| 单词 | vesicle |
| 例句 | The subject’s papules at this time — the third day since their first appearance— consolidated and gave rise to pustular vesicles, which no amount of 1. The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume I: The Pox Party 2006-09-12T00:00:00Z The mucus is then packaged into vesicles that travel to the cell membrane, where it’s released, to coat the lining of your stomach. Ever wondered how your cells work? They’re like tiny factories. 2017-05-26T04:00:00Z Or, rather, it has halved into two vesicles: red and blue America. In “The Feral Detective,” Jonathan Lethem Returns to Detective Noir for the Trump Era 2018-11-13T05:00:00Z The mattresses would also include vesicle technology that would break down the viral membrane. Hotels may add anti-viral mattresses after the coronavirus pandemic 2020-07-16T04:00:00Z You’re aiming for a scattering of the pulp, each tiny juice vesicle remaining distinct until it hits your teeth. A Tart Solution for Sweet Crumb Cake 2018-04-20T04:00:00Z Similarly, when they blocked synaptic vesicle production by hair follicle cells, they were no longer able to signal to the sensory nerves. Hidden way for us to feel touch 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z Waste particles are expelled by an exocytic vesicle that fuses at a specific region on the cell membrane, called the anal pore. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Figure 3.12 A macrophage has phagocytized a potentially pathogenic bacterium into a vesicle, which then fuses with a lysosome within the cell so that the pathogen can be destroyed. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The enzyme it encodes is a master traffic controller, regulating the movement of proteins and compartments called vesicles inside cells. Twist of fate: What happens when a top Parkinson’s researcher gets the disease 2023-05-04T04:00:00Z Once the virus attaches to a cell it is taken up into a vesicle that becomes more acidic, triggering a pH-dependent shape change in the hemagglutinin. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Internal vesicles called phloem carry sugar to fruits, and research indicates that pumpkins have more dedicated phloem tissue than most plants, helping them grow even larger. How to Grow a 2,560-Pound Pumpkin 2022-10-28T04:00:00Z As the food particle is consumed, it is encapsulated in a vesicle. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z During interphase, the Golgi apparatus accumulates enzymes, structural proteins, and glucose molecules prior to breaking up into vesicles and dispersing throughout the dividing cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z When they added these molecules in a mix of oil and water, they spontaneously assembled into tiny bubbles, or vesicles, with the hydrophobic portion facing inward. New tech could provide cheaper, less-polluting way to refine crude oil 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z This leads the virus and vesicle membranes to fuse, letting the pathogen’s genetic material escape into the cell. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z These neurotransmitter molecules are stored in small intracellular structures called vesicles that fuse to the cell membrane and then break open to release their contents when the neuron is appropriately stimulated. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The vesicle fuses with a lysosome, and proteins inside the lysosome digest the food particle. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z There, the vesicles fuse from the center toward the cell walls; this structure is called a cell plate. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They then used the interfacial polymerization technique to spread these vesicles into a continuous ultrathin sheet and link all the polymer units together to form a robust membrane. New tech could provide cheaper, less-polluting way to refine crude oil 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z In plants, a cell plate is formed during cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles fusing at the metaphase plate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Significant progress has been made recently in directly measuring the number of dopamine molecules stored in individual vesicles and the amount actually released when the vesicle undergoes exocytosis. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Indigestible waste material is ejected from the cell when an exocytic vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The vesicles fuse and form the cell plate. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These are known as “extracellular vesicles,” and they could be another way for the spike protein to get into the blood stream without breaking up. People with Long COVID May Still Have Spike Proteins in Their Blood 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z Calcium ions entering the cell initiate a signaling cascade that causes small membrane-bound vesicles, called synaptic vesicles, containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They could see both viral particles and little sacs called vesicles in which the virus copies itself. COVID Virus May Tunnel through Nanotubes from Nose to Brain 2022-07-20T04:00:00Z The vesicles are surrounded by a white layer and are scattered unevenly throughout the cell, which is gray. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z New cell walls are made from the vesicle contents. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The proteins are bundled into tiny membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles that bud from the ER and carry the proteins to the Golgi apparatus. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Nerve impulses traveling down motor neurons cause the release of the acetylcholine from vesicles in the axon terminus into the synapse between the neuron and the muscle fiber. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some volcanic rock has a special type of porosity related to vesicles, and some limestone has extra porosity related to cavities within fossils. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z This dense body is surrounded by synaptic vesicles and is thought to aid in the fast release of neurotransmitter. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The neurotransmitter is released through exocytosis of vesicles containing the neurotransmitter molecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton represent the cellular factory’s storage space, cleanup crew, and support structures. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z They contain many small vesicles but do not contain a nucleus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z During the fourth and fifth weeks, the anterior neural tube dilates and subdivides to form vesicles that will become the brain structures. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z As more vesicles fuse, the cell plate enlarges until it merges with the cell wall at the periphery of the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In addition to vacuoles, most eukaryotic cells contain smaller membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Their disc shape contains many small vesicles that allow them to carry and transfer oxygen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Once pinched off, the portion of membrane and its contents becomes an independent, intracellular vesicle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This vesicle then fuses with a lysosome, and the food particle is broken down into small molecules that can diffuse into the cytoplasm and be used in cellular metabolism. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The resulting pocket breaks away from the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, forming a vesicle or vacuole in the cytoplasm. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Some cells, including some leucocytes in humans, are able to engulf food by endocytosis—the formation of vesicles by involution of the cell membrane within the cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some pumice is so full of vesicles that the density of the rock drops low enough that it will float. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z When the vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane, the vesicle releases it contents into the interstitial fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Before reaching their final destination, the lipids or proteins within the transport vesicles need to be sorted, packaged, and tagged so that they wind up in the right place. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In exocytosis, the membrane of a vesicle or vacuole fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents of the vacuole out of the cell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The same vesicles are able to interact and exchange metabolites with the intracellular environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An increase of vesicles toward the top of the flow indicates up. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z The vesicle membrane then becomes part of the cell membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Vacuoles are somewhat larger than vesicles, and the membrane of a vacuole does not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Thus, these molecules might have been able to form membrane-like vesicles. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The food vesicle fuses with a lysosome, which digests the food. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Eukaryotes also compartmentalize various cell functions into vesicles called organelles and can move molecules from one compartment to another—something prokaryotes can’t. Largest bacterium ever discovered has unexpectedly complex cells 2022-02-23T05:00:00Z Three vesicles form at the first stage, which are called primary vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, and vesicles, the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z After removing the contents of the cell to leave only the membrane, they break the membrane into thousands of tiny sacs, or vesicles, roughly 100 nanometers wide. Nanotechnology Offers New Ways to Fight an Endless Pandemic 2021-10-15T04:00:00Z The food vesicle fuses with a lysosome, which digests the food. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Once considered microscopic trash bags, stuffed with cellular debris, vesicles now are known to contain active, healthy genetic material and other substances. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z However, the third vesicle can be called the hindbrain. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The transport vesicles that form from the ER travel to the receiving face, fuse with it, and empty their contents into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “One of the possibilities for those holes is that they are called vesicles, which would be due to gas escape from a volcanic rock,” said Kenneth Williford, the deputy project scientist. Watch Video From NASA’s Perseverance Rover Landing on Mars 2021-02-22T05:00:00Z After phagocytosis by APCs, the phagocytic vesicle fuses with an intracellular lysosome forming phagolysosome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Our tissues also may pump out tiny bubbles, known as vesicles, during crosstalk. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z The three primary vesicles become five secondary vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Finally, the modified and tagged proteins are packaged into vesicles that bud from the opposite face of the Golgi. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “We’re not calling them vesicles at this point, because it’s important for us to stay open to different possible interpretations.” Watch Video From NASA’s Perseverance Rover Landing on Mars 2021-02-22T05:00:00Z Microtubules help the cell resist compression, serve as tracks for motor proteins that move vesicles through the cell, and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the same time, the vesicles in their bloodstream now thronged with the stuff, as did nearby fat tissue. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z The midbrain is an established region of the brain at the primary vesicle stage of development and remains that way. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The nuclear envelope starts to break into small vesicles, and the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum fragment and disperse to the periphery of the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Along with breath, saliva, sweat, tears, urine and stool, blood carries molecules, vesicles and circulating tumor cells shed from relevant tissues that may contain critical transition signals. We Must Find Ways to Detect Cancer Much Earlier 2020-12-17T05:00:00Z Other examples of cells releasing molecules via exocytosis include the secretion of proteins of the extracellular matrix and secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by synaptic vesicles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Of course, the study mostly involved mice and was not designed to tell us how often or intensely we should lift to maximize vesicle output and fat burn. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z The secondary vesicles go on to establish the major regions of the adult nervous system that will be followed in this text. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, as well as the plasma membrane. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A follow-up study last year found that when the resulting vesicles were dried, nucleotides linked up to form RNA-like strands. How the First Life on Earth Survived Its Biggest Threat—Water 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z A cascade of events that occurs upon insulin binding to a receptor in the plasma membrane causes GLUT4-containing vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane so that glucose may be transported into the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To find out, they marked vesicles from weight-trained mice with a fluorescent dye, injected them into untrained animals, and tracked the glowing bubbles’ paths. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z These multiple biochemical reactions converge to support the movement of intracellular vesicles containing facilitative glucose transporters to the cell membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z After phagocytosis by a macrophage, the phagocytic vesicle fuses with an intracellular lysosome. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Then the researchers dried the vesicles, and the lipids reorganized into a multi-layered structure like a stack of pancakes. How the First Life on Earth Survived Its Biggest Threat—Water 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z During interphase, the Golgi apparatus accumulates enzymes, structural proteins, and glucose molecules prior to breaking into vesicles and dispersing throughout the dividing cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In effect, weight training was shrinking fat in mice by creating vesicles in muscles that, through genetic signals, told the fat it was time to break itself apart. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z Insulin triggers the rapid movement of a pool of glucose transporter vesicles to the cell membrane, where they fuse and expose the glucose transporters to the extracellular fluid. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z On simultaneously binding to both CI-M6PR and the target protein, the resulting complex is engulfed by the cell membrane, which forms a transport vesicle. New class of molecule targets proteins outside cells for degradation 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z They first made vesicles: spherical blobs with a watery core surrounded by two lipid layers. How the First Life on Earth Survived Its Biggest Threat—Water 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z As more vesicles fuse, the cell plate enlarges until it merges with the cell walls at the periphery of the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Intriguingly, some experiments indicate that aerobic exercise prompts muscles to release such vesicles, conveying a variety of messages. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z There are connections between the cerebellum and both the medulla and midbrain, which are adjacent structures in the secondary vesicle stage of development. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z However, some proteins cross these cells in vesicles. Unexpected amount of blood-borne protein enters the young brain 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z When the researchers added water again, the vesicles reformed—with DNA inside them. How the First Life on Earth Survived Its Biggest Threat—Water 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z Finally, the modified and tagged proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles that bud from the trans face of the Golgi. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But few studies had looked into whether resistance exercise might also result in vesicle formation and inter-tissue chatter. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z The concentration of Ca2+ increases inside the end bulb, and the Ca2+ ion associates with proteins in the outer surface of neurotransmitter vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Less prominent is nonspecific transcytosis, in which proteins are incorporated into vesicles at random. b, In aged mice, the overall amount of protein that enters the brain is reduced. Unexpected amount of blood-borne protein enters the young brain 2020-06-30T04:00:00Z In 2018, his team showed that vesicles could form in hot spring water, and even enclose nucleic acids—but they would not form in seawater. How the First Life on Earth Survived Its Biggest Threat—Water 2020-12-16T05:00:00Z While some of these vesicles deposit their contents into other parts of the cell where they will be used, other secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Before and after that process, the researchers drew blood, biopsied tissues, centrifuged fluids and microscopically searched for vesicles and other molecular changes in the tissues. Lifting Weights? Your Fat Cells Would Like to Have a Word. 2021-07-21T04:00:00Z The Ca2+ facilitates the merging of the vesicle with the presynaptic membrane so that the neurotransmitter is released through exocytosis into the small gap between the cells, known as the synaptic cleft. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Such properties might be derived from the ancient origins of exosomes’ antecedent vesicles in noxious primordial seas near the beginning of biological evolution — even before the development of bacteria. Artificial nanoparticles are not as good as the real thing 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z And bacterial vesicles are not the only possible delivery vehicles. Dietary RNA is ripe for investigation 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The invaginated section, with the pathogen inside, then pinches itself off from the plasma membrane and becomes a vesicle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Researchers at the Paracelsus Medical University in Salzburg, Austria, prepare extracellular vesicles.Credit: Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Whereas the brain develops out of expansions of the neural tube into primary and then secondary vesicles, the spinal cord maintains the tube structure and is only specialized into certain regions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z So, the field is steadily moving away from total RNA sequencing of human biofluids and towards strategies that zero in on particular vesicles secreted by organs of interest. Could tracking RNA in body fluids reveal disease? 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z It suggested that ribosomal RNA exists in the extracellular space outside of vesicles, albeit fleetingly before the body’s natural enzymes get to work. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z They help the cell resist compression, provide a track along which vesicles move through the cell, and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But even different cultures of the same cell type may yield vesicles with different functional properties. Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Those five vesicles can be aligned with the four major regions of the adult brain. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When the team added the RNA-filled vesicles to a culture of cells that line blood vessels, the cells expressed more inflammatory proteins called cytokines. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z But even then, some scientists pushed back against the suggestion that these vesicles contained RNA. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The pocket pinches off, resulting in the particle being contained in a newly created intracellular vesicle formed from the plasma membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “I think extracellular vesicles will be great therapeutic agents for many diseases,” he says. Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The secretions are enclosed in vesicles that move to the apical surface of the cell where the contents are released by exocytosis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The higher the concentration of RNA-containing vesicles that were introduced, the more cytokines the cells expressed. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Tosar’s search for extracellular ribosomes outside of vesicles built on this work. The biologist on the hunt for extracellular ribosomes 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Endocytosis involves the opsonization of a receptor and its ligand in clathrin-coated vesicles, along with the inward budding of the plasma membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Now, he is repurposing these vesicles to deliver engineered RNA molecules that selectively shut off genes that drive cancer growth. Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The presynaptic element is the synaptic end bulb of the axon where Ca2+ enters the bulb to cause vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The custom vesicles probably perform best because of the efficient way that RNA is packaged. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z “Protein and lipids are not that exciting. But we should try to study all these components of the vesicles, not just focus on something that catches the eye.” Do the microRNAs we eat affect gene expression? 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters into the junction; neurotransmitters then bind to receptors embedded in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The term ‘exosome’ refers to a highly specific subset of extracellular vesicles, which are produced by a particular cellular pathway and exhibit diameters spanning roughly 30–150 nanometres. Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The third vesicle at this stage is the rhombencephalon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The researchers enriched these vesicles with carefully selected RNA molecules that help cells in kidney ducts to grow more quickly. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z “There’s inconsistency, so we need to be very careful if we want to just use those dietary vesicles for therapeutic use,” she says. Do the microRNAs we eat affect gene expression? 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Synaptic vesicles are shown in Figure 26.14, which is an image from a scanning electron microscope. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But this may be a misleading name for the preparations now being tested preclinically, which often contain a variety of non-exosomal vesicles. Inside the stem-cell pharmaceutical factory 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The prosencephalon enlarges into two new vesicles called the telencephalon and the diencephalon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This composite backbone then appeared in vesicles that the cells produced. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z RNA, once thought to exist only in cells, is now known to travel to tissues all over the body through the blood, under the protection of tiny lipid sacs known as extracellular vesicles. Extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Another route to control vesicle content is to force their formation through physical or chemical manipulation of cells. How extracellular vesicles can enhance drug delivery 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The most significant connection between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain is at the pons, because the pons and cerebellum develop out of the same vesicle. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The researchers injected the vesicles into mice and showed that they were widely distributed to organs, including the kidney, liver, intestine and lungs. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z In particular, researchers are focusing on how to use vesicles that contain RNA to deliver drugs across the barrier that separates the bloodstream and the brain. Extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Secreted peptides like insulin are stored within vesicles in the cells that synthesize them. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, Alvarez-Erviti’s team genetically engineered cells to produce exosomes bearing rabies-virus proteins on their surface and that caused the vesicles to accumulate in the brain where the receptor for the protein is found. How extracellular vesicles can enhance drug delivery 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z In summary, the primary vesicles help to establish the basic regions of the nervous system: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Importantly, a high percentage of the RNA molecules in the custom vesicles accumulated in target organs without being destroyed by the surrounding cells. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Her own approach is based on a property of some bacteria that release tiny bubbles, or vesicles, from their membranes to mislead a host’s immune system. Latin American scientists join the coronavirus vaccine race: ‘No one’s coming to rescue us’ 2020-06-11T04:00:00Z It includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, and vesicles, which we’ve already mentioned, and the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, which we will cover shortly. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One way to load EVs with therapeutic cargo is to disrupt vesicle membranes with electrical current or chemicals to allow drugs to enter. How extracellular vesicles can enhance drug delivery 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z The organelles of the endomembrane system include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z By contrast, when the RNAs were delivered using lipid nanoparticles — a more established delivery technique — or with vesicles that lacked backbones, far fewer of the molecules reached their target. Research round-up: extracellular RNA 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z As well as certain secretory factors, the researchers want to monitor exosomes — small vesicles that senescent cells secrete in large quantities. Zombie cells hold clues to COPD progression 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z The vesicle travels from the Golgi to the plasma membrane to release the protein outside. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, there’s no guarantee that an engineered cell will load the desired cargo into its vesicles. How extracellular vesicles can enhance drug delivery 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z One side of the apparatus receives products in vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These extracellular vesicles are found in greater quantities in people with COPD, and might provide a route to new therapies. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Instead of using vesicles derived from healthy cells, it is aiming to manipulate the contents of vesicles to deliver drugs, proteins or microRNAs to treat the symptoms of lung disease. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z The vesicle travels from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, and returns to the Golgi apparatus to get modified. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “The virus gets its fingers in most of the major biological processes,” Krogan says, including DNA replication, vesicle trafficking, and the cytoskeleton. These drugs don’t target the coronavirus—they target us 2020-04-02T04:00:00Z These products are sorted through the apparatus, and then they are released from the opposite side after being repackaged into new vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Exercisers’ muscles also produce and release various vesicles, or tiny bubbles of cellular material, that carry biochemical messages from one tissue to another, recent research shows. A Decade of Fitness 2019-12-25T05:00:00Z The contents of these vesicles also differ markedly from those seen in non-smokers without the disease. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Before reaching their final destination, the lipids or proteins within the transport vesicles still need to be sorted, packaged, and tagged so that they wind up in the right place. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The saltwater environment was also beneficial, as the fat molecules formed a stronger, more stable vesicle, or structure. Charles Darwin may be wrong about where life started on Earth, stunning study says 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z The enzyme-containing vesicles released by the Golgi may form new lysosomes, or fuse with existing, lysosomes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The vesicles are not found to the same extent in the bloodstreams of the sedentary. A Decade of Fitness 2019-12-25T05:00:00Z Advances in techniques over the past few years — and greater scientific consensus in creating standards for research into extracellular vesicles — are pushing the field forward. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z For signaling purposes, Ca2+ is stored in cytoplasmic vesicles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, or accessed from outside the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Liquid biopsies involve collecting samples of a person’s blood and applying specialized laboratory techniques to isolate cancer-derived components, such as circulating tumour cells, circulating tumour DNA and released subcellular vesicles. Huge whole-genome study of human metastatic cancers 2019-10-22T04:00:00Z Active transport may take place with the help of protein pumps or through the use of vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Adjacent to these postsynaptic densities, in a nearby neuron, the authors noted clusters of vesicles that store neurotransmitter molecules, which are a feature of a neuronal presynaptic zone. Dangerous liaisons as tumour cells form synapses with neurons 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z But the CCN1 fragments not encapsulated in vesicles caused a spike in the production of two proteins that digest the extracellular matrix, causing cells and tissues to die. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z There, the vesicles fuse and coalesce from the center toward the cell walls; this structure is called a cell plate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The gene in question encodes the protein SLC18A2, also known as VMAT2, which packs neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin into structures called vesicles, ready for secretion. Research round-up 2019-09-10T04:00:00Z As the neural tube grows and differentiates, it enlarges into three vesicles that correspond to the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain regions of the adult brain. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The dogma for the past half-century has held that most intracellular deliveries happen by means of bubble-like sacs called vesicles that function like a microscopic postal system, ferrying packages from one organelle to another. How secret conversations inside cells are transforming biology 2019-03-10T05:00:00Z Exosomes are the only vesicles known to be produced by a cell’s internal membranes. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z In plant cells, Golgi vesicles coalesce at the former metaphase plate, forming a phragmoplast. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A study that I wrote about in January, for instance, found that people’s blood contained more of certain vesicles, which are tiny bubbles filled with biological material, after aerobic exercise. Year in Fitness: How Exercise Keeps Us Young 2018-12-26T05:00:00Z Later in development, two of these three vesicles differentiate further, resulting in five vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Another factor pushed those first reports to the fringes: scientists studying vesicles did not generally communicate with those who specialized in signalling through calcium ions. How secret conversations inside cells are transforming biology 2019-03-10T05:00:00Z However, focusing on how the vesicle is formed, rather than its function, might stymie efforts to develop therapeutics, says molecular biologist Kenneth Witwer of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z After its synthesis is complete, it exits as an integral membrane protein of the vesicles that bud from the Golgi’s trans face. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When the scientists subsequently isolated these vesicles in mice and tagged them with a dye that glows, they tracked where they went and discovered that most homed in on the liver. Year in Fitness: How Exercise Keeps Us Young 2018-12-26T05:00:00Z The connection between the eyes and diencephalon is demonstrated during development, in which the neural tissue of the retina differentiates from that of the diencephalon by the growth of the secondary vesicles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z De Camilli’s team showed that a scaffolding protein called synapsin 1 condenses into a liquid phase, along with other proteins, to bind the vesicles into these clusters. "Lava-Lamp" Proteins May Help Cells Cheat Death 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Witwer is one of a number of researchers to propose methods for characterizing vesicles that shift the focus from how they are made to their size, cargo or function. The therapeutic potential of exosomes 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z The vesicle travels from the endoplasmic reticulum to get embedded in plasma membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They also secrete extracellular vesicles — and Chan showed it is these vesicles whose contents fuse with sperm cells, instilling memories of dad’s prior stress. How Dad’s stresses get passed along to offspring 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z A vesicle is a membranous sac—a spherical and hollow organelle bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When the synapsin is phosphorylated, the droplet rapidly dissipates and the vesicles are freed to spill the neurotransmitters into the synapse. "Lava-Lamp" Proteins May Help Cells Cheat Death 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Half his sperm went into a lab dish with vesicles previously exposed to stress hormones. How Dad's Stresses Get Passed Along to Offspring 2018-11-08T05:00:00Z The vesicle moves from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasmic area, remaining there. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Joachim Spatz’s group at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany, has built a rudimentary mitochondrion that can create ATP inside a vesicle. How biologists are creating life-like cells from scratch 2018-11-06T05:00:00Z These substances are typically packaged into membrane-bound vesicles within the cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The presence of RANK-containing vesicles also triggered mineral deposition by osteoblasts, both in vitro and in mouse skulls in vivo. Receptor becomes a ligand to control bone remodelling 2018-09-04T04:00:00Z That showed extracellular vesicles act as the conduit for transmitting paternal stress signals to the offspring, Chan says. How Dad's Stresses Get Passed Along to Offspring 2018-11-08T05:00:00Z The transport vesicles that formed from the ER travel to the cis face, fuse with it, and empty their contents into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Instead some are released as groups in spheres known as vesicles. Why 'stealth spheres' are making you ill 2018-08-08T04:00:00Z Material destined for export is packaged into a vesicle inside the cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The molecule inhibits an enzyme called nSMase2, which plays an important part in the release of vesicles in which tau crosses the synapse. Ways to stop the spread of Alzheimer’s disease 2018-07-24T04:00:00Z They also secrete extracellular vesicles—and Chan showed it is these vesicles whose contents fuse with sperm cells, instilling memories of dad’s prior stress. How Dad's Stresses Get Passed Along to Offspring 2018-11-08T05:00:00Z Microtubules help the cell resist compression, serve as tracks for motor proteins that move vesicles through the cell, and pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are no drug treatments for either norovirus or rotavirus so the researchers hope targeting the vesicles will lead to new options. Why 'stealth spheres' are making you ill 2018-08-08T04:00:00Z The membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and the contents are released into the extracellular space. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z With microscopy techniques, the group examined the structures further and determined that they are open channels through which organelles and membrane vesicles move from one cell to another. Cells Talk and Help One Another via Tiny Tube Networks 2018-05-07T04:00:00Z These aggregates deform the membranes of vesicles and the ER, suggesting that different aggregates cause neurodegeneration through different mechanisms. Protein aggregates caught stalling 2018-03-18T04:00:00Z If nuclear envelopes were formed, they fragment into vesicles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z So recently, an international group of scientists from the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney, Australia, and other institutions began to consider vesicles. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z Some large proteins in blood plasma can move into and out of the endothelial cells packaged within vesicles by endocytosis and exocytosis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If so, it could cause membrane proteins and vesicle trafficking to go haywire, which could short circuit action potentials and thus put an organism to sleep. Plants, Like People, Succumb to Anesthesia [Video] 2018-01-28T05:00:00Z These vesicles circulate throughout the body, but little is known about their function. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z As a protein in the viral capsid binds to its receptor on the host cell, the virus may be taken inside the cell via a vesicle during the normal cell process of receptor- mediated endocytosis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But scientists now know that vesicles also can contain useful matter, including tiny amounts of genetic material and proteins that convey biological messages to other cells. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z They bring processed antigen to the surface of the cell via a transport vesicle and present the antigen to the T cell and its receptor. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Reconstituting intracellular vesicle fusion reactions: the essential role of macromolecular crowding. A tethering complex drives the terminal stage of SNARE-dependent membrane fusion 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z The researchers found that many of the extracellular vesicles released by neurons contain a gene called Arc, which helps neurons to build connections with one another. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z The transport mechanism remains unknown, but the researchers spotted the viruses enclosed in vesicles within the cells. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Some researchers have speculated that exercise must cause an upsurge in such vesicles, resulting in inter-body communications that allow the body to keep moving. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z After fusion of these two vesicles and the association of antigen and MHC, the new vesicle makes its way to the cell surface. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z His team went on to describe different sorts of nanotube, some holding vesicles and mitochondria inside, and others with bacteria 'surfing' the casing5. How the Internet of cells has biologists buzzing 2017-09-19T04:00:00Z The capsid was then wrapped in a piece of the cell membrane and released as an extracellular vesicle. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z Some of them even worked inside fatty acid vesicles, a laboratory stand-in for protocells. How sunlight might have jump-started life on Earth 2017-07-12T04:00:00Z The researchers next used sophisticated new sampling techniques to quantify the proteins and vesicles in the men’s blood. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z Some large molecules can cross in vesicles or through clefts, fenestrations, or gaps between cells in capillary walls. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In 2004, two research groups separately published observations of something even more radical: nanotubes in mammalian cells that seemed to move cargo such as organelles and vesicles back and forth. How the Internet of cells has biologists buzzing 2017-09-19T04:00:00Z In flies, Budnik’s group found that motor neurons—which connect to muscle cells and tell them when to contract—produced vesicles containing Arc. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z Biller has since found that other marine bacteria make these vesicles as well. Meet the obscure microbe that influences climate, ocean ecosystems, and perhaps even evolution 2017-03-09T05:00:00Z They found that about 300 types of protein-containing vesicles grew more common during exercise, and then largely disappeared after four hours of rest. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z Furthermore, we identify thorarchaeal proteins with similar features to eukaryotic coat proteins involved in vesicle biogenesis. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-10T05:00:00Z FB, forebrain; FP, floor plate; H, heart; HB, hindbrain; L, lens; M, melanocytes; MB, midbrain; O, otic vesicle; SC, spinal cord. The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-13T05:00:00Z Once the vesicles reached the muscle cells, they fused with those cells’ membranes, releasing the Arc protein and mRNA. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z In vesicle cycling, mitochondria are essential for generating ATP, buffering calcium and enabling other functions at the synaptic terminal, and proper axonal trafficking must also be maintained. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z It wasn’t clear from this sampling, though, where these vesicles and their proteins went within the body and what happened when they arrived. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z She and Forterre discovered no viruses, but they did find that Thermococcus strains produced a vast amount of membrane vesicles from cells containing plasmid DNA. Extremophiles: Life at the deep end : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z FB, forebrain; FP, floor plate; H, heart; HB, hindbrain; L, lens; M, melanocytes; MB, midbrain; O, otic vesicle; SC, spinal cord. The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-13T05:00:00Z Neurons that absorbed extracellular vesicles from other neurons would start using the Arc mRNA to produce the protein once they were stimulated to fire. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z In PD, α-synuclein accumulates inappropriately and too robustly interferes with the priming of synaptic vesicles, which leads to a decrease in the size of the pool of releasable vesicles. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Most of the vesicles from the runners made a beeline for the animals’ livers, the scientists found, directed by biological signals that were not obvious but insistent. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z On one poster, a cell wall is compared to a brick wall, a vesicle is like a mail truck. TAF, a model for STEM education, helps diverse students build futures 2016-09-30T04:00:00Z When released by the hagfish they quickly interact with seawater; the mucin vesicles releasing a saliva-like substance and the skeins unwinding into long threads. Slimy hagfish inspire 'super hydrogels' 2016-05-23T04:00:00Z “This does seem to be something new,” says Kenneth Witwer, a molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, who studies how HIV interacts with extracellular vesicles. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z And the affinity of α-synuclein for phospholipids, which are enriched on vesicle membranes51, 52, probably facilitates its role as a regulator of vesicle trafficking. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z In essence, the scientists had found that exercise prompts the creation of vesicles that somehow know to head for the liver and tell it to ramp up energy production. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z Furthermore, the group found that it could tune the defects' motion by adjusting the vesicle's diameter and surface tension, suggesting a possible way to control an active crystal. The physics of life 2016-01-04T05:00:00Z But although he was making progress in determining the structure of vesicles, he says, “I realized I should be paying attention to the dynamics.” Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z “This almost raises more questions than it answers,” says Yvonne Couch, a biologist who studies extracellular vesicles at the University of Oxford in the UK. Cells Hack Virus-like Protein to Communicate 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z In vesicle cycling, mitochondria are essential for generating ATP, buffering calcium and enabling other functions at the synaptic terminal, and proper axonal trafficking must also be maintained. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z "In essence, the scientists had found that exercise prompts the creation of vesicles that somehow know to head for the liver and tell it to ramp up energy production." The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z The authors measured the charge at the surface of the vesicles and performed selective fluorescence resonance energy transfer and microscopy studies to probe RNA-membrane association. Origin of Life: First Cells May Have Been Glued Together 2015-08-13T04:00:00Z Then they all fall away to leave the vesicle. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z The sections were imaged with a scanning electron microscope powerful enough to capture even the tiny vesicles that contain the chemical signalling molecules — known as neurotransmitters — in synapses. Crumb of mouse brain reconstructed in full detail 2015-07-29T04:00:00Z In PD, α-synuclein accumulates inappropriately and too robustly interferes with the priming of synaptic vesicles, which leads to a decrease in the size of the pool of releasable vesicles. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Those vesicles don't have to 'somehow know' anything at all. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z Electrostatic interactions induced by short, positively charged, hydrophobic peptides are all it takes to attach RNA to vesicle membranes. Origin of Life: First Cells May Have Been Glued Together 2015-08-13T04:00:00Z The vesicles — gas bubbles left behind by the volcanic eruption that created the basalt — were filled in by a silica-rich mineral solution that seeped into the rock after it had cooled. Notes from the underground 2015-07-19T04:00:00Z In eukaryotic cells, enzymes known as small GTPases perform a slew of functions, from shaping the cytoskeleton to orchestrating the transportation of material in tiny membrane containers called vesicles. Deep-ocean microbe is closest living relative of complex cells 2015-05-06T04:00:00Z They then coated the vesicles with antibodies that home in on a protein overexpressed on the surface of melanoma cells. Nanoparticle drug stops cancer’s spread in mice 2015-01-22T05:00:00Z Given the constant right ventricular mixing of all blood returning to the heart, invariably, all "unclaimed" vesicles will have the chance to reach the liver, but in a much-"diluted" fashion. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z “This paper really brings us closer to harnessing the potential of these tiny vesicles.” Cancer cells can ‘infect’ normal neighbours 2014-10-22T04:00:00Z As with this patient’s rash, it usually starts with small vesicles filled with clear fluid that itch and eventually become red, raw and shiny or thickened. Well: Think Like a Doctor: 18-Year Rash Solved! 2014-05-02T19:59:18Z Certain genes switch on, and the cell makes new proteins that are put into a blob called a vesicle. Watch Proteins Do the Jitterbug 2014-04-10T12:00:02Z They also added isolated outer membrane vesicles, or OMVs, from the bacterium and added that as the fourth antigen. FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation For Novartis' Bexacor Vaccine To Prevent Meningitis B 2014-04-07T16:12:00Z Yes, ultimately all blood is filtered by the liver, but the article says the vesicles "made a beeline" for the liver. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z These “snack packets” are microscopic carbon-filled parcels, or vesicles, released by marine bacteria. Billions and Billions of "Snack Packets" Found Floating in the Ocean 2014-01-18T14:00:00Z Many heterotrophic bacteria are known to release extracellular vesicles, facilitating interactions between cells and their environment from a distance. [Report] Bacterial Vesicles in Marine Ecosystems 2014-01-09T18:56:46.622Z Once the vesicle reaches its destination, it releases its cargo. Watch Proteins Do the Jitterbug 2014-04-10T12:00:02Z In other words, although researchers had established the existence of this vesicle transmission process, no one knew exactly what made it work, or how. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z It can very possibly be that women have different vesicles. The Mysterious Interior World of Exercise 2018-01-24T05:00:00Z One genus, Prochlorococcus, secretes about a billion billion billion vesicles into the ocean every day. Billions and Billions of "Snack Packets" Found Floating in the Ocean 2014-01-18T14:00:00Z The ability of vesicles to deliver diverse compounds in discrete packages adds another layer of complexity to the flow of information, energy, and biomolecules in marine microbial communities. [Report] Bacterial Vesicles in Marine Ecosystems 2014-01-09T18:56:46.622Z Eventually, the gyrating foot stumbles into contact again with the cable, locking on once more — and advancing the vesicle a tiny step forward. Watch Proteins Do the Jitterbug 2014-04-10T12:00:02Z When James Rothman started out as a researcher at Harvard in 1978, his goal was to find out exactly how vesicle transmission worked. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z They are packaged and encapsulated in vesicles, and they travel to the cell perimeter where they fuse to the cell membrane, which allows the proteins to be secreted to the cell exterior.” It began with genetic mutants: The research of new Nobel laureate Randy Schekman 2013-10-28T19:55:09Z Whatever the reasons, the vesicles play a big role in the marine food chain. Billions and Billions of "Snack Packets" Found Floating in the Ocean 2014-01-18T14:00:00Z Here, we report that cultures of Prochlorococcus, a numerically dominant marine cyanobacterium, continuously release lipid vesicles containing proteins, DNA, and RNA. [Report] Bacterial Vesicles in Marine Ecosystems 2014-01-09T18:56:46.622Z He identified a pair of protein complexes, one on the vesicles and the second on their specific targets, that bind to each other like the two halves of a zip. The 2013 Nobel prizes: Higgs’s bosuns 2013-10-10T15:00:39Z That idea was to try to break the vesicle transmission process down, chemical-by-chemical. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z Rothman’s team purified several proteins that were crucial for vesicles to fuse with their membrane targets. Cell transport carries off Nobel 2013-10-09T17:20:18.397Z The vesicles add a substantial supply of carbon and nutrients to the sea, which helps keep the food chain functioning. Billions and Billions of "Snack Packets" Found Floating in the Ocean 2014-01-18T14:00:00Z Prof James Rothman, from Yale University, found proteins embedded in the vesicles which act as the docking mechanism meaning the cargo is released in the correct location. Cellular 'shipping' wins Nobel Prize 2013-10-07T11:01:45Z Dr Rothman discovered the molecular mechanism by which individual vesicles discharge their cargoes where they are needed, whether to other structures within a cell or through the cell wall to the outside. The 2013 Nobel prizes: Higgs’s bosuns 2013-10-10T15:00:39Z As far as Rothman could see, there was no reason this method couldn’t work for the more complex process of vesicle transmission – it just might take more time. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z Südhof’s work, meanwhile, focused on vesicle fusion in neurons, which communicate with other neurons through neurotransmitter chemicals that are packaged in vesicles. Cell transport carries off Nobel 2013-10-09T17:20:18.397Z Among Schekman's research aims is to study whether the accumulation of the protein amyloid in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients is due to disruption of the vesicle system. Scientists win Nobel for mapping body's 'cell traffic' system 2013-10-08T00:11:04Z They found the way "vesicles" act like a fleet of ships transporting their goods to the exact destination. Cellular 'shipping' wins Nobel Prize 2013-10-07T11:01:45Z If the proteins match, the vesicle opens and disgorges its cargo. The 2013 Nobel prizes: Higgs’s bosuns 2013-10-10T15:00:39Z To give his team some extra motivation, Rothman preemptively named a significant complex of proteins they hadn’t discovered yet, but expected to: The complex that hooked incoming synaptic vesicles onto the surfaces of receiving neurons. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z One of the viral proteins was used as a marker to track progress through the vesicle system. Cell transport carries off Nobel 2013-10-09T17:20:18.397Z It was also known that a cell's molecules are transported in membrane-bound sacs known as vesicles. Trio Wins Nobel Prize for Medicine 2013-10-07T23:53:34Z Rothman focused on what occurred once these vesicles reached their destination. The Nobel Prize Winners Explained 2013-10-07T23:05:21Z From the Nobel Prize announcement a few moments ago: Randy Schekman discovered a set of genes that were required for vesicle traffic. Rothman, Scheckman, And Südhof Share Physiology/Medicine Nobel For Vesicle Trafficking 2013-10-07T09:56:00Z As they began their search for SNARE, Rothman and his team isolated synaptic vesicles from living human neurons, and set about trying to reproduce the vesicle transmission process artificially. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z The Nobel committee recognized the three researchers “for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells”. Cell transport carries off Nobel 2013-10-09T17:20:18.397Z By comparing normal yeast cells with genetically mutated ones in which vesicle movement was disrupted, he was able to identify genes that control the transport to different compartments and to the cell surface. Trio Wins Nobel Prize for Medicine 2013-10-07T23:53:34Z His work revealed three classes of genes that oversee vesicle transport, acting as the molecular switchboard for these bubbles. The Nobel Prize Winners Explained 2013-10-07T23:05:21Z James Rothman unravelled protein machinery that allows vesicles to fuse with their targets to permit transfer of cargo. Rothman, Scheckman, And Südhof Share Physiology/Medicine Nobel For Vesicle Trafficking 2013-10-07T09:56:00Z “I was intrigued by the question of how neurotransmitter messages pass from one neuron to another,” Südhof says, “so my first postgraduate research project was to try to clone and purify synaptic vesicle proteins.” The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z They found the way "vesicles" act like a fleet of ships transporting their goods to the exact location. Cellular 'shipping' wins Nobel Prize 2013-10-07T09:54:56Z And that is exactly the case on the right of the above image — the vesicles are bloated and disorderly, while their contents fare no better. Coffee interferes with construction efforts... if you're an amoeba 2013-05-08T02:45:05.043Z Sudhof concentrated his career on the next step – understanding how the vesicles released their contents. The Nobel Prize Winners Explained 2013-10-07T23:05:21Z Thomas Südhof revealed how signals instruct vesicles to release their cargo with precision. Rothman, Scheckman, And Südhof Share Physiology/Medicine Nobel For Vesicle Trafficking 2013-10-07T09:56:00Z Neurons transmit thousands of vesicles in a matter of milliseconds, and SNARE’s unzipping process seemed far too slow for this. The Search for a Nobel Prize-Winning Synapse Machine 2013-12-10T16:45:18.091Z A defective vesicle transport system is implicated in diabetes and brain disorders. Cellular 'shipping' wins Nobel Prize 2013-10-07T09:54:56Z There is a malfunction in whatever mechanism ensures the vesicles are oriented correctly while releasing their scales into the daughter test. Coffee interferes with construction efforts... if you're an amoeba 2013-05-08T02:45:05.043Z He identified specific combinations of proteins on the vesicles and their target cells that matched up like a lock and key to ensure that the right compounds went to the right place. The Nobel Prize Winners Explained 2013-10-07T23:05:21Z So today, you’ll be hearing a lot of discussion about cellular structures called vesicles. Rothman, Scheckman, And Südhof Share Physiology/Medicine Nobel For Vesicle Trafficking 2013-10-07T09:56:00Z Under higher pressure, though, below 100 meters, the vesicle ruptures and the organism dies. Harmful Algal Blooms Increase as Lake Water Warms 2013-01-08T16:45:09.030Z But what keeps those vesicles from bursting prematurely? The Hagfish Goes High Fashion 2012-12-17T01:15:00.200Z Those organelles include structures such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and transport vesicles—the latter are essentially bags that ferry the proteins from structure to structure and then out of the cell. Cellular Calls: Listening in on Body's Protein "Chatter" May Lead to New Therapies 2012-10-03T11:15:08.683Z And green the vesicles did indeed glow, showing that Dr Anderson’s protein assembly line was running smoothly. Drug delivery: Made to order 2012-07-12T15:01:25Z Tumors resembled human neuroblastomas in morphology, metastasis pattern, gene expression, and the presence of neurosecretory vesicles as well as synaptic structures. [Research Articles] Targeted Expression of Mutated ALK Induces Neuroblastoma in Transgenic Mice 2012-07-04T18:25:08.700Z One of the minute vesicles, of very various forms, of which plants are formed. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z Jack Szostak and his colleagues at Harvard Medical School in Boston have taken a different approach, enclosing RNA molecules in fatty-acid vesicles as an early step towards the creation of a primitive cell. Life-changing experiments: The biological Higgs 2012-03-28T17:20:33.930Z A membranous appendage of the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, Ð in mammals serving to connect the fetus with the parent; the urinary vesicle. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z In the right conditions, an emulsion of these molecules will organise itself into small spheres, known as vesicles, that contain part of the liquid the phospholipids were suspended in. Drug delivery: Made to order 2012-07-12T15:01:25Z Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air, or a thin, watery fluid. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2nd 100 Pages) 2012-03-24T02:00:19.387Z Pedicels short, erect; corolla bright yellow, 8´´ long, the spur nearly as long as the body; crest very broad, usually toothed; pods terete, erect, densely covered with transparent vesicles, seeds acutely margined, tuberculate.—S. W. The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Including the District East of the Mississippi and North of North Carolina and Tennessee 2012-04-12T02:00:30.140Z The vesicles grow and divide spontaneously, but the genetic material does not replicate without the aid of an enzyme. Life-changing experiments: The biological Higgs 2012-03-28T17:20:33.930Z A small depression, sac, or vesicle, as the socket of a tooth, the air cells of the lungs, the ultimate saccules of glands, etc. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z They are minute vesicles, often not larger than a pin's head, but sometimes two lines in diameter, and occasionally, in cases in which two or three have coalesced, much larger. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z A large vesicle or bulla, usually containing a serous fluid; a blister; a bubble, as in water, glass, etc. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2nd 100 Pages) 2012-03-24T02:00:19.387Z The accessory generative glands are the two vesiculae seminales, with the median third vesicle, or uterus masculinus, lying between them, the single bilobed prostate, and a pair of globular Cowper’s glands. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 6 "Home, Daniel" to "Hortensius, Quintus" 2012-03-15T02:00:32.250Z This phenomenon is attributed to the slow oxygenation of the blood in the respiratory vesicles. Curiosities of Medical Experience 2012-03-09T03:00:20.410Z The vesicles dry gradually, and between the fourteenth and twentieth days the scab falls off, leaving a pitted scar. Essays In Pastoral Medicine 2012-03-05T03:00:09.993Z The vesicles are superficial in situation, the firm papule which precedes the variolous rash being altogether wanting. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z A vesicle of the skin, containing watery matter or serum, whether occasioned by a burn or other injury, or by a vesicatory; a collection of serous fluid causing a bladderlike elevation of the cuticle. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (2nd 100 Pages) 2012-03-24T02:00:19.387Z In one case there was slight vesicle on nostril and slight inflammation of gum. Prairie Farmer, Vol. 56: No. 12, March 22, 1884 A Weekly Journal for the Farm, Orchard and Fireside 2012-02-24T03:00:26.570Z Throat.—Pain and burning of the larynx, when laughing or reading aloud, and small vesicles in the pharynx. New, Old, and Forgotten Remedies: Papers by Many Writers 2012-02-05T03:00:10Z Definite sensory cells are also present with rod-like structures projecting into the lumen of the vesicle. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z In more than one such case there was an unusually profuse crop of sudamina during the relapse, many of the vesicles breaking and being followed by brownish stains. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Herpes, hėr′pēz, n. the name of a group of diseases of the skin, characterised by the presence of clusters of vesicles on an inflamed base—Catarrhal herpes and Herpes zoster or Shingles.—adj. Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 2 of 4: E-M) 2012-01-11T03:00:23.770Z The blood in this disease is but little affected, though a little of it oozes into the vesicles on the skin, and communicates to them that reddish tinge, which gives origin to the name. A Treatise on Sheep: The Best Means for their Improvement, General Management, and the Treatment of their Diseases. 2011-12-04T03:00:03.890Z It is here surrounded by the albuminous fluid which the vesicle contains. Fruits of Philosophy A Treatise on the Population Question 2011-12-03T03:00:10.910Z The actin bridge was cut off from the intracellular depot of adhesin, and the vesicles that would normally transport the adhesin to the cell surface were floating free in the cytoplasm. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mystery Is Solved 2011-11-11T16:45:00.273Z This confluence is most conspicuous upon the face and hands, where large flat vesicles run together, form pus-filled bull�, and finally convert the surface on which they rest into a single, large, many-chambered pustule. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z “An enzyme, luciferase, and a substrate, luciferin, are held in tiny bags called vesicles inside the cell,” he said. Q & A: How Does Red Tide Light Up Ocean Waves? 2011-11-07T22:31:39Z It is said to have a head, h.—a neck, n.—a body, b.— and a posterior or caudal vesicle, c.v. A Treatise on Sheep: The Best Means for their Improvement, General Management, and the Treatment of their Diseases. 2011-12-04T03:00:03.890Z In those who have not been pregnant, it contains from ten to twenty vesicles, which are little round bodies, formed of a delicate membrane, and filled with a transparent fluid. Fruits of Philosophy A Treatise on the Population Question 2011-12-03T03:00:10.910Z Lamb replies: There are indeed clear advantages that presumably led the eye vesicle to fold inward during evolution. Readers Respond to "The Bad Boy of Physics," and Other Articles 2011-10-21T12:45:00.330Z The contents of erysipelatous vesicles containing no micrococci excited no morbid manifestations. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z All are tall pyramidal trees, with wide-spreading horizontal limbs bearing thick foliage masses, and with bark that contains vesicles full of resinous balsam. Trees Worth Knowing 2011-10-13T02:00:48.357Z The vesicle which acts as heart and stomach serves also as the reproductive cavity, but how or by what means it is fecundated would be difficult to determine. A Treatise on Sheep: The Best Means for their Improvement, General Management, and the Treatment of their Diseases. 2011-12-04T03:00:03.890Z Some of these vesicles are situated so near the surface of the ovarium as to be prominent on its surface. Fruits of Philosophy A Treatise on the Population Question 2011-12-03T03:00:10.910Z The herpetic vesicles leave obstinate and painful ulcers behind them, which refuse to heal, and which worry the patient frightfully, the merest breath of air upon them sufficing to produce agonizing darts of neuralgic pain. Neuralgia and the Diseases that Resemble it 2011-10-03T02:00:31.460Z The serous exudations of the skin are those present in vesicles, blisters, or bull�, which owe their limitation to the resistance offered to the spreading of the liquid inflammatory product by the coherent epidermis. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The bark of fir trees is thin, smooth, and pale, with abundant resin vesicles, until the trees are well grown. Trees Worth Knowing 2011-10-13T02:00:48.357Z The foremost or anterior vesicle, however, is of the very greatest importance, and its subsequent changes are more marked than either of the other two. Embryology The Beginnings of Life 2011-09-12T02:00:28.483Z R. In those in whom conception has ever taken place, some of these vesicles are removed, and in their place a cicatrix or scar is formed which continues through life. Fruits of Philosophy A Treatise on the Population Question 2011-12-03T03:00:10.910Z The pain ceased even before the vesicles had perfectly healed; a rather unusual occurrence in my experience. Neuralgia and the Diseases that Resemble it 2011-10-03T02:00:31.460Z In many, even the majority, of cases the exanthem is much less profusely developed, not more than a dozen or twenty vesicles springing from the surface. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The eye is always a closed vesicle, and the internal cornea is extensive. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z These two projections, or pouches, ultimately form the optic vesicle. Embryology The Beginnings of Life 2011-09-12T02:00:28.483Z At each menstrual period, a Graafian vesicle becomes enlarged, bursts, and lets the ovum which it contains escape into the Fallopian tube, along which it passes to the uterus. Fruits of Philosophy A Treatise on the Population Question 2011-12-03T03:00:10.910Z His array of toilet vesicles reminded me of the shelves in a barber’s shop. The Sea and the Jungle 2011-08-30T02:00:30.350Z In this way vesicles, or, more commonly, bull�, develop upon the surface. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z They are furnished with a distinct mouth, and adult specimens exhibit star-shaped contractile vesicles in great perfection. Marvels of Pond-life A Year's Microscopic Recreations 2011-08-01T02:00:12.067Z The vesicles were dispersed in and zapped with a beam of neutrons. Cholesterol Moves Slowly Among Cells 2011-07-19T20:45:00.227Z The anterior epithelium of the lens vesicle remains, but from the posterior the lens fibres are developed and these gradually fill up the cavity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Part of the mass is vesicular, and the vesicles are studded over with minute crystals of white opaque quartz. Scenes and Andventures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas 2011-07-10T02:00:18.883Z They are accompanied, too, by vesicles containing more or less serum which have not yet ruptured. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Unlike most animalcules they are susceptible of being preserved by drying upon glass, and we subjoin a figure from Pritchard, of one thus treated, in which the star-shaped vesicles are clearly seen. Marvels of Pond-life A Year's Microscopic Recreations 2011-08-01T02:00:12.067Z All other clouds are composed of little drops of water—not hollow vesicles of water, as was once supposed. The Mentor: The Weather Serial Number 110; 1 July, 1916 2011-06-09T02:00:19.213Z Many of them show a distinct spot or cell, called the nucleus, and some have minute transparent vesicles, which contract and expand alternately, and appear to be of the nature of circulatory or excretory organs. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The lens of the lateral eye of the vertebrates is derived by an invagination of the ectoderm, which meets and fits in the retinal cup at the end of the optic vesicle. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Autenreith19 recommends tartar emetic to the epigastrium till vesicles appear and even ulcerate. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The branches of the tube stopped somewhat abruptly just before reaching the surface, and were often observed to end in small round vacuoles or vesicles. Marvels of Pond-life A Year's Microscopic Recreations 2011-08-01T02:00:12.067Z As it walks, kinesin drags a vesicle or other cargo from one part of a cell to another. The Orderly Chaos of Proteins [Video] 2011-04-18T11:45:05.227Z Instead of trying to follow cholesterol throughout its entire journey inside the cell, scientists often analyze its transport piece by piece, such as by examining transfer rates between vesicles. Too Hard For Science? The Adventures of a Biomolecule in a Cell 2011-04-14T22:45:00.257Z The eye was found to consist of two rudimentary eyes, with two rudimentary retinæ, apparently springing from a single optic vesicle. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z The adjacent skin shows a swollen areola livid and red, on which there appear vesicles similar to the first, which pass through the same stages, burst, and leave a livid, hard, or doughy gangrenous surface. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z Some really are, and others closely resemble, the larval conditions of creatures higher in the scale, and the contracted vesicle with its channel bears resemblance to what is called the "water vascular system" of worms. Marvels of Pond-life A Year's Microscopic Recreations 2011-08-01T02:00:12.067Z The characteristic watery discharge of the disease is produced by the bursting of the vesicles. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 2: Ebert to Estremadura 2011-04-14T02:00:56.200Z Then, over the next week, the blobs grew and began to form a structure, seen early in eye development, called an optic vesicle. Stem Cells Make 'Retina in a Dish' 2011-04-06T21:15:00.253Z The cerebral vesicle which represents this is a plain cavity without true subdivision into ventricles. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z Orth took the contents of a vesicle from an erysipelatous patient which contained bacteria in great abundance, and employed the same for injections under the skin of rabbits. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The vesicles gradually enlarge and eventually break, exposing a red raw patch, which is very sensitive. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Ec�zema is a skin eruption marked by the appearance of papules or vesicles and accompanied by irritation of the affected part, frequently very severe. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 2: Ebert to Estremadura 2011-04-14T02:00:56.200Z His first experiments were the effects of acids and alkalies on vegetable colors, the kind of air in the vesicles of common seaweed, and the solution and precipitation of metals. Famous Men of Science 2011-03-08T03:00:49.717Z Into this the cerebral vesicle of the larval lancelet opens. Degeneracy Its Causes, Signs and Results 2011-05-02T02:00:17.657Z In this variety the mouths of the hair-follicles are filled with fluid and produce delicate transparent vesicles. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z It is transmitted by the saliva and the discharges from the vesicles, though all the secretions and excretions are doubtless infective, as well as all articles and places soiled by them. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z The vaccine material was inoculated over the joint and, surprising though it may appear now, the vaccine vesicle ran rather a normal course and healed kindly. Makers of Modern Medicine 2011-03-05T03:00:29.580Z For example, vesicles with phospholipids in their membranes--a key component of actual cell membranes--grow faster than those without. Oil droplets mimic early life 2011-02-23T19:15:02.307Z Occasionally the vesicles are disseminated throughout the entire rock. Geology 2011-02-20T03:00:12.660Z The result of this structure is, that the liquid contained within the pock—the lymph—escapes only partly through a puncture made in the wall of the vesicle. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z This disease can be produced by injecting the saliva, or the lymph of the vesicles, into the blood or the peritoneal cavity. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z These began in 1875 and following years with a careful examination of the behaviour of the germinal vesicle in the maturation and fertilization of the ovum. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z The creature contained a number of spherical food spaces with sienna colored contents, a large diatom filled with endochrome, besides several clear food spaces, a posterior contractile vesicle, and the usual glanular endosarc. The Galaxy Vol. XXIII?March, 1877.?No. 3 2011-01-31T03:00:16.193Z When the vesicles are filled up with some mineral, the rock is said to be amygdaloidal, from the almond shape assumed by the kernels filling the cavities. Geology 2011-02-20T03:00:12.660Z Not infrequently the papules are large, and sometimes a few pass into vesicles or pustules. A System of Practical Medicine by American Authors, Vol. I Volume 1: Pathology and General Diseases 2012-03-17T02:00:54.097Z The Indian cut a small woody knob as big as a filbert from the trunk of a fir, apparently an old balsam vesicle filled with wood, which he said was good medicine. Canoeing in the wilderness 2011-01-19T03:00:23.683Z The nucleus of the o�cyte is called the germinal vesicle. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z The amoeba verrucosa assumed an oval form, and the contractile vesicle became indistinct without collapsing. The Galaxy Vol. XXIII?March, 1877.?No. 3 2011-01-31T03:00:16.193Z The vesicles, or pores, in the upper and lower portions are often flattened, and are frequently filled with mineral matter. Geology 2011-02-20T03:00:12.660Z The skin becomes covered with an erythematous blush, on which numerous tiny vesicles form. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z In the Amphibia the thyroid forms numerous vesicles close to the anterior end of the pericardium. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 8 "Dubner" to "Dyeing" 2010-12-26T03:00:17.840Z This is due almost entirely to the enormous growth of the cerebral vesicle, which is an outgrowth of the dorsal wall of the fore-brain just short of its anterior end. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z After a few moments he observed an amoeba verrucosa, nearly motionless, empty of food, with a large central vesicle, and measuring 1/25th of a millimetre in diameter. The Galaxy Vol. XXIII?March, 1877.?No. 3 2011-01-31T03:00:16.193Z These vesicles, being due to the bubbles of vapour that gathered in the molten rock, usually occur in greatest abundance towards the upper surface of a bed of lava. Geology 2011-02-20T03:00:12.660Z But where the attack is more acute fresh crops of vesicles spring up and the process repeats itself. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z In birds, this stalk consists entirely of blood-vessels, which in the adult enclose no terminal vesicle, and fuse with the membranous linings of the skull. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z Experts see promise in another nano technique which involves encapsulating nutrients in bubble-like structures known as vesicles that can be engineered to break down and release their contents at specific stages in the digestive system. Scientists see risks and benefits in nano foods 2010-09-15T12:02:00Z The amoeba verrucosa now appeared enclosed in a large oval, clear vacuole or space, was constricted so as to be gourd-shaped, and had lost all trace of its vesicle. The Galaxy Vol. XXIII?March, 1877.?No. 3 2011-01-31T03:00:16.193Z The vesicles are usually more or less flattened, having been drawn out in the direction in which the lava-current flowed. Geology 2011-02-20T03:00:12.660Z The vesicles grow larger, run together, and either burst or are broken by the patient’s scratching, a clear fluid exuding which stiffens linen. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z "The idea is to determine the structure and dynamics of the vesicle fusion process that releases the neurotransmitter molecules used by neurons to communicate with one another," Pertsinidis says. Correcting a Trick of the Light Brings Molecules Into View 2010-07-16T14:36:00Z In the 1980s, Dr. Südhof and Dr. Scheller decoded the genes that control the functioning of tiny nerve cell bundles called vesicles, which send neurotransmitters across the synapses between cells. 8 Scientists Win Prestigious Kavli Prizes 2010-06-03T13:30:00Z This suggests that the harmful bacteria did in fact release toxins or enzymes that busted open the vesicles, unleashing the antibiotic inside and sealing their own fate. Infection, Kill Thyself 2010-04-29T22:08:00Z All these splendid phenomena are, I believe, produced by diffraction, the vesicles or spherules of water in the case of the cloud acting the part of the sporules in the case of the lycopodium. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. The rectum receives the openings of a pair of very characteristic organs, the anal vesicles. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z They have red, rarely yellow or green, blood circulating in a double system of contractile vessels, a double ganglionated nervous cord, and respire by external branchi�, internal vesicles, or by the skin. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 2 Amiel to Atrauli Dr. Rothman investigated how the vesicles involved in a wide range of physiological activities get to where they need to be in the body and how they know when to release their chemicals. 8 Scientists Win Prestigious Kavli Prizes 2010-06-03T13:30:00Z And while the researchers tried their system with bacteria-killing sodium azide, in practice the vesicles would be filled with different antibiotics depending on the patient’s wound. Infection, Kill Thyself 2010-04-29T22:08:00Z A minute swelling soon appears at the part, and develops into a vesicle containing serum or bloody matter, and varying in size, but seldom larger than a shilling. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" A vesicle is first produced, and then a contraction appears around the vesicle, and this contraction increases till a portion of the vesicle is cut off and swims away free like an amœba. The Mechanism of Life The original anterior vesicle from which the hemispheres evaginate is composed, as already shown, of an anterior part or telencephalon and a posterior or thalamencephalon; the whole forming the third ventricle in the adult. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" The word is also used for any similar sac, such as the gall-bladder, the swim-bladder in fishes, or the small vesicle in various seaweeds. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 1 "Bisharin" to "Bohea" The body seemed to be discolored and variegated in color, with here and there little marks of boils or vesicles. The Social Gangster But electric attraction and repulsion between the different strata and the vesicles, explain it. The Philosophy of the Weather And a Guide to Its Changes Their stems are formed of cells or vesicles juxtaposed, showing cavities separated by osmotic walls. The Mechanism of Life A constriction also occurs in the hind vesicle or rhombencephalon, dividing it into an anterior part, the metencephalon, from which the cerebellum is developed, and a posterior or myelencephalon, the primitive medulla oblongata. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" Externally, the nephridium opens by a vesicle, as in many Oligochaetes whose lumen is intercellular. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 7 "Cerargyrite" to "Charing Cross" B, Ingrowth of the ring-like wall so as to form a sac, the primitive optic vesicle of Loligo. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" The clouds are of a similar vesicular character, and rain does not fall till the vesicles unite to form drops. The Philosophy of the Weather And a Guide to Its Changes In this way a single osmotic cell may produce a whole series of independent vesicles. The Mechanism of Life The simple tubular brain we have seen as a permanent arrangement in Amphioxus, but the stage of the three vesicles is a transitory one, and is not found in the adult of any existing animal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" But the most frequent mode of transportation consists in the buoyancy of their eggs, or certain small vesicles, which are detached, and are capable of becoming the foundation of a new colony. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology The cavity of each is continued into a small blind process which is the remnant of the embryonic connexion of the vesicle with the external surface. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" This disturbed electricity is diffused over the vesicles. The Philosophy of the Weather And a Guide to Its Changes Sometimes the component vesicles have kept their original form, so that the stem has the appearance of a row of beads. The Mechanism of Life The numerous small blisters or vesicles thus derived coalesce, forming a large sac full of “blister-fluid.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 2 "Camorra" to "Cape Colony" Mr. Cline now became very sanguine as to the result and inoculated three other children with lymph taken from the vesicles of the child, but no evil effect ensued. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 14 A crop of minute vesicles known as Koplik’s spots over these parts has been lately stated by Koplik to be an early symptom of measles. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" All we know of the egg, from each successive discovery, is, another vesicle; and if, after five hundred years, you get a better observer, or a better glass, he finds within the last observed another. The Voice of Science in Nineteenth-Century Literature Representative Prose and Verse The foliaceous expansions of osmotic growths are formed by colonies of cells or vesicles disposed in regular lines, which may present various patterns of innervation, parallel, palmate, or pennate. The Mechanism of Life During the fourth day these vesicles dry and shrivel up, and the scabs fall off, leaving as a rule no scar. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" The defining characteristics here are the curious supplementary vesicles. The North American Slime-Moulds A Descriptive List of All Species of Myxomycetes Hitherto Reported from the Continent of North America, with Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species There is a small bladder or vesicle under the fore part of the body, when they first come out, from which they derive their sustenance. Soil Culture In vegetable and animal tissue, it is just alike, and all that the primary power or spasm operates, is, still, vesicles, vesicles. The Voice of Science in Nineteenth-Century Literature Representative Prose and Verse He describes spheres attached to one another, vesicles, and muriform structures. The Mechanism of Life It fulfils also respiratory and renal functions, and is comparable, physiologically, to the contractile vesicle or bladder of Rotifers and Turbellarians. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 2 "Constantine Pavlovich" to "Convention" Many are so arranged that the plexus with its vesicles occupies a place in the plane separating adjacent sporangia, suggesting the possibility that we have here to do with an imperfectly developed surface-net and peridium. The North American Slime-Moulds A Descriptive List of All Species of Myxomycetes Hitherto Reported from the Continent of North America, with Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species Both the tube and vesicles are much magnified. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) A vesicle in new circumstances, a vesicle lodged in darkness, Oken thought, became animal; in light, a plant. The Voice of Science in Nineteenth-Century Literature Representative Prose and Verse A second analogy between vital and osmotic growths is to be found in their structure, both being formed by groups of cells or vesicles separated by osmotic membranes. The Mechanism of Life Each cell contains both a kernel and a contractile vesicle. Was Man Created? In necrotic stomatitis vesicles are never formed, necrosis occurring from the beginning and followed by the formation of yellowish, cheesy patches, principally found in the mouth. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The following characters may be compared with those of the family preceding it:— Filamentous, threads free or only slightly felted, bearing vesicles, which contain indefinite sporidia = Physomycetes. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses Lodged in the parent animal, it suffers changes, which end in unsheathing miraculous capability in the unaltered vesicle, and it unlocks itself to fish, bird, or quadruped, head and foot, eye and claw. The Voice of Science in Nineteenth-Century Literature Representative Prose and Verse We may easily picture to ourselves the mechanism by which an osmotic cell gives birth to such a colony of microscopic vesicles. The Mechanism of Life From time to time some of these ovules enlarge and are surrounded by a vesicle with liquid contents, which is called the Graafian follicle. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study But the eruption of the "pox" goes on to the development of a pustule, while in foot-and-mouth disease the eruption is never more than a vesicle, even though the contained fluid may become turbid. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Towards its extremity it exhibits protuberances which resemble the rudiments of ramuli, or they terminate in a vesicle which gives rise to a slender filament. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses The germinal vesicle is so simple that it may be defined in a line. Essays: Scientific, Political, & Speculative, Vol. I Others are apparently crystalline in structure, and are spread over the whole surface of the swimming vesicle. The Mechanism of Life The nucleus of an ordinary cell presents itself in the form of a nearly spherical vesicle. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study There is fever, sometimes vomiting, painful swallowing, heat and dryness of the mouth, followed by an eruption of vesicles on the mucous membrane of the mouth, and very rarely by similar ones on the fingers. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle If this does not become isolated, to play an independent life, the filament is continued, and new vesicles are repeated many times. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses In another forty-eight hours the character of the pimples has changed into that of little vesicles or pocks, depressed instead of pointed at their centre, and containing a little watery milky fluid. The Mother's Manual of Children's Diseases The wall thin; the outer layer not continuous, the irregular brown vesicles disposed in angular patches and elongated bands, which have a somewhat reticulate arrangement. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio Tongue smooth and shining anteriorly, and with vesicles on it. North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, July, 1826 The vesicles appear on the lips, gums, cheek, and edge of the tongue, and are about the size of a pea. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle The extremity becomes clavate or swollen, after the manner of a vesicle, which receives by degrees the whole of the protoplasm. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses The author of the "Vestiges" claims that the first step in the creation of life upon our earth was a chemico-electric operation, forming simple germinal vesicles. The Christian Foundation, Or, Scientific and Religious Journal, Volume I, No. 7, July, 1880 The wall thin; the vesicles with a dark polygonal outline, disposed in thin irregular reticulate patches, which are more or less confluent. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio The vesicles and pustules are, in such cases, flattened, and with indented centres, which latter display at times a dark point or spot, while the edges are of a livid red. North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, July, 1826 The third class are the vesical calculi, from the bladder or vesicle in which they are found. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle As early as 1860 he recognized the large globose, sessile, and grouped vesicles which originate the fertile tissue, but did not comprehend the part which these macrocysts were to perform. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses This malformation is believed to be due to an irregularity in development, whereby a portion of the primary cerebral vesicle remains outside the mesoblastic layer of the embryo. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. The polygonal vesicles give a reticulate appearance to the dark-brown patches which ornament the surface of the wall. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio The redness extending as the eruption becomes copious, converts the skin, especially of the face, neck, and hands, into a red ground, from which project, in relief, the whitish vesicles. North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, July, 1826 The vesicles rupture, forming erosions and ulcerations; there are also salivation, tenderness of the affected parts, loss of appetite, lameness, emaciation, and diminution in the quantity of milk secreted. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle In the vesicle in which this hollow pebble was formed three consecutive processes must have gone on. The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland A crop of vesicles forms and, after bursting, these leave dry scabs. Manual of Surgery Volume Second: Extremities—Head—Neck. Sixth Edition. Stipe more or less elongated, the interior containing roundish vesicles which become smaller upward, and gradually pass into the normal spores. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio The vesicles, containing at first a thin, semi-transparent fluid, become gradually larger, fuller and yellower, and filled with a thick, tenacious matter. North American Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 3, July, 1826 The application of heat, whether dry or moist, unless sufficient instantly to destroy the life of a part, is always followed by the development of vesicles or blisters, which contain a thin, watery fluid. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle On what principle, and under what direction, have results so various taken place in vesicles of the same rock, that in many instances occur scarce half an inch apart? The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland The use of chemical reagents on the object-slide proves that nitric acid dissolves these grains, with effervescence and without leaving the least residue, even when they are still enclosed in their vesicles. The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles Stipe filled with large thick-walled vesicles, which are sub-angular from mutual pressure; these become smaller upward, and pass gradually into normal spores. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio By ingesting milk from an affected animal, he was able to produce the symptoms of the disease, the mucous membrane of the mouth being covered with the small vesicles that characterize the malady. Outlines of Dairy Bacteriology, 8th edition A Concise Manual for the Use of Students in Dairying With the advance of the disease the vesicles widen and extend until they may reach a diameter ranging from that of a dime to that of a silver dollar. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle We find that no vesicle wants its coating of this earthy mineral. The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland Vesicular: More or less covered with minute vesicles due to gas formation; more minute than bullate. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. Stipe more or less elongated, simple, erect, brownish below, filled with roundish vesicles. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio Yellow or livid vesicles appear, producing a corrosive ichor, which is sometimes attended with a degree of fever. Zoonomia, Vol. II Or, the Laws of Organic Life Emphysema is a rupture of the minute air vesicles of the lung substance, and may be either interlobular or vesicular. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle I have given their various cargoes to all its many vesicles by mechanical means, at no expense of ingenuity whatever. The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland On microscopic examination of the lungs, the air tubes and vesicles were found filled with immense numbers of red and white corpuscles and much mucus. Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine, How and Why What Medical Writers Say Such a coating occurs in a few species of Physarum, but here the vesicles of lime attached to the threads distinguish them. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio These vesicles lie in groups all through the flesh of the pileus, sometimes forming the greater part of its substance. Studies of American Fungi. Mushrooms, Edible, Poisonous, etc. Animals affected in this way lose condition, their coat is staring, gait slow, and small vesicles containing yellow liquid form under the tongue; the milk given by such cows is thin and watery. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Why, for instance, should that vesicle have elaborated only green earth, and the vesicle separated from it by a partition barely a line in thickness, have elaborated only chalcedony? The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland The sensitive lung tissue is enveloped in alcohol—flowing through the capillaries of the lung on one side, and exhaled, filling the air vesicles and tubes on the other. Alcohol: A Dangerous and Unnecessary Medicine, How and Why What Medical Writers Say Capillitium a dense net-work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles and bearing numerous irregular vesicles, various in size and form, yellow or orange to red in color. The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio It presents to view in the third month three vesicles of soft neurine, the one which is to form the cerebellum being larger than that which is to become the cerebrum. Buchanan's Journal of Man, June 1887 Volume 1, Number 5 The contagion may be found in the serum of the vesicles on the mouth, feet, and udder; in the saliva, milk, and various secretions and excretions; also in the blood during the rise of temperature. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle I shall attempt stating the chemical problem furnished by the vesicles here in a mechanical form. The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland Leaflets ovate, acute, obtusely serrate, small transparent vesicles on the surface, spines on the midrib and common petiole. The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines A vesicle containing gas, situated immediately beneath the spinal column in most fish, and often communicating by a tube with the gullet. The Sailor's Word-Book An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms, including Some More Especially Military and Scientific, but Useful to Seamen; as well as Archaisms of Early Voyagers, etc. Eosinophile cells have been found both in the vesicles and the blood. Essentials of Diseases of the Skin Including the Syphilodermata Arranged in the Form of Questions and Answers Prepared Especially for Students of Medicine Small vesicles then appear, which rapidly burst and are converted into excoriations or deeper ulcerations. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle Now, by mechanical means of this character,—by such an arrangement of successive infusions, and such a device of shutting and opening of doors,—the phenomena exhibited by the vesicles could be produced. The Cruise of the Betsey or, A Summer Ramble Among the Fossiliferous Deposits of the Hebrides. With Rambles of a Geologist or, Ten Thousand Miles Over the Fossiliferous Deposits of Scotland The vesicle corresponds to the vesicle, or germinal spot, in the eggs of birds, and ovum of mammiferous animals. The $100 Prize Essay on the Cultivation of the Potato. Prize offered by W. T. Wylie and awarded to D. H. Compton. How to Cook the Potato, Furnished by Prof. Blot. By violently agitating the milk or cream the little vesicles, or bags containing the butter, are broken, and, the fatty matter adhering, lumps of butter are formed. The Stock-Feeder's Manual the chemistry of food in relation to the breeding and feeding of live stock Impetigo contagiosa is an acute, contagious, inflammatory disease, characterized by the formation of discrete, superficial, flat, rounded, or ovalish vesicles or blebs, soon becoming vesico-pustular, and drying to thin yellowish crusts. Essentials of Diseases of the Skin Including the Syphilodermata Arranged in the Form of Questions and Answers Prepared Especially for Students of Medicine |
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