Harvard’s motto is “Amicus Plato, Amicus Aristotle, sed Magis VERITAS”.

哈佛大学的校训是“与柏拉图为友， 与亚里士多德为友，更要与真理为友”。

This is what Plato called " first cause."

柏拉图称之为“第一因”。

So we reach the end of Plato's Symposium.

现在我们来到了《会饮篇》的结尾。

And then, Plato says, the third group you need is leaders.

柏拉图说，第三种人是领导者。

It can only be understood by those who have read the Symposium of Plato.

只有那些读过 柏拉图的《会饮篇》才能理解信中的意思。

It's true. I read about it. It's all in Plato. It's called philosophy.

真的, 我读过, 柏拉图的哲学。

But Plato believed this ideal society would be in constant danger of breaking down.

但柏拉图认为，这个理想社会将不断面临崩溃的危险。

Plato wouldn't recognize any of these checks against thoughtless mob rule.

柏拉图不会认可这些对欠考虑的暴民统治的制衡。

If you had all that, then, for Plato, you'd have a good or just society.

如果这些都齐全了，在柏拉图看来，就会有一个美好公平的社会。

Two and a half millennia ago, Plato saw our tendency to seek the easy way out.

2500年前，柏拉图就看到了人类寻求捷径的趋势。

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato explored the idea that we love in order to become complete.

古希腊哲学家柏拉图探索了“爱让我们变得完整”这一理念。

In his Allegory of the Cave, Plato tells a story describing the path from ignorance to enlightenment.

在《洞穴寓言》中，柏拉图讲述了从无知到启蒙的道路。

And can you guess how Plato defines a good or just person?

你们知道柏拉图如何定义一个纯良正直的人吗？

About 2,400 years ago, Plato wrote one of the first and most influential books about government, The Republic.

大约 2400 年前，柏拉图写了一本关于政府的最早也是最有影响力的书——《理想国》。

In his imagination, Plato's selfless aristocrats made wise and educated decisions aimed at virtue.

在柏拉图的想象中，无私的贵族们做出了明智而有教养的决定，目的是实现美德。

So that's the key for Plato — make just, prudent, wise decisions.

这就是柏拉图观点的关键——做出公正、审慎、明智的决定。

So, Plato would probably give referendums a thumbs-down.

因此，柏拉图可能会对公投持否定态度。

And Plato believes this can only happen if workers and soldiers learn moderation or self-control.

而且柏拉图认为这只会发生在工人和士兵学会自控的情况下。

Harvard's motto is "Amicus Plato, Amicus Aristotle, sed Magis VERITAS".

哈佛大学的校训是"与柏拉图为友， 与亚里士多德为友，更要与真理为友"。

Though his views were undeniably classist, Plato thought these aristocrats would rule selflessly and virtuously.

虽然他的观点是不可否认的阶级主义，可柏拉图认为这些贵族会无私地、有德地进行统治。