Titanium oxide material can remove toxic dyes from wastewater 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z The researchers used a technique based on a well-explored phenomenon arising from the bombardment of a solid with an electron beam. Ionic crystal generates molecular ions upon positron irradiation, finds new study 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z "What we showed in this study is that when we took a crystal of titanium dioxide and irradiate it with an electron beam, the naturally occurring narrow cracks actually filled in and healed themselves." Surprising discovery shows electron beam radiation can repair nanostructures 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z But researchers couldn’t see movement on the electron scale until they could generate attosecond light pulses – electrons move too fast for scientists to parse exactly what they are up to at the femtosecond level. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z In every conductive material, there are certain energy levels that electrons can occupy. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z Measuring and manipulating the energy levels of electrons is critical for designing and manufacturing semiconductor devices. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z "It has long been known that when electrons are injected into a solid surface, atoms that make up the surface are ejected as monoatomic positive ions," explains Dr. Tachibana. Ionic crystal generates molecular ions upon positron irradiation, finds new study 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z The researchers accidentally stumbled upon the discovery when using the University of Minnesota's state-of-the-art electron microscope to study the crystals for a completely different reason. Surprising discovery shows electron beam radiation can repair nanostructures 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z The rearrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules guides a lot of processes in physics, and it underlies practically every part of chemistry. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z A valley represents the lowest energy state that an electron can naturally settle. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z This deviation translated into a set of different tick marks for the energy levels of the electrons. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Positron, the antiparticle of electron, has the same mass and charge as that of an electron but with the sign flipped for the charge. Ionic crystal generates molecular ions upon positron irradiation, finds new study 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z These are magnetic materials in which the electron spins are aligned in a repeating, stable pattern. Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Therefore, researchers have put a lot of effort into figuring out how electrons are moving and rearranging. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Normally, electrons have no preference for either valley and settle equally into both. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z The findings promise to shed new light on how electrons confined to twisted sheets of graphene give rise to new magnetic properties. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z They then conducted in situ compression experiments with a scanning electron microscope. Successful morphing of inorganic perovskites without damaging their functional properties 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z The light excites the electrons, which jump to other atoms, leaving holes behind. Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z However, electrons move around very rapidly in physical and chemical processes, making them difficult to study. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z But in five-layer graphene, the team found that the electrons began to coordinate, and preferred to settle in one valley over the other. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z In moiré quantum materials, electrons have a range of possible energies -- highs and lows, shaped like an egg carton -- that are determined by the electric field of the materials. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z These "tiny hairs" were shortened, as the researchers determined with the use of electron microscopes. New findings pave the way for hearing loss therapies 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z "In these materials, when an electron or hole moves through the lattice, they leave in their wake a string of magnetic excitations," Mehio says. Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z In order to follow the electrons in real time, researchers need a pulse of light that is shorter than the time it takes for electrons to rearrange. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z This second coordinated behavior indicated a ferroic property that, combined with the electrons' unconventional magnetism, gave the structure a rare, multiferroic state. From a five-layer graphene sandwich, a rare electronic state emerges 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z The electrons are concentrated in the lower energy states, or valleys, of the carton. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z The injector being assembled at Sandia is a linear induction accelerator that will generate a high-energy electron beam to collide with a metal target generating X-rays that penetrate test objects. U.S. moves closer to underground testing of nuclear weapons stockpile without any actual explosions 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Something similar is true in insulating materials, where the empty spaces left behind by missing electrons play a crucial role in determining the material's properties. Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z That’s how using the attosecond scale, rather than the femtosecond scale, can illuminate electron behavior. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Scientists think that the source of this radiation are fast electrons produced and accelerated in the pulsar's magnetosphere, while traveling towards its periphery. Scientists discover the highest energy gamma-rays ever from a pulsar 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z The present standard is based on the discrete resistance values that a material takes on when a strong magnetic field is applied to the electrons in a two-dimensional layer. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z “If you take an electron and put it into a small space, its wave function gets compressed,” said Johan Aqvist, chair of the Nobel committee for the chemistry prize, at the announcement. 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Goes to Tiny Quantum Dots with Huge Effects 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z When a negatively charged electron is excited by light, it leaves behind a positive hole. Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z For one, breaking a chemical bond is a fundamental process in nature where electrons that are shared between two atoms separate out into unbound atoms. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z However, above a few GeV, its radiation ends abruptly, presumably because the electrons reach the end of the pulsar's magnetosphere and escape from it. Scientists discover the highest energy gamma-rays ever from a pulsar 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z This phenomenon, known as the quantum Hall effect, originates from the same quantized energy levels of the electrons in the circular orbits discussed above. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Based on the varying arrangements of their constituent electrons, atoms of different elements each display clear preferences for which colors of light they strongly scatter. Entangled Light from Multitasking Atoms Could Spark Quantum Breakthroughs 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z Because the hole and the electron are oppositely charged, they are attracted to each other and form a bond. Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z The previously shared electrons undergo ultrafast changes during this process, and attosecond pulses made it possible for researchers to follow the real-time breaking of a chemical bond. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z However, to attain these energies, the electrons might have to travel even farther than the magnetosphere, yet the rotational emission pattern needs to remain intact. Scientists discover the highest energy gamma-rays ever from a pulsar 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z After reaching ultralow temperatures, they examined how the energy levels of electrons in the layers of graphene changed when they varied the strength of a strong external magnetic field. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z The prize-awarding academy said their studies had given humanity new tools for exploring the movement of electrons inside atoms and molecules, a phenomenon that was long thought impossible to trace. Nobel physics prize goes to trio who lit up secrets of the atom 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z "In most insulators, oppositely charged electrons and holes interact with one another just as an electron and a proton bind to form a hydrogen atom," Mehio explains. Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z By providing shorter snapshots of atoms and molecules, attosecond spectroscopy has helped researchers understand electron behavior in single molecules, such as how electron charge migrates and how chemical bonds between atoms break. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z It was once thought such changes in electrons could not be seen, but the use of attosecond pulses has changed this, she added. Trio win Nobel physics prize for tiny light pulses that give snapshot of atoms 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z When the researchers applied a voltage to the graphene bilayers in the magnetic field, the microscope recorded the tiny current from the electrons that "tunneled" out from the material to the microscope probe tip. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Changes in electrons occur in a few tenths of an attosecond - a unit so short that there are as many attoseconds in one second as there have been seconds since the birth of the universe. Nobel physics prize goes to trio who lit up secrets of the atom 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z "However, in a special class of materials known as Mott insulators, the photo-excited electrons and holes instead bind through magnetic interactions." Physicists find evidence for magnetically bound excitons 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z On a larger scale, attosecond technology has also been applied to studying how electrons behave in liquid water as well as electron transfer in solid-state semiconductors. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z In electronics, it is important to understand and control how electrons behave in a material. Trio win Nobel physics prize for tiny light pulses that give snapshot of atoms 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z In a magnetic field, electrons move in circular paths. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z "This is exactly the concept we use for the fastest movements that happen in nature outside the atomic nucleus, which is the movement of electrons." Nobel physics prize goes to trio who lit up secrets of the atom 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z Further refinements of these techniques to generate ever-shorter pulses promise to deepen scientists’ understanding of electron dynamics, and could lead to breakthroughs in medical diagnostics as well as the development of novel semiconductors. Ultra-Fast Laser Trailblazers Win 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z A group of three researchers earned the 2023 Nobel Prize in physics for work that has revolutionized how scientists study the electron – by illuminating molecules with attosecond-long flashes of light. What is an attosecond? A physical chemist explains the tiny time scale that earned a Nobel prize 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Their experiments “have given humanity new tools for exploring the world of electrons inside atoms and molecules,” according to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which announced the prize in Stockholm. 3 scientists win Nobel Prize in physics for looking at electrons in atoms during split seconds 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z In order to maintain that fixed product, if the magnetic field is halved, then the area enclosed by an orbiting electron must double. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z It was once thought that these changes in electrons could not be seen, but the use of attosecond pulses has changed this, she added. Trio win Nobel physics prize for tiny light pulses that capture changes in atoms 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z This year’s prize was awarded “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter.” Ultra-Fast Laser Trailblazers Win 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z As the sun’s radiation wanes, the density of electrons drops, even creating holes where they are absent—causing anomalies for communication and navigation, especially radio and GPS. A rare ‘ring of fire’ eclipse is coming. Here’s how to see it. 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z They “have demonstrated a way to create extremely short pulses of light that can be used to measure the rapid processes in which electrons move or change energy.” 3 scientists win Nobel Prize in physics for looking at electrons in atoms during split seconds 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z The area enclosed by the circular orbit of electrons multiplied by the applied magnetic field no longer equaled a fixed value. Twisted science: New quantum ruler to explore exotic matter 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics goes to scientists who developed a way to use ultrafast pulses of light to study electrons inside atoms and molecules. Ultrafast light experiments win physics Nobel 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z At the atomic level, the motions of electrons and nuclei typically take place over the course of attoseconds. Ultra-Fast Laser Trailblazers Win 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z Eva Olsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said: "We can now open the door to the world of electrons. Attosecond physics gives us the opportunity to understand mechanisms that are governed by electrons." Physics Nobel Prize rewards science on a 'tiny timescale' 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z Unlike conventional semiconductors and normal conductors, electrons in superconductors constitute pairs, known as Cooper pairs, and the flow of Cooper pairs is called a supercurrent. Examining the superconducting diode effect 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Furthermore, the presence of biological particles was confirmed through various methodologies, including electron microscopy and the detection of specific substances, such as the sugar alcohol compounds arabitol and mannitol. Biological particles play crucial role in Arctic cloud ice formation 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z “We can now open the door to the world of electrons,” said Eva Olsson, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, in the statement. Ultrafast light experiments win physics Nobel 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z Chi-Nu focuses on "fast-neutron-induced" fission, with incident neutron energies in millions of electron volts, where there have typically been very few measurements. Chi-Nu experiment ends with data to support nuclear security, energy reactors 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z This year's Nobel Prize in Physics rewards experiments with light that capture "the shortest of moments" and opened a window on the world of electrons. Physics Nobel Prize rewards science on a 'tiny timescale' 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z In cryo-EM, scientists use a cryo-electron microscope to send a beam of electrons through frozen samples of material, leaving behind an image of the thousands of molecules -- such as proteins -- in the sample. An advance in cryo-EM could be a significant boon for research on potential cancer therapies 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z The group's measurements revealed that as voltage increases in the battery, the SEI layer in all cases leaks electrons, making it semi-conductive. A new twist on rechargeable battery performance 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z “Attosecond physics gives us the opportunity to understand mechanisms that are governed by electrons. The next step will be utilising them.” Ultrafast light experiments win physics Nobel 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z "The strength of this biological system coupled to the electrode lies in its efficiency in transferring the electrons from the electricity towards CO2 transformation," highlights Lemaire. Capturing CO2 with electricity: A microbial enzyme inspires electrochemistry 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z This work demonstrated that these almost unimaginably short pulses - like an ultra high-speed shutter - could be used to study how electrons behave. Physics Nobel Prize rewards science on a 'tiny timescale' 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z The behavior of electrons in liquids plays a big role in many chemical processes that are important for living things and the world in general. Intense lasers shine new light on the electron dynamics of liquids 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z Once they had recorded this semiconductor-like behavior, which had never been directly observed previously, they wanted to understand which components of the chemically complex SEI are responsible for the electron leakage. A new twist on rechargeable battery performance 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z They used a specialized electron microscope to prod the metal 200 times per second and watched as fractures spiderwebbed across its surface. Some Metals Mysteriously Heal Their Own Cracks 2023-10-01T04:00:00Z The antimatter counterpart to the negatively charged electron, for example, is the positron, which has the same mass and spin but a positive charge rather than a negative one. What Happens if You Drop Antimatter? New Gravitational Test Sees First Fall 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z The development is likely to lead to even more accurate electron microscopes, much faster electronics and new tests able to diagnose diseases at a much earlier stage. Physics Nobel Prize rewards science on a 'tiny timescale' 2023-10-03T04:00:00Z For example, slow electrons in liquid have the capacity to cause disruptions in the DNA strand. Intense lasers shine new light on the electron dynamics of liquids 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z This filmy mosaic selectively permits charged lithium ions to cross during discharge and controls movement of electrons that supply the battery's power. A new twist on rechargeable battery performance 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z A hydrogen atom is made up of a positively charged proton in the middle and negatively charged electron orbiting it. Scientists get closer to solving mystery of antimatter 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z To this end the researchers used the cryogenic electron microscopy method. A close-up of biological nanomachines: Researchers take a deep look at peroxisomal processes 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z There are two primary routes by which electrons flow inside mitochondria to initiate ATP production. Rewiring tumor mitochondria enhances the immune system's ability to recognize and fight cancer 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z But electron movements are extremely hard to capture because they take place within attoseconds: the realm of quintillionths of a second. Intense lasers shine new light on the electron dynamics of liquids 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z Various systems around the world are being treated as possible candidates for the neuromorphic counterparts to our nerve cells, including photonic circuits utilizing light instead of electrons to perform calculations. Efficient training for artificial intelligence 2023-09-22T04:00:00Z But when you apply an electrical signal, and inject lithium ions and electrons into the material, the material becomes dark and blocks light. Material would allow users to 'tune' windows to block targeted wavelengths of light 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z In spring this year, the team put into operation a state-of-the-art cryogenic electron microscope. A close-up of biological nanomachines: Researchers take a deep look at peroxisomal processes 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z When the team forced electrons to primarily go through only one of these two routes, it led to the overproduction of a metabolite called succinate. Rewiring tumor mitochondria enhances the immune system's ability to recognize and fight cancer 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z "We were able to retrieve this quantity -- known as the effective electron mean free path -- from the experimental data thanks to a specifically developed analytical model which accounts for the scattering of the electrons." Intense lasers shine new light on the electron dynamics of liquids 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z Researchers leveraged state-of-the-art cryogenic electron microscopy to reveal the structure in its natural state, rather than earlier techniques that required crystallizing vast quantities of identical molecules to form an artificial picture of their native structure. Structure of crucial receptor in brain development, function 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z Researchers have now shown that you can effectively tune the wavelengths of light that are blocked when you inject lithium ions and electrons into a related material called tungsten oxide hydrate. Material would allow users to 'tune' windows to block targeted wavelengths of light 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z In an XFEL, a linear accelerator, or linac, shoots electrons through magnets that shake the particles sideways and make them emit x-rays. News at a glance: Diphtheria vaccine shortage, prisoner release, and iNaturalist’s growth 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z A study showing how electrons flow around sharp bends, such as those found in integrated circuits, has the potential to improve how these circuits, commonly used in electronic and optoelectronic devices, are designed. Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z "Measuring the effective mean free path of the electrons is very challenging in the low kinetic energy region, as was done in this study, added Yin. " Intense lasers shine new light on the electron dynamics of liquids 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z Once they find a GNR, they use the electron beam in the STM to trigger metal deposition from hafnium diboride precursor molecules to create the wires. Making contact: Researchers wire up individual graphene nanoribbons 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z When lithium ions and electrons are injected into the hydrate material, it first transitions into a "heat blocking" phase, allowing visible wavelengths of light to pass through, but blocking infrared light. Material would allow users to 'tune' windows to block targeted wavelengths of light 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z The x-rays then nudge the electrons into tiny bunches that radiate far more efficiently, producing bursts of x-ray laser light. News at a glance: Diphtheria vaccine shortage, prisoner release, and iNaturalist’s growth 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z It has been known theoretically for about 80 years that when electrons travel around bends, they tend to heat up because their flow lines get squished locally. Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z In the alloys studied here, the positive charges are strongly scattered by the nickel electrons, while the negative charges can move practically undisturbed. Golden future for thermoelectrics 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z An exciton is a quasiparticle which exists when an electron and the hole it is bound to becomes excited by light or another source of energy. Step change in upconversion the key to clean water, green energy and futuristic medicine 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z If more lithium ions and electrons are injected, the material then transitions into a dark phase, blocking both visible and infrared wavelengths of light. Material would allow users to 'tune' windows to block targeted wavelengths of light 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z Omenetto and Guidetti used a new kind of scanning electron microscope that not only reveals the structure of the material, but also provides an elemental analysis. Buried ancient Roman glass formed substance with modern applications 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z "Our experiments show that photocurrent streamline microscopy is a robust new experimental tool to visualize a photocurrent in quantum materials. This tool helps us look at how electrons behave badly." Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z It’s remarkable that a quarter of new cars coming onto the roads of the state’s biggest county are powered by electrons not gas. Is Inslee’s plan working? The EV age arrives — in wealthier areas anyway 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z In a free electron laser, a linear accelerator, or linac, shoots a beam of high-energy electrons into a string of complex magnets called undulators. U.S. regains the lead in friendly x-ray laser “arms race” 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z This radiation stripped the neutral hydrogen atoms of their electrons and made the gas more transparent, a key time in cosmic history known as reionization. This is what the first stars looked like as they were being born 2023-09-14T04:00:00Z Because the electron is a fundamental particle—it can’t break down into smaller pieces—all we need to do is to measure the movement of the electron after the crash with great accuracy. To Get Kids Interested in Science, We Have to Let Them Do Science 2023-09-14T04:00:00Z Gabor explained that it is well known that electrons behave in "weird ways" under specific conditions, especially in very small devices. Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z To capture the protons in this excited state and explore their 3D resonances, the team sent a high-energy electron beam into a chamber of cooled hydrogen gas. Music of the spheres: Scientists uncover ancient particle hymn from the birth of the universe 2023-09-01T04:00:00Z The undulators make the electrons wiggle sideways, causing them to emit photons. U.S. regains the lead in friendly x-ray laser “arms race” 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z At extremely high energies, the electromagnetic force, which controls the behavior of charged particles such as electrons, and the weak force, which governs processes such as fission decays, are unified into one “electroweak” force. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z In our workshop, students must predict the path of a particular physical object, such as an electron, after a collision. To Get Kids Interested in Science, We Have to Let Them Do Science 2023-09-14T04:00:00Z "If you know how the electrons are flowing you can then know how to prevent them causing deleterious effects, such as heating up the circuit," Gabor said. Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z The electrons in that beam slammed into the target's protons, exciting its internal quarks until the proton began to ring like a bell with nucleon resonance. Music of the spheres: Scientists uncover ancient particle hymn from the birth of the universe 2023-09-01T04:00:00Z The photons travel along with the electrons, which are moving at near-light speed, and herd them into clusters known as microbunches. U.S. regains the lead in friendly x-ray laser “arms race” 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z The intention is for the FCC to begin as a Higgs factory that will collide electrons and positrons. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z The solar wind consists of plasma - ionized gas, or gas in which the atoms lose their electrons - and is mostly ionized hydrogen. Sun-observing spacecraft sheds light on the solar wind's origin 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z "With our technique, you can now assess exactly where and how the electrons are flowing, giving us a powerful tool to visualize, characterize, and measure charge flow in optoelectronic devices." Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z They aim to scatter electrons from polarized protons and collect measurements from that scattering, to discern more about how the resonances behave. Music of the spheres: Scientists uncover ancient particle hymn from the birth of the universe 2023-09-01T04:00:00Z It must be cooled to near absolute zero with liquid helium, but it can produce electron pulses far faster. U.S. regains the lead in friendly x-ray laser “arms race” 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z These massive machines generally collide either protons or electrons in underground rings. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z As it turns out, Earth’s rotation deflects the flow of fluids in a way that’s analogous to how magnetic fields twist the paths of electrons moving through quantum materials called topological insulators. Quantum Physics Can Explain Earth’s Weather 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z Gabor explained that when electrons gain kinetic energy they heat up. Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z As neutrinos zip along at nearly the speed of light, they have the strange ability to change back and forth among three types or flavors: electron, muon, and tau. China’s new underground lab could answer long-standing neutrino mystery 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z Next they used electron microscopy to find out what was actually keeping the SWS1 in place—specifically, what cell it might be part of. How a Color-Changing Hogfish Knows whether Its Skin Is White, Brown or Polka-Dotted 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z Lightweight electrons collide cleanly but at lower energies. Particle Physicists Dream of a Muon Collider 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z Marston suspected there was a connection between geophysical waves and electrons moving through a magnetic field, but he didn’t know where to find it — until his colleague Antoine Venaille suggested looking at the equator. Quantum Physics Can Explain Earth’s Weather 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z Gabor's team designed the electrofoils in the lab as little wing shapes in nanoscale devices that make the electrons flow around them, similar to how air molecules flow around an airplane wing. Electrons take flight at the nanoscale 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z As the electron antineutrinos travel from the reactors to JUNO, many will oscillate into muon or tau antineutrinos that the detector can’t see. China’s new underground lab could answer long-standing neutrino mystery 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z Plasma is a cloud of electrons and other charged particles that bop around and occasionally fuse together to form new particles, releasing energy in the process. Math’s ‘Hairy Ball Theorem’ Has Surprising Implications 2023-08-18T04:00:00Z Physicists at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory last week released a new measurement of the magnetism of a particle called the muon, a heavier, unstable cousin of the electron. News at a glance: A win for young climate activists, a research suspension, and China’s mpox surge 2023-08-16T04:00:00Z And here’s where the story begins for the second time, with the relatively recent discovery of the quantum behavior of electrons in topological insulators. Quantum Physics Can Explain Earth’s Weather 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z That is a magnetic field so strong that it can distort the orbits of electrons in atoms; hydrogen, for example, is squashed some 200 times narrower in a magnetar’s field. This Bizarre Star Could Become One of the Strongest Magnets in the Universe 2023-08-17T04:00:00Z Some of the surviving electron antineutrinos will slam into a proton in the scintillator, producing an energetic positron that results in a flash of light. China’s new underground lab could answer long-standing neutrino mystery 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z When an x-ray strikes one of the mercury telluride pixels in the calorimeter, it knocks loose an electron and transfers all its energy to it. Revolutionary x-ray sensor to probe workings of black holes and supernovae 2023-08-15T04:00:00Z Muons are similar to electrons which orbit atoms and are responsible for electrical currents, but they are about 200 times as massive. Scientists at Fermilab close in on fifth force of nature 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z He already knew that an electron attempting to traverse a magnetic field is deflected from its direction of motion and ends up moving in circles. Quantum Physics Can Explain Earth’s Weather 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z These unstable subatomic particles are much like familiar electrons, only with 200 times the mass and a fleeting lifetime of just 2.2 microseconds. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z “We’d like to do something with those electrons; take them and put them to use,” he said. Offshore Wind Runs Into Rising Costs and Delays 2023-08-07T04:00:00Z The electron bounces around the pixel, raising its temperature by a tiny fraction of a degree and warming an adjacent temperature sensor. Revolutionary x-ray sensor to probe workings of black holes and supernovae 2023-08-15T04:00:00Z The features could facilitate strong interactions between a lot of electrons, which could give rise to superconductivity — but not always. LK-99 Is the Superconductor of the Summer 2023-08-03T04:00:00Z As he suspected, at the edge of a material, the electrons only complete half their circle before running into the edge. Quantum Physics Can Explain Earth’s Weather 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z Unlike electrons, however, muons are at the center of a tangled inquiry into the prevailing theory of particle physics. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z He had cracked the code of atomic structures, determining how atoms are modeled — electrons orbiting a nucleus of protons and neutrons — and helping create quantum theory in the process. Oppenheimer's hero Niels Bohr has a legacy as complicated as the "father of the atomic bomb" 2023-08-02T04:00:00Z In the first milliseconds after the Big Bang, the universe was hot, dense and full of elementary particles like protons, neutrons and electrons swimming around in a plasma. Helium in Distant Galaxies May Help Explain Why the Universe Exists 2023-07-28T04:00:00Z Dr. Griffin concedes that the electronic structure calculations are less definitive than her findings about the shrinkage of the crystal because of the vast number of electrons involved. LK-99 Is the Superconductor of the Summer 2023-08-03T04:00:00Z In other words, the edge current’s immunity was a topologically protected property created by the twisting interior electrons. Quantum Physics Can Explain Earth’s Weather 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z But over the next two decades, experiments found that the electron’s so-called g-factor was not quite 2—it was off by about a tenth of a percent. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z When electrons flow through a standard conductive material, such as an aluminum wire, they act something like bumper cars, bouncing off atoms. Viral New Superconductivity Claims Leave Many Scientists Skeptical 2023-07-27T04:00:00Z And in the 1960’s while working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, she pioneered a method of analyzing chromosomes using an electron microscope and a computer the size of a large room. This Lost Woman of the Manhattan Project Saw the Deadly Effects of Nuclear Radiation Up Close 2023-07-27T04:00:00Z The longer the sediment is buried, the more radiation accumulates as trapped electrons. When Greenland was green: Ancient soil from beneath a mile of ice offers warnings for the future 2023-07-23T04:00:00Z But they hadn’t yet seen anything analogous to the swirling interior electrons, which in a quantum system would be the original source of the boundary waves’ robustness. Quantum Physics Can Explain Earth’s Weather 2023-08-24T04:00:00Z This photon was “virtual”—it was not really there but affected the electron with the photon’s potential to pop into existence, nudge the electron and disappear. Muon Mystery Deepens with Latest Measurements 2023-08-10T04:00:00Z He received his Nobel Prize in 1992 for work on electron transfer reactions, a deceptively simple theory describing how electrons move between molecules in chemical reactions without breaking chemical bonds. A Caltech Nobel laureate celebrates his 100th birthday. Then he gets back to work 2023-07-21T04:00:00Z As minerals sit in the ground, they are exposed to environmental radiation and accumulate free electrons. From an Ancient Soil Sample, Clues to an Ice Sheet’s Future 2023-07-21T04:00:00Z |
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