In adults and the elderly, the most common causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes.

在成年人和老年人中，最常见的病因是肺炎链球菌与单核细胞增多性李斯特菌等。

In adults, bacterial causes include streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococcus aureus.

成人细菌性肺炎的病因包括肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。

The vast majority of these are caused by the streptococcus pneumoniae.

其中绝大部分是由肺炎链球菌引起的。

Common bacterial causes include Group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae.

常见的致病细菌包括A组链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、流感嗜血杆菌。

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a bacterium which can cause acute respiratory infections.

肺炎支原体是一种可引起急性呼吸道感染的细菌。

In children and teens, the most common causes are Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

在儿童和青少年中，最常见病因是脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌和肺炎链球菌。

There is no vaccine to prevent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections.

目前尚无预防肺炎支原体感染的疫苗。

When someone infected with M. pneumoniae coughs or sneezes, they create small respiratory droplets that contain the bacteria.

当某人感染了肺炎支原体咳嗽或打喷嚏时，他们会产生含有细菌的小呼吸道飞沫。

Klebsiella pneumoniae can normally colonize the oropharynx and the gastrointestinal tract.

正常情况下，肺炎克雷伯杆菌是人体口咽部与胃肠道的定植菌。

Finally, Klebsiella pneumoniae grows well on MacConkey agar, which is a medium that contains a pH sensitive dye and lactose.

最后，肺炎克雷伯杆菌可以在含有pH指示剂的MacConkey琼脂培养基上良好地生长。

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a multidrug resistant bacterium, which produces different enzymes that break down the structure of antibiotics.

肺炎克雷伯杆菌是一种多重耐药菌，它能产生多种分解抗生素的酶。

This doesn't happen with urease negative Gram-positive cocci, like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Enterococcus faecalis.

这一现象在脲酶阴性的革兰氏阳性细菌中就不会发生，如肺炎链球菌或粪肠球菌。

First, Klebsiella pneumoniae is encapsulated, which means it's covered by a polysaccharide layer called a capsule.

首先，它被多糖成分的荚膜包裹。

For diagnosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae can be isolated in cultures from blood, sputum, or urine depending on the type of infection.

根据感染类型，从血液、痰液或者尿液中分离出肺炎克雷伯杆菌，即可诊断。

Most people who spend a short amount of time with someone who is sick with M. pneumoniae do not get infected.

大多数与患有肺炎支原体病的人有短暂接触的人不会被感染。

Alright, now Klebsiella pneumoniae is urease positive, which means it can produce an enzyme called urease that dissociates urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia.

肺炎克雷伯杆菌脲酶阳性，可以产生脲酶，将尿素分解成二氧化碳和氨。

People of all ages can get M. pneumoniae, but it usually affects people aged younger than 40, most often those aged 5 to 20 years old.

所有年龄段的人都可能感染肺炎支原体，但它通常影响的是 40 岁以下的人，最常见的是 5 至 20 岁的人。

Finally, children with sickle cell typically get prophylaxis with penicillin and an additional polysaccharide vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae to help prevent sepsis and meningitis with encapsulated bacteria.

最后，镰状细胞病儿童通常会预防性使用青霉素以及其它多糖疫苗，以对抗肺炎链球菌，有助于预防荚膜菌引发的败血症和脑膜炎。

Now, Klebsiella pneumoniae has a number of virulence factors that are like assault weaponry that help it attack and destroy the host cells and evade the immune system.

肺炎克雷伯杆菌具有多种毒力，可以攻击宿主细胞，并逃避免疫。

Now, Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause various hospital-acquired infections in people with underlying illnesses (like diabetes) and in the presence of foreign devices like central venous catheters, endotracheal tubes, or urinary catheters.

同时，肺炎克雷伯杆菌容易在患有基础疾病（如糖尿病）的人群和应用中心静脉导管、气管内插管或者导尿管的人群中，引起各种医院获得性感染。