| 单词 | bronchus |
| 例句 | “Forest of Us” begins with a film of almost three minutes, in which Devlin depicts branching — bronchi in the lungs, limbs of trees, rivulets into streams. Up to My Eyeballs in Art at Superblue 2021-03-18T04:00:00Z They successfully sewed the split around his right bronchi. The amazing way doctors are using 3D printers to save babies’ lives 2014-03-20T21:03:00Z However, it rarely affects the bronchi and alveoli in the lungs. Discovery concerning receptors used by coronaviruses to enter human cells 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z Kentucky has the highest incidence rates for lung and bronchus and cervical cancers, while ranking second for colon and rectal cancers, it said. University of Kentucky cancer center achieves highest designation from National Cancer Institute 2023-09-15T04:00:00Z The carina is the last tracheal cartilage and forms a cartilage division between the two bronchi. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Like the trachea, the bronchus and bronchioles are made of cartilage and smooth muscle. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In severe asthma, the bronchi become chronically inflamed and constricted. Allergic to Your Pet? This Immunotherapy May Help 2023-05-04T04:00:00Z R.S.V. predominantly affects the small airways, called bronchioles, that branch off from bronchi in the lungs. ‘This Is Our March 2020’: Children’s Hospitals Are Overwhelmed by R.S.V. 2022-11-01T04:00:00Z Like the trachea, the bronchi are made of cartilage and smooth muscle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The bronchi then divide into smaller branches called secondary or lobar bronchi and then even smaller branches called tertiary or segmental bronchi. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Describe the function of these terms and describe where they are located: main bronchus, trachea, alveoli. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The bronchi of the lungs dilate to allow more air exchange. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The researchers also infected tissue from the bronchi, the tubes in the upper chest that deliver air from the windpipe to the lungs. Studies suggest why omicron is less severe: It spares the lungs 2021-12-31T05:00:00Z The resulting increase in volume is largely attributed to an increase in alveolar space, because the bronchioles and bronchi are stiff structures that do not change in size. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The structure of the bronchi is similar to the trachea with incomplete cartilage rings and smooth muscle. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The end of the trachea divides into two bronchi that enter the right and left lung. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Histamine causes the smooth muscle cells of the bronchi to constrict, narrowing the airways. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Researchers from the University of Hong Kong reported that compared with Delta, Omicron “infects and multiplies 70 times faster” in the bronchus, the main airways into the lungs. What makes the Omicron variant spread so easily? 2021-12-23T05:00:00Z In the lungs, air passes through the branching bronchi, reaching the respiratory bronchioles, which house the first site of gas exchange. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The smooth muscle can constrict the bronchi and impede air passage. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Air enters the lungs through the primary bronchi. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers primarily influence the heart, bronchi, and esophagus in the thoracic cavity and the stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and small intestine of the abdominal cavity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Omicron replicates much faster than previous variants in cells from the bronchi, but much slower in cells from lower in the lungs. Early lab studies hint Omicron may be milder. But most scientists reserve judgment 2021-12-20T05:00:00Z Their direct connection to the bronchi maximizes their access to air. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The inferior end of the trachea divides into right and left bronchi at an area known as the carina. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z They found that omicron infects and multiplies 70 times faster than delta in the human bronchus, the airways that conduct air into the lungs, but omicron infection is somewhat weaker inside the lung. Opinion | Omicron could be milder — or a disaster. Don’t wait to find out. 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z Rings of cartilage, similar to those of the trachea, support the structure of the bronchi and prevent their collapse. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Virus in the bronchi is more likely to be exhaled, whereas deep in the lung it is likely to cause more severe disease. Early lab studies hint Omicron may be milder. But most scientists reserve judgment 2021-12-20T05:00:00Z The primary bronchi enter the lungs, and branch into secondary bronchi. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As the bronchi get smaller there is less cartilage and more smooth muscle until reaching the tertiary bronchi that consists entirely of smooth muscle. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The study, though not yet peer-reviewed and based on laboratory work, suggests that high amounts of the virus in the bronchus could help explain omicron’s rapid transmission. Opinion | Omicron could be milder — or a disaster. Don’t wait to find out. 2021-12-15T05:00:00Z The primary bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum, a concave region where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves also enter the lungs. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z According to the American Cancer Society, in 2020 it is estimated that 1,750 Oregonians will die from lung or bronchus cancer. Tobacco tax and campaign contributions on Oregon’s ballot 2020-10-15T04:00:00Z The secondary bronchi in turn branch into many tertiary bronchi. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The bronchi continue to branch and form small bronchioles which divide to form terminal bronchioles. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In a recent article in the medical journal Annals of Internal Medicine, Weissman and others wrote that when each breath is inhaled, air first fills the upper airway, trachea and bronchi, where speech is generated. Medical experts: Floyd’s speech didn’t mean he could breathe 2020-07-09T04:00:00Z The bronchi continue to branch into bronchial a tree. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z About ten sextillion molecules of atmosphere are now squeezing their way through the intricate tree of bronchi and bronchioles forming your lungs. Deep Breather 2019-12-22T05:00:00Z The tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles, which branch into terminal bronchioles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Severe asthma causes inflammation and constriction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the small tubes - the bronchi - impeding the passage of air through to the deep tissue of the lungs. New asthma treatment set for wider use 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z Mustard creates what he calls a "unique pathology": peribronchial fibrosis—a thickening in tissues surrounding the bronchi—coupled with an airway obstruction called bronchiolitis obliterans. Seeking answers for Iran’s chemical weapons victims—before time runs out 2018-01-04T05:00:00Z The main function of the bronchi, like other conducting zone structures, is to provide a passageway for air to move into and out of each lung. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For cancer of the trachea, bronchus and lung, incidence and death rates were three times higher in the most deprived areas compared with the wealthiest. Cancer death rates 61% higher among poor 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Figure 30.9 The trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi in the lungs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One of the teams, led by Donna Davies at the University of Southampton, UK, plans to build a 3D model of human bronchi to see how a lack of gravity affects the respiratory system. UK shifts its space-science strategy 2015-07-21T04:00:00Z Researchers expect to meet the goal for breast, cervix, colon and rectum, lung and bronchus cancers in 2015. Americans' Risk of Dying From Cancer Is Falling, CDC Finds 2015-07-02T04:00:00Z A pulmonary lobule is a subdivision formed as the bronchi branch into bronchioles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The Constructal Law is why trees look like trees and river deltas look like the bronchi in your lungs and on and on. Adobe Builds Marketplace To Grow Earning Potential For Creative Workers And Products 2014-12-12T05:00:00Z In the lungs, air is diverted into smaller and smaller passages, or bronchi. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As a result of the lower survival rate, lung and bronchus survivors only made up 3 percent of cancer survivors at the beginning of 2014. More Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer Survivors Expected by 2024 2014-06-02T04:00:00Z Using that cast they created the sleeve or splint that would wrap around the bronchus. 3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life 2013-05-24T09:15:00.227Z The bronchial arteries follow the same path as the respiratory branches, beginning with the bronchi and ending with the bronchioles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Kaiba had an incompletely formed bronchus, one of the two airways that branch off the windpipe like pant legs to the lungs. Doctors save Ohio boy by ‘printing’ an airway tube 2013-05-23T01:31:10Z Each bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, then into tertiary bronchi, which in turn divide, creating smaller and smaller diameter bronchioles as they split and spread through the lung. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Ulcers are also occasionally found in the bronchi, and frequently indicate by their appearance the pre-existence of a much higher grade of inflammation. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z They designed a tube that could wrap around the floppy portion of a trachea or bronchus and hold the airway open. 3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life 2013-05-24T09:15:00.227Z Beginning around week 13, the lumens of the bronchi begin to expand in diameter. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The trachea is simple, straight, of uniform calibre, and peculiarly short, extending only two thirds down the length of the neck, where the uncomplicated syrinx is situated and the bifurcation of the bronchi occurs. Argentine Ornithology, Volume II (of 2) A descriptive catalogue of the birds of the Argentine Republic. 2012-02-26T03:00:16.210Z If particulates do make it beyond the nose, or enter through the mouth, the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs also contain several protective devices. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In grave and severe cases these pustular lesions may extend deeply into the mucous tracts, involving the trachea, bronchi, or alimentary canal. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z It then branches into two tubes called bronchi that each connect to a lung. 3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life 2013-05-24T09:15:00.227Z The conducting zone consists of all of the structures that provide passageways for air to travel into and out of the lungs: the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Each bronchus, lower down, is composed of complete cartilaginous rings.” Argentine Ornithology, Volume II (of 2) A descriptive catalogue of the birds of the Argentine Republic. 2012-02-26T03:00:16.210Z These cilia beat in unison and move mucus and particles out of the bronchi and bronchioles back up to the throat where it is swallowed and eliminated via the esophagus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These exudations line the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and even the bronchi. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z After a few years inside a body the tube will dissolve—it is made of the same material used for sutures—and by that time his bronchus should have grown strong enough to function normally. 3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life 2013-05-24T09:15:00.227Z The muscular walls of the bronchioles do not contain cartilage like those of the bronchi. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Hard breathing, as though lungs and bronchi were closing as the chill passes off. New, Old, and Forgotten Remedies: Papers by Many Writers 2012-02-05T03:00:10Z It affects the bronchi but slightly, since it contains no volatile oil. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 6 "Groups, Theory of" to "Gwyniad" 2011-12-16T03:00:12.320Z Fauces with larynx and bronchi attacked, 1 case. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z He points out that the approach is different from a typical tissue engineering approach because Kaiba’s bronchus tissue was present but not functioning; here the 3-D device reinforces underdeveloped tissue. 3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life 2013-05-24T09:15:00.227Z Cells of the immune system, such as eosinophils and mononuclear cells, may also be involved in infiltrating the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If water were to enter the bronchi of a whale it would instantly produce similar discomfort. Sea Monsters Unmasked and Sea Fables Explained 2011-07-11T02:00:07.857Z The principle is exactly the same as that by which patients suffering from bronchiectasis avail themselves of the help of gravity and get rid of the nocturnal accumulation of material in their dilated bronchi. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z Now and then a case of lobular pneumonia will result from the aspiration of pieces of membranes into the smallest bronchi. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z From those images, they then sculpted a three-dimensional printed cast that had the same shape as Kaiba’s collapsed bronchus. 3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life 2013-05-24T09:15:00.227Z Each segment receives air from its own tertiary bronchus and is supplied with blood by its own artery. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When it gets large enough, it will impinge on one of the breathing tubes, a main stem bronchus, which supplies air to the lung. Heart failure is cause of elderly dog's coughing 2011-05-25T14:10:05Z In my otherwise normal son's 3-week old bronchi, though, RSV caused such an intense production of mucus that his respiratory muscles couldn't cope with all the goop in the way. Blaming parents: what I've learned and unlearned as a child psychiatrist 2011-04-15T13:15:00.233Z Dolan believes the phenomena of the cough or kinks to be due, as suggested by Laennec, to a "spasmodic condition of the muscular or contractile fibres of the bronchi and their branches." A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The next step was to sew the tissue of Kaiba’s bronchus to the inside of the sleeve. 3-D Printed Windpipe Gives Infant Breath of Life 2013-05-24T09:15:00.227Z The pulmonary artery branches multiple times as it follows the bronchi, and each branch becomes progressively smaller in diameter. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This impingement irritates the bronchus and causes the cough response. Heart failure is cause of elderly dog's coughing 2011-05-25T14:10:05Z Both kinds of cavities may either be closed or have an opening into the bronchi. Makers of Modern Medicine 2011-03-05T03:00:29.580Z With the localization of the inflammation in the outer walls of the bronchi and blood-vessels a thickening of the external sheath results, called a peri-bronchitis, arteritis, or phlebitis, as the case may be. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The bronchus was made from reconstituted aorta, the body's largest artery. French lung cancer 'breakthrough' 2011-03-03T18:04:10Z The nerves then follow the bronchi in the lungs and branch to innervate muscle fibers, glands, and blood vessels. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The syrinx is a modification of the lower part of the trachea and of the adjoining bronchi. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z Mr. Clowes, indeed, informed the inquirers that it was a mere passing ailment,—"a slight derangement in the bronchi," he said; but be rigidly maintained the blockade, and suffered none to infringe it. Davenport Dunn, Volume 1 (of 2) A Man Of Our Day It may attack any of the usual oral, nasal, or laryngeal regions, sometimes extending into the bronchi, but suffers no modifications in its symptoms and course from the primary disease. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z In the larynx and the bronchi tubercles may vegetate upon the mucous membrane, and ulcers may result from their breaking down. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The irritation caused by the foreign body in the bronchus may set up bronchitis or pneumonia, and abscess of the lung may supervene. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The majority of birds possess a pair of internal tympaniform membranes forming the inner or median walls of the bronchi, which are there furnished with semi-rings only. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z Warm expectoration consists of the increased secretion of mucus from the membrane, which lines the bronchi�, or air-cells of the lungs, without inflammation. Zoonomia, Vol. II Or, the Laws of Organic Life This is the condition on part of the pharynx, but not on the tonsils; and in a small portion of the larynx, in the trachea and bronchi, but not on the vocal cords. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The larger bronchi may be sacculated, owing to the distention produced by the cheesy contents. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Hæmoptysis is seldom of laryngeal origin, and unless the bleeding spot is visible in the mirror, the source of the bleeding is much more likely to be in the bronchi or lungs. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Inner and outer membranes may exist on the bronchi. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z The extract is useful in catarrhal diseases of the bronchi and in dysuria. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines If this theory is true, it helps us in explaining why the large, mediate, and smaller bronchi are closed during the expiratory stage of the paroxysmal cough of pertussis. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z There may be difficulty in breathing, depending on the amount of involvement of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Tracheoscopy and Bronchoscopy.—Direct examination of the trachea and larger bronchi may be carried out in a similar way, by passing through the mouth and larynx metal tubes, after the method devised by Killian. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. It is a cylinder formed of bony rings, provided with a mesh of muscles, and having membranous folds which act as valves upon the two orifices of the bronchi leading to the lungs. Our Bird Comrades Besides this, blood once having entered the bronchi is apt to extend into their smaller ramifications and prove a cause of death, by acting as a local irritation, and setting up intra-lobular suppurative pneumonia. A Manual of the Operations of Surgery For the Use of Senior Students, House Surgeons, and Junior Practitioners It may happen that the trachea and bronchi may become affected, although diphtheria of the fauces does not exist. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The inflammatory edema of the mouth extends to the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, producing an extensive thickening and a yellowish infiltration. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The foreign body is usually expelled, but it may be inhaled into one of the bronchi. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Suppuration at times takes place in the bronchi and may extend to the lung tissue. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse The bronchi continue caudad, with slightly increasing caliber, through about fifty sections, when they suddenly enlarge to form the lungs. Development of the Digestive Canal of the American Alligator In consequence of the former paralysis, deglutition becomes difficult; fluids are expelled through the nose or enter the larynx and bronchi, thereby giving rise to pneumonia; in the latter there is strabismus. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The trachea showed a similar irritated condition with that of the bronchi. An Investigation into the Nature of Black Phthisis or Ulceration Induced by Carbonaceous Accumulation in the Lungs of Coal Miners Foreign Bodies in the Bronchi.—Rounded objects, which pass through the larynx, usually drop into one or other of the bronchi, usually the right, which is the more vertical and slightly the larger. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. On examination of the lungs mucous râles are heard in the larger bronchi, cavities may be found at any part of these organs, and points of lobular pneumonia may be detected. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse For the sake of simplicity only one lung and one bronchus are shown. Development of the Digestive Canal of the American Alligator But the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi is more apt to submit to such liquefying and macerating treatment than the vocal cords. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The expectoration was diminished, and had become more difficult to void from the bronchi, and the breathing was more oppressive, accompanied by a painful tightness across the chest in the morning. An Investigation into the Nature of Black Phthisis or Ulceration Induced by Carbonaceous Accumulation in the Lungs of Coal Miners The body may act as a ball-valve, permitting the escape of air with expiration, but preventing its entrance on inspiration, with the result that the portion of lung supplied by the bronchus becomes collapsed. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The solidification of the lung tissue is found irregular in shape and high around the root of the lungs and the large bronchi, and is generally covered by sound lung tissue. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse In the region of the anterior appendage, at the point marked X, it divides into the two very short bronchi, which almost immediately open into the lungs, lu. Development of the Digestive Canal of the American Alligator Cough in an infant or growing child is usually the result of a cold and the structure affected is some part of the nose, throat or bronchi. The Eugenic Marriage, Volume IV. (of IV.) A Personal Guide to the New Science of Better Living and Better Babies The air-cells of this lung were entirely destroyed, or nearly so, and one of the divisions of the left bronchus opened abruptly into the cavity at the upper part. An Investigation into the Nature of Black Phthisis or Ulceration Induced by Carbonaceous Accumulation in the Lungs of Coal Miners Those that pass farther down are liable to stick where the tube is narrowed at the crossing of the bronchus, or at the opening through the diaphragm. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Inflammation of the larynx and bronchi, if excessive, produce violent, harsh coughing, which may almost asphyxiate the animal. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse The lungs, whose structure will be shown in the sections of this stage, are large, irregular bodies, extending about equal distances cephalad and caudad to their openings into the 15 bronchi. Development of the Digestive Canal of the American Alligator The inflammation may extend to the eyes and ears, causing painful complications, or to the throat and bronchi, causing hoarseness and cough. The Eugenic Marriage, Volume IV. (of IV.) A Personal Guide to the New Science of Better Living and Better Babies There appeared considerable irritation and softening of the mucous membrane of both bronchi, extending from the root of the lungs to beyond the bifurcation of the trachea. An Investigation into the Nature of Black Phthisis or Ulceration Induced by Carbonaceous Accumulation in the Lungs of Coal Miners It is crossed by the left bronchus, and below this level has the pericardium immediately in front of it. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The liver has a cooked appearance; the kidneys are congested and friable; the urine is red; the pleura, lungs, and the meninges are congested, and the bronchi of the lungs contain a bloody foam. Special Report on Diseases of the Horse The section being caudad to their openings into the lungs the bronchi do not, of course, show. Development of the Digestive Canal of the American Alligator There may be various conditions affecting the stomach, bowels, throat, ears, bronchi, and the nervous system, which may accompany the disease but are seldom of a serious or important character. The Eugenic Marriage, Volume IV. (of IV.) A Personal Guide to the New Science of Better Living and Better Babies The upper lobe was divided into a variety of cysts, filled with carbonaceous matter in a fluid state, into which many of the smaller bronchi opened, and through which various blood-vessels passed uninjured. An Investigation into the Nature of Black Phthisis or Ulceration Induced by Carbonaceous Accumulation in the Lungs of Coal Miners The pulsation of the aorta can be seen just above the prominence formed by the left bronchus. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Most air-breathing Vertebrates have a larynx, a trachea, and bronchi, which are absent in fish; and fish have many parts which seem to be absent in higher Vertebrates. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Each bronchus, like the trachea, is lined with an epithelium of three or four layers of cells; but the epithelium is surrounded by a thin layer of much condensed mesoblast. Development of the Digestive Canal of the American Alligator The windpipe between the larynx and the bronchi. A Handbook of Health Neither expectorated black matter, and both died from the bursting of a carbonaceous cyst into the bronchi, producing suffocation. An Investigation into the Nature of Black Phthisis or Ulceration Induced by Carbonaceous Accumulation in the Lungs of Coal Miners If pyrexia is present, it is a serious symptom, as it is a sign of septic absorption in the bronchi, and may be the forerunner of gangrene. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" Again, the air-tubes or tracheæ of insects are, like the trachea and bronchi of many Vertebrates, air-breathing organs. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Sudden complete obstruction of one main bronchus does not cause noticeable dyspnea provided its fellow is functionating. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The presence of vomited matters in the trachea and bronchi is a valuable sign of drowning. Aids to Forensic Medicine and Toxicology The mucous membrane of the left bronchus in particular was much swollen and partially ulcerated towards the root of the lung. An Investigation into the Nature of Black Phthisis or Ulceration Induced by Carbonaceous Accumulation in the Lungs of Coal Miners When the bronchitis is of the capillary form, the great object is to maintain the patient's strength, and to endeavour to secure the expulsion of the morbid secretion from the fine bronchi. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" Demonstrate the trachea, bronchi, and the bronchial tubes, and the general arrangement of pulmonary arteries and veins. Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary Schools Complete obstruction of a bronchus is followed by rapid onset of symptoms. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Parts of the lungs have been removed to show the branching of the air tubes or bronchi which pass into them. Disease and Its Causes Each lung is free in all directions, except at the root, which consists chiefly of the bronchi, arteries and veins connecting the lungs with the trachea and heart. The Hindu-Yogi Science Of Breath Chronic bronchitis leads to alterations of structure in the affected bronchial tubes, their mucous membrane becoming thickened or even ulcerated, while occasionally permanent dilatation of the bronchi takes place, often accompanied with profuse foetid expectoration. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" At the lower end the trachea divides into two branches, called the bronchi, each of which closely resembles it in structure. Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary Schools The mechanism of production is, probably, the passage of air by a foreign body which narrows the lumen of a large bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery So far as I can discover, the piece of ivory has been drawn into the trachea, or windpipe, and has lodged in the mouth of the right bronchus. The Marrow of Tradition Brentano describes an infant dying ten days after birth whose esophagus was divided into two portions, one terminating in a culdesac, the other opening into the bronchi; the left kidney was also displaced downward. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine These absorbent vessels have been called by Grew, and Malphigi, and some other philosophers, bronchi, and erroneously supposed to be air-vessels. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation In the trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchial tubes, the stiffness is supplied by rings of cartilage, while in the smaller tubes this is replaced by connective and muscular tissue. Physiology and Hygiene for Secondary Schools The appearance of a suspicious shadow in the radiograph, in the line of a bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery It commences with inflammation of the substance of the lungs, and generally of the mucous membrane of the bronchi. The Dog The breath-sounds on auscultation and the difficulty in swallowing led to the belief that one of the bronchi was blocked by the pressure of a hematoma. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The bronchi give off branches, which in turn divide and subdivide, until they become very fine. Maintaining Health Formerly Health and Efficiency The embryo gape-worm is freed in the intestine, and from here they are supposed to migrate into the abdominal air sacs and to the trachea and bronchi. Common Diseases of Farm Animals In any case showing signs of obstruction in the trachea or of a bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery It is almost immediately accompanied by a purulent secretion from the bronchi, and the second day does not pass without the characters of pneumonia being completely developed. The Dog Kugler recites the description of the case of an arrow-wound of the thorax, complicated by frightful dyspnea and blood in the pleural cavity and in the bronchi, with recovery. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The trachea and bronchi are tubes, furnished with cartilaginous rings to keep them from collapsing. Maintaining Health Formerly Health and Efficiency The root of the lung, as it is called, is formed by the bronchi, two pulmonary arteries, and two pulmonary veins. A Practical Physiology It tends to work downward and outward, while the mucosa becomes edematous, partly closing over the foreign body, and even completely obliterating the lumen of smaller bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery At the lower end, the trachea divides into two branches, called the right and left bronchi. Hygienic Physiology : with Special Reference to the Use of Alcoholic Drinks and Narcotics Injuries of the lung or bronchus are always serious, but contrary to the general idea, recovery after extensive wound of the lung is quite a common occurrence. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The Process of Breathing With every inhalation, air is sucked in through the windpipe or trachea, which terminates in two tubes called bronchi, one leading to the right lung, one to the left. Nature Cure The lower end of the windpipe is just behind the upper part of the sternum, and there it divides into two branches, called bronchi. A Practical Physiology When a bronchus is completely obstructed by the bulk of the foreign body itself immediate removal is urgently demanded to prevent serious lung changes, resulting from atelectasis and want of drainage. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery In the male of the black stork there is also a well-marked sexual difference in the length and curvature of the bronchi. The Descent of Man Foreign Bodies in the Bronchi.—Walnut kernels, coins, seeds, beans, corks, and even sponges have been removed from the bronchi. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The greater volume of air going into the right bronchus on inspiration. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Examine one bronchus, carefully dissecting away the lung tissue with curved scissors. A Practical Physiology There is usually inflammatory reaction around the orifice of the invaded bronchus, which in a measure serves to localize the intruder. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the; red beak of the. The Descent of Man Marcacci reported an observation of the removal of a bean from the bronchus of a child of three and a half years. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The fenestrated "peanut" forceps are best for large pieces in the large bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery It may rarely occur as a primary infection, but usually the esophagus is involved in an extension from a tuberculous process in the larynx, mediastinal lymphatics, pleura, bronchi, or lungs. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery At other times, pins not dropping so deeply may show the point only during expiration or cough, at which times the bronchi are shortened. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery If after attending to the above mentioned details there are still signs of obstructive dyspnea, a bronchoscopy should be done for finding and removal of the obstruction in the trachea or main bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Annandale saw a little patient who had swallowed a bead of glass, which had lodged in the bronchus. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The bronchi and the esophagus will not allow dilatation beyond their normal caliber; therefore, it is necessary to have tubes of the sizes to fit these passages at various developmental ages. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery It would seem, however, that this introduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia and pulmonary abscess, by permitting the aspiration and clotting of blood in small bronchi, followed by subsequent breaking down of the clots. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The sojourn of an inorganic foreign body in the bronchus for a year or more is followed by the development of bronchiectasis, pulmonary abscess, and fibrous changes. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Rupture or even over-distention of a bronchus or of the thoracic esophagus is almost invariably fatal. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The cigarette was drawn into the right bronchus, where it remained for two months without causing symptoms or revealing its presence. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine Of the cases seen in the Bronchoscopic Clinic some showed no abnormality of the bronchi in the intervals between attacks, others a chronic bronchitis. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery In a number of instances, the entire lumen of the bronchus was occluded by cheesy pus and debris of a peribronchial gland which had eroded through. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Others consider the presence of a foreign body in the bronchus as comparatively harmless, in spite of the repeated reports of invalidism and fatality in the medical literature of centuries. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery In a number of cases there has been a discharge of pus coming from the upper-lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Eve of Nashville mentions a boy who placed a fourpenny nail in a spool to make a whistle, and, by a violent inspiration, drew the nail deep into the left bronchus. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine Numerous perforations in the distal part of the tube allow air to enter from other bronchi when the tube-mouth is inserted into one whose aerating function may be impaired. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Further-more, bronchial secretions as a rule are not collected in pools, but are distributed over the walls of the larger bronchi and continuously well up from smaller bronchi during cough. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Foot of an alarm clock in left bronchus of 4 year old child. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery At the crossing of the left bronchus; 2. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Warren mentions spontaneous expulsion of a horse-shoe nail from the bronchus of a boy of two and one-half years. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine Tubercle bacilli have never been found, in the cases at the Bronchoscopic Clinic, associated with foreign body in the bronchus.* Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Complete obstruction of a bronchus followed by drowned lung adds absence of vocal resonance and vocal fremitus, thus often leading to an erroneous diagnosis of empyema. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery It has been noted frequently in conjunction with the presence of such objects as a common straight pin in a small branch bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Yet only too often a practitioner will telegraph for a bronchoscope and forceps, and without any practice start in to remove an entangled or impacted foreign body from the tiny bronchi of a child. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery At the postmortem examination the nail was found near the bifurcation of the right bronchus, and, although colored black, was not corroded. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The respiratory rate is increased only if a considerable portion of lung is out of function, by the obstruction of a main bronchus, or if inflammatory sequelae are extensive. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery A boy with a tack in the bronchus was found to have pulmonary tuberculosis. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The signs vary with the degree of obstruction of the bronchus, and with the consequent degree of interference with aeration and drainage of the subjacent portion of the lung. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery If the student will remember that complete obstruction of a bronchus leads to a shutting off of this area, there should be little difficulty in understanding the signs present. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The internal canule of the tracheotomy-tube fell into the right bronchus, but was removed by an ingenious instrument extemporaneously devised from silver wire. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine In children and in the smaller tubes of the adult, the lengthening and dilatation of the bronchi during inspiration, and their shortening and contraction during expiration are readily seen. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The left bronchus may be stenosed by pressure from a hypertrophied cardiac auricle. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The limitations of bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies are usually manifested in the failure to find a small foreign body which has entered a minute bronchus far down and out toward the periphery. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Prolonged sojourn of foreign bodies in the esophagus, while not so common as in the bronchi is by no means of rare occurrence. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The wound was of such an extent as to communicate with a bronchus, and by this means the iodin entered the respiratory tract, causing suffocation. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine These same conditions may exist in the bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery A most common picture in tuberculosis is a broadening of the carina, which may be so marked as to obliterate the carina and to bulge inward, producing deformed lumina in both bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery With foreign bodies in the larger bronchi near the root of the lung such a procedure is unnecessary, and injury to a large vessel would be almost certain. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Cicatricial stenoses of the bronchi are readily recognizable by the scarred wall and the absence of rings at or near the narrowing. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery At the autopsy the foreign body was found at the superior portion of the left bronchus. Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine The endoscopic picture of compression stenosis is that of an elliptical or scabbard-shaped lumen when the bronchus is at rest or during inspiration. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Bronchial Stenosis.—Stenosis of one or more bronchi results at times from cicatricial contraction following secondary infection of leutic, tuberculous or traumatic lesions. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The extraction of transfixed foreign bodies presents much the same problem as those in the bronchi, though there is no limit here to the distance an object may be pushed down to free the point. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery In cases studied bronchoscopically during an attack, the bronchi were found filled with bubbling secretions and the mucosa was somewhat cyanotic in color. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery It may also be present with any foreign body whose size and shape are such as to occlude the lumen of the bronchus during its contracted expiratory phase. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The object is drawn down by gravity and aspirated into the smallest bronchus it can enter. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The middle lobe bronchus is rarely invaded by foreign body, and, fortunately, in less than one per cent of the cases is the object in an upper lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The right bronchus is more frequently invaded than the left because of the following factors: I. Its greater diameter. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery If secondary processes have developed, or the object be small and in a bronchus too small to admit the tube-mouth, considerable experience may be necessary to discover it. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery An extremely delicate forceps is to be inserted closed into the invaded bronchus, the grasp on the object being confirmed by the fluoroscopist. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Slower fatalities may result from suppuration extending to the trachea or bronchi with consequent edema and asphyxia. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The firm and sometimes prominent ridge of the crossing of the left bronchus must not be mistaken for infiltration, and the esophagoscopist must be familiar with the normal rigidity of the cricopharyngeus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery If possible even swabbing of the foreign body should be avoided by swabbing out the bronchus, when necessary, before the region of the intruder is reached. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Should the bronchi be so compressed by a benign condition as to prevent escape of secretions from the subjacent air passages, bronchial intubation tubes may be inserted, and, if necessary, worn constantly. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery In some cases the swelling is so great as to necessitate tracheotomy, or intubation of the larynx; and if the edema involve the bronchi, occlusion may be fatal. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Many lives have been saved by the bronchoscopic removal of membrane obstructing the trachea or bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The local application of diphtheria antitoxin to the trachea and bronchi has also been recommended. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery In certain locations, one or both points may be turned into branch bronchi as illustrated in Fig. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Acute pulmonary abscess from other causes may require bronchoscopic drainage and gentle dilatation of the swollen and narrowed bronchi leading to it. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Roentgenray examination may show the shadow of enchondromata or osteomata, and will also show variations in aeration should the tumor be in a bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery One patient was told by his physician that the presence of a staple in his bronchus was an impossibility, for he would not have lived five minutes after the accident. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The mucosa of the trachea and bronchi is moist and glistening, whitish in circular ridges corresponding to the cartilaginous rings, and reddish in the intervening grooves. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Annular Edema.—Such objects as marbles, pebbles, corks, etc., are drawn deeply and with force by the inspiratory blast into the smallest bronchus they can enter. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Thus, the sum of the areas of cross-section of the two main bronchi, right and left, is greater than the area of cross section of the trachea. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The bronchoscopist must learn to work in spite of the fact that the bronchi dilate, contract, elongate, shorten, kink, and are dinged and pushed this way and that. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The right upper-lobe bronchus is recognized by its vertical spur; the orifice is exposed by displacing the right lateral wall of the right main bronchus at the level of the carina. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The spur separating the upper-lobe-bronchial orifice from the stem bronchus is at an angle approximately from two to eight o'clock, as usually seen in the recumbent patient. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery It is, however, never justifiable deliberately to break a friable foreign body with the hope that the fragments will be expelled, for these may be aspirated into small bronchi, and cause multiple abscesses. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery After the levels of the aorta and left bronchus are passed the lumen of the esophagus seems to have a tendency to disappear anteriorly. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery If the left bronchus is being explored, the head must be brought strongly to the right. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery If the right middle lobe bronchus is being searched, the head would require some left lateral deflection and a considerable degree of lowering, for this bronchus, as before mentioned, extends anteriorly. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Preparations for bronchoscopy are necessary because the pathological condition may not be found in the larynx, and further search of the trachea or bronchi may be required. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery These forceps are made so as to reach high into the ascending branches of the upper-lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The right bronchus is shorter, wider, and more nearly vertical than its fellow of the opposite side, and is practically the continuation of the trachea, while the left bronchus might be considered as a branch. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery On either side are seen the openings of the right and left main bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Dimensions of the Trachea and Bronchi.—It will be noted that the bronchi divide monopodially, not dichotomously. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery While the lumina of the individual bronchi diminish as the bronchi divide, the sum of the areas shows a progressive increase in total tubular area of cross-section. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Full-curved hooks are to be used in the bronchi with greatest caution, if used at all, lest they catch inextricably in branch bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Before entering either main bronchus the orifices of both should be identified and inspected. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Upon entering the right bronchus, the handle of the bronchoscope is turned horizontally to the right, and at the same time the assistant deflects the head to the left. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery A lumen image of the right upper-lobe bronchus is not obtainable because of the sharp angles at which it is given off. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Branches of the stem bronchus in either lung are exposed, or their respective lumina presented, by manipulation of the lip of the bronchoscope, with movement of the head in the required direction. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Swelling of the bronchial mucosa from irritation plus infection completes the occlusion of the bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery This causes the lip of the bronchoscope to bear strongly on the left wall of the left main bronchus, consequently the left upper-lobe-bronchial orifice will not be overridden. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery At the level of the second costal cartilage, the third in children, it bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery At A is shown the full-curved form, for reaching into the ascending branches of the upper-lobe bronchus A number of different forms of jaws are made in this kind of forceps. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Hooks.—No hook greater than a right angle should be used through endoscopic tubes; for should it become caught in some of the smaller bronchi its extraction might result in serious trauma. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Large foreign bodies in the trachea or large bronchi can always be removed by bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The ordinary rubber corks and those made of cork-bark should not be used because of their friability, and the possible aspiration of a fragment into the bronchus, where rubber particles form very irritant foreign bodies. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Sponge-pumping.—While the usually thin, watery esophageal and gastric secretions, if free from food, are readily aspirated through a drainage canal, the secretions of the bronchi are often thick and mucilaginous and aspirated with difficulty. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery I, bronchoscope, adolescent's size, 7 mm. x 40 cm., used also for the deeper bronchi of adults; J, bronchoscope, adult size, g mm. x 40 cm.; Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery By this maneuver the walls of the bronchus are wiped free from secretions, and the lamp itself is cleansed. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery In case of partial obstruction of a bronchus, it is evident that air will still be present, hence the dulness may be only slight. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Bronchial Dilators.—It is not uncommon to find a stricture of the bronchus superjacent to a foreign body that has been in situ for a period of months. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Below the left bronchus the esophagus turns forward, passing through the hiatus in the diaphragm anterior to and to the left of the aorta. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The deviation of the right main bronchus is about 25 degrees, and its length unbranched in the adult is about 2.5 cm. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The deviation of the left main bronchus is about 75 degrees and its adult length is about 5 cm. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Peanut kernels and watermelon seeds and, rarely, other foreign bodies in the bronchi produce obstructive emphysema of the invaded side. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The septum between the right and left main bronchi, termed the carina, is situated to the left of the midtracheal line. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Furthermore a tube which filled the trachea would be too large to enter either main bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Upper-lobe-bronchus Forceps.—Foreign bodies rarely lodge in an upper-lobe bronchus, yet with such a problem it is necessary to have forceps that will reach around a corner. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Forceps with less curve, and without the spiral, are used when it is desired to reach only a short distance "around the corner" anywhere in the bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Pins are very prone to drop into the smaller bronchi and disappear completely from the ordinary field of endoscopic exploration. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Full curved patterns are made but caution is necessary to avoid them becoming anchored in the bronchi. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery Before attempting to enter either main bronchus the carina must be identified. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery T, Trachea; B, orifice of left main bronchus at bifurcation of trachea. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery A large one in the left stem just below the left upper-lobe bronchus is often invaded by foreign bodies. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The bronchi of a dog of this weight will be about the size of those of a child. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery A lumen image of a descending branch of the upper-lobe bronchus is often obtained, if the patient's head be borne strongly enough to the right. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery The ridge crossing above the lumen corresponds to the left bronchus. Bronchoscopy and Esophagoscopy A Manual of Peroral Endoscopy and Laryngeal Surgery |
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