| 单词 | Soviet |
| 例句 | He went on to have a celebrated career as a Soviet intelligence instructor and was sought after as an expert on Western espionage tactics. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Anyone who came of age in the Soviet Union during the 1930s was not going to let class awareness affect her commitment to the urgent demands of war. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z For most Soviet citizens at home, 1940 remained a period of uneasy peace. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z I pictured a rug being lifted and a huge Soviet broom sweeping us under it. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z So now the women and men of the 587th Bomber Aviation Regiment moved on to help take back the Smolensk region, where the Germans had held Soviet territory for the past two years. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The 46th Taman Guards was the only Soviet regiment to remain entirely staffed by women throughout the war, and they were proud of it. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In a shaking, damaged aircraft, Zoya made her escape and found the Soviet troops only three minutes away. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Sergeant Michael Rafferty was guarding Checkpoint Charlie, the precise spot where US and Soviet tanks had faced off three decades earlier when the Wall first went up. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z They had overestimated the speed with which they could defeat the Soviet army and underestimated the will to resist not only of the Soviet troops but also of the Soviet people. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z The Soviet flag was lowered over the Kremlin. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z There was something purposefully severe and offhanded in Franklin’s manner of speaking; she delivered her lecture as if reading the Soviet evening news. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Before the postcard was delivered to New York, it was read by Russian censors, and Bobby’s intemperate response found its way into the Soviet press. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Here was a chance to do some- thing nice for Black and help the Soviet people. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z No one in the US government was better informed about Soviet activities in the United States than J. Edgar Hoover. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Sometimes the best way to get around Soviet regulations was to quietly ignore them. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z A German-born Communist trained in tradecraft in Moscow, Werner had spent the 1930s working as a Soviet secret agent in China and Switzerland. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z As hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union increased, it began to feel like a probability. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z They read about the many women he’d dated, going back to his college years, wondering if any of them might actually have been Soviet agents. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z The Rosenberg trial was all the evidence many citizens needed that their country had been infiltrated by radicalized agents of the Soviet Union. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z The United States defied the blockade with a massive airlift of supply planes that flew over Soviet forces and directly into Tempelhof Airport in the Western sector of Berlin. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The two men had recently been to the Soviet Union, where the talk was that the Russians were considering sending a woman into space. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z At the border post separating the Soviet Union from Finland, Gordievsky lay motionless, covered with a heavy blanket. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z This was the only Soviet regiment to be staffed entirely by women throughout the war, and they took pride in this segregation. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The former German capital sat deep inside the zone of Soviet occupation, in the eastern part of Germany. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z To test his theory, Ames prepared a document with the names of two Soviet intelligence officers who had approached the CIA to work as double agents for the United States. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Bentley's confessions convinced him that the United States had been infiltrated by Soviet spies. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z A US government artist’s rendering from September 1984 of the Strategic Defense Initiative, which envisioned a network of space-based lasers and other weaponry designed to intercept Soviet ICBMs. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z This chess magazine contained theoretical articles and reports on the latest games from around the world, mostly games involving players from the Soviet Union. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z After the Soviet Union broke up, more details about Valentina's flight were brought to light. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union won by one point over the Rest of the World: 20½–19½, and the Russians were shaken by their near defeat. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z "Comrade Deputies," he shouted, "I must report to you on aggressive actions against the Soviet Union in the past few weeks by the United States of America." Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The rezident of the Soviet embassy in Washington approached Victor Cherkashin, a veteran KGB officer and spy handler, as soon as Cherkashin stepped out of his car in the compound's secure parking lot. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z From his office in the Soviet-East European Division, Ames pulled secret files on every Soviet agent who had switched sides and was now working with the CIA. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He explained to Beria that the Soviet leader was still asleep. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z His outlook infected the entire CIA, making it a place where no one could be trusted, and where potential Soviet recruits were assumed to be double agents sent by the KGB. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The dinner was Kheifetz’s way of thanking Kamen for his having arranged radiation treatment for a Soviet diplomat’s leukemia in John Lawrence’s lab, but it was viewed with much greater gravity by the security men. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z From a distance, he spotted his wife, Barbara, and his parents, who had been granted travel visas from the Soviet government in order to attend the trial. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He was willing to spend Russian rubles, and sell Soviet arms, to make allies among the world's developing nations. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Some pundits, not just from the Soviet Union, were forecasting Tal to be the winner. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Rather, the KGB acted as the all-powerful police force for the Soviet Communist Party—imprisoning dissenters, intimidating critics, and silencing opponents. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Also, I didn’t suppose those Soviet scientists who had sent up Sputnik had gotten where they were by cheating. The Lions of Little Rock 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z They were part of the effort to keep the Germans away from the Soviet oil fields, which were so necessary to keep the gears of industry moving. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z As Soviet soldiers ransacked German labs, they realized two things. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z A British reporter covering the trial marveled at "this crew-cut, diffident, simple, rather polite man, surrounded by the entire apparatus of Soviet law." Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z I'd shoot the Soviet airmen with tranquilizer darts as they pressed their ejector seats. Black Swan Green 2006-04-10T00:00:00Z The secrecy of weapons development, carried to especially extravagant lengths in the Soviet Union, implies that individuals so employed need almost never accept responsibility for their actions. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Most Soviet and American soldiers went home after 1948, and many assumed that Korea would eventually unify under a single government. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Astronauts were big business, particularly since American Alan Shepard had been launched into space on May 5, 1961, three weeks after Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Now that the Soviet Army was on the offensive, the terrifying Orders 270 and 227 didn’t have to be enforced to the letter. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Ames had permission from the Central Intelligence Agency to meet with the very man to whom he was handing over the Agency's most important Soviet agents. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Gold was never to attend Communist meetings, never to read Communist papers, never to express even the slightest interest in the Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The revolt against communism that destroyed East Germany finally spread to the Soviet Union itself. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She had been unmasked as a CIA operative, thereby rendering her useless as an undercover agent in the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The weapons establishments in the Soviet Union, the United States and other nations are large and powerful. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z In 1936 he began a series of random arrests and executions that touched every aspect of Soviet society. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Then, in May, the Soviet Union orbited Sputnik III, weighing in at a whopping 2,925 pounds. October Sky 1999-04-01T00:00:00Z Even as a teenager, it’s likely that Bobby was able to separate the not-so-subtle Soviet attempt at indoctrination from the sheer brilliance of the games and what he learned from them. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Gerber was director of operations in the Soviet Union and Europe, the man in charge of all the Agency's spies in those areas. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He could meet with his KGB handlers with ease, since, as far as MI6 was concerned, meeting with Soviet agents was part of Blake's job. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The more geographically knowledgeable of the prisoners sketched maps in the dirt, charting the Soviet army's advance. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z For weeks the Soviet scientists had been privately discussing what would happen if this bomb test failed. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Starting in the 1980s, the Soviet Union was facing economic and political upheaval. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z He told her he was planning to write a book that would prove how the Soviet players cheated in chess, and the tapes contained his thoughts on the matter. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Soviet scientists had to abandon fission experiments to work instead on weapons that could be used right away. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Although Soviet women had flown as military bomber pilots in World War II, none of the women chosen for the Soviet space program were military pilots. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z The KGB, which guarded the USSR's borders and kept watch over foreigners and Soviet citizens alike, was on high alert. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Recently, the Soviet scientist E. Sobotovich has identified a large number of tiny diamonds strewn over the Tunguska site. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z They went to Cinema Park later that day, Laila and Tariq, and had to settle for a Soviet film that was dubbed, to unintentionally comic effect, in Farsi. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union maintains an active program of unmanned planetary exploration. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z In fact, in none of his wartime speeches did he ever mention women in the military, though nearly a million Soviet women would eventually fight in the Great Patriotic War. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z By monitoring Soviet communications on the cable, the NSA was able to gain crucial intelligence about Soviet missile tests on the nearby Kamchatka Peninsula. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The analysts knew that Soviet engineers had placed sensors and alarms around the whole apparatus. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The only hope, he believed, was for the United States to stop building bombs and to somehow convince the Soviet Union not to start. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Katya died like a true Soviet fighter pilot, first filling an enemy fighter with bullets before using expert flight techniques to put out the flames that were engulfing her own plane. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Petrosian introduced an innovative move not normally used, and probably provided by Soviet theorists working behind the scenes. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z It would be unnatural for me not to make Jewish priorities my own: Israel, Soviet Jewry, Jews in Arab lands. Night 1955-01-01T00:00:00Z When the Soviet Union collapsed, the subsidies ended, and North Korea’s centrally planned economy stopped functioning. Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West 2013-03-26T00:00:00Z By the time Penkovsky passed his letter to the American students, the American spy agency had been almost totally shut out of the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Karl agreed, and he was sent to Czechoslovakia, where he was captured by the Soviet Russians and shipped to a prisoner-of-war camp in Siberia. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z The disassembled missiles were lashed to the decks of cargo ships—including, ironically, many American-made vessels that had been given to the Soviet Union during World War II, when the two nations were allies. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z A new race to build nuclear weapons pushed America and the Soviet Union toward a standoff that threatened not just the two superpowers but the entire world. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She got up and started to make her way toward the sound of the familiar Soviet guns. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In October 1967, he drove from his base in Norfolk, Virginia, to the Soviet embassy in Washington, DC. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z As for the British women, now that the war was over, the situation in the air was the same as it was in the United States and the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z He cited the conclusion of Lawrence and Teller that “several score of inspection stations would be required to monitor testing in the Soviet Union,” not the dozen or so proposed by Stassen. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Yes, the United States was helping the Soviet Union—but not out of the kindness of its heart. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Nancy was organizing a squadron of women who could fly aircraft to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Outside of the Soviet Union, where chess masters were comfortably supported by the state, no chess player could survive on his tournament winnings. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Now Groves was determined to keep the Soviet Union from getting it. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Calling the Soviet Union an "evil empire," Reagan ordered the largest peacetime military buildup ever. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The Germans first stormed through the cities of the Soviet states of Belorussia and Ukraine. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In civics class a great deal was said about oppressive Soviet policies; but at no time did I hear classical Marxism explained. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z Like its Soviet predecessors, the Viking landing maneuver involved an ablation shield, a parachute and retro-rockets. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z In January 1943, Soviet soldiers managed to get control of the railway in and out of Leningrad, allowing a little relief for the desperate citizens of the city. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In 1971, the Soviet Mars 3 spacecraft entered the Martian atmosphere. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z By this time, Soviet cosmonauts flew and shared missions with astronauts from other countries. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z In July 1975, the United States and the Soviet Union had their first joint mission—a Soviet Soyuz capsule docked with a US Apollo module. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Soviet fighter pilots cleared the sky of German night fighters around them for several nights. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Grim reminders of it were strewn along the road: burned carcasses of old Soviet tanks, overturned military trucks gone to rust, a crushed Russian jeep that had plunged over the mountainside. The Kite Runner 2003-05-01T00:00:00Z After World War II, a “cold war” had begun between the democratic United States and the Communist Soviet Union. Boots on the Ground: America's War in Vietnam 2018-04-10T00:00:00Z Anyone who angered or disappointed the Soviet dictator could wind up in a Siberian prison camp—or with a bullet in the brain. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In this respect, the United States was way behind the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Had Kennedy ordered an invasion of the island—a strategy many of his advisers were clamoring for—the Soviet commanders on Cuba had orders to launch the weapons, which would have obliterated the base. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Potsdam would be Truman’s first meeting with the famously intimidating Soviet leader. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Until the 1990s, North Korea’s economy was largely held together by subsidies from the Soviet Union. Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West 2013-03-26T00:00:00Z At that time the Soviet Red Army was the only military in the world that officially allowed women to go into combat. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Free hunting was a tactic the Soviet Air Force exploited in 1943 and assigned to experienced fighter pilots of exceptional talent. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z By late fall 1941, they overran the Ukraine and captured much Soviet territory. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z According to Richard Bissell, pilots were "exhorted but not ordered" to use the pin if they were ever captured on Soviet soil. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The next year, the Soviet Union launched the first woman into space, Valentina Tereshkova. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z These women from the western part of the Soviet Union left their homes for the unknown in 1962. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z The combination of Soviet successes in landing on Venus and Soviet failures in landing on Mars naturally caused us some concern about the U.S. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The idea for a spy plane that could strike deep into Soviet territory had captured the imaginations of CIA planners since the beginning of the Cold War. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z I dismissed the warning about the Soviet Union’s trouble with intellectuals. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z For over a year, the male French pilots of the Normandie-Niemen Regiment, flying dangerous Soviet Yaks, frequently served as fighter escorts for the women of the 125th Guards in their powerful Pe-2 dive-bombers. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z When the milk in Oregon is tainted by the radiation eruption of a Soviet nuclear reactor, we are forced to see our interdependence. Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z It was impossible to prove that she was dead, so by the Soviet Union’s strict military regulations she couldn’t be given the award. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “Stalin has a plan, my love. The Kremlin will do anything to see it through. You know that. He wants Lithuania for the Soviet Union, so he’s moving us out temporarily.” Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z As a senior KGB official, Gordievsky knew well the penalty for sharing Soviet secrets with the enemy: a long sentence in a prison camp or, more likely, execution by firing squad. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Over the following few weeks, teams of Soviet soldiers sped through Germany on an Alsos-style mission of their own. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z He and Prokofiev were both mercifully spared the treatment accorded writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn, whose criticisms of Soviet authority in his books and public statements landed him in a Siberian prison camp. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z He decided he needed to make absolutely sure that the people of the Soviet Union were loyal to him—or at least, that they behaved in all ways like loyal people. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Closing the border between East and West Berlin was not the idea of the KGB, the Soviet army, or anyone in the Kremlin: It was the brainchild of Walter Ulbricht, East Germany's hard-line communist leader. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She worked for the Division of Applied Mathematics at the Soviet Academy of Sciences and was recommended for the cosmonaut program by its president, Mstislav Keldysh. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z She joins the Soviet Air Force with her best friend, Nina, and they form a pilot-gunner team in a bomber plane. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The women of Raskova’s regiments, with Soviet society reinforcing their heterosexual standards, felt that marriage was acceptable; but affairs were not. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z But that wouldn’t stop the Soviet Union from building an atomic bomb. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union controlled East Germany, where it installed a Communist government under a dictatorship. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z A twenty-year veteran of the Soviet spy service, Yurchenko had traveled the world on behalf of the USSR, including a stint at the Soviet embassy in Washington, DC. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z On the stage, in front of a velvet curtain, were two flags: the Stars and Stripes and the unmistakable and portentous crimson Soviet banner with its hammer and sickle. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet army was drawing closer, and the Germans were throwing their energy into covering their tracks. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z It was becoming clear that when the war ended the United States and the Soviet Union would be the only world powers left standing—and that they’d be rivals. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Television and radio networks throughout the Soviet Union interrupted regular broadcasts to announce the result. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z It was stable in the air and easy to handle, and thought of as one of the best Soviet fighter aircraft available. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z They believed he was secretly a Communist, and perhaps even in touch with Soviet agents. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Navy divers, or "frogmen," used a mini-submarine to place a "pod" on an important Soviet underwater communications cable in the Sea of Okhotsk, north of Japan and near the eastern coast of the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Many nations understand that the systematic murder of such intelligent creatures is monstrous, but the traffic continues, promoted chiefly by Japan, Norway and the Soviet Union. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z In 1939, when the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Adolf Hitler, thousands of American party members resigned in disgust. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Sure, Fuchs had been a Communist back in his col- lege days, but that was hardly proof he was a Soviet spy. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Soviet women “were frustrated by contradictory messages: become aviators, but not in the highest levels of the military,” said Adrienne Marie Harris in her PhD thesis about women soldiers in the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The primary role of women as wives and mothers was never far from the discussion of the achievements of Soviet women. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z “Soviet” is derived from a Russian word for “assembly” or “council.” A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z To Soviet physicists like Flerov, this made it vitally important that the Soviet Union develop its own atomic bomb. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z There’s no doubt that Soviet pilots, navigators, and commanding officers were privileged during the war. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Valentina herself was a deputy in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the highest branch of the government’s legislature. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z She was the clear choice of Soviet leader Khrushchev and of Kamanin, the director of cosmonaut training. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Soviet Communists saw the West as their prime adversary in the battle to win the hearts and minds of oppressed people everywhere; America viewed Stalin's government as an enemy of democracy. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z On October 4, 1957, they made good on their promise: The Soviet Union launched a rocket into space containing Sputnik, a 185-pound satellite capable of orbiting the earth. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z February 3, 1966: Unmanned Soviet spacecraft Luna 9 lands on the moon. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Marina Raskova probably didn’t think of herself as “having it all”; she was a hard worker, but in the Soviet Union of the 1930s, so was everybody else. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z It was time for step two: the train ticket to Leningrad, the Soviet Union's second-largest city. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Fearing a first-strike nuclear attack by the United States, the Soviet Union resolved not to let its guard down. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z On December 6, Soviet soldiers began to push the frozen and exhausted German troops away from the city. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z On the left was an American colonel; on the right, another soldier looked away, his face obscured; and in the middle stood a Soviet officer, whose face had been cut out of the photograph. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z US space officials dismissed the Soviet's plans to put a woman in space as more about besting the United States than any scientific interest in women in space. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Thirty young Soviet women walked out to their aircraft together in the dark. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In May 1949, Stalin capitulated, and the Soviet Union suspended its blockade. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z One Soviet tournament registered more than seven hundred thousand players, in cities throughout the country. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z In 1985, however, things took a dramatic turn when Mikhail Gorbachev became head of the Soviet Union. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z And now that spring was here, the Soviet Union tried to strike back against the German forces. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet secret police had no business at our house. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z If America wanted to understand the USSR's latest ploy in the arms race, they needed someone on the ground, in the Soviet Union itself. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Attorney General Tom C. Clark developed a list of these organizations, which included everything from African American civil rights groups to labor unions and virtually anyone associated with communism or the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Perhaps the most striking illustration is to be found in the cooperation between Great Britain, the United States of America and the Soviet Union in the fight against Hider. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Stalin was screaming for the bomb, and Soviet scientists still needed more information from Los Alamos—they needed final reports on how the atomic bombs had been made. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Sergeant Artur Gartner, a Luftwaffe pilot, said that most Germans were shocked to discover that there were Soviet women fighting against them in the air. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z When Stalin died in 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who held power during the most intense time of the Cold War rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States and their allies. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z The Soviet government considered it a national embarrassment and punished him for not drawing at least one game. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Years later, records released by the KGB, the Soviet intelligence agency, indicated he was right. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z She was born on August 18, 1921, and her birthday just happened to be Soviet Air Fleet Day or Aviation Day. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet press and government seemed conflicted about the presence of women in space, however. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z In mid 1943, the Soviet government established “Laboratory Number 2,” a secret lab in the pine woods outside Moscow. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In our day the Soviet Union disintegrated after drought caused a series of bad harvests in the 1970s and 1980s, but nobody argues that climate ended Communist rule. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z North of the line, forces of the Soviet Red Army moved in and eventually established a Communist government led by Kim Il-Sung. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z So when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the agendas of Stalin and his composers were abruptly realigned. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z For years Soviet grandmasters had competed only against one another, ensuring that the championship would remain in the hands of the Soviet Union. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z At the opposite end of the bridge, Francis Gary Powers was shackled to two East German guards and accompanied by a Soviet colonel. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Using this, Soviet scientists immediately began building their first atomic weapon. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Tajik had said that if not for Massoud, the other man’s sister would still be “giving it” to Soviet soldiers. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z You might think that being involved in the Soviet Union’s great aviation achievements would help protect you from being accused of treachery, but you’d be wrong. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z This, too, helped to increase the morale of the people of the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z When he told the regiment about the first Soviet victories at Stalingrad, the young women all started cheering and clapping. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z If you were a young person in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, you were unable to separate your fear of Stalin and his henchmen from your genuine patriotic fervor for your Motherland. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z It was the middle of the Cold War, and the Soviet Union opportunistically filled the void we left by providing money, supplies, and technical support to the new government. Mountains Beyond Mountains 2013-04-13T00:00:00Z The only thing that rivaled Americans’ fear of the Soviet Union’s incipient prowess in the heavens was their wounded national pride. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z In the 1930s, the pressure on you to belong as a young Soviet was probably the most overwhelming pressure of your life. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z It would take a lot more than a shiny Soviet ball and the threat of international disdain to completely break the Byrd organization’s commitment to racial segregation. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z On the morning of August 1, 1985, Colonel Vitaly Yurchenko informed the staff at the Soviet embassy compound in Rome that he would be spending the morning touring the museum exhibits in Vatican City. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z They also look as though they pretty much all come from the same eastern European background, and it’s true that these young Soviet citizens weren’t a diverse group by modern standards. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union sent technicians and planes to Nigeria, thrilled at the chance to influence Africa without offending America or Britain. Half of a Yellow Sun 2006-09-12T00:00:00Z The United States and Soviet Union had never been friendly, and nothing had really changed. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Most of the western Soviet Union was in German hands, but its largest cities still hadn’t fallen, and the Red Army was still fighting. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Space Age began when the Soviet Union launched the world’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, in 1957. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Under the protective cover of darkness, the taxi he and his family were traveling in swerved around a bombed-out Soviet tank and exited the pockmarked highway. Shooting Kabul 2010-06-22T00:00:00Z Under the cloak of extreme secrecy, Soviet merchant ships began ferrying R-12 medium-range nuclear missile parts, launchers, and technicians to Cuba. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z But, Hall wondered, how does one go about handing military secrets to the Soviet Union? Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “The Soviet Union has had to shoot a lot of intellectuals,” he said. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z On December 25, 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as the last leader of the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the middle of the night on April 22, 1956, American agents guarding the Berlin Tunnel warehouse observed movement on the street located just above the tap site, in the Soviet sector. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In February, a senior diplomat in the US embassy in Moscow named George Kennan sent a sobering message about the Soviet Union to his superiors in Washington. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z It’s important to stress the difference between Soviet and American chess teams at that time. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Intelligence agents began decoding all the messages sent to the Soviet Union during the war. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z That meant the Soviet army was nearing Narewka or was already there. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z Instead, a female Soviet cosmonaut with far less flight experience took the honors of being the first woman in space. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Many American newspapers carried the story, praising the brave commanding woman who’d flown for the Soviet Union, allied with the United States against the Nazis. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z As Harvey settled into the house in Dahlem, the Cold War between America and the Soviet Union threatened to break into open hostility. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Helsinki’s Olympic stadium was partially collapsed, toppled by Soviet bombs. Unbroken 2010-11-16T00:00:00Z In June, he walked into the Soviet embassy in Budapest, Hungary. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet night bombers were small and slow, but the exhausted Germans hated them. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Tolkachev had high-level access to the latest designs of all Soviet fighter aircraft and radar systems. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the hysteria that followed over Soviet scientists’ apparent outdistancing their American counterparts, a new group of technical advisors was brought into the White House. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Bill Harvey knew that for all the CIA's efforts, a big question hung over its attempts to look deep inside the Soviet power structure. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The fighter planes started firing their guns, and more and more aircraft joined the fray, until there were nine Soviet fighter pilots battling forty Luftwaffe aircraft. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Also, once the United States entered the war, there was a real surge of support for their ally, the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z "I was able to get a look at every blade of grass in the Soviet Union," CIA director Allen Dulles said. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z One of the ways the Soviet government successfully put this into practice was through a school system that integrated boys’ and girls’ education. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Openly, Bobby disparaged how he’d performed, but the Soviet chess establishment was dazzled by how he managed to place so high under such arduous conditions. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The caption below the photo read: Children are the intended victims of Soviet land mine campaign. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z If Bobby took anything away from that match, it was the knowledge that the Soviet players were the best in the world. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The verdict came swiftly, with the Soviet judge declaring Penkovsky "guilty of treason to the Motherland." Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the personal histories of the Soviet women who flew and worked on aircraft during the war, there are many stories of gender discrimination, but there’s practically no mention of sexual aggression or assault. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “You know,” he said, his voice dropping to a low, confidential tone, “many comrades go wrong by reading the books of the bourgeoisie. The party in the Soviet Union had trouble with people like that.” Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z Black told Gold that the Soviet government had abolished private property and was making all the decisions about what the economy should produce, and how goods should be distributed. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Other episodes of mass fatality are abundantly documented: the Black Death in Europe, the post-collectivization famine in the Soviet Union, even the traffic in African slaves. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z Lamphere could not have guessed how much the world would change in just a few short years—or that the Soviet Espionage Division would quickly become the center of the action for the FBI. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Beginning that very month, Harvey's wiretap commenced recording thousands of classified conversations among Soviet and East German military officials. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Pointing to the map in Major Cooper’s arms, Wheeler described a more aggressive alternative: mine North Vietnamese harbors to block Soviet and Chinese ships bringing in military supplies. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z The German troops had started firing at the Soviet planes overhead. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The main problem, Ernest concluded, was the difficulty of tracking fissionable material in the Soviet Union to ensure that it was not finding its way into weapons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z By the end of the Olympics, the Soviet Union, which had fielded one of the strongest teams ever, came in first and the United States eased into second. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Soviet citizens felt that they themselves were real patriots, fighting a war against the false patriotism of fascism. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “The people of the Soviet Union need these processes,” said Black. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Soviet aircraft began to be fitted with radar equipment in 1942, but pilots and radio engineers weren’t fully capable of using it until 1943. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Stalin, who led the Soviet Union until 1953, was a cruel dictator who ruled by terror. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z Seventeen days after Germany had invaded Poland from the west, the Soviet Union had invaded from the east. Prisoner B-3087 2013-03-01T00:00:00Z Every last Soviet citizen liberated from the German prison camps—even those at Auschwitz—was questioned as a possible spy. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z He urged everyone in the Soviet Union to “defend with their lives their freedom, their honour and their country in this patriotic war against German fascism.” A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “That big Santa Claus from the Soviet police?” Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z Within two years, there was no Soviet Empire to hide behind anymore or to prop up autocratic regimes in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, or Latin America. The World Is Flat 2005-04-05T00:00:00Z After a long day of meetings, Truman stopped the Soviet premier as he was leaving the conference room. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z But the only trace of an air battle the aviators could see below them was a fragment of a Soviet aircraft wing on the ground. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Early in 1945, we knew that the Soviet army had liberated Auschwitz and Kraków. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z During his brutal reign, the Russian people were denied basic liberties, including freedom of speech and religion, and millions of Soviet citizens were killed in what has been called the Great Purge. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z The information they contained was out of date—hardly the fresh intelligence on Soviet activities that President Eisenhower clamored for. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the Soviet Union in the 1930s, left-wing scientists and intellectuals proposed that nothing about heredity was inherent at all. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Field tests are being made in several countries: in France and Germany against larvae of the cabbage butterfly, in Yugoslavia against the fall webworm, in the Soviet Union against a tent caterpillar. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z Like actors on a stage, new CIA agents posted to the Soviet Union played carefully crafted roles. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z To honor his promise to defend Poland, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain turned to the Soviet Union. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z That machine was developed without advice or assistance from Berkeley but with funding cadged from the Soviet regime very much by the Berkeley method: by stressing its potential contributions to medical research. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The two valiant pilots of the 586th were sent gold watches through the Soviet minister of foreign affairs, said to be gifts from George VI, the king of England. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z And this highlights a theme that runs through almost every Soviet female soldier’s story of the Great Patriotic War: War is gendered, and it is not feminine. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Explorer and Sputnik programs continued with scientific exploration, although both the United States and the Soviet Union still had the occasional failure. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z And the Soviet Union, Germany’s geographic neighbor, was very worried about it. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Four years later, Soviet scientists decided to try their luck on dry land. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z She became a symbol of equality and a positive symbol for the Soviet Union. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Winston Churchill, the British prime minister himself, sent warnings based on captured German codes to the Soviet government. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z It had happened when she and five other Soviet fighter pilots had flown into battle against a swarm of three dozen German bombers and fighters. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z There was an observation balloon tethered in a village occupied by the Germans so they could spot Soviet positions and tell their gunners where to fire. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z But then the Voigt Empathy Test had been devised by the Pavlov Institute working in the Soviet Union. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z For the Soviet leader, the issue was crystal clear: Russia must protect its security at all costs. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union won the race to be first in space on October 4, 1957, when Sputnik I was launched. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet chess establishment thought of Bobby as a novinka—a novelty—but, also, someone ultimately to be feared. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z He wanted the CIA to pass him instructions for how to give them a large package, containing information on every known missile or rocket inside the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He salvages the inferior Soviet equipment, milled from marginal steel, clumsily soldered; it’s all so unsystematic. All the Light We Cannot See 2014-05-06T00:00:00Z She was the daughter of Veveniy Savitsky, the deputy commander of the Soviet Air Defense and a World War II pilot, so people liked to say that her father’s position opened doors for her. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z He also studied the games of Mark Taimanov, the 1956 champion of the Soviet Union—and a concert pianist—who introduced novelties in opening play that Fischer found instructive. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z He escaped from his Soviet handlers, always fearful that he might end up dead by an assassin's bullet. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z And it was a wonderful chance for Marina to use her new navigation skills over the enormous distances of the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z But a Pe-2 from another Soviet regiment was not so lucky. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z She was no doubt taking the political wind into account, navigating Soviet affairs of state as carefully as she navigated the skies. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Knowing what the enemy was up to became the essential task of America and the Soviet Union—and the key to the world's survival. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z On August 14, 1945, the very same day that World War II ended, an American citizen and Soviet spy named Elizabeth Bentley cautiously approached the front door of the FBI offices in New Haven, Connecticut. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z After retiring from Star City, Valentina held various government offices, such as people's deputy and deputy to the Supreme Soviet, and she served on committees. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z While William Faulkner sweated in California trying to imagine what their lives must be like, hundreds of young airwomen were flying and fighting and dying over the battlefields of the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Celia hasn’t spoken to her son since the Soviet tanks stormed Prague four years ago. Dreaming in Cuban 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z Soviet player David Bronstein asked for a glass of lemon juice—no, not lemonade, but real lemon juice, he insisted—which he downed in what looked like one gulp. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Officially, four occupying powers divided the city into Soviet, American, British, and French sectors. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z A world away from Lamphere and Gardner's quiet deliberations in Arlington Hall, American and Soviet forces in Europe inched toward open hostility. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z "It was a catalogue of virtually every CIA asset within the Soviet Union," Cherkashin said. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z An independent Vietnam might ally itself with the Soviet Union. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z We had assumed he had made it to Narewka, which in 1939 was under Soviet control and had seemed a safer place for him than Kraków. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z Five Soviet spacecraft— Veneras 8 through 12—have landed on Venus and successfully returned data from the surface, no insignificant feat in so hot, dense and corrosive a planetary atmosphere. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The news of the Soviet nuclear test set off a panic inside the American government. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z With bullet holes in their fuel tanks, they’d found a friendly Soviet airfield to land on. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “Are you sleeping in a nice bed in that Soviet building?” Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z As the relationship between America and the Soviet Union soured overseas, more and more Americans tended to agree with him. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Instead, the war raged on, this time between Afghans, the Mujahedin, against the Soviet puppet government of Najibullah, and Afghan refugees kept flocking to Pakistan. The Kite Runner 2003-05-01T00:00:00Z The last hurrah for the two aging warriors was sounded during a marathon session of the National Security Council on January 6, 1958, when Stassen proposed a new framework for talks with the Soviet Union. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z I used to lie awake nights wondering what would happen to me if I lived in the Soviet Union. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z Following HERO'S arrest, they had stopped recruiting Soviet informers under orders from James Jesus Angleton, the secretive and paranoid CIA chief of counterintelligence. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Thus recent American and Soviet missions to Venus seem to have provided verification that the greenhouse effect is indeed the reason for the high surface temperature. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z He told his colleagues that he was cultivating a new Soviet source. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z That Soviet players had for decades been talking to one another during games with no complaints didn’t help Bobby’s cause. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z In every town and village the Germans invaded, they took over and set up their own soldiers and government to occupy and replace the Soviet system. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Jonas pulled his suitcase close, fearful that any minute it, too, might become Soviet property. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z He said he had grown up in a large, comfortable apartment in Pyongyang and had followed the privileged educational trajectory of North Korea’s elites, studying in East Germany and the Soviet Union. Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West 2013-03-26T00:00:00Z “Everyone who is a Soviet, and everyone who is Jewish, cannot be trusted,” he affirmed. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z While the Soviet government was scrambling to launch the enormous rescue effort for their heroic women pilots, an event of global significance was going on without them in western Europe. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In 1932 and 1933 it took away the food crop harvest and next season's seed in the Soviet states that produced most of the nation's grain—Ukraine, the Caucasus, and Kazakhstan. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Joseph Stalin, the Soviet premier, called desperately for the Americans and British to launch an invasion of German-held Western Europe. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Masha and her crew were picked up by friendly Soviet antiaircraft gunners, who drove them to a medical post. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The new spy was a gold mine of Soviet secrets. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Most young Soviet women found themselves struggling against the inconsistency of the Communist Party’s approach to gender equality. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z North Vietnam had a communist government, allied with the Soviet Union and China. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z But President Eisenhower had insisted that the nation’s first foray into space be presented as a peaceful effort, rather than an explicitly military operation that risked triggering a dangerous retaliation by the Soviet Union. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Cade Hernandez, accomplished sleeper that he was, snored throughout the entire conversation, his face buried beneath a portion of the wall, a somnambulist’s unfinished escape tunnel out of the Soviet sector on our king-size bed. 100 Sideways Miles 2014-09-02T00:00:00Z The final flight of the Apollo series took place in 1975, when a command module made a rendezvous with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z Strauss seethed as Oppenheimer outlined the state of the arms race between America and the Soviet Union. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Germans had stormed in like lightning in a single month in 1941: it took the Soviet Union three and a half years to push them out again. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “A lot of the Soviet police are that way,” Garland said, visibly nettled. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z The United States would spend $24 billion on Apollo, in order to plunge the sword into the heart of the Soviet Unions ambitions in space. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Fischer’s and Bronstein’s places at the table were indicated by a small American flag on Bobby’s side and an equally small Soviet flag on the opposite side. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Soviet fighter pilots were alone in their single-seat planes, but they typically flew in pairs. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z To the Soviet leadership, put on the defensive by Reagan's belligerent rhetoric and by the suspicious information collected by Operation RYaN, the maneuvers seemed terrifyingly real. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Though the December skies were cloudy, everyone felt a little safer when they flew over the airfield to pick up their escort and found thirty-six Soviet fighter aircraft joining them in the sky. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z So the agencies, encouraged by the success of that early round of resettlement, brought in other refugees—survivors of the conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo, and oppressed minorities from the former Soviet Union. Outcasts United: An American Town, a Refugee Team, and One Woman's Quest to Make a Difference 2009-04-21T00:00:00Z Nevertheless, according to the Soviet Constitution of 1936, also called “Stalin’s Constitution,” Soviet women had voting rights and gender equality with men. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In the 1940s, Dobzhansky would attack these questions directly: he would eventually become one of the most strident scientific critics of Nazi eugenics, Soviet collectivization, and European racism. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Hermann Muller—disappointed by another false utopia—left Berlin for the Soviet Union, on yet another quest to unite science and socialism. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Together they would debrief the Soviet spy in a safe house hidden away in northern Virginia. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The soldiers who fought this war between America and the Soviet Union maneuvered in secret, often alone, working in the shadows of Berlin, Moscow, and Washington. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The next day, the Soviet Union itself was dissolved. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the late 1940s, the United States had no spies in the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Newspapers referred to him as a subversive, a commie, a Red nut, a Soviet sympathizer, a freak. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It turned out that the Soviet team would be playing for the first time on United States soil. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z One night he was spotted dining with Gregory Kheifetz, the local Soviet vice-consul, whom he had met at a party at the home of the violinist Isaac Stern. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Soviet name for the fight to drive the German army out of their nation during World War II is the “Great Patriotic War.” A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union announced on August 31, 1961, that it would resume atmospheric testing and made good on the threat the very next day. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At last, the spirits of the Soviet people began to lift a little. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Meanwhile, a thousand airwomen in the Soviet Union continued their battle against the Nazi war machine. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z But Lysenko convinced himself and his Soviet bosses that he had “retrained” the crops through exposure and conditioning alone and thereby altered their inherent characteristics. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If Hitler got his hands on atomic bombs, that would be the end of the Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z On June 22, 1941, Hitler broke a peace treaty and invaded the Soviet Union, sending his army storming across the huge nation in a battlefront that stretched for over a thousand miles. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z What if they ask me about nuclear weapons in the Soviet Union or something like that? Like Vanessa 2018-03-13T00:00:00Z The answer sat just over the border, in Berlin's Soviet sector. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z That’s what the Soviet Union was facing and fighting: destruction on that scale. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Before the rubble of the last war had even been cleared, Stalin feared that a new and ominous threat to Soviet security lay at Russia's doorstep. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Hiskey’s story illustrates just how hard it was for Soviet spies to get at American secrets. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Ames had arrived late and seemed nervous about meeting the first major Soviet defector of his career. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Penkovsky also gave the CIA and MI6 a wealth of information about the Soviet leadership, including both rumors and concrete information about political squabbles inside the Kremlin and the Soviet military hierarchy. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z It turned out that the Soviet leader had secret weapons of his own. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The global balance of terror, pioneered by the United States and the Soviet Union, holds hostage the citizens of the Earth. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Because Rodin was known to MI6, the Soviets assigned Blake a new KGB contact, Sergei Kondrachev, who worked in the Soviet embassy in London as a junior official in charge of cultural events. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z When the Germans invaded, Flerov had put his studies aside to serve in the Soviet air force. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “Well, well. . .” muttered the head of the Soviet bomb project. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The United States was siding with West Pakistan, the Soviet Union with India and what was soon to be Bangladesh. Interpreter of Maladies 1999-05-22T00:00:00Z Early in 1942, a young Soviet physicist named Georgi Flerov sat in the library of a military base in southwestern Russia, flipping through a tall stack of physics journals from the United States. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The United States embraced democracy, while the Soviet Union was ruled by communism. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Pravda, or “truth” in English, was the name of the main Soviet newspaper. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The capture and confession of Klaus Fuchs were like a dam breaking in Lamphere's and Gardner's years-long accumulation of clues, leads, and evidence of an active Soviet espionage ring in the United States. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Few Russian women who became pilots in the Soviet Union’s state-sponsored clubs in the 1980s and early 1990s can afford to fly as private citizens now that the Soviet Union no longer exists. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Without specific motivation, such as winning against the United States, it seemed the Soviet men in charge of the programs did not see any justification to put a woman into space. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z If a Soviet agent ever needed to reach Fuchs, secret passwords had been arranged by which the agent could make himself known to Heineman. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Hall recognized Kurnakov’s name—he was a Soviet journalist based in New York. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The imperative to raise the general level of technical proficiency had only grown stronger as the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union grew more inflamed. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z He asked Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to help, but Stalin had already sided with Hitler. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z Eventually, internecine warfare erupted between the United States and Soviet Chess federations and FIDE. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z In the Kerch area, the 46th Guards shared the sky with the male pilots of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z However, those firsts would pale in comparison with Johnson's new assignment: The president wanted a plane that could fly high enough to avoid Soviet radar, and far enough to cross the Soviet Union without refueling. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The preparatory steps are now under way, both in the United States and in the Soviet Union. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z There were so many of the Luftwaffe planes that at first the young Soviet pilots thought the black dots in the southwestern sky must be birds. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z On May 7, Khrushchev once again climbed the podium at the meeting of the Supreme Soviet. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Astronauts from all nations can still go into space from the Soviet Union, and countries such as China have developed their own space programs. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z By that time, the Soviet Union had dissolved, and the largest of its republics became the country of Russia once again. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Girls and boys growing up in the Soviet Union of the 1920s and 1930s, like Marina Raskova, felt that preparing for war was their duty, just like going to school. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z It turned out that the Soviet one-time pad system had a weakness. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Besides, Gold was starting to realize that the Soviet Union was hardly the workers’ paradise Tom Black had described. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z This was a signal to her Soviet contact—it meant that a drop-off would be made at a prearranged time and place. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z They rigorously studied his opening, middle game, and endings—and filtered classified analyses of their findings to the top Soviet players. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z She spent the next two years as a courier, go-between, and manager of World Tourists, Inc., a travel business run by Golos that was actually a front operation for the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z At last, technicians reached the Soviet cables, carefully exposing the inner wires and grafting on the wiretaps. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z But not even Hoover had any inkling about the mole—or secret Soviet agent—hiding in the top ranks of Great Britain's spy agency, MI6. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z During his time in office, which ended in 1964, Khrushchev attempted to improve the lives of ordinary Soviet citizens, but with little success. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z Now when they teamed up with other Soviet pilots in the air, everyone would know there were women flying with them. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet colonel had seen the American students before. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z And then: “On top of the tower an unbearably bright light blazed up,” one of the Soviet physicists recalled. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Spassky’s defense of his title became, symbolically, a defense of the Soviet Union, and the Russian’s millstone was a heavy weight to bear. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Alexander Haig couldn't admit it in public in case the Soviet Union sided with Argentina, but even Ronald Reagan was on our side. Black Swan Green 2006-04-10T00:00:00Z And could the United States glean enough intelligence from its $20 million device to head off its Soviet adversary and avert a nuclear war? Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the middle of a war for survival, given the sheer volume of messages traded back and forth among Soviet embassies and the government in Moscow, making multiple copies must have seemed an insignificant decision. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Crowded into the bunker were other top Soviet physicists, along with the head of Stalin’s secret police, Lavrenti Beria. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z When the Soviet Union began making plans to send a man into space, space industry leaders knew they needed a special cosmonaut training facility. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z He was plump on Soviet food, eating from the hand that strangled us each and every day. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z For most of his adult life, Harry Gold had been a spy for the Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z But in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, the pressure to belong was literally a matter of life and death. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z One was the conviction of the stocky, beetle-browed Hungarian physicist that the lethargic pace of thermonuclear research had placed the United States at the mercy of the Soviet Union. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z What was so different about the Soviet Union? A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “The Soviet police can’t do any more than we can,” he said. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z Moving to a new airfield was often difficult and dangerous for the Soviet aviators. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z As one of his final acts, Gorbachev passed the Soviet nuclear codes—which could initiate a nuclear missile launch—to Boris Yeltsin, the president of the Russian Federation. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z By now, one in every three or four pilots in the Soviet Union was a woman. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Agency was still smaller than its Russian counterpart, and its agents had to train hard to learn the techniques of spycraft—which Soviet operatives had been mastering for decades. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z “What about the threat of a Soviet takeover?” The Poisonwood Bible 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z “From there you can go to the Soviet Union.” Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z When the Soviet Union had agreed to invite Bobby to Moscow, and generously pay all expenses for him and his sister, he was granted a visa that was good for only twenty days. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z All three women were awarded the Soviet Union’s Order of Lenin honor for their achievement. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z But Hall’s report also caused concern—Soviet spies worried they were being given disinformation. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z All five women moved to a secret location 40 miles northeast of Moscow, a walled compound filled with people working on the Soviet space program—scientists, engineers, and cosmonauts. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z He did not feel defeated by the end of the Soviet Union; he felt emboldened by it. The World Is Flat 2005-04-05T00:00:00Z Soviet forces in Eastern Europe, including nuclear missile crews, moved into high alert. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union, and all the world, was at war. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z For the Germans, the big targets were the cities of Leningrad, the old imperial capital in the north, which had been the birthplace of the Soviet Union, and the new capital in Moscow. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Ivanov went to see George Eltenton, a chemical engineer known to be sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z One shocking feature of the Germans’ early-morning attack on June 22 was that they destroyed hundreds of Soviet aircraft on the ground. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Americans had outmaneuvered him this time, but on that August day in 1945, the Soviet leader began preparing for the next confrontation. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z It is true that a lively fear of Russian intentions and capabilities had settled upon Washington, fueling the expectation that war with the Soviet Union was inevitable. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Standard Soviet tradecraft was to wait no more than five minutes at a pub- lic meeting spot—any longer could attract attention. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z He claimed that Hiss had passed these to him several years earlier, as part of their conspiracy to provide information to the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She said that the Soviet Union was the best nation in the world, along with Afghanistan. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z More and more secret communications demanded more one-time pads—and at some point in 1942 or 1943, Soviet cryptographers started making multiple copies of the same pads, to save time. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Then, in August, Lithuania was officially annexed into the Soviet Union. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z Twice honored with the Hero of the Soviet Union award, Svetlana worked as a flight engineer. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Since Yuri Gagarin had flown into space, he was often called on to speak in public and represent the Soviet Union. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Marina and Polina were each presented with a second Order of Lenin award, and they and Valentina were all given the Gold Star of Hero of the Soviet Union— the nation’s highest honor. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z I pick it up and finger the wrinkled pages, flip to the story on the Soviet Space Girl. The Help 2009-02-10T00:00:00Z As insurance against such accidents, the Soviet clerks then wrapped their messages in an additional layer of secrecy, using what were known as "one-time pads." Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She tells of how a famous Russian pilot and a triple Hero of the Soviet Union, A. I. Pokryshkin, landed at the airfield to refuel his fighter plane. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Shostakovich was denounced by the Soviet Composers’ Union, and then came a deluge of public criticism - even from former friends and colleagues. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z The Soviet soldiers involved in this war found themselves in an icy stalemate, freezing and starving to death. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Gold enjoyed these talks and even felt comfortable enough to bring up his concerns about the Soviet Union, including Stalin’s treaty with Adolf Hitler. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z So on July 28, 1942, the Soviet government issued a new order, with an even more fearsome message than Order 270. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Years earlier, on his way to meet a Soviet agent in New York City, Ames accidentally left his briefcase on the subway. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z On one occasion, he was asked to translate Russian reports from a Soviet diplomat being recruited by the CIA in Bogotá, Colombia. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Aptly, it had its first performance in Baku, capital of Soviet Azerbaijan and home to the Caspian fleet. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z In four years of fighting, nearly eight million Soviet soldiers and twenty million civilians died. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Along with reducing Cold War tensions and improving relations with the United States and other western nations, Gorbachev granted the Soviet people freedoms that they had never experienced. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z Fischer’s request for an extended visa was denied, and what would be his lifelong, not-so-private war with the Soviet Union had commenced. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union believed that Germany should pay for starting the war and for causing such horrific damage to other countries. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z “If you will obtain as many of them as you can in complete detail and give them to me, I will see to it that those processes are turned over to the Soviet Union.” Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Though no open battles took place, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a cold war. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z She has on a little beige combat outfit with black boots; she looks like a Soviet soldier recruit. It’s Kind of a Funny Story 2006-04-02T00:00:00Z Both had been sympathetic to the Soviet Union, and members of the Communist Party. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Later he learned that the officer had sent a message to the KGB, confirming that Gordievsky was now on Soviet soil. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Ames gambled that as chief of counterintelligence for the Soviet division of the CIA, approaching the KGB couldn't be simpler. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Bobby’s last game of the tournament was with Gligoric, one of the strongest players outside of the Soviet Union. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The Red Army had held the invasion back from the Soviet capital, but it was the wretched Russian winter that really turned the tables. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In mid-July, one hundred thousand irate Soviet citizens, inflamed by the government-controlled press, besieged the American embassy on Tchaikovsky Street, demanding that the United States withdraw its troops from Lebanon. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z His official "cover" was as a scientific adviser, assigned to organize trips abroad for Soviet technical experts. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Only a handful of Soviet women had made spaceflights by 2012, whereas ten times as many American women had become astronauts and gone into space. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z This is why the star patterns in a given constellation do not change as we go from, say, Soviet Central Asia to the American Midwest. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z She continued parachuting and competed with the Soviet National Aerobatics Team in England in 1970. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z He then revealed that Soviet forces had shot down the American spy plane over Russian territory. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Later that day, Hall walked to the offices of a company called Amtorg, a Soviet import/export business. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z They wanted someone they were certain would always promote Soviet ideals above her own. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z By early 9 if 3, the Soviet army had finally halted the massive German invasion just short of the Soviet cities of Stalingrad, Moscow, and Leningrad. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet players were subsidized by their government and in many cases given dachas as retreats where they could study and train for matches. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z When a Soviet agent in Chicago made contact with Hiskey, the meeting was observed by FBI agents. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Almost as soon as the “Soviet Ark” had departed, the US State Department released its official explanation of why these 249 people had been deported. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z Further research revealed that Penkovsky, as an intelligence officer, had cozied up to some of the highest-ranking members of the Soviet military. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z When asked about his views on Communism, he said, “Soviet Communism is basically a mask for Bolshevism which is a mask for Judaism.” Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z An accusation was enough to ruin a person's reputation; in the shadow of a looming Soviet menace, many Americans jettisoned the most basic standards of due process, fairness, or the presumption of innocence. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z But in the years between the two world wars, children in Soviet schools were treated with complete gender equality, with girls and boys studying the same subjects. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z One morning shortly after the Soviet bomb test, a tall, thin man stepped into Fuchs’s office. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Luftwaffe aircraft swooped in low, bombing and gunning the easily targeted empty planes where they stood parked in rows on the Soviet airfields. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z On October 5, 1957, America awoke to the news that a man-made object launched the previous day from a Soviet space complex was orbiting overhead. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Leonid Brezhnev, who succeeded Khrushchev as Soviet leader in 1964, had given the KGB nearly unlimited power over Soviet society. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z I read the page they’d folded back: “Soviet Plan Moves Forward in Congo.” The Poisonwood Bible 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z Several minutes later, he stepped out of the car and approached the gates of the Soviet embassy. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He climbed past the first two floors, where Soviet clerks did normal consulate work, like helping Soviet citizens get travel visas. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Finally, after the enemy aircraft had flown away, Katya landed the damaged Pe-2 in a small field just inside Soviet territory over the front line. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The CIA had broken through the wall of secrecy around the Soviet Union at last. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Bentley was in deep, a Soviet agent operating quietly in the heart of the world's most powerful country. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Under Soviet rule, there was no formal annual commemoration for women veterans of the Great Patriotic War. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z One obstacle remained and that was the Soviet Union itself. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Soviet players were traditionally serviced by a team of seconds, each performing an assigned task. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z It took no time for the mysterious name to pass from Soviet mouths to American ears: Sputnik. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z The two men were having dinner at a French restaurant in Georgetown, a neighborhood just down the hill from the sprawling Soviet embassy complex. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The general Soviet sentiment, often shared by the women soldiers themselves, was that although women had done their part to drive out the invading enemy, their real role was to nurture, not to kill. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “The association,” Rachael said, “wanted to reach the bounty hunters here and in the Soviet Union. This seemed to work...for reasons which we do not fully understand. Our limitation again, I guess.” Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z It was a poor country, in part because the United States maintained its trade embargo, and because the Soviet Union, once it collapsed in the late eighties, no longer provided financial subsidies. Mountains Beyond Mountains 2013-04-13T00:00:00Z The United States and the Soviet Union were, officially, allies in August 1945. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z George Kisevalter, a CIA agent who had worked in the Soviet bloc, managed to determine the Russian man's identity from clues in the doctored photograph. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Within ninety minutes, Soviet and European television audiences watched a live telecast of Valentina in her capsule. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z On May 5, 1990, nearly fifty years after Lilya’s disappearance, Soviet Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev signed a decree honoring her as a Hero of the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z He was in awe of the acuity and the rapid, intuitive understanding of the Soviet players, inarguably the best in the world at that time. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z That is, until a Soviet gambit changed the conversation. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z These were run by the Communist League of Youth, or Komsomol, which sponsored clubs called Osoaviakhim that gave military training to the Soviet Union’s young people. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z How could the people who owned such rich farms, such beautiful furniture and gardens, modern bathrooms, and electricity to run refrigerators have ever needed to come take over the Soviet Union’s peasant huts? A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union had more first-rate players than any other three nations combined. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Valentina discovered parachuting and became quite good at it, making 126 jumps, which brought her to the attention of the Soviet space program. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z By now there was a drastic shortage of planes in the Soviet Air Force. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In the summer of 1945, as Europeans picked through the rubble of their ruined cities and burned-out farms, Soviet and American soldiers eyed each other warily. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z It’s a sharp contrast that, by the end of the 1930s, somewhere between a quarter and a third of all pilots in the Soviet Union were women. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Ever since Reagan's election, the United States and the Soviet Union had been moving further apart, not closer together. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z I’d grown fond of quoting Vaclav Havel, the great Czech leader who had said that “hope” was the one thing that people struggling in Eastern Europe needed during the era of Soviet domination. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Sax reached into his shoe and pulled out a piece of paper—a technical question from Soviet scientists. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Of all the developments in the Soviet Union, the method by which scores of backward peoples had been led to unity on a national scale was what had enthralled me. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z Beneath them, the blackened ruins of Stalingrad were softened by a fresh fall of snow, and around them the Soviet air and ground forces were flattening the last German troops outside the city. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Eventually, after some speech making about the contribution of chess toward a possible détente between the Soviet Union and the United States, play got under way. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The German fighters tried to break up the Soviet formation. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z On December 26, 1991, Gorbachev took his final, dramatic step when he resigned and declared that the Soviet Union was dissolved and that the countries within its umbrella, including Russia, were now independent. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z By the summer of 1948, J. Edgar Hoover was ready to try a new tactic against his Soviet adversary. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Harvey's agents managed to cultivate informants working inside the East German telecommunications offices, in order to find out which cables were used directly by the Soviet army and secret services. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Then, when they’d flown back through the storm of antiaircraft fire and enemy fighter planes and were safely over Soviet territory again, Valentin let Klava take over to lead the flight home. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z On its own, it would not serve as the dictionary he needed, but it was filled with cues and gave him an incomplete road map to the minds of the Soviet cryptographers. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He was the American who had a fighting chance of defeating a Soviet champion. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Dozens of Soviet Air Force regiments, all men’s except the 588th, flew these planes. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z He pointed to cars, said their names and where they were made: Soviet Volgas, American Chevrolets, German Opels. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z To many Soviet citizens, life itself seemed frozen in place. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z As a Soviet agent, watched closely by the FBI, it would be too risky for him to make a direct approach. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The National Party accepted the most hidebound of 1950s cold war ideology and regarded the Soviet Union as the evil empire and communism as the work of the devil. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union and the United States were allies in World War II. But that’s because they were fighting common enemies—not because they liked each other. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z No country, and certainly not one as vast and as aggressive as the new Soviet Union—nor one so close to Germany—was going to be without an air force. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z While American officials knew that Soviet troops had already landed on Cuba to help Castro's government, they had no idea that Khrushchev was quietly assembling a nuclear arsenal on the Caribbean island. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z President Truman had announced that an “atomic explosion’’ had been detected in the Soviet Union. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Consequential as is the two-game lead the Soviet champion now enjoys, the board is still set for a duel that could rank among the most brilliant in this ancient game’s annals. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z But the Soviet Air Force Command insisted this couldn’t be done unless there was proof that Lilya had died in battle. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Khrushchev viewed a new alliance with Cuba as a chance to extend Soviet influence to America's backyard; Fidel Castro welcomed the chance to bolster his defenses against his aggressive American neighbor. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Ted Hall was aware he’d missed meetings with the Soviet courier assigned to pick up his final report. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z That same year, CIA operatives made contact with a senior official in the Soviet Foreign Ministry who was stationed at the Russian embassy in Bogotá, Colombia. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z They flew over the busy railway station where the Soviet troops bound for Kursk were gathering, surrounded by a mess of smoking bomb craters in the dirty snow. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Using Penkovsky's data as a guide, CIA officials came to a shocking conclusion: The Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba were close to being fully operational. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Elizabeth Bentley's revelations had tipped off the Soviet spies themselves—ironically making them harder to catch. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The two spies then went over procedures for future meetings in London and for setting into motion Blake's new career as a Soviet "mole" inside MI6. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Soviet spies in American cities began working on what they called “agent cultivation.” Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “Want to wait on the Polokov retirement until the Soviet cop gets here to help you?” Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z Hitler had unleashed his blitzkrieg across Europe, his Soviet allies had followed, and the continent had exploded into total war. Unbroken 2010-11-16T00:00:00Z Elizabeth Bentley was the most well-connected Soviet spy ever to defect to the United States authorities. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z But she would quickly learn that there was even more to Timmy than a lifetime of exploits on behalf of the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z “He says we are charged under Article 58 of the Soviet Penal Code for counterrevolutionary activities against the USSR,” said Mother. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z What Regina didn’t know, however, was that since 1942 the Justice Department had suspected her of being a Soviet espionage agent. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z And, as it turned out, the Soviet codebook first captured in Finland finally found its way to the United States—to the desk of Meredith Gardner. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Soviet trucks filled the rail yard, packed with people just like ours. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z In mid-July the Soviet Red Army had reached the prewar Polish border. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z News of the atomic bomb quickly reached Joseph Stalin, the supreme ruler of the Soviet Union, at his headquarters in the Kremlin, in Moscow's Red Square. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The German blitzkrieg drove deep into Soviet territory, capturing millions of soldiers and quickly approaching the Soviet capital of Moscow. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Back then, these grandmasters commanded as much prestige in Soviet society as a movie star or an Olympic athlete does in contemporary America. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z For the highly secretive Soviet government, a leadership merry-go-round like this was unprecedented: In the entire history of the USSR, only four men had occupied the leadership post. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She knew that her future and the future of other Soviet women in space travel depended upon her ability to get along with others. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z At his sentencing for treason in a London courtroom, George Blake was given one year in prison for each of the British agents he was known to have betrayed to the Soviet Union: forty-two. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z They were quickly convinced that an atomic bomb had exploded somewhere in the Soviet Union, probably on the morning of August 29. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z A new long-distance flight record in a Soviet plane would make a fine political statement to the Germans: our long-range bombers won’t have any trouble reaching Greater Germany if war breaks out. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z She was much in demand as a spokesperson for the Soviet Union. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Havel had said that people struggling for independence wanted money and recognition from other countries; they wanted more criticism of the Soviet empire from the West and more diplomatic pressure. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Army that Hiskey had been spotted with a suspected Soviet agent. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The entire city fell under the command of the Seventh Directorate of the KGB, the USSR's powerful and fearsome spy agency, which kept watch over foreigners and Soviet citizens alike. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z After months in the KGB prison, including seventy days in solitary confinement, Powers learned that the Soviet government intended to put him on trial for espionage. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z By the end of the week, with his forces in Cuba encircled by American ships and aircraft, Khrushchev realized that his gamble to place Soviet missiles at America's doorstep had failed. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Pat Robertson, the former television evangelist and presidential candidate, maintained recently that he couldn’t prove that there weren’t Soviet missile sites in Cuba and therefore there might be. Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Marina Raskova was given the Soviet Union’s first state funeral of the war, with Moscow city and Soviet state officials in attendance, a thundering salute of guns, and an air force flyover. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Lysenko’s theory was immediately embraced by the Soviet political apparatus. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z And in the 586th, every couple of weeks the regiment could get a truck ride to the nearest town so they could bathe in a public bathhouse, common throughout the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z But each month, new agents posing as businesspeople, diplomats, professors, and other unassuming characters quietly joined the fight against the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Her commander wrote a recommendation for her to be posthumously honored as a Hero of the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z And, most ominously of all, in the mid-1970s the Soviet Union showed signs of pulling ahead, upsetting the balance that had kept World War III in check for nearly three decades. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z A thirty-year-old engineer with a degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Semyonov worked for a Soviet trading company based in New York. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Yes, Stalin admitted, thousands of Soviet towns and factories lay in ruins. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Richard Jacob, a young CIA officer in Moscow, had been arrested and deported from the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Less than two weeks before, Soviet forces had won a fierce battle to free the city from German occupation. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z They were rescued on the ground by Soviet soldiers who’d seen the plane crash. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet women who fought in uniform in the Great Patriotic War had to struggle to adapt to clothes made for men. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Stalin began to evacuate the Soviet government and told foreign embassies to leave as well. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Their analysis revealed that, following each visit to the Soviet embassy, Ames had made a large cash deposit into one of his accounts. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z If they were going to force the Soviet leader to back down, now was the time. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Soviet women soldiers waged a private battle against men’s underwear the whole time they were fighting their invading enemy, the German army. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Closer to home, members of the Soviet space agency were furious with her performance. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z In reality, the United States wasn’t trailing the Soviet Union quite as badly as it appeared in the wake of the Sputnik crisis. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union’s first atomic bomb exploded with the force of twenty thousand tons of TNT. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Several years earlier, the US government had convicted Abel of running a network of Soviet spies in the United States. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z On the international front, Oliver held talks with the governments of Great Britain and the Soviet Union, and in January 1987 met with the U.S. secretary of state, George Shultz, in Washington. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The two senior officials had been meeting to explore ways that the CIA and KGB might work together, now that the Soviet Union was crumbling from within. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z But it seemed likely that American Communists might feel allegiance to the Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Hours later, Soviet officials met him at the police station and then hustled him onto a small airplane bound for Moscow. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the storm, flying so low she was afraid her wing might touch the ground if she turned, Zoya found herself over a German camp instead of the Soviet one she’d been heading for. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Hoover's FBI men stealthily scoured the nation for Soviet spies; the FBI director was not eager to risk tipping off his suspects by exposing Bentley as a defector. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Any form of scientific dissent to his theories—especially any belief in Mendelian genetics or Darwinian evolution—was outlawed in the Soviet Union. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z After picking up materials from Gold, Sam would head for the Soviet consulate, a three-story building in Manhattan. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z As Eisenhower predicted, the U-2 scandal exploded the new relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He described cover names, fragmentary messages, traces of the work of Soviet agents operating deep under cover in the United States. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Egged on by HUAC, Americans now sensed that the Soviet Union might have agents anywhere—even in the US government itself. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In a fresh and frenzied campaign in January 1945, six million Soviet soldiers surged along the Eastern Front against a scraggling and demoralized German force of about two million. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z “I shared the general sympathy for our allies, the Soviet Union,” Hall explained. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Marxists gave serious attention to national liberation movements and the Soviet Union in particular supported the national struggles of many colonial peoples. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Intercity travel in North Korea had once been impossible without a travel permit, which would be stamped or folded into a “citizen’s certificate,” a passport-size document modeled after the old Soviet identification card. Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West 2013-03-26T00:00:00Z In the Soviet Union the resources, quality, attention and care given to military production is in striking contrast to the little left for consumer goods. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z If American agents were ever on Hall’s trail, Cohen said, the KGB had told her to help arrange his transport to the Soviet Union, where he’d be given a new life. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It was suspected that her questions and outspoken behavior were not what Soviet leaders wanted in a national symbol. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z He wanted to know if they supported this plan, which risked escalating tensions with the Soviet Union and China. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z The new American president, John F. Kennedy, refused to be bullied, demanding hard intelligence about the Soviet Union's military capabilities. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The club was part of the Soviet Air Army, and Masha and two other women—another pilot and a navigator—wanted to join the club’s military division along with the men. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Countries that had been annexed by the Soviet Union wanted more independence. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Eventually, CIA analysts discovered that the trench connected the Soviet Ministry of Defense with a closely guarded installation on the outskirts of the city: the Krasnaya Pakhra Nuclear Weapons Research Institute. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z It would take time for her to work it out, but somehow, even in those first moments of learning of the Soviet accomplishment, she believed that this was her fight too. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z There’s a rumor the Soviet Union’s feeding the Argentinians satellite pictures of our fleet, which is why they always know where to find us. Black Swan Green 2006-04-10T00:00:00Z Even ordinary German homes seemed extravagantly comfortable to the Soviet soldiers. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z And the youth of the Soviet Union were ready for a patriotic war. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The CIA finally had to learn how to delve into the heart of the Soviet Union itself. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Kondrachev organized chess competitions and planned tours for famous Soviet musicians—activities that offered the perfect excuse for traveling about the city, scouting out quiet meeting spots, and arranging clandestine rendezvous with DIOMID. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z By the ninth decade of the twentieth century the strategic missile and bomber forces of the Soviet Union and the United States were aiming warheads at over 15,000 designated targets. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The Germans had the advantage of height, and the four competing Soviet aircraft weren’t prepared for battle. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The driver pulled his taxi over to let pass another long convoy of Soviet jeeps and armored vehicles. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z Like the American women, the Soviet women underwent extensive tests, including both physical examinations and centrifuge testing. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z “You've drawn your father and his friends mocking the leader of the Soviet Union! Are there others?” he asked. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z Secretary Baker was making his first visit to see this crumbled monument to Soviet communism. The World Is Flat 2005-04-05T00:00:00Z The plane dubbed "the black lady of espionage" by the Soviets revved its engines and started on a 3,788-mile arc over the Soviet Union to a secret base in Bodo, Norway. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Both bin Laden and Ronald Reagan saw the Soviet Union as the “evil empire,” but bin Laden came to see the United States as evil too. The World Is Flat 2005-04-05T00:00:00Z Semyonov was a secret agent for the Soviet intelligence agency, the KGB. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z When the Soviet Union heard that the United States was planning to launch the country's first female into space aboard the space shuttle, the Soviet space agency committed to putting another Soviet woman into space. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z In the fall of 1959, seeking to ease tensions with his rival, Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to make the first-ever visit by a Soviet leader to the United States. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z “There is something that would be very helpful to the Soviet Union, and something in which you can take pride.” Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z What was left of the old Russian Empire would become known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics—the USSR, or Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In Moscow, Stalin's successor, Nikita Khrushchev, spoke with equal conviction about the advantages of communism and the Soviet system. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z His respect for the Soviet players, from what he knew of their games, was immense, and at first, the reality of being in Russia was like being in chess heaven. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z And yet...through painstaking work, day after day, the cryptographers at Arlington Hall began to pick up fragmented meanings in the Soviet cables. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The Yak was a sleek and speedy Soviet plane, easy to fly and easy to fix, and it could stand up to the deadly Luftwaffe fighters. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Encouraged by the warm weather, Hitler decided to try attacking the Soviet Union from the south. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet Air Force magazine Stalin’s Falcons ran a story titled "The Girl Avenger,” calling Lilya "one of the Front’s outstanding pilots.” A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Soviet persistence and engineering skills have eventually paid off handsomely. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The bags also contained simple items not readily available in the Soviet Union—including toothpaste. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the early hours of the morning on June 22, 1941, the German forces hurled themselves at the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z It didn't show up on any maps because the Soviet government wanted to keep the isolated, desert-like location a secret. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z “He was banished from the Soviet Union,” I said. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z He detested the Slavic people of eastern Europe with a murderous racist hatred similar to what he felt for Jewish people, and was greedily eyeing the Soviet Union’s enormous agricultural areas, such as Ukraine. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z At Portorož he confirmed that he’d grown in strength sufficiently to have defeated all the Soviet grandmasters competing with him for the title. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z After the country sent two women into space on three different spaceflights, one might assume that gender barriers in space were a thing of the past for the Soviet Union. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z At that point, the United States and Soviet Union would be in an arms race—each trying to produce weapons fast enough to stay ahead. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “Look, you fool,” Sam said, laughing, “what the Soviet Union needs more than anything in the world is time, precious time.” Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It wasn’t only Americans and Europeans who joined the people of the Soviet Empire in celebrating the fall of the wall—and claiming credit for it. The World Is Flat 2005-04-05T00:00:00Z Of all the Communist leaders deposed in the years bracketing the collapse of the Soviet Union, only Nicolae Ceaujescu met a violent death. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything 2005-04-12T00:00:00Z Soviet informers sent their chief of intelligence nearly a hundred warnings of a planned German invasion. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The men gathered around Farmer, airing their grievances about the Soviet justice system, which they accused of giving longer sentences to anyone who had HIV or AIDS. Mountains Beyond Mountains 2013-04-13T00:00:00Z The world's first nuclear attack stunned the Soviet leader, but not out of pity for the Japanese victims. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The idea was that the people of the new Soviet Union would share everything according to people’s needs. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Plus, she knew that he wanted to play chess against the better Soviet players as training before he entered the Interzonal. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z In 1938, she and two other Soviet women had splintered a world record in a long-distance flight they made across Siberia. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Gold’s Soviet contact, known to Gold only as “Fred,” told Gold to get a job at a weapons factory—someplace with technology worth stealing. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “One gesture of Beria,” said a Soviet scientist, “was sufficient to make any of us disappear.” Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union’s head of state and a close colleague of Stalin’s, Chairman Mikhail Kalinin, gave a speech in July 1945 addressed to the “Glorious Daughters of the Soviet People.” A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z When she stood before him, small and blond and pretty, less than a month past her twenty-first birthday, the German ace thought his Soviet captors must be making fun of him. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Six months behind the Soviet Union, the United States had also entered World War II. The two huge nations, so different from each other, were allied against Germany. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z American women spent years persuading the government to let them deliver military planes, but only Soviet women could fight air battles in them. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z To the right was included all of what had once been the Soviet Union. I, Robot 1950-12-02T00:00:00Z Lamphere guessed that the information inside his boss's safe held the key to something big, something that might finally give him the upper hand in his years-long hunt for Soviet spies in America. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Occasionally, Elizabeth would rendezvous with a Soviet agent in Washington by standing in front of a drugstore in Georgetown, wearing a red flower in her hat and holding a copy of Life magazine. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The next day Hall and Kurnakov sat in the Soviet journalist’s living room. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The next natural step in the minds of many in the Soviet Union was to put the first woman in space. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z The Bureau had kept surveillance videotapes of comings and goings into the Soviet embassy, filmed from a secret location across the street. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Just as it's difficult to count the Motherland’s complete death toll, it’s difficult to verify exactly how many Soviet airwomen were killed during the Great Patriotic War. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Then, with Soviet and Chinese backing, communist North Korea invaded democratic South Korea in 1950. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z People responded that he was being sent coconut ice cream and Soviet arms via diplomatic pouch. The House of the Spirits: A Novel 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z Years later, when other men and women who’d served in the military in the Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War referred to their units, they’d call them by their official name or by their regiment number. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Every few weeks he’d travel to New York City to meet with a Soviet contact—Gold knew these men only by fake first names. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z There were other photos too, mainly of young Soviet soldiers shaking hands with peasants, planting apple saplings, building homes, always smiling genially. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z Once his identity was established, the CIA spirited Goleniewski away to a safe house and eventually to Washington, where he handed over hundreds of names of Soviet and Eastern Bloc spies to the Americans. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z This was a tough task, since Soviet agents didn’t know which American scientists were working on the atomic bomb. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z “Im not turning my back to the guards. Maybe if we get a bit of color, we’ll be bought and hauled off into Soviet slavery like the witch wants,” he said. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z The letter was addressed to Hall’s friend Saville Sax, who would take the message to Soviet agents in New York City. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It was much too dangerous: The KGB kept all foreigners in the Soviet Union under close surveillance. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The passenger jet had left Seoul earlier that day, bound for Anchorage, Alaska, and had deviated off course into Soviet airspace. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z By that time German officers and soldiers were fleeing, doing their utmost to avoid capture by the rapidly approaching Soviet army. The Boy on the Wooden Box 2013-08-27T00:00:00Z I thought about lying in that hole while Andrius lay in a bed, a Soviet bed. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z Soviet stores had never sold much in the way of pretty underwear, and most Soviet women at the time made their own. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Together, they issued false passports and provided money and guidance to a growing network of Soviet informers and spies. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z It was the first time anyone had successfully crossed the North Pole in flight—a triumph of international importance for Soviet aircraft designers and pilots. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The Soviet women hated the Germans right back. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Despite their heroism, the 586th was never on the front lines, as were the two other regiments associated with Marina Raskova—the 586th’s job was always to protect the Soviet forces at the rear. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Through her connections in the Soviet government, she managed to get Stalin to approve her position as the commander of a new long-distance bombing regiment. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Throughout the war, hundreds of Soviet night bomber regiments moved to follow the front line, as it skirted swamps or rough terrain, or bulged in one direction or another when there was a local victory. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Lack of soap and water and toilet facilities weren’t the only problems that the Soviet soldiers faced in terms of hygiene. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z And yet the Soviet forces were taking such a beating that it was impossible not to retreat. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The verdict came down on Friday, August 19: As his family looked on, the court found Francis Gary Powers guilty of "criminal acts" against the Soviet people and sentenced him to ten years in prison. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z A Soviet agent would join him at the table. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Nina and Aleksandr had been taken prisoner behind enemy lines by the Germans: the Soviet soldier’s worst nightmare. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z The research had application to the design of missiles, of great interest as the United States sought to gain every possible military and technological advantage over the Soviet Union. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z In March, the Red Army began fighting in Crimea, a huge peninsula in the Black Sea on the southern edge of Ukraine, the Soviet state that produced most of the nation’s food. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Lev Khariton, a Soviet master, then a teenager, remembered that a crowd gathered. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z It wasn’t until the sixth round, at which point Bobby had barely compiled an even score, that he was tested by one of the true greats of the game, David Bronstein of the Soviet Union. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The thirteen days that followed became known in the United States as the "Cuban Missile Crisis" and in the Soviet Union as the "Caribbean Crisis." Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Chevalier continued, saying that Eltenton had a contact with Soviet intelligence. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It might have been a strategic move by Stalin to keep a close eye on all the Soviet Union’s top aviation specialists. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z In time, the Americans managed to "strip" the cipher completely from a group of Soviet cables. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z But the two Soviet prisoners weren’t allowed to talk to each other. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Soviet memos and cables from the time show that the KGB never gave up hope of cultivating Oppenheimer—but never made any progress, either. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Black dropped by Gold’s rented room often to lecture his new friend about Communism and the Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The other three men did not, but she was selected as the second backup and, like Irina, commissioned as a Soviet cosmonaut. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Every one of her fellow pilots, navigators, and mechanics gathered around her and swore to avenge her grief—not just for Zinaida and her child, but for all Soviet mothers. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z A woman’s voice reported that President Daoud Khan had sent yet another group of Soviet consultants back to Moscow, to the expected displeasure of the Kremlin. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z Blake's Soviet case officer went to extreme lengths to make sure that he was not being tailed by British and American agents. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She was playing the Soviet officers like a careful hand of cards, not quite sure what might be dealt next. Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z In their eyes, the Soviet Union seemed to be a new, more equitable model, a beacon for a more hopeful future. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z As soon as all the deportees were aboard, the ship, soon nicknamed the “Soviet Ark,” set off for Russia. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z Everyone in the Soviet Union was happy and friendly, unlike America, where crime made people afraid to leave their homes. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z "I quickly jumped in," Blake recalled, "and was driven at high speed to a safe flat in the neighborhood of Karlshorst," the main Soviet military and KGB compound in East Berlin. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z For two days, in a congressional hearing room packed with spectators and news reporters, as flashbulbs went off and news cameras whirred, Elizabeth Bentley revealed the sensational details of her spying for the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z And then he walked into the Soviet embassy on Wisconsin Avenue in Washington, DC, and handed the guard a letter for the KGB agent in charge. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The fall of the Berlin Wall on 11/9/89 unleashed forces that ultimately liberated all the captive peoples of the Soviet Empire. The World Is Flat 2005-04-05T00:00:00Z In the early 1940s, the United States managed to intercept a mountain of cable telegram traffic from Soviet embassies. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The United States responded by banning all commercial Soviet flights from US airspace. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He described the enchantments of chicken, pork, and beef in China, Hong Kong, Germany, England, and the former Soviet Union. Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West 2013-03-26T00:00:00Z Photographs transmitted by the spy satellite showed Soviet construction crews digging a twenty-three-mile-long trench near Moscow. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the Soviet Union men were being shot for Trotskyism. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z To Alvarez, who was chafing in his peacetime harness after spending four postwar years doing basic research, the Soviet bomb represented not merely a crisis but also an opportunity. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z She was under deep cover, moving quietly toward her first dead drop with the CIA's most important Soviet informant. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z He was afraid of escalating tensions with the Soviet and Chinese Communists by increased bombing. Boots on the Ground: America's War in Vietnam 2018-04-10T00:00:00Z When Marina was able to speak to her daughter, Tanya, on the telephone from the Far East, the call was broadcast by radio throughout the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z On the morning of January 27, 1945, Soviet troops entered the camps and liberated the remaining seven thousand prisoners—a minuscule remnant of the number killed and buried in the camp. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Svetlana's second mission allowed the Soviet Union to best the United States yet again. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Over weeks of secret interviews, Blake and the KGB came to an agreement: He would provide the Soviet Union with information about any MI6 espionage operations, whether against Russia or its allies. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z As a senior KGB official with colleagues and admirers throughout the Soviet government, Gordievsky could not simply be arrested; the KGB had to find solid evidence of his treachery or force him to admit it. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Top Soviet officials like Fitin lived in terror of Joseph Stalin. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Unlike the United States, the Soviet government expected women to work outside of the home, and by the 1950s, many Soviet women were pursuing scientific and technical careers. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Kondrachev was the only Soviet official in London who knew Blake's actual identity or his role in British intelligence. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Not long after taking off, Powers noticed a Soviet fighter jet flying far beneath him. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Writers and intellectuals, such as the world-famous novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, whose books depicted life in Soviet prison camps or gulags, were lucky by comparison—he merely found himself permanently ejected from his homeland in 1974. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The collapse of the Soviet Union had meant the deterioration of its public health policy. Mountains Beyond Mountains 2013-04-13T00:00:00Z It was a large, open room with desks and metal shutters on the windows and a portrait of the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin gazing down. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z It included a list of the names of sixty Soviet secret agents, recently graduated from spy training, who would soon be posted to assignments overseas. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Another informant, a lawyer for the East German Ministry of Posts and Communications, secretly copied information about Soviet cables to paper cards, which he then taped to his backside, underneath his pants. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z On the other hand, infrared measurements by the Soviet entry vehicles, Veneras 11 and 12, gave an abundance of about a hundredth of a percent. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z His personal impressions of the new American president may well have led the Soviet leader into making a bold and risky move with the Soviets' newest ally, Fidel Castro. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z To the Soviet Union, which had been left out of the Munich Agreement, the rate at which Germany was gobbling up European territory was seriously alarming. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z But the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union “guaranteed” a multitude of rights it didn’t always deliver on, and a line on paper didn’t suddenly make everyone’s ideas shift from their old tracks. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Six years passed before Gordievsky's family could leave the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Soon afterward, Dusya was posthumously given the Gold Star of Hero of the Soviet Union, the first of the 46th Guards to be awarded this medal. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z This would be a tough posting for any young CIA officer, let alone the first female field agent ever sent to spy against the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z In the Soviet Union these include capitalism, God, and the surrender of national sovereignty; in the United States, socialism, atheism, and the surrender of national sovereignty. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Apparently Stalin himself greeted them with kisses when they reached the Kremlin, the palatial seat of Soviet government, and Marina and Valentina had a joyful reunion with their children. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Three steps back was a Pole with a Soviet gun, following me—a Prussian carrying enough secrets to blow up the kingdom. Salt to the Sea 2016-02-02T00:00:00Z The three cosmonauts were journeying to a Soviet space station, the Salyut 7, where they would rendezvous with two other cosmonauts who had been at the station for six months. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z The last time chess had made the Times front page was in 1954, when the Soviet team visited the United States and Carmine Nigro had brought the eleven-year-old Bobby to witness the international match. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Unlike early Soviet space capsules, which were automated, American spacecraft required experienced pilots at the controls in case of malfunctions. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z And the American and Soviet police had publicly stated that Mercerism reduced crime by making citizens more concerned about the plight of their neighbors. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z And, frequently, the carcasses of burned-out Soviet tanks and wrecked helicopters. A Thousand Splendid Suns 2007-05-22T00:00:00Z In fact, the Soviet military tracked Powers from the moment he had crossed the USSR's border. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z To Oppenheimer, Truman’s refusal to even try to forge a genuine partnership with the Soviet Union for the control of nuclear weapons was a tragic lost opportunity. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Once the Germans captured the Volga River and destroyed the Soviet Union’s defenses, they could head north to get at Moscow. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Together, the vengeful young duo fights to stamp out Nazi aggression in the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z To save their jobs, and probably their lives, Soviet spies needed a second source to corroborate Hall’s report. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z After 19 years of promised and canceled flights, the Soviet Union had just launched the second woman into space from the Soviet space center in Baikonur. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z Rumors spread that the Army Security Agency had cracked a Soviet communication code, yet for some reason his boss kept the ASA documents locked away. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Life improved a bit under Gold’s next Soviet contact, a man Gold knew as “Sam.” Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Speculation was that Fischer’s response had been along the lines that early draws were solely the property of the Soviet state. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z There was no evidence that Pelton felt any attraction to communism or had a personal desire to help the Soviet Union; he seemed to be motivated entirely by money. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Air Force didn’t have enough fighter planes to fight back. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Late in 1943, an unusual section of the French Air Force, later known as the Normandie-Niemen Regiment, had joined the Soviet troops to defend them in the air. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z I have offended you and your country, the Soviet Union, where chess has a prestigious position. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z When the Soviet Union entered World War II in 1941, Marina Raskova took command of a thousand female aviators and trained them to fly in three separate bomber and fighter regiments. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z At this key moment, as analysts scrutinized the U-2 photographs of Soviet bases in Cuba, one of the secret documents handed over by Penkovsky earlier that year took on a special significance. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z The coded Soviet telegrams couldn’t be used in a public court, because the Americans didn’t want the Soviets to know they had broken their code. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The sides were set for the biggest and deadliest war in history—the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union led the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In the midst of all this, the young women who wanted to fly for the Soviet Union had to travel in to Moscow before they traveled out. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Gold knew only the basics: Communists had taken over Russia in a recent revolution and renamed the country the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z But after the war, with Soviet women officially deemed “physiologically unsuitable for becoming military or even civilian pilots,” the numbers dropped away drastically. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Few men were left in the war-torn Soviet villages—they were all at war, leaving the women to drive tractors, manage livestock, and raise crops. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z I did not want a glimpse of the Soviet forces. Salt to the Sea 2016-02-02T00:00:00Z Ellsberg admired President Harry Truman’s response—a commitment to supporting democracies and containing Soviet influence from spreading further. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z Two spacecraft in the Soviet Venera series have taken pictures down there. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Through its inability to solve its racial problems, the United States handed the Soviet Union one of the most effective propaganda weapons in their arsenal. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z “I think the various police agencies here and in the Soviet Union have gotten them all. The population is small enough now; everyone, sooner or later, runs into a random checkpoint.” Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z Gold’s new contact, Yatzkov, worked as a clerk at the Soviet consulate in New York. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Only a third of one percent of Soviet women attended universities at this time, so the education level of many of Marina’s recruits was off the scale by ordinary standards. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z For the first time since the Interzonal and Candidates’ tournaments began as eliminating contests for the World’s Championship in 1948, the Soviet grandmasters failed to capture first prize. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The young women of the Soviet Union who fought in World War II clung to their feminine identity with consistent determination, and if one single item could represent this individual battle, it’s underwear. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Sputnik was proof, American policymakers assumed, that the Soviet Union had intercontinental ballistic missiles—many of them, hundreds perhaps, with the power to hurl an atomic weapon at US cities. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Now the Soviet Air Force became an unlucky target for Stalin’s purges, because it had been a source of pride for Mikhail Tukhachevsky. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Two days later, Khrushchev appeared before the annual meeting of the Supreme Soviet, the USSR's governing body. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z As with the Nazis, the Soviet doctrine was also bolstered and reinforced by ersatz science. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z So Hitler decided to invade the Soviet Union. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Saxe was one of a new generation of CIA operatives who pushed hard to get more aggressive in recruiting Soviet informers. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z Fuchs told Gold he was proud to be helping the Soviet Union. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The Soviet Union’s “women flyers” had made appearances in the American media since the 1930s. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Like many of his countrymen, the Soviet leader believed that communism had set his country on a path toward social justice and modernization; its triumph over capitalism was all but inevitable. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z After studying in the Soviet capital of Moscow, he spent much of the 1920s and 1930s traveling through Asia, organizing covert communist groups. Most Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War 2015-09-22T00:00:00Z Meanwhile, the Soviet atomic bomb project was moving ahead. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Tail gunner Tonya Khokhlova, of the 125th Guards, told how on one occasion some Soviet pilots flew low over their airfield and dropped an object out of their plane. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Chambers made a stunning accusation that day: He charged a man named Alger Hiss, one of Washington's most respected government officials, with spying for the Soviet Union. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z She wasn’t reaching out to airwomen in particular, but she was certainly including them, as she urged the youth of the Soviet Union to fight for their Motherland. A Thousand Sisters 2019-01-22T00:00:00Z Privately, Eisenhower began to dread what might happen if the U-2 program were exposed to the world, or the impact such a revelation might have on his new overtures to the Soviet leader. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z After all, soon after Germany attacked the Soviet Union, the United States began shipping planes, tanks, cannons, and food to the desperate Soviets. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In 1940, Lysenko deposed his critics, assumed the directorship of the Institute of Genetics of the Soviet Union, and set up his own totalitarian fiefdom over Soviet biology. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z She was honored as a Hero of the Soviet Union and awarded the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z On September 1, the pilot of a Soviet interceptor jet launched air-to-air missiles at Korean Air Lines flight 007, which Soviet ground crews had mistaken for a hostile military aircraft. Spies: The Secret Showdown Between America and Russia 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z |
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