| 单词 | specific heat |
| 例句 | “Without a specific heat standard, it makes it more challenging for regulators to decide, ‘OK, this employer’s breaking the law or not.’” Workers exposed to extreme heat have no consistent protection in the U.S. 2023-08-28T04:00:00Z In general, the specific heat also depends on the temperature. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Thus, heat capacity is an extensive property, and specific heat is an intensive one. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In fact, the specific heat capacity of water is about five times more than that of sand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because of its high specific heat capacity, ice floating on a lake’s surface insulates the liquid water beneath and keeps it from freezing. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z Technically speaking, this means the building's specific heat demand falls to 25kWh/m2 per year or less. Retrofit for purpose: New from old 2013-12-10T00:02:16Z Table 14.1 lists representative values of specific heat for various substances. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z This method can also be used to determine other quantities, such as the specific heat of an unknown metal. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Second, the high specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The high specific heat of water allows it to act as an energy buffer to extreme changes in air temperature. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z While some scientists praised his results, others argued that the evidence was still insufficient for attributing a specific heat wave or storm to climate change. July Was Hottest Month Ever Recorded in U.S. 2012-08-10T14:00:05Z Except for gases, the temperature and volume dependence of the specific heat of most substances is weak. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Next, we know that the heat absorbed by the solution depends on its specific heat, mass, and temperature change: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Second, the low specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z While some scientists praised his results, others argued that the evidence was still insufficient for attributing a specific heat wave or storm to human-induced climate change. July Was Hottest Month Ever Recorded in U.S. 2012-08-08T19:25:39Z The paper’s attribution of specific heat waves to climate change was not backed by persuasive evidence, she said. Extreme Heat Is Covering More of the Earth, a Study Says 2012-08-06T22:14:12Z In fact, water has one of the largest specific heats of any material, which is important for sustaining life on Earth. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Since the solution is aqueous, we can proceed as if it were water in terms of its specific heat and mass values. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Second, the low specific heat capacity of water insulates aquatic life or bodily fluids from temperature changes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The quantity of heat absorbed in this expansion, as explained in � 14, will be the difference of the specific heats or the latent heat of expansion R′ = .069 calorie. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The retention of this idea leads to the discovery of specific heat. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z Although the mass of the pan is twice that of the water, the specific heat of water is over four times greater than that of aluminum. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Assuming also that the specific heat of the solution is the same as that for water, we have: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Hence if K be the specific heat under constant stress, and le be put for ds in the sense just stated, we have where ρ is the density, since dH = KρlA. Lord Kelvin An account of his scientific life and work 2012-04-06T02:00:32.097Z Assuming the specific heat to be also independent of the volume, he shows that the function F′t should be constant. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The specific heats of various substances, e.g. iron, glass, mercury, quicklime, etc., were determined by the help of this instrument. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z We are given that ΔT is 10.0ºC , but we must still find values for the mass of air and its specific heat before we can calculate Q . College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Explain the difference between heat capacity and specific heat of a substance. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z But if the piston had been fixed the heat required for the same rise of temperature would have been Cv, the specific heat at constant volume. Lord Kelvin An account of his scientific life and work 2012-04-06T02:00:32.097Z But this assumption is inconsistent with the caloric theory of latent heat of expansion, which requires the specific heat to be a function of the volume. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Water is a more efficient cooling medium than air, owing to its high specific heat, and the degree of cooling may be more easily regulated by its use. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 4 "G" to "Gaskell, Elizabeth" 2011-08-24T02:00:20.690Z Calculate its specific heat and identify the substance of which it is most likely composed. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Assume that the coffee has the same density and specific heat as water. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Now Mayer assumed that the excess of the specific heat Cp above Cv was the thermal equivalent of the work pdv done in the former case. Lord Kelvin An account of his scientific life and work 2012-04-06T02:00:32.097Z The formula given in � 21 is no longer quite exact, because the ratio of the specific heats of the mixture during compression is not the same as that of the products of combustion during expansion. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Owing to the fact that the specific heat or thermal capacity of mercury is only about one-thirtieth of that of water, it requires a considerable amount of melted mercury to produce the desired result. The Seven Follies of Science [2nd ed.] A popular account of the most famous scientific impossibilities and the attempts which have been made to solve them. 2011-06-30T02:00:34.290Z Assume that the specific heat of lava is the same as that of granite. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Assume that coffee has the same specific heat as water. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In Mayer's time the difference of the specific heats of air was imperfectly known, and so J could not be found with anything like accuracy. Lord Kelvin An account of his scientific life and work 2012-04-06T02:00:32.097Z Its ratio of specific heats has very nearly the ideal value 1.666, appropriate to a monatomic molecule. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z It is the same faculty for distinguishing specific heat that enables certain blind people to recognize colors. Psychotherapy 2011-06-19T02:00:20.053Z What is the rate of heat transfer from this forced convection alone, assuming blood has the same specific heat as water and its density is 1050 kg/m3 ? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Using these equations with the appropriate values for specific heat of ice, water, and steam, and enthalpies of fusion and vaporization, we have: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The heat given out by the substance will be hdT, where h is the specific heat of the substance in the second phase. Lord Kelvin An account of his scientific life and work 2012-04-06T02:00:32.097Z The method does not in reality afford any direct information with regard to the specific heats, and the conclusion with regard to hydrogen is evidently wrong. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z It affects the sense of sight, indeed, as the air affects the sense of hearing; but, so far as we know, it has no weight, no specific heat, no chemical affinity. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 3: Estremoz to Felspar 2011-04-14T02:00:59.373Z What temperature increase is produced if all the stored energy goes into heating the 1000 kg magnet, given its average specific heat is 200 J/kg·ºC ? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Using the data for this pan, we can also calculate the specific heat of iron: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Finally, let the substance, now again all in the first phase, be brought to the original temperature: the heat taken in will be cdt, where c is the specific heat in the first phase. Lord Kelvin An account of his scientific life and work 2012-04-06T02:00:32.097Z This was correct, except as regards carbon dioxide, but did not give any information as to the actual specific heats referred to water or any known substance. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z This molecular work is that which has usually been called specific heat, or capacity for heat. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. Similar questions about specific heat a century ago led to early quantum mechanics. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The specific heat of a substance varies somewhat with temperature. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z These gases agree with argon in respect of the ratio of the specific heats and in being non-oxidizable under the electric spark. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" He thus obtained the values of the ratios of the elasticities or of the specific heats for the gases employed. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Weber showed that the specific heat increases rapidly with increasing temperature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 3 "Borgia, Lucrezia" to "Bradford, John" Values of specific heat must generally be looked up in tables, because there is no simple way to calculate them. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z However, this variation is usually small enough that we will treat specific heat as constant over the range of temperatures that will be considered in this chapter. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The most remarkable physical property of argon relates to the constant known as the ratio of specific heats. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" Employing the above expression for the latent heat of expansion, Carnot deduced a general expression for the specific heat of a gas at constant volume on the basis of the caloric theory. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Like silicon and carbon, very varying values had been given for its specific heat, until H.F. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 3 "Borgia, Lucrezia" to "Bradford, John" The specific heat values for water and aluminum are given in Table 14.1. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The temperature change, along with the specific heat and mass of the solution, can then be used to calculate the amount of heat involved in either case. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The ratio of specific heats of the principal gases is 1.4, which, according to the kinetic theory, is an indication that an important fraction of the energy absorbed is devoted to rotation or vibration. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 5 "Arculf" to "Armour, Philip" A similar result follows from his expression for the difference of the specific heats. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Again, water has a very high specific heat, a fact which is of the utmost biological importance. The Chemistry of Plant Life The reason is that water has a greater specific heat than most common substances and thus undergoes a small temperature change for a given heat transfer. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Assume that coffee and water have the same density and the same specific heat. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Early in his career Cavendish took up the study of heat, and had he promptly published his results he might have anticipated Joseph Black as the discoverer of latent heat and of specific heat. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" For details of more recent and accurate methods of determination, the reader should refer to the article Calorimetry, where tables of the variation of the specific heat of water with temperature are also given. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Hence, violent changes in temperature, which might be disastrous to the life of the cell, are prevented by the high specific heat of the water which it contains. The Chemistry of Plant Life This relationship can also be considered as the definition of specific heat. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z What is the specific heat of the metal? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The specific heat of carbon varies with the temperature the following values having been obtained by H.F. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" Specific Heats of Gases.—In order to estimate the quantities of heat concerned in experiments with gases, it was necessary in the first instance to measure their specific heats, which presented formidable difficulties. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The absolute value of the specific heat deduced necessarily depends on the absolute values of the electrical standards employed in the investigation. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" You may neglect the effects of the surroundings and take the average specific heat of the rocks to be that of granite. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z If the temperature decreases by 1.05 °C, what is the approximate amount of heat involved in the dissolution of the KCl, assuming the specific heat of the resulting solution is 4.18 J/g °C? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The specific heat increases rapidly with rising temperature up to 60� C., and then more slowly. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" The rise of temperature above the original temperature T will be S/s degrees, where s is the specific heat at constant volume, which is obviously equal to S − R′. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Assuming this value, the result found by this method for the specific heat of water at 20� C. agrees with that of Rowland within the probable limits of error. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" A similar rise to a maximum value and subsequent fall are also noted in the case of the specific heat of iron. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" Assuming the specific heat of the solution and products is 4.20 J/g °C, calculate the approximate amount of heat in joules produced. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The following table gives a comparative view of the specific heats and the ratio for molecules of variable atomic content. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The ratio of the adiabatic to the isothermal elasticity, required for calculating the velocity of sound, is therefore the same as the ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to that at constant volume. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z A similar objection applies to selecting the temperature at which the specific heat is equal to its mean value between 0� and 100�. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Our seventy chemical "elements," for instance, are placed by the law of specific heats on a separate footing from their known compounds. A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition Comparing this value with the values in Table 5.1, this value matches the specific heat of aluminum, which suggests that the unknown metal may be aluminum. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The abnormal specific heats of the halogen elements may be due to a loosening of the atoms, a preliminary to the dissociation into monatomic molecules which occurs at high temperatures. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Assuming the heat equivalent of the work to remain in the gas, he obtains expressions similar to Clapeyron’s for the total heat and the specific heats. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The experimental evidence, however, is somewhat conflicting, and further investigations are very desirable on the variation of specific heat with temperature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" For equal weights of the simple bodies, the atomic weight multiplied by a number expressing the specific heat, gives a nearly uniform product. A System Of Logic, Ratiocinative And Inductive However, the observation that the metal is silver/gray in addition to the value for the specific heat indicates that the metal is lead. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z For a further discussion of the ratio of the specific heats see Molecule. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" This is equivalent to the statement that the difference of the specific heats, or the latent heat of expansion R′ per 1�, is the same for all gases if equal volumes are taken. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The direct determination of the specific heat at constant volume is extremely difficult, but has been successfully attempted by Joly with his steam calorimeter, in the case of air and CO2. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Again, he uses 0.1686 for the specific heat of air at constant volume. Scientific American Supplement, No. 647, May 26, 1888 The specific heat of water is approximately 4.184 J/g °C, so we use that for the specific heat of the solution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This law—purely empirical in origin—was strengthened by Berzelius, who redetermined many specific heats, and applied the law to determine the true atomic weight from the equivalent weight. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The defect of temperature observed can be represented by supposing that the specific heat of the products of combustion increases with rise of temperature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z According to the electric method, the whole range of variation of the specific heat between 10� and 80� is only 0.5%. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" As a physicist he made discoveries that were in themselves sufficient to perpetuate his name, in specific heat, capillary action and sound. A History of the Nineteenth Century, Year by Year Volume Two (of Three) If both solutions are at the same temperature and the specific heat of the products is 4.19 J/g °C, how much will the temperature increase? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z At the same time he perceived that specific heats varied with temperature and also with allotropes, e.g. graphite and diamond. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The reason is that its specific heat is less than that of iron in the proportion of 3 to 11. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z Given the specific heat as a function of the temperature, its variation with pressure may be determined from the characteristic equation of the gas. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Figures on the specific heat of wood are not readily available, though upon this rests not only the exact operation of heating coils for kilns, but the theory of kiln-drying as a whole. Seasoning of Wood These two amounts are called the specific heat under constant volume and under constant pressure. Fragments of science, V. 1-2 He regarded these anomalies as solely due to the chemical nature of the elements, and ignored or regarded as insignificant such factors as the state of aggregation and change of specific heat with temperature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" A bar of lead similarly treated will show a faster rate of propagation than iron, because, although its conductivity is only half that of iron, its specific heat per unit volume is 2.5 times smaller. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z The specific heats as a rule increase with rise of temperature, in some cases, e.g. iron and nickel, very rapidly. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" This anomalous condition may be accounted for by the fact that in each case the molecular structure is monatomic, as shown by the values obtained for the ratios of their specific heats. Scientific American Supplement, No. 1082, September 26, 1896 From these specific heats calculate the atomic weights of each of the elements. An Elementary Study of Chemistry We now proceed to discuss molecular heats of compounds, that is, the product of the molecular weight into the specific heat. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Increase of specific heat is a necessary accompaniment of dissociation, and from some points of view may be regarded as merely another way of stating the facts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z This quantity is now, as the result of further experiments, added to the values of h, and also represented in the formula for the specific heat itself by the cubic term. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" As, however, the specific heat of metals increases with the temperature, allowance is made on the brass sliding scales, which are divided according to the metal used for the pyrometer cylinder d. The Working of Steel Annealing, Heat Treating and Hardening of Carbon and Alloy Steel This condensation necessarily converts much of the specific heat of the ether into sensible heat; so that the temperature of the medium is continually increasing, as the distance from the sun increases. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence Conversely, if the specific heats of a compound and its constituent elements, except one, be known, then the unknown atomic heat is readily deducible. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Whenever any body is compressed, its specific heat is diminished; and the surplus portion is, as it were, pushed out of the body—appearing as sensible heat. Scientific American Supplement, No. 508, September 26, 1885 Joly has himself determined the mean specific heat of water between 12� and 100� C. by this method, in terms of the latent heat of steam as above given, and finds the result .9952. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" The flatiron heats slowly and cools slowly, and, because of its high specific heat, not only supplies the laundress with considerable heat, but eliminates for her the frequent changing of the flatiron. General Science And the specific heats of compound gases will be found greater than those of simple gases, in proportion to the loss of volume by combination, ceteris paribus. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence The specific heats of carbon, boron and silicon subsequently formed the subject of elaborate investigations by H.F. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" And whenever any body is expanded, its specific heat is increased; and the additional quantity of heat requisite is, as it were, sucked in from surrounding bodies—so producing cold. Scientific American Supplement, No. 508, September 26, 1885 Griffiths subsequently applied the same method to the measurement of the specific heat of aniline, and the latent heat of vaporization of benzene and water. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Flatirons are made of iron because of the relatively high specific heat of iron. General Science And the lighter the gas, the more will this circumstance vitiate the experiments to determine its specific heat. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence The specific heat of a compound may, in general, be calculated from the specific heats of its constituent elements. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The specific heat of the gas is sensibly independent of the density as well toward very high temperatures as about deg. Scientific American Supplement, No. 441, June 14, 1884. An example taken from the Electrician, September 1897, of one of the earliest experiments by this method on the specific heat of mercury will make the method clearer. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" The doctrine of specific heat originated in the eighteenth century. The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century There is, therefore, this great source of fallacy in such experiments, viz.: that the ether permeates all fluids and solids, and that its specific heat probably far exceeds that of all other matter. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence The density and specific heat of the tetragonal form are greater than those of the yellow. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The apparent specific heat increases parallel with this quantity of heat. Scientific American Supplement, No. 441, June 14, 1884. The specific heat itself can be deduced only by differentiating the curve of observation, which greatly increases the uncertainty. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Thermodynamics will furnish us, in addition, with the expression of the heat of vaporization and of, the specific heats of the two saturated fluids. The New Physics and Its Evolution From this view it is evident that the specific heat of elastic fluids can only be considered as approximately determined. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence In consequence of the great specific heat of water, to cool such a mass of the liquid through an average temperature of 8 deg. The Lake of the Sky Lake Tahoe in the High Sierras of California and Nevada, its History, Indians, Discovery by Frémont, Legendary Lore, Various Namings, Physical Characteristics, Glacial Phenomena, Geology, Single Outlet, Automobile Routes, Historic Towns, Early Mining Excitements, Steamer Ride, Mineral Springs, Mountain and Lake Resorts, Trail and Camping Out Trips, Summer Residences, Fishing, Hunting, Flowers, Birds, Animals, Trees, and Chaparral, with a Full Account of the Tahoe National Forest, the Public Use of the Water of Lake Tahoe and Much Other Interesting Matter It is a well-known fact that dry air parts with its relatively small amount of specific heat, in an almost incredibly rapid manner, to anything against which it impinges. Scientific American Supplement, No. 514, November 7, 1885 For such gases, assuming a constant ratio of rotation to translation, the specific heat at low pressures would be very nearly constant. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" They spoke of them to explain certain particularities of the propagation of sound, and to enunciate laws relating to specific heats; but, in general, they stopped at the consideration of the molecule. The New Physics and Its Evolution We must therefore form this product from its specific gravity and two-thirds of its specific heat. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence The specific heat of water being about four times that of air, it readily takes up the heat of compression. Scientific American Supplement, No. 799, April 25, 1891 Steam, on the contrary, from its great specific heat, remains in a heated state for a much longer time than air. Scientific American Supplement, No. 514, November 7, 1885 The result was to reduce the coefficient of diminution of specific heat at 15� C. by nearly one half, but the absolute value at 20� C. is practically unchanged. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" M. Mathias has even succeeded in completely determining the specific heats of liquefied gases and of their saturated vapours, as well as the heat of internal and external vaporization. The New Physics and Its Evolution On no one subject in chemistry has there been so much labor expended, as in determining the specific heat of watery vapor. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence Fourth, advantage might be taken of some agency such as water or water vapor, having a high specific heat. Popular Science Monthly Oct, Nov, Dec, 1915 — Volume 86 Weigh the cup, or cell, the lower plate of the cover and the metallic portion of the agitator, and compute their heat-capacity by the specific heat of the respective metals. Scientific American Supplement, No. 358, November 11, 1882 Variation of Specific Heat of Water.—The question of the variation of the specific heat of water has a peculiar interest and importance in connexion with the choice of a thermal unit. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" It then imitates gas in some other properties; the internal work of the variation of volume is nil, and the specific heat is only a function of the temperature. The New Physics and Its Evolution If our position be correct, the specific heat of hydrogen should be 10 times greater than of oxygen. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence Water, water-vapor and ice have, compared with other substances, remarkably high specific heats. Popular Science Monthly Oct, Nov, Dec, 1915 — Volume 86 Corrections for varying specific heat of water are less important, but may be made by the following table: Temperatures, Fahrenheit, and Corresponding Number of British Thermal Units Contained in Water from Zero Fahrenheit. Scientific American Supplement, No. 358, November 11, 1882 It was proposed by a committee of the British Association to select the temperature at which the specific heat was 4.200 joules, leaving the exact temperature to be subsequently determined. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" It is four times lighter than water, it does not present any absorption spectrum, and its specific heat is the greatest known. The New Physics and Its Evolution And finally that, for its degree of inertia, it exceeds in elasticity and specific heat all other matter. Outlines of a Mechanical Theory of Storms Containing the True Law of Lunar Influence His determination of the specific heat of air, pressure constant, and the specific heat of air, volume constant, furnished the data necessary for making Laplace's theoretical velocity agree with the velocity of sound experimentally determined. Scientific American Supplement, No. 363, December 16, 1882 While the oxide adheres it gains in weight, and when scales fall off it loses; and the specific heat of the oxide differs from that of metallic iron. Scientific American Supplement, No. 358, November 11, 1882 The specific heat at 15� would be determined with reference to the mean over the range 10� to 20�, and that at 20� from the range 15� to 25�. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" As the evidence of the specific heats of the fallacy of Avogadro's hypothesis involves lengthy explanations, the subject is reserved for another paper. Scientific American Supplement, No. 286, June 25, 1881 The specific heat of acetylene is given by M. A. Morel at 0.310, though he has not stated by whom the value was determined. Acetylene, the Principles of Its Generation and Use A Practical Handbook on the Production, Purification, and Subsequent Treatment of Acetylene for the Development of Light, Heat, and Power On the other hand, he was able to account for most puzzling discrepancies, which appeared in attempted direct determinations of the differences between the two specific heats by careful experimenters. Scientific American Supplement, No. 363, December 16, 1882 It does not rust, has a low specific heat, and is therefore raised to a higher temperature with less heat imparted. Steam, Steel and Electricity The following formulae represent his results for the specific heat s at constant volume in terms of the density d in gms. per c. c.:— Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Q.--In what way does the specific heat of a body enable the quantity of heat in it to be determined? A Catechism of the Steam Engine By employing the ordinary gas laws it is possible approximately to calculate the specific heat of acetylene from Maneuvrier and Fournier's ratio. Acetylene, the Principles of Its Generation and Use A Practical Handbook on the Production, Purification, and Subsequent Treatment of Acetylene for the Development of Light, Heat, and Power As we saw last term, oxygen and hydrogen have different specific heats, and no two other elements have the same specific heat, while heat raises the rate of vibration. Ancient and Modern Physics The slight fall you noticed in temperature was because the specific heat of these gases is high, and to become gas while in the solid state they had to withdraw some warmth from the air. A journey in other worlds A romance of the future The natural point to select would be that of minimum specific heat, but if this occurs at 40� C. it would be inconveniently high for practical realization except by the continuous electrical method. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" The specific heat of air is .2669, that of water being 1; or it is 3.75 times less than that of water. A Catechism of the Steam Engine Steel has a sufficient amount of heat-conducting power to prevent undue concentration in one place; but, as has been stated, its specific heat is only one-ninth that of water. Acetylene, the Principles of Its Generation and Use A Practical Handbook on the Production, Purification, and Subsequent Treatment of Acetylene for the Development of Light, Heat, and Power In any case it is necessary to specify the temperature, and sometimes also the pressure, since the specific heat of a substance generally depends to some extent on the external conditions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" But the specific heat of water is often stated in terms of other units. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" The results considered with reference to the variation of the specific heat of water are shown in the curve marked Rowland in Fig. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 1 "Calhoun" to "Camoens" Q.--What do you understand by specific heat? A Catechism of the Steam Engine A.--By specific heat, I understand the relative quantities of heat in bodies at the same temperature, just as by specific gravity I understand the relative quantities of matter in bodies of the same bulk. A Catechism of the Steam Engine |
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