| 单词 | vigesimal |
| 例句 | This may mean that the people who lived in what is now France used a base-20 or vigesimal number system. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Numbers like seven and 31 belonged to all of these systems, quinary, decimal, and vigesimal alike. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z As the latter is due to finger-reckoning, so the use of the fingers and the toes produced a vigesimal scale. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" Proceeding to higher numbers, it is interesting to note that they also proceed on the vigesimal system, although this has not heretofore been distinctly shown. The Maya Chronicles Brinton's Library Of Aboriginal American Literature, Number 1 I am inclined to think with Dr. Förstemann that it was rather in consequence of the use of the vigesimal system in representing numbers. Aids to the Study of the Maya Codices Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1884-85, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1888, pages 253-372 Any number system which passes the limit 10 is reasonably sure to have either a quinary, a decimal, or a vigesimal structure. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In America we have, within a limited range of languages, vigesimal systems like the Mexican, and systems limited to the three first units like the Caribb. Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, Commanded By the Late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S. Etc. During the Years 1846-1850. Including Discoveries and Surveys in New Guinea, the Louisiade Archipelago, Etc. to Which Is Added the Account of Mr. E.B. Kennedy's Expedition for the Exploration of the Cape York Peninsula. By John Macgillivray, F.R.G.S. Naturalist to the Expedition. — Volume 2 This is the case, for instance, in the Celtic languages; and the Breton or Gaulish names have affected the Latin system, so that the French names for some numbers are on the vigesimal system. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" This long cycle was an application of the vigesimal system to their reckoning of time. The Maya Chronicles Brinton's Library Of Aboriginal American Literature, Number 1 So again, "when we speak of three-score and ten, we are counting by the vigesimal system, each score thus ideally made, standing for 20—for 'one man' as a Mexican or Carib would put it." The Descent of Man An occasional ternary trace is also found in number systems otherwise decimal or quinary vigesimal; as the dlkunoutl, second 3, of the Haida Indians of British Columbia. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development This scale contains a strange commingling of decimal and vigesimal counting. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In the following scale the vigesimal structure is still more obscure. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The only example of vigesimal reckoning which is comparable with that of the Mayas is the system employed by their northern neighbours, the Nahuatl, or, as they are more commonly designated, the Aztecs of Mexico. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The essentially vigesimal character of this system changes in the formation of some of the higher numerals, and a suspicion of the decimal enters. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development A pure quinary or vigesimal number system is exceedingly rare; but quinary scales certainly do exist in which, as far as we possess the numerals, no trace of any other influence appears. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The essential character of the vigesimal element is shown by the last two numerals. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Among South American vigesimal systems, the best known is that of the Chibchas or Muyscas of the Bogota region, which was obtained at an early date by the missionaries who laboured among them. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development It is a fact, as will be fully illustrated in the following pages, that quinary number systems, when extended, usually merge into either the decimal or the vigesimal. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development As the count proceeds further, the quinary base may be retained, or it may be supplanted by a decimal or a vigesimal base. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development To the statement just made respecting the origin of vigesimal counting, exception may, of course, be taken. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development This leads the quinary into the vigesimal scale, and produces the combination so often found in certain parts of the world. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Above 20, the Lufu and the Bongo systems are vigesimal, so that they are, as a whole, mixed systems. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Above 20 the systems become vigesimal, with a quinary or decimal structure appearing in all numerals except multiples of 20. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Hence these and similar number systems, though commonly alluded to as vigesimal, are really mixed scales, with 20 as their primary base. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The five Celtic languages, Breton, Irish, Welsh, Manx, and Gaelic, contain the following well-defined vigesimal scales. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development These families, disseminating their characteristics through their various branches, have produced certain groups of races which exhibit a well-marked tendency, here toward the decimal, and there toward the vigesimal form of numeration. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Both decimal and vigesimal numeration are found indifferently in warm and in cold countries; in fruitful and in barren lands; in maritime and in inland regions; and among highly civilized or deeply degraded peoples. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development If use is made of the toes in addition to the fingers, the outcome must inevitably be a vigesimal system. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Dismissing from consideration the quinary scale, let us briefly examine once more the natural process of evolution through which the decimal and the vigesimal scales come into being. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Europe yields one other example of vigesimal counting, in the number system of the Basques. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The number from which the new start is made is 20, and the resulting scale is inevitably vigesimal. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In any collection of the principal vigesimal number systems of the world, one would naturally begin with those possessed by the Celtic races of Europe. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Considering the fact that the use of vigesimal counting was universal among Celtic races, this explanation is quite gratuitous. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In connection with the Celtic language, mention must be made of the persistent vigesimal element which has held its place in French. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Besides these we find two or three numeral scales in Europe which contain distinct traces of vigesimal counting, though the scales are, as a whole, decidedly decimal. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development From 61 to 99 the French method of counting is wholly vigesimal, except for the presence of the one word soixante. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In Albania there exists one single fragment of vigesimal numeration, which is probably an accidental compound rather than the remnant of a former vigesimal number system. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development As our knowledge of African languages is extended, new examples of the vigesimal method may be brought to light. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development But the total number of Asiatic vigesimal scales must always remain small—quite insignificant in comparison with those of decimal formation. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Among the almost countless dialects of Africa we find a comparatively small number of vigesimal number systems. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In the Caucasus region a group of languages is found, in which all but three or four contain vigesimal systems. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The last of these scales is an unusual combination of decimal and vigesimal. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development On the other hand, the odd tens are formed in the ordinary vigesimal manner. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development This scale is in one sense wholly vigesimal, and in another way it is not to be regarded as pure, but as mixed. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development This completes the scanty list of African vigesimal number systems that a patient and somewhat extended search has yielded. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In any unmixed vigesimal scale the word for 400 must be a simple word, and that number must be taken as the vigesimal unit corresponding to 100 in the decimal scale. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Further to the south, among the Dravidian races, the vigesimal element is also found. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In no other part of the world is vigesimal counting found so perfectly developed, and, among native races, so generally preferred, as in North and South America. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development Some of the systems obtained from the languages of these peoples are perfect, extended examples of vigesimal counting, not to be duplicated in any other quarter of the globe. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In Asia the vigesimal system is to be found with greater frequency than in Europe or Africa, but it is still the exception. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The words for 20, 100, and 200 are clear evidence of vigesimal, while 30 to 90, and the remaining hundreds, are equally unmistakable proof of decimal, numeration. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development The fact that a number system is partly decimal and partly vigesimal is found to be of such frequent occurrence that this point in the Tlingit scale need excite no special wonder. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development To the unobservant eye this scale would certainly appear to contain no more than a trace of the vigesimal in its structure. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development In the Maya scale we have one of the best and most extended examples of vigesimal numeration ever developed by any race. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development But it is so remarkable and anomalous to find the decimal and vigesimal scales mingled in this manner that one involuntarily suspects either incompleteness of form, or an actual mistake. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development If extended as far as 20, these scales are likely to become vigesimal, but many stop far short of that limit, and no inconsiderable number of them fail to reach even 5. The Number Concept Its Origin and Development |
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