| 单词 | Sun Yat-sen |
| 例句 | “We are a smart people, very strong, tricky, and famous for winning wars. You know Sun Yat-sen, hah?” The Joy Luck Club 1989-01-01T00:00:00Z The men had cut their pigtails to defy the Manchus and to help Sun Yat-sen, fellow Cantonese. The Woman Warrior 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z We played capture-the-flag in the auditorium, where Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek’s pictures hung at the back of the stage, the Chinese flag on their left and the American flag on their right. The Woman Warrior 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z In Beijing, an alternative opera, “Chinese Orphan,” from the center’s previous season, was prepared to be revived in place of “Dr. Sun Yat-sen.” The Opera ?Dr. Sun Yat-sen? Is Canceled in China 2011-10-11T19:57:08Z Before the premiere, The New York Times reported that Opera Hong Kong, which commissioned and produced “Dr. Sun Yat-sen,” was told that the opera was not politically serious enough. Opera Review: Hong Kong, Not Beijing, Sees an Opera Laced With Revolutionary Zeal 2011-10-18T13:00:19Z The arts center’s agreement to present “Dr. Sun Yat-sen” was, until its cancellation, consistent with such bridge-building endeavors and not an obvious candidate for controversy. The Opera ?Dr. Sun Yat-sen? Is Canceled in China 2011-10-11T19:57:08Z Wisely, Mr. Huang taps this musical idiom judiciously in “Dr. Sun Yat-sen.” Opera Review: Hong Kong, Not Beijing, Sees an Opera Laced With Revolutionary Zeal 2011-10-18T13:00:19Z For that reason, she had not intended to profile the sisters at all but arrived at them circuitously as she set about researching the founding father of modern China, Sun Yat-sen. The Famous, Feuding Siblings Who Helped Shape Modern China 2019-10-29T04:00:00Z A close sibling of nationalism was the concept of “tutelage,” another Sun Yat-sen contribution, that described the process Chinese people would need to undergo before finally becoming ready for self-government. ArtsBeat: Q. and A.: Orville Schell and John Delury on China’s Quest for Rejuvenation 2013-07-16T18:46:30Z Produced by Taiwan's Government Information Office, it includes 30 historical images of the life and legacy of Sun Yat-sen — considered the founding father of both the Exhibition hours are 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Photos of Taiwan and Sun Yat-sen on view at Bellevue City Hall 2011-01-08T00:53:07Z Researchers at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China, found that lemon-lime soda was effective in cutting the length of a hangover. Hangover cure is elusive but symptom relief fizzles and flows 2014-12-30T05:00:00Z “Dr. Sun Yat-sen” is shot through with revolutionary zeal, beginning with the initial scene in Charlie Soong’s Shanghai home — a fund-raising reception ostensibly benefiting a new church but really intended for the revolution. Opera Review: Hong Kong, Not Beijing, Sees an Opera Laced With Revolutionary Zeal 2011-10-18T13:00:19Z That October “Dr. Sun Yat-sen” was finally performed in Hong Kong with Mr. Mok in the title role, in a modified version using Chinese instruments. ‘Dr. Sun Yat-sen’ in the American Premiere at Santa Fe Opera 2014-07-27T04:00:00Z This may have been the kind of vocal writing the authorities in Beijing were expecting from “Dr. Sun Yat-sen” before they saw the score and indefinitely postponed performances there. Opera Review: East Meets West at Macao Festival 2011-10-25T11:30:08Z Yet another Sun Yat-sen family picture, from 1912, features young women in wide trousers and high heels, though still paired with loose Chinese-styled tops. History of a Dress, Chinese Style 2010-08-30T12:10:00Z Huang Ruo’s music offers few such subtleties, though unlike in his earlier opera for Santa Fe, “Dr. Sun Yat-sen,” it declines to weave Chinese instruments into the orchestra. Review: ‘M. Butterfly’ Metamorphoses Again, as an Opera 2022-08-01T04:00:00Z “Unfortunately, we are not going to be able to present ‘Dr. Sun Yat-sen’ due to operational budgetary concerns,” a spokeswoman wrote in an e-mail. The Opera ?Dr. Sun Yat-sen? Is Canceled in China 2011-10-11T19:57:08Z One of her most striking claims is that Sun Yat-sen, revered as the father of modern China, "raised my grandfather and granduncle as his own sons" – akin to a Briton being reared by Winston Churchill. Ping Fu controversy over childhood tales of China's cultural revolution 2013-02-13T13:47:38Z Sun Yat-sen, too, is no ordinary historical figure to the Chinese. Opera Review: Hong Kong, Not Beijing, Sees an Opera Laced With Revolutionary Zeal 2011-10-18T13:00:19Z In late August, for example, the authorities canceled “Dr. Sun Yat-sen,” a sumptuous new opera about that Chinese revolutionary that was weeks away from opening at the National Center for Performing Arts. Play on Pentagon Papers Goes On in Beijing, but Not a Talk 2011-12-03T02:27:23Z The only portrait that the Chinese leader Sun Yat-sen kept in his home was one of Lincoln, while Mao directed his followers to memorize the Gettysburg Address. Museum Review: Lincoln?s Legacy at Expanded Ford?s Theater Complex 2012-02-10T13:00:00Z Sun Yat-sen developed a more inclusive party and made an alliance with those who followed the communist path. World History: from 1400 2022-12-14T00:00:00Z He told students at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou that they should be worried about the state of the world. French Diplomacy Undercuts U.S. Efforts to Rein China In 2023-04-08T04:00:00Z Mr. Macron visited Sun Yat-sen University earlier in the day in Guangzhou, where he was met by more than 100 students. Macron Wraps Up China Visit, but Little Progress Seen on War 2023-04-07T04:00:00Z There, he paid tribute to Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China and the Nationalist Party, giving a short speech and then bowing in front of the memorial. Former Taiwan leader Ma views Sun Yat-sen tomb in China tour 2023-03-28T04:00:00Z “The public has some dissatisfaction with the DPP on this, even though Taiwan has done well relatively speaking in pandemic prevention,” said Weihao Huang, a political science professor at National Sun Yat-sen University. Taiwan president resigns as party leader after election loss 2022-11-25T05:00:00Z “Sun Yat-sen, our founding father, took so long to win the revolution to get us out of the dictatorship, why should we return?” she said. As Missiles Fall, Generations Split on Taiwan’s Relationship With China 2022-08-05T04:00:00Z “I don’t think that up to now there have been any signs that China will launch major military operations,” said Kuo Yu-jen, a political science professor at the National Sun Yat-sen University in southern Taiwan. A Pelosi Trip to Taiwan Would Test China’s Appetite for Confrontation 2022-08-01T04:00:00Z Saturday’s ceremony in Beijing was in honor of the 110th anniversary of the Chinese revolution that led to the overthrow of the Qing emperors and the establishment of the Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen. China’s Xi calls for ‘peaceful’ reunification with Taiwan 2021-10-09T04:00:00Z The findings highlighted the significant role cities play in reducing emissions, said study co-author Shaoqing Chen, an environmental scientist at Sun Yat-sen University in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou. Handful of cities driving urban greenhouse gas emissions - study 2021-07-12T04:00:00Z This extinct beetle likely belonged to a group known as Myxophaga, small beetles that thrive on algae in wet habitats, says study co-author Martin Fikáček, an entomologist at National Sun Yat-sen University. This ancient beetle is the first new species discovered in fossilized poop 2021-06-30T04:00:00Z Xiao Zelin, a junior at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, said he suffered anxiety and insomnia when he returned to campus this fall. China Long Avoided Discussing Mental Health. The Pandemic Changed That. 2020-12-21T05:00:00Z Throughout my childhood they emphasized the importance of education, and I was able to attend Sun Yat-sen University, a top school in China. I was a Chinese grad student and lost all of my money in a scam. How could it happen to me? 2020-08-13T04:00:00Z “That name can cause panic to people, and may cause gross economic loss to the affected countries when the virus is circulating,” says Guo Deyin, a virologist at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou. Coronavirus latest: Italy death toll overtakes China’s 2020-03-19T04:00:00Z Speaking at party headquarters in Taipei, under a large portrait of party founder Sun Yat-sen who overthrew the last Chinese imperial dynasty in 1911, Chiang said he knew party reform would be “very complicated”. Taiwan opposition chooses rising star as new leader after election rout 2020-03-07T05:00:00Z A doctor from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center told AP that sales reps are not allowed to visit patients. China has pain pill addicts too, but no one’s counting them 2019-12-30T05:00:00Z Still an undergraduate medical student at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, Chen observed campus cleaners holding protests to demand higher pay. ‘Everyone is getting locked up’: As workers grow disgruntled, China strikes at labor activists 2019-12-24T05:00:00Z These women were right at the centre of Chinese politics – Ching‑ling was married to the father of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen. Jung Chang: ‘To be a writer was the most dangerous profession’ 2019-10-13T04:00:00Z This is a dramatic turn for a city that, under British rule, sheltered and supported Sun Yat-sen, the leader of a 1911 revolution that brought down’s China’s last imperial dynasty. Hong Kong Was Once Passionate About China. Now, It’s Indifferent or Contemptuous. 2019-09-03T04:00:00Z At Queen’s College, students placed a hard hat, goggles and a respirator on a statue of Sun Yat-sen, known as the founder of modern China and the all-boys high school’s most distinguished alumnus. First day of school in Hong Kong brings class boycotts and more rallies 2019-09-02T04:00:00Z Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center did not respond to requests for comment. China has pain pill addicts too, but no one’s counting them 2019-12-30T05:00:00Z Several decades ago, Hung-ta Chang, a botanist at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China, found another wild tea plant with only trace amounts of caffeine in Guangdong province, which neighbours Fujian. Genomic focus brings tea research to the boil 2019-02-05T05:00:00Z Chinese universities such as Peking, Sun Yat-sen and Zhengzhou are rushing to set up or re-establish their schools of agriculture, which were spun off in the 1950s to form independent agricultural universities across the country. Yielding results to feed a people 2018-12-11T05:00:00Z In 1866, Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen, the first provisional president of the Republic of China, was born. Today in History 2018-11-12T05:00:00Z Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou said in a Thursday statement on social media that it would suspend Zhang Peng and revoke his honorary titles after confirming two complaints from female students. Chinese professor suspended following misconduct complaints 2018-07-11T04:00:00Z Most Chinese sex workers choose the trade freely, says Ding Yu of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou. In China, sex work is being pushed back into the shadows 2018-07-05T04:00:00Z “That used to be a weakness,” said Mr. Qian, a computer science professor at both Sun Yat-sen University and Beihang University. China Extends Lead as Most Prolific Supercomputer Maker 2018-06-25T04:00:00Z “Tremendous economic input from the government is seeing Dongguan transforming from an original equipment manufacturing centre into an advanced manufacturing centre,” says Lin Jiang, economics professor at Sun Yat-sen University’s Lingnan College. Dongguan in the spotlight: hi-tech comeback for 'factory of the world'? 2018-02-16T05:00:00Z “Victims don’t want to reveal their names because we often have the mentality that blames the victims,” said Pei Yuxin, an associate professor of sociology and social work at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou. China's #MeToo movement started on college campuses. It may end there 2018-02-07T05:00:00Z Chiang succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Nationalist Party, known as the Kuomintang, which helped overthrow China’s last imperial dynasty and establish the Republic of China. Taiwan has statues of him everywhere. Now many want Chiang Kai-shek's image removed 2017-12-07T05:00:00Z In a paper published in September, researchers at Sun Yat-sen University in China described using that system to correct a faulty gene that causes the blood disorder called beta-thalassemia in human embryos. U.S. scientists unveil powerful new tools to fix genetic faults 2017-10-25T04:00:00Z The research group at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou hit the headlines before when they were the first to use Crispr on human embryos. 'Chemical surgery' performed on embryos 2017-09-28T04:00:00Z But, as Zhang Peng of Sun Yat-sen University, in Guangzhou, China, and his colleagues report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, most modern frogs are beneficiaries of the dinosaur-destroying collision in Yucatán. Is the post-dinosaur world the Age of Frogs? 2017-07-06T04:00:00Z Sun Yat-sen, widely regarded as the father of modern China, began his political awakening as a student in Hong Kong, and eventually led the first government after the fall of the imperial system. Xi Jinping: any challenge to China's power in Hong Kong 'crosses a red line' 2017-07-01T04:00:00Z Taiwan’s tourism industry is maturing at a time when a new generation of cash-rich travelers is emerging in Southeast Asia, said Tsai Hung-Jeng, director of National Sun Yat-sen University’s Center for Southeast Asian Studies. With Chinese Tourism Down, Taiwan Looks to Lure Visitors From Southeast Asia 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z In a paper published in September, researchers at Sun Yat-sen University in China described using that system to correct a faulty gene that causes the blood disorder called beta-thalassemia in human embryos. U.S. scientists unveil powerful new tools to fix genetic faults 2017-10-25T04:00:00Z It was named after the founding father of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen, whose name is Sun Zhongshan in Mandarin Chinese. The great sprawl of China: satellites reveal growth of cities over 30 years 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z But the research team - led by Fan Peng-Fei from Sun Yat-sen University in China - started to suspect that the animals they were studying in China's Yunnan Province were unusual. 'Star Wars gibbon' is new primate species - BBC News 2017-01-11T05:00:00Z “These are all warning signals to see how Taiwan will respond, as well as testing waters with the US,” added Liao, a professor at the National Sun Yat-sen University. Taiwan president heads to US as Beijing keeps close watch for possible Trump contact 2017-01-07T05:00:00Z As part of its fund-raising drive, it is offering donors a copy of the original registration form of its forebear, the Chinese Revolutionary Party, founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1914. Taiwan’s Kuomintang party is broke and adrift 2016-12-15T05:00:00Z He was speaking to mark the 150th anniversary of the birth of the Chinese revolutionary figure Sun Yat-sen. Thousands of Pro-Beijing Protesters Rally in Hong Kong 2016-11-13T05:00:00Z Xi spoke Friday on the 150th anniversary of the birth of Sun Yat-sen, China’s first president and the godfather of Chinese nationalism, who continues to command broad respect within China and the Chinese diaspora. China's Xi urges unity amid challenges in Taiwan, Hong Kong 2016-11-10T05:00:00Z On Monday, Hung and her delegation paid their respects at the mausoleum of original Nationalist leader and Chinese president Sun Yat-sen in the former capital of Nanjing on Sunday. Taiwan opposition party leader to meet China's president 2016-10-31T04:00:00Z A photograph in a slide show on the website of Xinhua showed cheek-by-jowl crowds beneath an outdoor archway at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing. Chinese Tourists Take to the Road in Record Numbers for Golden Week 2016-10-04T04:00:00Z Ball ends that strand of the narrative with the Three Gorges Dam, first conceived by Sun Yat-sen and finally completed in 2012. China: A hydrological history : Nature : Nature Research 2016-08-02T04:00:00Z According to Liao Da-chi, professor of political science at Taiwan’s National Sun Yat-sen University, the Beijing authorities are likely making political capital out of essentially a law-and-order issue. Law and Order at Heart of China-Taiwan Deportation Dispute 2016-04-22T04:00:00Z The technique developed by scientists at the Sun Yat-sen University and the University of California, San Diego removes the cloudy cataract from inside the lens via a tiny incision. 'Stunning' operation regenerates eye's lens - BBC News 2016-03-09T05:00:00Z Ding was born in 1931, six years after the death of China’s first president, Sun Yat-sen, and almost two decades before Chairman Mao’s communists seized power in 1949. China's coolest grandpa: farmer, 85, catapulted to fashion fame 2016-02-01T05:00:00Z But Huang, a modest and soft-spoken molecular biologist at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, chose to stay out of the limelight. 365 days: Nature’s 10 2015-12-16T05:00:00Z That is, the idea that he who controls the water controls the people, which links the earliest cultural heroes to modern leaders from Republic of China founder Sun Yat-sen to Mao himself. China: A hydrological history : Nature : Nature Research 2016-08-02T04:00:00Z The technologies already have been used in agriculture and animals, but in April Chinese researchers at Sun Yat-sen University published a paper on their work with nonviable human embryos. Gene ‘editing’ ethics questioned for human reproduction 2015-11-30T05:00:00Z Then a group at Sun Yat-sen University, in southern China, attempted to repair, in eighty-six human embryos, the gene responsible for betathalassemia, a rare but often fatal blood disorder. Humans 2.0 2015-11-16T05:00:00Z While China’s relations with many neighbors continue to be strained, its relationship with Taiwan’s government remains comparatively friendly, said Titus Chen, associate professor at the National Sun Yat-sen University’s Institute of China & Asia-Pacific Studies. China-Taiwan Summit: A High-Stakes Gamble for Xi Jinping, Ma Ying-jeou 2015-11-04T05:00:00Z "In America last month he went to the state banquet at the White House in a Sun Yat-sen suit… so I imagine that's a decent compromise because it's kind of a national costume." Must China's leader wear a bow tie to the Queen's banquet? - BBC News 2015-10-19T04:00:00Z The work at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou was published in the peer-reviewed journal Protein and Cell. U.K. Scientists Ask to Alter Embryos 2015-09-21T04:00:00Z This difference was less than anticipated, said the study's authors, led by Dr. Mingguang He of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou. Can More Outside Time Help Kids' Eyesight? 2015-09-15T04:00:00Z Earlier this year, a team at Sun Yat-sen University, in China, showed that errors in the DNA that led to a blood disorder could be corrected in early stage embryos. GM embryos 'essential', says report - BBC News 2015-09-09T04:00:00Z Scientists around the world were shocked in April when a team led by Huang Junjiu, 34, at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, published the results of an experiment in editing the genes of human embryos. A Scientific Ethical Divide Between China and West 2015-06-29T04:00:00Z Thursday's gathering at University of Hong Kong drew about 2,000 people, overflowing the Sun Yat-sen plaza, named after the founding father of modern China who was an alumnus. Hong Kong remembers Tiananmen -- and rallies for democracy of its own 2015-06-04T04:00:00Z Rumors of the experiment by scientists based at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdong spurred others, including Doudna, to meet in January to discuss the future of the technology and its responsible use in humans. Scientists are growing anxious about genome-editing tools 2015-05-18T04:00:00Z The breakthrough at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdong, China, showed the errors in the DNA that led to a blood disorder, beta thalassaemia, could be successfully corrected in non-viable embryos. Embryo engineering a moral duty, says top scientist - BBC News 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z The Mao suit, which Mao Zedong took from Sun Yat-sen, signified proletarian unity and Mao’s theory of “permanent revolution.” Why Is This Xi Jinping’s Favorite Item of Clothing? 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Last week a team at Sun Yat-sen University, in Guangzhou, reported using Crispr to modify defective parts of DNA that lead to a blood disorder called beta thalassaemia. US 'will not fund research for modifying embryo DNA' - BBC News 2015-04-30T04:00:00Z When I left Sun Yat-sen University 30 years ago, performance reviews for tenure and promotion were run by local researchers, who might be influenced by personal connections. Q&A: The global view : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-04-28T04:00:00Z Illuminated in the dimly lit chamber, lying inside a glass sarcophagus, is a seemingly serenely smiling Ho with wispy white beard, wearing a khaki Sun Yat-sen tunic. Ho Chi Minh mausoleum, Hanoi Hilton highlights in historic Vietnam city 2015-04-26T04:00:00Z The study was published in the less well-known journal Protein and Cell, by a team of scientists from the Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou. Row over human embryo gene editing - BBC News 2015-04-24T04:00:00Z In their new paper, published in the online journal Protein & Cell, Junjiu Huang and Canquan Zhou and colleagues at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou say they obtained human embryos from a fertility clinic. Chinese Scientists Edit Genes of Human Embryos, Raising Concerns 2015-04-23T04:00:00Z He plans to transform the property into a park and call it Sun Yat-sen Park Wailuku. Time running out for decades-old Chinese wall in Wailuku 2015-03-28T04:00:00Z Ma’s government may react later by adding special armed forces to its biggest South China Sea claim, Taiping Island, says Andrew Yang, former defense minister and a professor at National Sun Yat-sen University in Taiwan. As Resistance Grows, Taiwan Challenges China's Air, Sea Expansion 2015-01-13T05:00:00Z The most prevalent portrait posted around was that of Sun Yat-sen, founder of modern China. Hong Kong shopping district becomes political protest haven 2014-09-30T04:00:00Z "It's mainly because it's hard to find jobs in Taiwan and the salary here is not high," said Ethan Tseng Yi-ren, a political science professor from the National Sun Yat-sen University in southern Taiwan. Why China is land of opportunity for young Taiwanese 2014-06-26T04:00:00Z TAIPEI, Taiwan — Wu’er Kaixi took a microphone beneath a portrait of the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen and began firing up the crowd around him. 25 Years Later, Student Leaders Witness Freedoms Fought for in Tiananmen 2014-06-04T04:00:00Z A woman and child hugged each other near a portrait of Sun Yat-sen, first president of the Republic of China, in Tiananmen Square ahead of May Day. Sinosphere Blog: More Hugs Please, We’re Chinese 2014-05-07T22:00:14Z More than 200 people marched on the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall. Sinosphere Blog: After Days of Protest, Chinese City Tries to Ease Fear of Chemical Plant 2014-04-02T09:30:22Z Not responding directly to the remarks, China's Taiwan Affairs Office spokesperson Ma Xiaoguang says Sun Yat-sen "is revered by all Chinese". China media: Visa controversy 2014-02-13T07:02:23Z It is also site of the mausoleum of Sun Yat-sen, the founder of modern China. Sinosphere Blog: Nanjing Meeting Leads to Pledge of Cross-Strait Communications 2014-02-12T08:17:58Z Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China, saw potential in Mr. Chen’s plans and permitted him to build a port at Tonggu, which would be one terminus in the transportation network. Jiangmen Journal: A Long Goodbye for a Lost Railroad 2014-02-04T03:09:58Z Our politicians should know as much about Sun Yat-sen as they do about Abraham Lincoln. Why China is Britain's best bet for future prosperity 2013-06-01T23:06:01Z "Most likely it is the light exposure that causes the reduced myopia progression during periods with longer days," said lead author Dr. Dongmei Cui, an ophthalmologist at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China. Nearsighted kids may get worse in winter 2013-02-11T21:42:24Z Mr. Chiang was the academy’s first commandant, appointed by Sun Yat-sen, the idealistic firebrand who wanted to build an army that would unite China. | Changing of the Guard: With Focus on Unity, China Looks to Nationalist Past 2012-12-28T02:19:42Z After the Opium Wars, nationalist intellectuals, including Sun Yat-sen, pushed for rejuvenation. Changing of the Guard: Chinese Leader’s Visit to Shenzhen Hints at Reform 2012-12-10T02:24:59Z But Ford's fortunes in the country waned after the automaker bypassed an offer from modern China's founder, Sun Yat-sen, to help the country build an indigenous auto industry in 1924. Analysis: China car market may require "Two Fords" 2012-11-22T20:15:15Z "Crises always supply chances for reform" says Xiao Bin, a professor of government at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong. In Chinese Politics, a Fall---and a Rise 2012-07-29T23:17:22Z "The problem for China is really quite massive," said Ian Morgan, a visiting professor at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center at Sun Yat-sen University who helped organize the three-year clinical trial in Guangzhou. China sees a big rise in vision problems 2012-07-11T03:20:04Z But when Sun Yat-sen began the process of Westernization after the 1911 Republican Revolution, wooden buildings were constructed less often, and traditional skills were slowly abandoned. Ancient Village Rises in Shanghai 2012-06-29T14:40:07Z “Yes, Western ideology is the dominant ideology here I think,” said Zhang Zhi’an, an associate journalism professor at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong. Treading a Fine Line by Teaching Journalism in China 2012-06-04T01:25:10Z Sun Yat-sen, the Republican revolutionary, and Chiang Kai-shek, the Nationalist leader, both participated in differing ways in different times. Letter from China: After Scandal, China Takes a Moral Inventory 2012-04-18T15:49:40Z Doug Liman, director of "Mr. & Mrs. Smith" in the U.S., is moving forward on a film about a British bodyguard to Sun Yat-sen, considered the father of modern China. Odd Couple: China Meets Hollywood 2012-04-17T02:39:19Z After the extreme enthusiasms of the Sun Yat-sen cult subsided, Sun remained the great national hero-sage of modern China. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z “The plan was really bold and probably too radical,” said Xiao Bin, an economics professor at Sun Yat-sen University. Chinese Official, Wang Yang, Tests New Political Approach 2011-12-31T04:36:33Z “People in Guangdong are close to Hong Kong,” Yuan Weishi, a historian, now retired, who taught at Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, the provincial capital, said in a telephone interview. Wukan Journal: Canny Wukan Villagers Grasp Keys to Loosen China?s Muzzle 2011-12-23T03:34:53Z The last Chinese emperor, Pu Yi, was the proud owner of two Buicks, as was the country’s first provisional president, Dr. Sun Yat-sen. In China, Car Brands Evoke an Unexpected Set of Stereotypes 2011-11-14T22:14:44Z The 1911 Revolution, led by Sun Yat-sen, ended the last Chinese imperial dynasty and brought about the founding of the Republic of China in 1912. Ex-China President Jiang Appears in Beijing, Xinhua Reports 2011-10-09T04:26:01Z Such a criterion may well be disputed, but, whatever the test, it cannot be denied that the thought of Sun Yat-sen has played a major part in the political development of his native land. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Taiwan’s calendar counts years from when Sun Yat-sen ended the last Chinese imperial dynasty. Ma Urges Taiwan and China to Strive for Democracy, Human Rights 2011-01-01T04:35:30Z In 1911 the forces of Sun Yat-sen established the Chinese Republic, and the last Qing Emperor, the hapless Puyi, was forced to abdicate. New Exhibit Gives Object Lesson in China's Power 2010-10-18T22:40:00Z "The first generation of migrant workers made a lot of money compared with their poor life before," said Cai He, dean of sociology at Sun Yat-sen University. Labor unrest in China reflects changing demographics, more awareness of rights 2010-06-07T04:00:00Z In 1924, Henry Ford declined an invitation from China's first president, Sun Yat-sen, to help the country build an auto industry. Alan Mulally's Asian Sales Call 2010-04-01T15:01:00Z When the forces hostile to Sun Yat-sen and his followers are considered, it is amazing that his ideas and ideals should have survived. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The story centers around a motley group of men who are recruited to protect Sun Yat-sen — modern China's founding father — from imperial assassins during a secret visit to Hong Kong in the early 20th century. 'Mother' Takes Top Asian Film Honors 2010-03-22T17:58:00Z On January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen entered the republican capital, Nanking, and received a salute of twenty-one guns. China and the Manchus In speaking of Chinese excellence in the field of the social science, Sun Yat-sen did not confine his discussion to any one time. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen pointed out the fact that while manuals of warfare become obsolete in a very few years in the West, political ideas and institutions do not. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In seeking to apply a method in the interpretation of Sun Yat-sen, the work must face criticism of its method, must make the method explicit and simple enough to allow criticism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The thought of Sun Yat-sen is a program of change—change which, if it is to be understood, must be seen at its beginning and its end. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The guiding spirit of the movement, Sun Yat-sen, is a native of Kuangtung, where he was born, not very far from Canton, in 1866. China and the Manchus The Confucian system, against which Sun Yat-sen reacted in part and in part sought to preserve, was a set of ideas and institutions developed as a reaction against certain conditions in ancient China. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen became intensely conscious of being a Chinese by race,64 and so did many other of his compatriots, by the extraordinary race-pride of the White Men in China. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen contributed to the change, and sought a new order, to be developed from the disorder which, voluntarily or not, he helped in part to bring about. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z What are the features of the Chinese background that must be remembered in order to throw a just light upon the beliefs of Sun Yat-sen? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The plot failed, and fifteen out of the sixteen conspirators were arrested and executed; Sun Yat-sen alone escaped. China and the Manchus Beginning with the same premises—the regeneration of the nation—Mussolini was led to a course of policy diametrically opposite to that plotted by Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The phrase was, at the time, since Sun Yat-sen was seeking Russian assistance, expedient for a popular lecture. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen played many rôles in the history of his times. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The interpreter of Sun Yat-sen must interpret into something; what, depends on the audience. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Well might Sun Yat-sen now say— "They little thought that day of pain That one day I should come again." China and the Manchus In common with many others of his generation, Sun Yat-sen turned to race-consciousness as the name for Chinese solidarity. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The menace of such possibilities made the need of Chinese nationalism very real to Sun Yat-sen; the passing of time may serve further to vindicate his judgment. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was so voluminous a writer that it would be impossible for his followers to digest and codify all his writings into one neat and coherent handbook; he himself did not provide one. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen, meeting them, was willing to use the term “class struggle” as an instrument for Chinese nationalism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen quite unequivocally stated the necessity for establishing a new Nationalist ideology in order to effectuate the purposes of China's regeneration. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen urged loyalty to the people, and loyalty to duty, as successors to the loyalty once owed to the sovereign. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was proud of the accomplishment of the Chinese in physical and applied knowledge. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z They are people who need no commentary on Sun Yat-sen; to them, he died only yesterday. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The third element of the nationalist ideology proposed by Sun Yat-sen was the introduction of Western science. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was, however, willing to tear down if he could rebuild, and rebuild with the addition of Western science. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In the lecture in which he criticized the inadequacies of democracy as applied in the West, Sun Yat-sen made an interesting comment on the proletarian dictatorship which had recently been established in Russia. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This, in short, was the dilemma of the Chinese at the advent of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen is by far the most conspicuous figure in recent Chinese history, and his doctrines, irrespective of the effectiveness or permanence of the consequences of their propagation, have a certain distinct position in history. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In his earliest agitations Sun Yat-sen was opposed to the Manchus.57 In this connection he developed a peculiar and interesting theory concerning nationalism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Nationalism was to Sun Yat-sen the prime condition of his movement and of his other principles. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z To Sun Yat-sen, the liberty of the nation and the power of the people were virtually identical. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen made concessions to cosmopolitanism, which he saw as ideal to be realized in the remote future. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen died without writing the treatise he had planned. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In the theory of Sun Yat-sen, the genius leader is not the perpetuator but the discoverer. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Nothing could be further from dialectical materialism than the socio-ethical interpretation that Sun Yat-sen developed from the Confucian theories. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The rôle played by the old Chinese morality in the ideology of Sun Yat-sen is, it is apparent, an important one. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z What sort of society did Sun Yat-sen envision? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Other disciples of Sun Yat-sen wrote in a quite different vein. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The survival of China was the supreme aim of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z On the basis of such a background, Sun Yat-sen did not believe that the Chinese had too much government, but, rather, too little. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen did not feel that further appeal to the intellectual leaders was necessary. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen, although a Christian, was not unmindful of this outlook; he too was sensible of the meaning of the living race through the centuries. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The use of the number three permitted Sun Yat-sen to weave together the various strands of his teaching, and to attain a considerable degree of cross-reference. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen combined in himself the brazen consistency of a revolutionary and the great love of humanity of a renewer. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen has been the kindest of all the revolutionaries of mankind. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was also deeply devoted to filial piety in China, which was—in the old philosophy—simply a manifestation, in another direction, of the same virtue as loyalty. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Superficially, the party-dictatorship planned by Sun Yat-sen would seem to resemble these. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Secondly, the reader may consider that Sun Yat-sen, at the time that he made this comment, was in the course of attacking imperialism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The old system, under which the Empire was a sort of educational system, was a familiar feature in the politics which Sun Yat-sen criticized. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z What was the nature of the background which decided Sun Yat-sen to draw an economic program into the total of his nationalist ideology for the regeneration of China through a nationalist revolution? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen did not regard industrialism as a necessary evil; he considered it a positive blessing, as the means of increasing the material welfare of the Chinese people. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Time and time again, Sun Yat-sen emphasized the necessity of modernization. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z According to him, Sun Yat-sen had few of the prejudices of class, one way or the other, that affect the outlook of so many Western leaders. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z But what, more specifically, was the socio-economic position of Sun Yat-sen? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It was somewhat absurd for the partizans of Sun Yat-sen, having brought about the revolution, to stand back and let whomever would walk away with it. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z As Tsung Li—the Party Leader, it is still customary to refer to Sun Yat-sen in China today. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Such leadership could, in the Sun Yat-sen ideology, be justified by reference to the three stages of the revolution. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Where events which Sun Yat-sen foresaw have come to pass, the author has referred to them. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The Kuomintang remained, so far as leadership was concerned, the creature of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen thus points out one of the most tragically perplexing of the problems of the new China. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen, whose principles tended to develop themselves in terms of threes,230 cited three perils constituting a threat to the Chinese society. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was pleased and impressed with the consequences of Gandhi's policy of non-coöperation. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The fact that Sun Yat-sen came from a Chinese Confucian background into a Western Christian one cannot be ignored. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen expressly recognized this problem as the supreme one, requiring immediate attention.144 Nationalism and democracy would have no effect if the race did not survive to practise them. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was, like many other receptive-minded leaders, sensitive to the new doctrines of Wilson and Lenin as they were shouted through the world. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z There is no evidence to show that at any time in his life Sun Yat-sen abandoned his Chinese ideological orientation and fell under the sway of any Western thinker. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Did Sun Yat-sen propound an entirely new theory as the foundation of his theory of democracy for the Chinese race-nation, or did he associate several hitherto unrelated ideas and systems to make a new whole? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen, realizing the inescapable necessity of nationalism, did not immediately turn to democracy as a necessary instrument for its promotion. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen differs from the empirical collectivists of the West in that he has an end to his program, which is to be achieved over a considerable period of time. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z One interesting method would involve the listing of every Western book with which Sun Yat-sen can be shown to have been acquainted. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The physical immortality of the Chinese race was not the only sort of immortality Sun Yat-sen wished China to have. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In these two cases Sun Yat-sen thought class-war a good idea. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen, as a good nationalist, made earnest efforts to associate his doctrines with those of the sages and to avoid appearing as a proponent of Western civilization. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The bibliography of works in Western languages dealing with Sun Yat-sen is short. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z An excellent translation of one of the short autobiographies of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z A short autobiography of Sun Yat-sen; see note in Preface. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Many persons who were close to Sun Yat-sen, such as Mme. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen did not devise any elaborate scheme of dialectical materialism or economic determinism to bolster his belief in the irreversibility of the flow to democracy. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen, believe that the National Government has betrayed the theory of Sun Yat-sen, and that Generalissimo Chiang Chieh-shih has made himself the autocrat of the National Government. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The fact that Sun Yat-sen was a few years ahead of his contemporaries gave him the air of a dreamer, which was scarcely deserved.298.Hsü translation, “The Outline of National Reconstruction,” p. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen defined democracy thus: “... under a republican government, the people is sovereign.” The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen speaks of international wars, within races, on the lines of social classes. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The genius of Sun Yat-sen, the Communist gift of organization, and the fervor of the membership brought about the defeat or submission—however nominal the latter may have been—of the warlords. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It is also available in Hsü, Sun Yat-sen, cited above, p. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It would involve a duplication of effort for the present author to repeat the material of Dr. Tsui's excellent monograph on Sun Yat-sen and the Bolsheviks. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The next speech of Sun Yat-sen given in Wittfogel's work is Sun's indignant attack on “the so-called Labor Government” of England, which permitted the old methods of British Far Eastern imperialism to continue.199.Linebarger, The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen regarded this as one of the cardinal points in his doctrines. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen appreciated this, and realized that, in the carrying out of his ideology, the first necessity was the adoption of the ideology itself. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen, addressing Chinese, took the Chinese world for granted. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Modernism had been an accident; Sun Yat-sen wished to transform it into a program. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In attempting to state the definitive position of Sun Yat-sen on this question several points must be kept in mind. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The leadership was in the hands of Sun Yat-sen and, after his death, in the hands of his most trusted military and political aides. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Even with the idea of popular rule adopted in the formal Western manner, Sun Yat-sen proposed to continue the idea of natural and ineradicable class differences between men. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z By what stages, according to the theory of Sun Yat-sen, could national unity be realized? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen can scarcely be required to have predicted it. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen never urged the Chinese to accept the leadership of the Western or Japanese states, however friendly they might be. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z How did Sun Yat-sen propose to join the strength of the family spirit and of nationalism, to the common advantage? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen divided all men into three categories: the geniuses, the followers, and the unthinking. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen encountered Marxism for the first recorded time in London in 1897, when he met a group of Russian revolutionaries and also read in the subject. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In practical matters, in affairs and actions which he could observe with his own eyes, Sun Yat-sen was in accord with the anti-imperialism of Soviet Russia and of his Communist advisers. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This tragic dilemma led Sun Yat-sen to call for a new kind of state, a state which was to be democratic and yet to lead back to ideological control. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It is here that Sun Yat-sen appears as the champion of the West against the traditional technological stagnation of China. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Having secured the government from undue interference, Sun Yat-sen had no reluctance in giving these powers to the people. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The first is that Sun Yat-sen, born a Chinese of the nineteenth century, had the intellectual orientation of a member of the world-society, and an accepter of the Confucian ideology. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z A much greater amount of material is needed for a detailed study of the influences of various individual theories on Sun Yat-sen than for a general exposition of his political doctrines as a whole. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Even Dr. William writes with a tone of mild surprise when he speaks of the terrific volte-face which he thinks Sun Yat-sen performed. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Now, in allowing the principle of nationalism to do the work of the principle of democracy, Sun Yat-sen was using the anti-dynastic revolutionary potentialities of the situation to push along an anti-monarchical movement. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen said: Now we separate power from capacity and we say that the people are the engineers and the government is the machine. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was willing and anxious that the Chinese should consider their loyalty as being directed to the nation; he did not wish that the officials of the nation, as men, should get it. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was as radically republican as any early American. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Taxes would go to the Chinese state, the land rent system would be corrected, and unearned increment would be confiscated under a somewhat novel tax scheme proposed by Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In view of the fact that this last is a theory in itself, and one quite significant in the distinction between the doctrines of Sun Yat-sen and those of Marxism-Leninism, it will be considered separately. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen implemented his theory of democracy by assigning Four Powers to the people and Five Rights to the government. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z As has been stated Sun Yat-sen used the anti-dynastic sentiment current in the last years of the Manchus as an instrument by means of which he could foster an anti-monarchical movement. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Under these six headings Sun Yat-sen estimated the Chinese tribute to Western imperialism to be not less than one billion two hundred millions a year, silver. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This fight against imperialism was a good work in the mind of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z At the end of his life, even after he had delivered the sixteen lectures on the three principles, Sun Yat-sen issued another call for the fulfillment in action of his principle of nationalism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z There was always the possibility that a convention of all the clans might be called—although Sun was not sanguine about this last.294 This methodology, according to Sun Yat-sen, would automatically bring about nationalism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In the development of his emphasis upon race kinship on the achievement of race-nationalism, Sun Yat-sen initiated a program which may not be without great meaning in the furthering of the nationalist program. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was a political leader as well as a political philosopher. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Not only was Sun Yat-sen the leader of the Party; he was not even to have a successor. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The first Sun Yat-sen called monarchy; the second, democracy. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was averse to tying the hands of his followers and successors with respect to economic policy. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It may begin to be apparent that, at least for Sun Yat-sen, the control of the race-nation by the ideology was not inconsistent with the political control of the race-nation by itself. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Had Karl Marx lived to work in the Russian Revolution, he might have occupied a position analogous to that which Sun Yat-sen did in the Chinese. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z When one considers that to Sun Yat-sen democracy and autonomy are inextricably associated, the full significance of his stressing nationalism as a means to democracy appears. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z And one sees that Sun Yat-sen, in proposing a democracy, suggested an ideology which would continue the old Chinese thesis of eventual popular sovereignty as reconciled with administration by an intellectually disciplined elite. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The superior qualifications of Sun Yat-sen for the interpretation of Western political science to the Chinese have also been widely recognized in the West, particularly in the United States. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Maurice William gave Sun Yat-sen a set of arguments in modern economic terms which he attached to his ideological thesis of the jên interpretation of history, which he based upon Confucianism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The strong consistency in the ideology of Sun Yat-sen is a consistency rooted in the old Chinese ideology. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z “We want,” said Sun Yat-sen, “a preventive remedy; a remedy which will thwart the accumulation of large private capitals and so preserve future society from the great inconvenience of the inequality between rich and poor.” The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The marketing of goods and services in such a way as to disturb the traditional forms of Chinese society would have been repugnant to Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In the first place, it demonstrates the fact that Sun Yat-sen thought of himself as a rebuilder and not as a destroyer of the ancient Chinese culture, and the traditional methods of organization and control. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was opposed to imperialism, but he did not believe that the use of foreign capital at fair rates of interest constituted submission to imperialism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z There was, of course, the element of respect in this gesture—the implication that the magistral chair of Sun Yat-sen was too high a place for any common man to sit. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z So far as leadership was concerned the Kuomintang was an autocracy until the death of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen did not expect that forces other than those which political nationalism exerted upon the economic situation could save the Chinese. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In the second place, Sun Yat-sen proposed to modify the old ideology not only with respect to content but also with regard to method of development. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen pointed out that the basis for the weakness of China, and its exploitation by the foreigners, was the inadequacy of the Chinese ideology. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z We have seen that the land figured extensively in the ideology of min shêng, and shall observe that Sun Yat-sen, in his plans for min shêng, stressed the importance of proper control of land. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen later gave a graphic description of the world-wide appeal of Woodrow Wilson's principle of national self-determination. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The new ideology of Sun Yat-sen, as has been shown, demanded three fulfilments of the doctrine of min shêng: a nationalistic economic revolution, a deliberate industrial revolution, and a social revolution. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z A recapitulation of this declaration of technique may be found helpful, for an understanding of Sun Yat-sen by Westerners is necessary because of the vastly different background of his thought. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It may be worthwhile to attempt a view of the nationalist program of Sun Yat-sen as a whole. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In turning from the nationalist to the democratic plans of Sun Yat-sen, we encounter a distinct change in the type of material. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The clearest exposition of this theory of the three stages is found in The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, a manifesto which Sun Yat-sen issued in 1924: 3. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It was to Sun Yat-sen, in his more concrete plans, an interval between the anarchy and tyranny of the warlord dictatorships and the coming of Nationalist democracy. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z No such accusation has been levelled against Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen had to reject any suggestion that China imitate the example of some of the South American nations in borrowing the American Constitution and proclaiming a “United States of China.” The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The censorate and the referendum, the examination system and the recall, all could work together in the democracy planned by Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This probability is made the more plausible by the self-corrective devices in the governmental system, which may seem to imply that an extensive use of the popular corrective power was not contemplated by Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z A final point may be made with regard to the three stages of the revolution as Sun Yat-sen planned them. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Both these scarcely seem adapted to the problems presented by an interpretation of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z What kind of a democratic organization did Sun Yat-sen propose to develop in China on the basis of his Nationalist and democratic ideology? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In the second place, China was already a society which was highly organized socially, although politically in ruins; the democratic government that Sun Yat-sen planned had infinitely less governing to do than did Western governments. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen hoped that with these funds the Chinese state could make a venture into state socialism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This does not mean, of course, that Sun Yat-sen planned things which were inherently incompatible with one another. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z We may assume with a fair degree of certainty that, had a suggestion been made, Sun Yat-sen would have rejected it with mistrust if not indignation. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In approaching Sun Yat-sen's solution the Western student must again remember two quite important distinctions between the democracy of Sun Yat-sen and the democracy of the West. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Apart from its age-old importance, it will gain further significance in the democracy of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This blending of extreme democracy and traditional administrative hierarchy would result, said Sun Yat-sen, in perfect government. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The social system, although shaken and affected by Western ideas, continued much as usual, and was to be woven into the new socio-political patterns that Sun Yat-sen projected. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The San Min Chu I and related works of Sun Yat-sen represent in their entirety one of the most ambitious bodies of doctrine ever set forth by a political leader. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen did not immediately shift from this position. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Except for the comments on the influence of William upon Sun Yat-sen, it is completely reliable. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z But, it may be asked, what was Sun Yat-sen struggling for, if not the union and preservation of the Chinese people? The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The nationalism of Sun Yat-sen was conceived of by him as a pacific and defensive instrument, for the perpetuation of an independent Chinese race and civilization. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen then commented on each of the other virtues, pointing out their excellence in old China, and their necessity to modern China. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It is interesting to note that the translation by Father d'Elia gives a more literal translation of the names that Sun Yat-sen applied to these categories. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It has been completely overlooked by the various biographers of and commentators on Sun, with the exception of Judge Linebarger, to whom Sun Yat-sen presented a copy of the work.266.Wittfogel, The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z To the knowledge of the author, no plan has ever been drafted either by Party or by Government which would erect the system that Sun Yat-sen proposed. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This was one of the favorite aphorisms of Sun Yat-sen, and he devoted much time, effort, and thought to making it plain to his countrymen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Economically, the interpretation of history was, according to Sun Yat-sen, to be performed through the study of consumption, and not of the means of production. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z To a Westerner, the ideal commonwealth of Sun Yat-sen bears a remarkable resemblance to the world projected in the ideals of the ancient Chinese. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z To Sun Yat-sen, however, there was the definite ideal that the Chinese live on forever. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It was communicated to him many times by his father, Judge Paul Linebarger, who stated that Sun Yat-sen was most apt to talk in terms of morality and morale by preference. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The Western physicians having made little or no progress in the case, Sun Yat-sen intervened with an old Chinese herbal prescription, which he, a Western-trained physician, was willing to endorse. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen did not have to teach the addition of Western science to the Chinese ideology. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Finally, there are the manuscripts of Sun Yat-sen and the Chinese Republic, which contain a considerable amount of material deleted from the published version of that work, which appeared in New York in 1925. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z A. Wittfogel, in his Sun Yat-sen, cited, as well as Roy, in the work cited, thinks very little of the justice of Confucianism. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Yung's translation, cited, is an English version of The Outline of Psychological Reconstruction of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen loved and fought for the struggling masses of China, whose misery was always before his pitying eyes; he also fought for the accomplishments of Chinese civilization. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Throughout his life, Sun Yat-sen called China a nation. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The author, violently hostile to Sun Yat-sen, presents some details of Sun's life not published elsewhere. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen was not a doctrinaire on the subject of classes; he would tolerate inequality, so long as it could be shown not to militate against the welfare of the people. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z He had prepared a two-volume work on the life and principles of Sun Yat-sen and had left his manuscripts and other papers in the vaults of the Press. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z This work has not been published, but portions of it appeared in the Chinese Students' Monthly, XXIV, New York, 1928-1929, as follows: “The Life of Sun Yat-sen,” no. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen felt that China was menaced and oppressed ethnically, politically and economically. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z An informative commentary on the ethical system of Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Dr. William then goes on to show, quite convincingly, that Sun Yat-sen, with very slight acknowledgments, quoted William's The Social Interpretation of History almost verbatim for paragraph after paragraph in the lectures on min shêng. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z In the first place, Sun Yat-sen had never swerved from the interpretation of history by jên, which may be interpreted as the humane or social interpretation of history. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The possibility of finding allies in the West did not appear to be a great one to Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The second alternative does not seem to have occurred to Sun Yat-sen. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z It is an illustration of the further difference between the democracy of Sun Yat-sen and Western democracy, that each of the divisions, even the legislative, was to have a single head. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Sun Yat-sen did not leave a large legacy of programs in this connection, but he foresaw the development and was much concerned about it. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The theory of Sun Yat-sen in connection with the continuation of the old system is a significant one. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Furthermore, the political position of the Western powers in China was such, as Sun Yat-sen complained, that trade was conducted on a somewhat inequitable basis. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z An interpretation of Sun Yat-sen must keep in mind these differences between Chinese and Western categories. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z The program of industrial revolution was planned by Sun Yat-sen with great care. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z Suggests the position of Sun Yat-sen in the history of Chinese philosophy. The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I 2012-04-04T02:00:55.303Z |
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