And molecules like thalidomide are the same way.

像萨力多胺这样的分子也是如此。

Don McCullin's unsparing portraits from war zones, or the dangling body-harness of a thalidomide child.

唐·麦卡林对战争地区的无情描绘，或者萨利多胺儿童悬在空中的身体吊带。

Meaning that even if they'd isolated 100% pure R thalidomide, it still wouldn't be safe for pregnant women.

这意味着即使他们将R萨力多胺完全隔离出来，对孕妇而言，依旧不安全。

What researchers didn't know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

那时的研究员们不知道萨力多胺分子其实有两个变体。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn't know why.

即使他们已经意识到了是萨力多胺的问题，但那时的科学家仍然不清楚其中原因。

By 1961, Lenz had proven the link between thalidomide and the birth defects, and it was pulled from the shelves.

到1961年，Lenz证明了萨力多胺与先天性缺陷之间的联系，该药下架。

Meaning that even if they’d isolated 100% pure R thalidomide, it still wouldn’t be safe for pregnant women.

这意味着即使他们分离出 100% 纯 R 沙利度胺，它对孕妇来说仍然不安全。

As public awareness of the thalidomide tragedy grew, the quiet scientist became a media sensation.

随着公众对沙利度胺悲剧的意识增强，这位沉默寡言的科学家成了媒体的轰动人物。

Kelsey found its data on thalidomide’s absorption and toxicity inadequate.

Kelsey 发现其有关沙利度胺吸收和毒性的数据不足。

In thalidomide, for example, the chiral center is a carbon atom attached to one of the rings.

例如在萨力多胺中，手性中心是一个吸附在一个结构环上的碳原子。

But it turns out that thalidomide's R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，萨力多胺中的R对映体在人体内还是可以转换成S变体。

Even though they were now aware that thalidomide was a problem, scientists still didn’t know why.

尽管他们现在意识到沙利度胺是个问题， 但科学家们仍然不知道原因。

But in 1998, the FDA did approve thalidomide, almost forty years after rejecting it based on the birth defect problems.

但1998年，在由于先天性缺陷问题而被禁的近40年后，食品及药物管理局的确批准了萨力多胺的使用。

Merrell executives complained that stubborn and nit-picking Kelsey was the problem, not thalidomide.

Merrell 的高管们抱怨说，固执和吹毛求疵的凯尔西才是问题所在，而不是沙利度胺。

What researchers didn’t know at the time was that there were actually two versions of the thalidomide molecule.

当时研究人员不知道的是沙利度胺分子实际上有两个版本。

But it turns out that thalidomide’s R enantiomer can actually switch to the S version while inside the human body.

但事实证明，沙利度胺的 R 对映异构体实际上可以在人体内转换为 S 版本。

In November 1961, thalidomide was pulled from the German market.

1961 年 11 月，沙利度胺退出德国市场。

As Kelsey reviewed and rejected each new application, news of thalidomide’s adverse side effects began to surface.

当凯尔西审查并拒绝每一项新申请时，沙利度胺的不良副作用的消息开始浮出水面。

Merrell had expected a quick, affirmative reply so it could launch thalidomide for the holiday season, when sedative sales soar.

Merrell 曾期望得到快速、肯定的答复，以便在镇静剂销量飙升的假期推出沙利度胺。

The pharmaceutical company Gruenenthal produced thalidomide in the 1950s and 60s to help pregnant women suffering from morning sickness. With the details, here is Mike Wooldridge.

制药公司Gruenenthal于五六十年代生产了萨立多胺来帮助孕妇免于晨吐。麦克·沃特里报道。