| 单词 | Sophist |
| 例句 | In this sense, the written word, along with its avid promoters, the Sophists, represented a frightening challenge to the old order. Circumference 2008-11-25T00:00:00Z Fletcher credits this way of reading to the ancient Greek Sophists, humble students who, “on gentle coves and white-sand islands … dedicated themselves to learning all about poem and myth.” Art’s Greatest Enemy Might Not Be Science 2021-05-07T04:00:00Z Some of the early philosophers of the Greek classical age were the Sophists: traveling teachers who tutored students on all aspects of thought. Western Civilization: A Concise History 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Sophists emerged as an important presence in the democratic world of Athens beginning in the mid-fourth century BCE. World History: to 1500 2023-04-19T00:00:00Z Foremost among these are the Sophists, traveling teachers of rhetoric who serve as foils for Plato’s philosophers. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z One of the most famous Sophists was Protagoras, who questioned the existence of the traditional Greek gods. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Though Socrates denied a connection to Sophism, the supposed link stuck among detractors in Athens who saw Sophists as poisoning the minds of disrespectful youth. A Florida Republican says Socrates would be canceled today. The philosopher faced a different fate: Execution. 2021-05-22T04:00:00Z People who sought out the Sophists were primarily interested in furthering their political careers. This is your brain on outrage: How political rhetoric is making us crazy 2014-11-08T05:00:00Z "And hence we learn with reverence to esteem Of these frail houses, though the grave confines: Sophist may urge his cunning tests, and deem That they are earth;—but they are heavenly shrines." Walks in Rome 2012-03-31T02:00:36.010Z Indeed, one of the most prominent Sophists, Protagoras, is a main character in the dialogue that bears his name. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z Unlike the Sophists, he believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Had he preferred to lead a life apart from men, and to follow an idle wisdom, Hercules would indeed have been a Sophist, and no one would call him the son of Zeus. History of European Morals From Augustus to Charlemagne (Vol. 1 of 2) 2012-03-28T02:00:20.770Z Lucian, about the middle of the second century, speaks of Jesus as the crucified Sophist. The Eliminator; or, Skeleton Keys to Sacerdotal Secrets 2012-03-27T02:00:23.077Z It is presumably short for Sophist; but all Americans will recognise it as the origin of their "Sophomore." Highways and Byways in Cambridge and Ely 2012-02-03T03:00:22.657Z One of the dialogues features a young man named Meno who is the pupil of a prominent Sophist. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z One group of philosophers, the Sophists, questioned people’s unexamined beliefs and ideas about justice and other traditional values. World History: Patterns of Interaction 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z A famous problem concerning the cube, namely, to construct a cube of twice the volume of a given cube, was attacked with great vigour by the Pythagoreans, Sophists and Platonists. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z The necessities of rhetoric obliged the Sophists to investigate the structure of the Greek language, and to them was accordingly due the first History of formal grammar. analysis of Greek grammar. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 3 "Gordon, Lord George" to "Grasses" 2011-11-13T03:00:13.177Z The Sophist Hippias, who himself earned and made all that he wore within and without, is the representative of the highest freedom of mind and personality. Human, All-Too-Human, Part II 2011-10-26T02:00:29.773Z Whereas the philosopher sought the truth in a dispassionate way using reason as a guide, the Sophist addressing a crowd was indifferent to truth, seeking power and influence by appealing to the audience’s emotions. Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z The circle, however, was taken up by the Sophists, who made most of their discoveries in attempts to solve the classical problems of squaring the circle, doubling the cube and trisecting an angle. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z Thus Cyrenaicism goes beyond the critical scepticism of the Sophists and deduces a single, universal aim for all men, namely pleasure. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z For his philosophical opinions see Sophists and Scepticism. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 3 "Gordon, Lord George" to "Grasses" 2011-11-13T03:00:13.177Z The tradition of Justin Martin applies solely to the system of the Synoptics: "Brief and concise were the sentences uttered by him: for he was no Sophist, but his word was the power of God." Supernatural Religion, Vol. II. (of III) An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation 2011-08-30T02:00:31.587Z Poet, painter, politician, Throng this Hall of the Immortals; Sophist, sage, and statistician Cross these pompous portals. The Motley Muse (Rhymes for the Times) 2011-06-29T02:00:30.303Z Thus Zeller's latest edition of the History of Greek Philosophy, a masterly work, treats the Sophists with constant reference to Grote's views. Problems in Greek history 2011-06-09T02:00:18.427Z This method owed its origin to the mode of interpreting the popular mythology first employed by the Sophists and more thoroughly by the later Stoics. A History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance With special reference to the influence of Italy in the formation and development of modern classicism 2011-05-30T02:00:13.147Z On his return to Samos he was saluted by the name of Sophist, or wise man, but he declined the name, and was satisfied with that of philosopher, or the friend of wisdom. Voltaire's Romances, Complete in One Volume 2011-03-20T02:00:21.247Z "Brief and concise were the sentences uttered by him: for he was no Sophist, but his word was the power of God." Supernatural Religion, Vol. II. (of III) An Inquiry into the Reality of Divine Revelation 2011-08-30T02:00:31.587Z In any case it was in answer to this call for sophia that the Sophists arose. Euripedes and His Age 2011-03-05T03:00:26.617Z And this, no doubt, was what the Sophist wanted to exhibit. Problems in Greek history 2011-06-09T02:00:18.427Z The Lives of the Sophists, which deals chiefly with the contemporaries of the author, is valuable as the only source for the history of the neo-Platonism of that period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z Eloquence and able argument became very desirable accomplishments therefore, and a class of teachers arose, the Sophists, who undertook to strengthen young men in these arts. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z The Greek conception of society was such that the life of the free-born citizen consisted mainly of his public function, and, therefore, the pseudo-ethical disquisitions of the Sophists satisfied the requirements of the age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 7 "Equation" to "Ethics" 2011-02-27T03:00:31.973Z The great "Sophist," Protagoras, had read his famous book, On the Gods, in Euripides' own house. Euripedes and His Age 2011-03-05T03:00:26.617Z Thus, the Sophists aimed to win, right or wrong. Moral Theology A Complete Course Based on St. Thomas Aquinas and the Best Modern Authorities 2011-02-24T03:00:54.237Z The Sophists and the Sceptics, Plato and Aristotle, the Stoics and the Epicureans took up the question, and from the time of Locke and Kant it has been prominent in modern philosophy. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 6 "English Language" to "Epsom Salts" 2011-02-19T03:00:59.807Z The activities and rivalries of these Sophists led very naturally to an acute examination of style, of methods of thought and of the validity of arguments. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z The education given by the Sophists aimed at no general theory of life, but professed to expound the art of getting on in the world and of managing public affairs. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 7 "Equation" to "Ethics" 2011-02-27T03:00:31.973Z Thus it is not from any position like what we should call "dogmatic atheism" or "scientific materialism" that the child of the Sophists started his attacks on the current mythology. Euripedes and His Age 2011-03-05T03:00:26.617Z This was the rhetorical training of the Sophists, the narrowly practical and individualistic aim of which was entirely out of harmony with the older Greek ideals of life and culture. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z At the other extreme, we have the moral doctrine of the Sophists, for whom each man's will was right for him—a doctrine which reappears in every individualistic and anarchistic age. The Value of Money 2011-01-04T03:01:12.363Z When Pericles died a certain Socrates was becoming prominent as an able and destructive critic of bad argument—and much of the teaching of the Sophists was bad argument. A Short History of the World 2011-03-04T03:01:03.147Z In the 3rd century, Diogenes Laertius compiled a Lives of the Philosophers, which is of greater interest than a Lives of the Sophists composed a hundred years later by Eunapius. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z What the preparation was has already been indicated, at least partially, in the references that have been made to the Sophists and to the Pharisees. The Will to Doubt An essay in philosophy for the general thinker Thus oratory opened the way to personal ambition, and young men who were moved by that passion eagerly attended the Sophist schools where their dominant motive was strengthened. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z The rival Sophists under the Acropolis were quarrelling for an audience and not for a dogma. Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius He was the friend of Philostratus, the author of the Lives of the Sophists, who speaks of his wonderful memory and accuracy. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" This was entirely absurd, because Socrates in no respect resembled the Sophists, either in the manner of his life or in the tendency of his thought, which was wholly anti-sophistical. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy This again is our question, and the answer now comes quick and decisive, whether we are thinking of Machiavelli or the Sophists, of the old-time Pharisees, or of those in our own life. The Will to Doubt An essay in philosophy for the general thinker Neither do I speak of those formal analyses of ethical relations, which have been elaborated from the Sophists down to Herbart. Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History His persecution called forth, as Lucian ungrudgingly admits, all the fearless love and charity of the worshippers of “the crucified Sophist.” Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius It is a common notion that we need Logic to protect us against the arts of the Sophist, the dishonest juggler with words and specious facts. Logic, Inductive and Deductive Now at this time a wave of reaction was passing over Athens, and there was great indignation against the Sophists, who were rightly supposed to be overturning all ideals of truth and goodness. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy As for the Sophists, whether we see them as sceptics or conventionalists, did they not have Socrates among them? The Will to Doubt An essay in philosophy for the general thinker But the contrary doctrine of Carneades and the Sophists would not down. Concerning Justice Commencement of the Athenian higher Analysis.—It is conducted by The Sophists, who reject Philosophy, Religion, and even Morality, and end in Atheism. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition To prove this is an ignoratio elenchi; what the Sophist undertakes to prove is that Achilles will never overtake it, and he really proves that Achilles passes it between the 111th and 112th yards. Logic, Inductive and Deductive It is improbable that he allowed himself to remain unacquainted with the disputations of the Sophists, many of whom were his own contemporaries. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy According to the Sophists, there is no duty above expediency and no virtue apart from pleasure. The History of Freedom It was not, therefore, ridicule that did, or could destroy Socrates: he was rather sacrificed for the right use of it himself, against the Sophists, who could not bear the test.” Calamities and Quarrels of Authors The Sceptical school thus made use of the weapon which the Sophists had so destructively employed, directing it, however, chiefly against ethics. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition But in truth the Inner Sophist, whose instruments are our own inborn propensities to error, is a much more dangerous enemy. Logic, Inductive and Deductive The "Sophist" discusses Being and not-being, and their relationship to the theory of Ideas. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The Sophists, as teachers of Grammar, Rhetoric, and Philosophy, undertook to extend the cultivation of Reflection; and this introduced instability in the place of the immediate fixed state of moral customs. Pedagogics as a System Pyrrho in ancient times, and Hume in modern, represent the former; the Positivists of modern times, and perhaps the Sophists of the fifth century B.C., represent the latter. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion Or, to use the phrase adopted by the Sophists, "it is might that makes right." History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition For once that we are the victims of designing Sophists, we are nine times the victims of our own irrational impulses and prejudices. Logic, Inductive and Deductive When the Sophists came upon the scene, they brought reason and thought to bear upon what had hitherto been accepted as a matter of course, namely law, custom, and authority. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But who is this man? is he a Sophist? for by that name were those men called, who used to philosophize for the sake of display or of profit. The Academic Questions, Treatise De Finibus, and Tusculan Disputations, of M.T. Cicero, With a Sketch of the Greek Philosophers Mentioned by Cicero Plato on Sophists, 42; doctrines on religion, 45; Platonic dialectic, 78; Platonic party at Cambridge in the seventeenth century, 124, 392. History of Free Thought in Reference to The Christian Religion Greek democracy, tending to the decomposition of things, led to the Sophists and Sceptics. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition They may and often do act all together, the Inner Sophist concentrating his forces. Logic, Inductive and Deductive To do so is to make the mistake of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy It will, that is to say, be natural to divide the material into four groups: the pre-Socratic philosophy; the Sophists; Socrates and the Socratics; Hellenistic philosophy. Atheism in Pagan Antiquity The Sophists and Socrates gave the first impulse to a logical analysis of what is involved in description or definition. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy Commencement of the Athenian higher Analysis.—It is conducted by The Sophists, who reject Philosophy, Religion, and even Morality, and end in Atheism. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition As the skepticism of the Sophists marked the close of the first period of philosophy, 424 so the skepticism of Pyrrhonism marked the close of the second. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles He did not, like the Sophists, deliver long speeches, tirades, and monologues. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Sophists can always debate about their degree; but even sophists cannot debate about their direction. What I Saw in America They did not lead, as in the case of the Greek Sophists, to a Socrates, a Plato or an Aristotle. A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy The Sophists had brought on an intellectual anarchy. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition He was a perfect contrast to the Sophists. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles The Sophists taught the doctrine that truth is sense-perception, and as the perceptions of different individuals differ in regard to the same object, it followed that truth became a matter of taste with the individual. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Hence! ye, who snare and stupify the mind, Sophists, of beauty, virtue, joy, the bane! The Minstrel; or the Progress of Genius with some other poems Herodotus and Thucydides have never been surpassed as historians, while the Sophists who succeeded the more earnest philosophers of a previous age, gave to Athenian youth a severe intellectual training. Ancient States and Empires His life was a perpetual combat with the Sophists. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition In the history of Grecian civilization, the first is the Homeric age; the second is the pre-Socratic age, ending with the Sophists; and the third is the grand Socratic period. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles It was, on the contrary, an advance beyond the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy June 26 Melanchthon wrote to Luther: "Sophists and monks are daily streaming into the city, in order to inflame the hatred of the Emperor against us." Historical Introductions to the Symbolical Books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church It is the leaven working in the Sophists with their subtle rhetoric, in Socrates with his negating elenchus, in Plato with his confounding dialectic. Homer's Odyssey A Commentary In his judgment, the fault of the Sophists consisted in this, that they had subverted useless speculation, but had substituted for it no scientific evidence. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition Essay on the History of Moral Philosophy in Greece" 905 without feeling that his vindication of Plato is 499 complete and unanswerable: "Plato never represents the Sophists as teaching a lax morality to their disciples. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles The "Theaetetus," similarly, shows that truth is not, as the Sophists thought, merely the subjective impression of the individual, but is something objectively true in itself. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In the sessions of parliament he will resemble the plucked and cackling hen thrown by the Sophists into Socrates’ lecture-room. The Arena Volume 4, No. 24, November, 1891 The close connection between the former and relativism is evident, and the form of egoism most consistent with epistemological relativism is to be found among those same Sophists who first maintained this latter doctrine. The Approach to Philosophy We have seen how the pre-Socratic philosophy ended in the Sophists; we have now to see how the post-Socratic ended in the Sceptics. History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2) Revised Edition This was the early youth of our humanity, the period that opens with Thales and ends with the Sophists. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles He took no fees, as the Sophists did, and remained always a poor man. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Scripture," he says, in the exact words and figures of the German Humanist, "is a Sealed Book which the greatest Sophist may be most acquainted with. Spiritual Reformers in the 16th & 17th Centuries If we may believe Plato, the Sophists sought to create for their individual pupils an appearance of good. The Approach to Philosophy The great Sophist never meant to play fast and loose with the truth by saying that one of two opposite assertions, made by the same individual, could possibly escape being a lie. Fragments of science, V. 1-2 These inquiries were not, however, conducted by the Sophists with the best motives. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles In consequence of this practical tendency of the Sophists we hear of no attempts among them to solve the problem of the origin of nature, or the character of the ultimate reality. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Soon, however, Oratory became the subject of a separate art, which was called Rhetoric, and of which the Sophists were the chief masters. The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated: In Nine Discourses Delivered to the Catholics of Dublin Curtailment of Philosophy in the Age of the Sophists. The Approach to Philosophy At Athens had appeared Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who ruined the Sophists, and whose yoke remains to some extent unbroken to the present hour. Fragments of science, V. 1-2 The Sophists were wanting in deep conviction, in moral earnestness, in sincere love of truth, in reverence for goodness and purity, and therefore their trifling, insincere, and paradoxical teaching was unfavorable to goodness of life. Christianity and Greek Philosophy or, the relation between spontaneous and reflective thought in Greece and the positive teaching of Christ and His Apostles The Sophists have been described as teachers of virtue, and the description is correct, provided that the word virtue is understood in its Greek sense, which did not restrict it to morality alone. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In Socrates was a little jollity and much wisdom pickled in the scorn of Fortune; but the Sophists inwardly bowed down and worshiped the fickle dame on idolatrous knees. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great Philosophers, Volume 8 Theocritus the Sophist similarly cracked his jokes, and had to pay even a greater penalty. Plutarch's Morals But alas! the relentless voice of modern research will have it that the real author was not the bishop at all, but a Sophist who lived in the third century of our era. The Book-Hunter at Home He may then come to the cynic's conclusion that morality is a myth and a delusion, and, in the words of the Sophist in Plato's Republic, "justice is merely the right of the stronger." Human Traits and their Social Significance Before the time of the Sophists, men took it for granted that truth and goodness are objective realities; nobody specially affirmed it, because nobody denied it. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Conditions in Rome had evolved our old friend, the Sophist, the man who lived but to turn an epigram, to soulfully contemplate a lily, to sigh mysteriously, and cultivate the far-away look. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great Philosophers, Volume 8 Instead of the red cloak of the Sophists, and the dark hoods of the Philosophers, the skin-coats of the barbarians fluttered in the breeze. Bulgaria Philostratos, the biographer of the Sophists, gives a detailed account of his life and fortunes at the beginning of Book II. Pagan and Christian Rome The Sophists pointed out with merciless perspicuity the welter, the confusion, the essential irrationality of current social and religious traditions and beliefs. Human Traits and their Social Significance The first encroachment of reason upon simple faith is always destructive, and hence the Sophists undermined all ideals of goodness and truth. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy He had been taught by the Sophists and the desire of his life was to seem, rather than to be. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great Philosophers, Volume 8 He was indeed the first moral philosopher, inasmuch as that, while the Sophists merely talked at large about justice and virtue, he asked what these terms really meant. Christianity and Ethics A Handbook of Christian Ethics With the Sophists of Louvain, as Luther terms them, he could have had no sympathy. The Scottish Reformation Its Epochs, Episodes, Leaders, and Distinctive Characteristics He is said to have received his medical education from his father and from Herodicus, and to have been taught philosophy by Gorgias, the Sophist, and by Democritus, whom he afterwards cured of mental derangement. Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine Aristophanes, the conservative, the believer in the "good old times," saw, as clearly as Socrates, the disastrous effects worked by the Sophists upon public morals. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Socrates, the barefoot philosopher, did more good than all the Sophists with their schools. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great Philosophers, Volume 8 He, it is said, was the first to teach for pay; he also was the first to adopt the name of Sophist. A Short History of Greek Philosophy HE was a native of Damascus, and made such a progress in learning that he obtained the name of the Sophist. The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Principal Saints January, February, March The Sophists of Alexandria actually regarded magic as a science. Outlines of Greek and Roman Medicine Socrates fell a victim to the anger of the populace against the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But Seneca was getting on in the world—he had become a lawyer, and his Sophist training was proving its worth. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great Philosophers, Volume 8 This is what the physician tries to do by his drugs; this is what the Sophist tries to do by his words. A Short History of Greek Philosophy Sophists, Socrates and the, viii, 18; the Stoics compared with, viii, 53. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 14 Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Musicians What matters it? say the two Sophists; is it not better to expose ourselves to a possible invasion, than to meet a certain one? Sophisms of the Protectionists The whole period of Socrates and the Sophists is full of instruction. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy He had been educated in the school of the Sophists, and his principal studies were poetry, rhetoric and deportment. Little Journeys to the Homes of the Great - Volume 10 Little Journeys To The Homes Of Great Teachers Many Sophists no doubt troubled themselves very little with philosophical questions; they were 'agnostics,' know-nothings; all they professed to do was to teach some practical skill of a verbal or rhetorical character. A Short History of Greek Philosophy Though the Sophists scoffed at his real grief and honourable tears, they consecrated his lost favourite, found out a star for him, carved him in breathing brass, and told tales about his sacred flower. Sketches and Studies in Italy and Greece, Third series "Well then!" returned the Subtle Sophist, "I must needs find another Opponent." The Well of Saint Clare Protagoras had denied the objectivity of truth, and the later Sophists had applied the same theory to morals. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Says the free-thinking Sophist, "The times are refined In sense to a wondrous degree; Your old-fashion'd faith does but fetter the mind, And it 's wrong not to seek to be free." The Modern Scottish Minstrel, Volume I. The Songs of Scotland of the past half century His parents were probably poor, for Socrates is represented as having been too poor to pay the fees required for instruction by the Sophists of his time. A Short History of Greek Philosophy He enjoyed the society of Sophists and distinguished rhetoricians, and so far affected authorship as to win the unenviable title of Græculus in his own lifetime: yet he never neglected state affairs. Sketches and Studies in Italy and Greece, Third series My friend, these old Sophists knew not what Truth was. The Well of Saint Clare It is not possible to understand the activities and teaching of the Sophists without some knowledge of the religious, political, and social conditions of the time. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy They have received entire, and without losing an obole of it, the heritage of the Greek Sophists. The Heavenly Father Lectures on Modern Atheism As Aristotle observes, the dialectic method differed from that of the Sophists not so much in its form, as in the purpose for which it was employed. A Short History of Greek Philosophy The Sophists.—About the time of Pericles there came to Athens men who professed to teach wisdom. History Of Ancient Civilization Sophists in vain the contrary defend: Their arguments are feeble all and base, And truth alone triumphant mounts on high! The Sonnets, Triumphs, and Other Poems of Petrarch The teaching of the Sophists was merely a translation into theoretical propositions of these practical tendencies of the period. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy So self-asserting were these new-born teachers of the Sophist class, that Plato thought it necessary to recall attention to the good old perennial source of instruction, the home, the trade, and the society. Practical Essays Nor had they any sympathy with the subtleties of verbal distinction cultivated by some of the Socratics, as by other philosophers or Sophists of their time. A Short History of Greek Philosophy Subtle and profound, he had ransacked the coffers of mediæval dialecticians and plundered the arsenals of the Sophists. The House of the Vampire Then there are the Sophists and their young disciples, and the vast crowd of the Athenian people. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 04, No. 23, September, 1859 The Sophists were the children of their time, and the interpreters of their age. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In this century arose the Sophists, public teachers who busied themselves with all departments of human knowledge, but seemed to lay no little emphasis upon certain questions that touched very nearly the life of man. An Introduction to Philosophy The Sophists talked eloquently about the Good, the True, and the Beautiful; but they dealt in these things in the bulk. Humanly Speaking Alas, all these endless debates and dialogues lacked the inspiration and the charm with which the genius of a Plato could adorn the narrowest quibble between Socrates and a Sophist. Diderot and the Encyclopædists (Vol 1 of 2) With his friends the Sophists, he made man the measure of all things, after bidding him measure himself, as they neglected to do, by his own ideal. The Life of Reason It was this demand which the Sophists undertook to satisfy. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy It was with such questions as these that the Sophists occupied themselves, and such questions as these have held the attention of mankind ever since. An Introduction to Philosophy Sophists have told the plain, credulous workers that industrial combination in the form of Corporations and Trusts is the result of a natural law of evolution. The Transgressors Story of a Great Sin A Sophist, satirized in the "Birds" and "Clouds." A Handbook to the Works of Browning (6th ed.) Those who in later times mixed up this science with forensic devices, and used it, not to deal with the facts of politics, but the abstract ideas of speculative philosophy, were named Sophists. Plutarch's Lives, Volume I The Sophists undertook to train men to virtue in this sense, to make them successful citizens and members of the State. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In Euripides we have the first loosening of that ingenuous bond between Nature and the human spirit, as the Sophists laid the axe to the root of the old Hellenic ideas and beliefs. The Development of the Feeling for Nature in the Middle Ages and Modern Times Rusticus first set me to improve my character, and prevented me from running after the vanity of the Sophists, and from concerning myself with rhetorical and poetic conceits, or with the affectations of a dandy. The World's Greatest Books — Volume 13 — Religion and Philosophy This he thought the causa causarum of Roman grandeur; and he attributed the ruin of the Greek states to the frequency of perjury resulting from the atheism taught by the Sophists. Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science Volume 15, No. 90, June, 1875 Not from the Sophists, whose method is too empirical; nor from practical politicians, for they seem to have no power of imparting their skill. Moral Science; a Compendium of Ethics Hence the Sophists very largely concentrated their energies upon the teaching of rhetoric. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Then arose Socrates, greatest of the Sophists, who, seeing that the outer world had been shown to depend on the inner, adopted as his motto, "Know Thyself," and devoted himself to the study of mind. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 2 They believe in Christianity as the Sophists of the decadence believed in paganism. Recollections of My Youth The reflective activity of the Sophists in ancient Greece—a movement of the deepest ethical significance—was in the main of this nature. Recent Tendencies in Ethics He considers that the Sophists first distinctly broached the question—What is man by nature, and what is he by convention or fashion? Moral Science; a Compendium of Ethics The Sophists, in this way, endeavoured to entangle, entrap, and confuse their opponents, and even, if this were not possible, to beat them down by mere violence and noise. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Thus the individualism of the Sophists and the despotism of Plato are overcome, while an important place is made for experience, or science. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 2 Vain Sophist! ask no reason why The love that cannot save, Will hover with despairing cry Around the dear ones grave. The Poets and Poetry of Cecil County, Maryland He taught Greek rhetoric at Rome, and hence was known as "the Sophist." Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 1 And this, I think, was the error into which the Sophists were betrayed. Moral Science; a Compendium of Ethics And this it is which accounts for the toleration which they extended even to the most patent absurdities of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy This result was reached by both the materialistic and spiritualistic schools, and was only carried one step further by the Sophists, who maintained that even the being of things depended on the thinker. Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern — Volume 2 Sophists prepared for Socrates the bowl— And Christians drove the steel through Rousseau's soul— Rousseau who strove to render Christians—men. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine — Volume 53, No. 331, May, 1843 They arrayed forth sophistical arguments without the wit of Sophists, and scholastic tortuosities minus the niceties of the Schoolmen. Bushido, the Soul of Japan Of course it is still true, and will most likely always remain true, that, like the Athenian Sophist, great newspapers will teach the conventional prejudices of those who pay for it. Studies in Literature And, indeed, it contains in germ the entire thought of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Does he not, in pursuance of that method of his, draw his arguments and illustrations, to the horror of the big-worded Sophists, from dogs, kettles, fishwives, and what not which is vulgar and commonplace? Phaethon The mantle of the Sophist has fallen on its members. Intentions Later the traveling teachers, known as the Sophists, began to apply the results and the methods of the natural philosophers to human conduct. Democracy and Education: an introduction to the philosophy of education Like rocks stood firm each brave young soul The Sophists' art defying. The Hymns of Martin Luther Set to their original melodies; with an English version The people in practice, the Sophists in theory, decried and trod under foot the restrictions of law, authority, and custom, leaving nothing but the deification of the individual in his crude self-will and egotism. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Socrates: Better to speak too simply, than in a manner in which part or all of your audience gets lost, like the Sophists. The Second Story of Meno; a continuation of Socrates' dialogue with Meno in which the boy proves root 2 is irrational The "Chalcedonian giant," Thrasymachus, of whom we have already heard in the Phaedrus, is the personification of the Sophists, according to Plato's conception of them, in some of their worst characteristics. The Republic That the Bible is hated of the Worldly-wise and of the Sophists. Selections from the Table Talk of Martin Luther With joy they came in sight of all, And sang aloud God's praises; The Sophists' courage waxed small Before such wondrous traces Of God's almighty finger. The Hymns of Martin Luther Set to their original melodies; with an English version In this alone did Socrates bear any resemblance to the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy We are, therefore, to delineate the Orator who differs equally from the Eloquence of the Philosopher, the Sophist, the Historian, and the Poet. Cicero's Brutus or History of Famous Orators; also His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker. The gentle force of attainder or confiscation or death which, as you are aware, these new Sophists and educators who are the public, apply when their words are powerless. The Republic Nevertheless, beautiful and learned Marcolina, you will admit," answered Casanova promptly, "that even the Sophists were far from being such contemptible, foolish apprentices as your harsh criticism would imply. Casanova's Homecoming From Louvain many Sophists came, Deep versed in human learning, God's Spirit foiled them at their game Their pride to folly turning. The Hymns of Martin Luther Set to their original melodies; with an English version It was the Sophists who had introduced into Greek philosophy the problem of man, and of the duties of man. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy As to the Sophists, whom I have already mentioned, the resemblance ought to be more accurately distinguished: for they industriously pursue the same flowers which are used by an Orator in the Forum. Cicero's Brutus or History of Famous Orators; also His Orator, or Accomplished Speaker. Sophists descend from Parmenides and Zeno of Elea; Gorgias was the disciple of the latter. Initiation into Philosophy Greek literature was fully grown when the Sophists, and finally Aristotle, developed the rudiments of grammar, the parts of speech being at first closely related with his ten metaphysical categories. Youth: Its Education, Regimen, and Hygiene He did come back, but with the quibbles of the Sophist, the rhetorician cavilled against his mother. Saint Augustin Socrates did not deny the principle of the Sophists that all institutions, all ideals, all existing and established things must justify themselves before the tribunal of reason. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy There is a rumor that Cicero, when he returned home from Greece, thought for awhile of giving himself up to philosophy, so that he was called Greek and Sophist in ridicule. The Life of Cicero Volume One To believe nothing, and to demonstrate that there is no reason to believe in anything, is the cardinal principle of all the Sophists. Initiation into Philosophy True, Socrates refused to take money from his pupils, and made it his chief reproach against the lecturing Sophists that they received fees; but what of that? The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 Such is the question raised in the Sophist. Authors of Greece We must not forget the many merits of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Characteristic of Socrates was his irony, or way of understating himself, in protest against the extravagant professions of the Sophists. Moral Philosophy The Sophists furnish the most important epoch in the history of ancient philosophy; until their advent the philosophic systems were great poems on the total of all things, known and unknown. Initiation into Philosophy Pokes fun at the ideal Utopias, such as Plato's 'Republic,' based on sweeping social and economic changes, greatly in vogue with the Sophists of the day. The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 The fixed characteristic of the Sophist is his seeming to know everything without doing so; this definition leads straight to the concept of false opinion, a thing whose object both is and is not. Authors of Greece For there is, after all, much reason in these attacks made by the Sophists upon authority, upon established things, upon tradition, custom and dogma. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The Sophist, sitting by the fountain, had now collected enough yarn to commence spinning with. Historical Miniatures What seems certain is that neither Aristophanes nor the judges at the trial of Socrates were completely deceived in considering him a Sophist; for he proceeded from them. Initiation into Philosophy Thus Aristophanes, we see, covered the whole field of thought; he scourged whatever was vicious or ridiculous, whether before the altars of the Gods, in the schools of the Sophists, or on the Orators' platform. The Eleven Comedies, Volume 1 "Is the Sophist the same as the Statesman and the Philosopher?" Authors of Greece On the contrary, modern popular thought positively reeks with the ideas and tendencies of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy "That is the same as the Sophists said,—that one knew nothing, and hardly so much." Historical Miniatures The Sophists accordingly gave lessons, especially in psychology, dialectics, and eloquence. Initiation into Philosophy In the schools of the Sophists boys now spent their time in forming phrases, choosing words, examining grammatical structure, and learning how to secure rhetorical effect. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization Dualism, Monism, Materialism and Idealism are all discussed, the conclusion being that the Sophist is a counterfeit of the Philosopher, a wilful impostor who makes people contradict themselves by quibbling. Authors of Greece These charges were brought against him because the popular mind confused him with the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy You are right, and our good Socrates was a Sophist, without wishing to be one. Historical Miniatures But why has Aristophanes personified the sophistical metaphysics by the venerable Socrates, who was himself a determined opponent of the Sophists? Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature In the beginning each Sophist teacher was a free lance, and taught what he would and in the manner he thought best. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization To most Athenians he must have been not only not different from the Sophists he was never weary of exposing, but the greatest Sophist of them all. Authors of Greece Socrates appears in the play as the central character, and the chief of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy "In my opinion it is not Zeus but Prometheus who has created men," answered the Sophist. Historical Miniatures He is clearly connected with the Sophists, and with the generation the morality of which had been unsettled by the violence of faction and the fury of the Peloponnesian war. Specimens of Greek Tragedy — Aeschylus and Sophocles Plato represents the Sophist Protagoras as saying, with reference to a youth ambitious for success in political life, "If he comes to me he will learn that which he comes to learn." The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization But Aristophanes is drawing attention to the evil effects produced by the Sophists, who to the ordinary man certainly included Socrates. Authors of Greece If so, then, in judging external objects by your subjective idea, and in making it the standard of whether they are beautiful or not, you are back again at the position of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Now it is Socrates who is the Sophist. Historical Miniatures It is almost as bad as if she had said in English, "Sophist I found myself, though Sophia is my name." Stories from the Italian Poets: with Lives of the Writers, Volume 1 In contrast with the Sophists, a series of schools of philosophy also arose in Athens. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization Eristic so far differs from Sophistic that, while the master of Eristic aims at mere victory, the Sophist looks to the reputation, and with it, the monetary rewards which he will gain. The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer; the Art of Controversy To the Sophists, who denied any such standard, it was mere nonsense to speak of just and good laws. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Thus Pericles sought to direct the conversation into a new channel, but the Sophist thwarted him. Historical Miniatures Protagoras, one of the greatest of the Sophists, published a book On the Gods, the object of which seems to have been to prove that one cannot know the gods by reason. A History of Freedom of Thought Compare the individualism of the Greek Sophists with that of the Protestant reformers. The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization Had he lived in the times of the Grecian Sophists, he might have baffled Socrates,--not by his logic, but by his learning and his aptness of illustration. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 13 Great Writers; Dr Lord's Uncompleted Plan, Supplemented with Essays by Emerson, Macaulay, Hedge, and Mercer Adam Moreover the Sophists contributed much to the advance of learning. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy "Forbidden in spite of the Emperor's edict regarding religious freedom," broke in the Sophist Priscus. Historical Miniatures The gift of tongues was reserved for rhetoricians, politicians, lawyers, and Sophists. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 04 Imperial Antiquity Were the Sophists a good addition to the Athenian instructing force, or not? The History of Education; educational practice and progress considered as a phase of the development and spread of western civilization They were to Jerusalem what the Sophists were to Athens when Demosthenes thundered his disregarded warnings. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 02 Jewish Heroes and Prophets Aristophanes was a reactionary in thought and politics, and, hating the Sophists as the representatives of modernism, he lampooned them in his comedy, "The Clouds." A Critical History of Greek Philosophy I will read," said the King, and took the pamphlet from him: "'I conquer and defy Papists, Thomists, Henrys, Sophists, and all the swine of hell!' Historical Miniatures Moreover, like the Sophists in the time of Socrates, they were assuming, specious, and rhetorical. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 04 Imperial Antiquity It is true that Socrates and his great successors Plato and Aristotle were called "Sophists," but only as all philosophers or wise men were so called. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations Next to the Sophists go, Traitors to thought and reason, jugglers blind. Sonnets This was entirely unjust, but it affords evidence of the fact that Socrates was commonly mistaken for a Sophist by the Athenians. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The Roman Lucillus lounged at the window-sill, and, since philosophy had been brought into fashion by Socrates and the Sophists, the shoemaker and the exiled Decemvir philosophised as well as they could. Historical Miniatures The schools of Athens could make Sophists, rhetoricians, dialecticians, and sceptics. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 04 Imperial Antiquity Hence he drew upon himself the wrath of the Sophists. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations Keen Socrates to quell the Sophists came: To quell the Tyrants, Cato just and rough: To quell the Hypocrites, Christ, heaven's own flame. Sonnets We have already seen, in the Sophists, the phenomenon of subjectivism leading to scepticism. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Professor Van Hook here presents the only English translation of Alcidamas, On the Sophists. Rhetoric and Poetry in the Renaissance A Study of Rhetorical Terms in English Renaissance Literary Criticism They would have preferred the beneficent Philanthropist to the dazzling Conqueror, to the fascinating Demagogue, to the attractive Sophist; and all the various idols of public praise. The Eulogies of Howard He was not quite just to the Sophists, for they did not pretend to teach the higher life, but chiefly rhetoric, which is useful in its way. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations In an attack on the Sophists, in his play of the Clouds, he gives to Socrates the character of a vulgar Sophist, and holds him up to the derision of the Athenian people. Mosaics of Grecian History With them, as with the Sophists, nothing is true or good in itself, but only opinion makes it so. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy It pertained to the age of Socrates and the Sophists, when there was great bitterness in political parties, and an irrepressible desire for novelties. The Old Roman World, : the Grandeur and Failure of Its Civilization. In the comedy of the Clouds, Aristophanes especially ridicules the Sophists, a school of philosophers and teachers just then rising into prominence at Athens, of whom the satirist unfairly makes Socrates the representative. General History for Colleges and High Schools He did not disdain the subjects which chiefly interested the Sophists,--astronomy, rhetoric, physics,--but he chiefly discussed moral questions, such as, What is piety? Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations Although often classed with the Sophists, and unjustly selected by Aristophanes as their representative, the whole spirit of his teachings was directly opposed to that class. Mosaics of Grecian History The immediate effect of this theory, however, was the destruction of the teaching of the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Hence he was hated by the Sophists, who denied the certainty of arriving at the knowledge of God. The Old Roman World, : the Grandeur and Failure of Its Civilization. Or that which Polyidus the Sophist suggested for Iphigenia; since it was natural for Orestes to reflect: 'My sister was sacrificed, and I am to be sacrificed like her.' Aristotle on the art of poetry Hence he was hated by the Sophists, who denied the certainty of arriving at any knowledge of God. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations GROTE, however, while denying that the Sophists were intellectual and moral corrupters, as generally charged, also denies that the reputation of Socrates properly rests upon his having rescued the Athenian mind from their influences. Mosaics of Grecian History For the Sophists, again, whatever appeared right to the individual was right for that individual. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy These Dominicans were already the Sophists of their age, masters of dialectic methods then in vogue, whereby disputation had been raised to the dignity of a science. The Coming of the Friars It is only the inartistic who hold that black is black and white is white, unconditionally, irretrievably; and who have invented the proverb "He'd say black's white" to express the Sophist in excelsis. Without Prejudice To the scepticism of the Sophists he opposed self-evident truths. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations He affects one like one of the old Sophists whom Socrates made fun of. The George Sand-Gustave Flaubert Letters This consequence of the Sophistic principles was drawn both by many of the Sophists themselves, and later by the Cyrenaics. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy Thou art the Sophist of our time, and list how the old wise man spoke of thy kind. Our Friend the Charlatan The veritable sophist then, the dynamic sophist, was the Athenian public of the day; those ostensible or professional Sophists being not so much its intellectual directors as the pupils or followers of it. Plato and Platonism It is in rhetoric and poetry that Art most strikingly appears in the writings of the Greeks, and this was perfected by the Athenian Sophists. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations Such too is the discovery made by Iphigenia in the play of Polyidus the Sophist. The Poetics of Aristotle The Sophists made the individual subject the measure of truth and morals, and in the end this meant the denial of truth and morality altogether. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In the Laws, as in the Sophist and Statesman, we pass out of the region of metaphysical or transcendental ideas into that of psychology. Laws If the Sophists are partly the cause they are still more the effect of the social environment. Plato and Platonism Isocrates, 436 B.C., was a professed rhetorician, and endeavored to base his art upon sound moral principles, and rescue it from the influence of the Sophists. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations The principle of the one and many of which he here speaks, is illustrated by examples in the Sophist and Statesman. Philebus This was in direct opposition to the principle of the Sophists, who placed all knowledge in sense-perception. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In the Sophist and Statesman especially we note that the discussion is partly regarded as an illustration of method, and that analogies are brought from afar which throw light on the main subject. Statesman Socrates in truth was a Sophist; but more than a Sophist. Plato and Platonism In Greece it flourished in the age of Socrates and the Sophists, when there was great bitterness in political parties and an irrepressible desire for novelties. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations Here, then, and in the parallel passages of the Phaedrus and of the Sophist, is found the germ of the most fruitful notion of modern science. Philebus We have already met with it among the Sophists. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The Eleatic stranger, here, as in the Sophist, has no appropriate character, and appears only as the expositor of a political ideal, in the delineation of which he is frequently interrupted by purely logical illustrations. Statesman Whether or not the Sophists were quite fairly chargeable with that sort of "inward lie," just this, at all events, was in the judgment of Plato the essence of sophistic vice. Plato and Platonism He saw this,--that the theories of his day were mere opinions; even the lofty speculations of the Ionian philosophers were dreams, and the teachings of the Sophists were mere words. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations A superficial notion may arise that Plato probably wrote shorter dialogues, such as the Philebus, the Sophist, and the Statesman, as studies or preparations for longer ones. Philebus The crisis came with the Sophists, who attempted to obliterate the distinction altogether, and to find all knowledge in sensation, thus calling forth the opposition of Socrates and Plato. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy In both dialogues the Proteus Sophist is exhibited, first, in the disguise of an Eristic, secondly, of a false statesman. Statesman The great Sophist was said to be in Athens, at the house of Callicles, and the diligent young scholar is up betimes, eager to hear him. Plato and Platonism The Sophists as a class had incurred the odium of being the first teachers who received pay for the instruction they imparted. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations But could the Organon of Aristotle ever have been written unless the Sophist and Statesman had preceded? Sophist Yet the Sophists identified morality with the feelings of the individual. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The detailed consideration of the genuineness and order of the Platonic dialogues has been reserved for another place: a few of the reasons for defending the Sophist and Statesman may be given here. Statesman Protagoras, the chief of Sophists, had avowedly applied to ethics the physics or metaphysics of Heraclitus. Plato and Platonism The Sophists were a natural and necessary and very useful development of their time, but they were distinctly on a lower level than the Philosophers, or lovers of wisdom. Beacon Lights of History, Volume 01 The Old Pagan Civilizations The term 'Sophist' is one of those words of which the meaning has been both contracted and enlarged. Sophist The Sophists were thus the first, but not the last, to preach the doctrine that might is right. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy These precepts are not forgotten, either in the Sophist or in the Statesman. Statesman The ethical alliance of Heraclitus is with the Sophists, and the Cyrenaics or the Epicureans; that of Parmenides, with Socrates, and the Cynics or the Stoics. Plato and Platonism And in like manner the Sophist who is able to train his pupils in this spirit is a wise man, and deserves to be well paid by them. Theaetetus The notion that they were corrupters of the Athenian youth has no real foundation, and partly arises out of the use of the term 'Sophist' in modern times. Sophist But the mistake of the Sophists was that, in thus recognizing the right of the subject, they wholly ignored and forgot the right of the object. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The Sophist contains four examples of division, carried on by regular steps, until in four different lines of descent we detect the Sophist. Statesman As attractive as himself to ingenuous youth, uncorrupt surely in its early intentions, why did the Sophists seem to Socrates to be so manifestly an instrument of its corruption? Plato and Platonism But this natural presumption is disturbed by the discovery that the Sophists are sometimes in the right and Socrates in the wrong. Theaetetus The Athenian youth were not corrupted in this sense, and therefore the Sophists could not have corrupted them. Sophist Good examples of the right and wrong principles of the Sophists are to be found in modern Protestantism and modern democracy. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But now I recognize the politician and his troop, the chief of Sophists, the prince of charlatans, the most accomplished of wizards, who must be carefully distinguished from the true king or statesman. Statesman The same difficulties about Unity and Being are raised in the Sophist; but there only as preliminary to their final solution. Parmenides In the first place there is the connexion, indicated by Plato himself at the end of the dialogue, with the Sophist, to which in many respects the Theaetetus is so little akin. Theaetetus The Sophist, in the dialogue which is called after him, is exhibited in many different lights, and appears and reappears in a variety of forms. Sophist The teaching of the earlier philosophers was exclusively cosmological, that of the Sophists exclusively humanistic. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy THEODORUS: And you will have three times as much reason to thank me when they have delineated the Statesman and Philosopher, as well as the Sophist. Statesman To restore them to their natural connexion and to detect the negative element in them is the aim of Plato in the Sophist. Parmenides As in the Sophist, he is laying the foundation of a rational psychology, which is to supersede the Platonic reminiscence of Ideas as well as the Eleatic Being and the individualism of Megarians and Cynics. Theaetetus If we were met by the Sophist's objection, the reply would probably be an appeal to experience. Sophist The first may be roughly described as pre-Socratic philosophy, though it does not include the Sophists who were both the contemporaries and the predecessors of Socrates. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy For, as we remarked in discussing the Sophist, the dialectical method is no respecter of persons. Statesman And probably the audience have something of the same feeling about yourself and Prodicus; they think him a Sophist and a braggart, and regard you as a gentleman of courtesy and worth. Eryxias For the completion of the edifice, he makes preparation in the Theaetetus, and crowns the work in the Sophist. Theaetetus And this is Plato's reply, both in the Cratylus and Sophist. Sophist Consequently the Sophists, like lawyers, not caring for the truth of the matter, undertook to provide a stock of arguments on any subject, or to prove any proposition. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy STRANGER: Then here, Socrates, is still clearer evidence of the truth of what was said in the enquiry about the Sophist? Statesman The Lesser Hippias may be compared with the earlier dialogues of Plato, in which the contrast of Socrates and the Sophists is most strongly exhibited. Lesser Hippias The other figure of the enclosure is also remarkable as affording the first hint of universal all-pervading ideas,—a notion further carried out in the Sophist. Theaetetus The explanation of the negative given by Plato in the Sophist is a true but partial one; for the word 'not,' besides the meaning of 'other,' may also imply 'opposition.' Sophist And we can now see that the doctrines of the Sophists were, in fact, simply the crystallization into abstract thought of the practical tendencies of the age. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy STRANGER: As you do not object, still less can I. After the Sophist, then, I think that the Statesman naturally follows next in the order of enquiry. Statesman The Sophists are still floundering about the distinction of the real and seeming. Gorgias With his accusers he will only fence and play, as he had fenced with other 'improvers of youth,' answering the Sophist according to his sophistry all his life long. Apology On the whole, we must allow that the great service rendered by Plato to metaphysics in the Sophist, is not his explanation of 'Not-being' as difference. Sophist These questions are discussed in the "Sophist" and the "Parmenides." A Critical History of Greek Philosophy But the rulers of all these states, unless they have knowledge, are maintainers of idols, and themselves idols—wizards, and also Sophists; for, after many windings, the term 'Sophist' comes home to them. Statesman Like all the Sophists in the dialogues of Plato, he is vain and boastful, yet he has also a certain dignity, and is treated by Socrates with considerable respect. Gorgias He does not attack the Sophists; for they were open to the same charges as himself; they were equally ridiculed by the Comic poets, and almost equally hateful to Anytus and Meletus. Apology The maintainers of this doctrine are described in the Theaetetus as obstinate persons who will believe in nothing which they cannot hold in their hands, and in the Sophist as incapable of argument. Sophist For the Sophists whatever appeared true to the individual was true for that individual. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The search after the Statesman, which is carried on, like that for the Sophist, by the method of dichotomy, gives an opportunity for many humorous and satirical remarks. Statesman Like Anytus in the Meno, he is the enemy of the Sophists; but favours the new art of rhetoric, which he regards as an excellent weapon of attack and defence. Gorgias In the representations of the Comic poets, and in the opinion of the multitude, he had been identified with the teachers of physical science and with the Sophists. Apology In the Sophist the same contradictions are pursued to a certain extent, but only with a view to their resolution. Sophist The only difference is that, whereas the Sophists identified virtue with the pleasure of the individual, Mill makes it the pleasure of the community. A Critical History of Greek Philosophy The Statesman is naturally connected with the Sophist. Statesman That poetry is akin to rhetoric may be compared with the analogous notion, which occurs in the Protagoras, that the ancient poets were the Sophists of their day. Gorgias Yet incidentally the antagonism between Socrates and the Sophists is allowed to appear. Apology And now by the help of this example we may proceed to bring to light the nature of the Sophist. Sophist Like Alcibiades he is inspired with an ardent desire of knowledge, and is equally willing to learn of Socrates and of the Sophists. Meno STRANGER: The chief of Sophists and most accomplished of wizards, who must at any cost be separated from the true king or Statesman, if we are ever to see daylight in the present enquiry. Statesman Statesmen, Sophists, rhetoricians, poets, are alike brought up for judgment. Gorgias Like a Sophist too, he is incapable either of framing a general definition or of following the course of an argument. Euthyphro The seller of the arts may be called an art-seller; the seller of virtue, a Sophist. Sophist Like the ancient Sophists, he relegates the more important principles of ethics to custom and probability. Meno And you are aware that the greatest and most influential statesmen are ashamed of writing speeches and leaving them in a written form, lest they should be called Sophists by posterity. Phaedrus As in other dialogues, he is the enemy of the Sophists and rhetoricians; and also of the statesmen, whom he regards as another variety of the same species. Gorgias Here, as in the Sophist and Politicus, Plato expressly draws attention to the want of agreement in words and things. Cratylus For is he less a Sophist when, instead of exporting his wares to another country, he stays at home, and retails goods, which he not only buys of others, but manufactures himself? Sophist Any Athenian gentleman, taken at random, if he will mind him, will do far more good to him than the Sophists. Meno The mirth is broader, the irony more sustained, the contrast between Socrates and the two Sophists, although veiled, penetrates deeper than in any other of his writings. Euthydemus Nor do I neglect other precautions, and therefore I hope, as I may say, by the favour of heaven that no harm will come of the acknowledgment that I am a Sophist. Protagoras On the other hand, the relation of thought to language is omitted here, but is treated of in the Sophist. Cratylus Yet they bear about the same likeness to Sophists as the dog, who is the gentlest of animals, does to the wolf, who is the fiercest. Sophist SOCRATES: And what do you think of these Sophists, who are the only professors? Meno The two Sophists complain that Socrates is ready to answer what they said a year ago, but is 'non-plussed' at what they are saying now. Euthydemus There is nothing however in the introduction which leads to the inference that Plato intended to blacken the character of the Sophists; he only makes a little merry at their expense. Protagoras He is the perfect and accomplished Sophist and the great benefactor of the other world; for he has much more than he wants there, and hence he is called Pluto or the rich. Cratylus And the Sophist also uses illusions, and his imitations are apparent and not real. Sophist SOCRATES: Then do you not think that the Sophists are teachers? Meno The two Sophists are like Proteus in the variety of their transformations, and he, like Menelaus in the Odyssey, hopes to restore them to their natural form. Euthydemus He considers openness to be the best policy, and particularly mentions his own liberal mode of dealing with his pupils, as if in answer to the favourite accusation of the Sophists that they received pay. Protagoras Lastly, he is impatient of hearing from the half-converted Cratylus the doctrine that falsehood can neither be spoken, nor uttered, nor addressed; a piece of sophistry attributed to Gorgias, which reappears in the Sophist. Cratylus This is a noble science, on which we have stumbled unawares; in seeking after the Sophist we have found the philosopher. Sophist The teaching of the Sophists is confessedly inadequate, and Meno, who is their pupil, is ignorant of the very nature of general terms. Meno LACHES: Yes, Socrates; and the examination of such niceties is a much more suitable employment for a Sophist than for a great statesman whom the city chooses to preside over her. Laches They call him a Sophist, Socrates, he replied. Protagoras He who admits works so different in style and matter to have been the composition of the same author, need have no difficulty in admitting the Sophist or the Politicus. Charmides Like the Sophist, he is hard to recognize, though for the opposite reasons; the Sophist runs away into the obscurity of not-being, the philosopher is dark from excess of light. Sophist He seems, like Aristophanes, to regard the new opinions, whether of Socrates or the Sophists, as fatal to Athenian greatness. Meno It was designed to be the second part of a trilogy, which, like the other great Platonic trilogy of the Sophist, Statesman, Philosopher, was never completed. Critias Then we are going to pay our money to him in the character of a Sophist? Protagoras It is true that a few of the dialogues, such as the Republic and the Timaeus, or the Theaetetus and the Sophist, or the Meno and the Apology, contain allusions to one another. Charmides And now, leaving him, we will return to our pursuit of the Sophist. Sophist Such is the Sophist's wisdom, and such is the condition of those who make public opinion the test of truth, whether in art or in morals. The Republic STRANGER: And we have already admitted, in what preceded, that the Sophist was lurking in one of the divisions of the likeness-making art? Sophist By the gods, I said, and are you not ashamed at having to appear before the Hellenes in the character of a Sophist? Protagoras It may be remarked further that several of the dialogues, such as the Phaedrus, the Sophist, and the Parmenides, have more than one subject. Charmides When we were going to place the Sophist in one of them, a doubt arose whether there could be such a thing as an appearance, because there was no such thing as falsehood. Sophist The gentle force of attainder or confiscation or death, which, as you are aware, these new Sophists and educators, who are the public, apply when their words are powerless. The Republic STRANGER: And the Sophist was flitting before us in the acquisitive class, in the subdivisions of hunting, contests, merchandize, and the like. Sophist You are going to commit your soul to the care of a man whom you call a Sophist. Protagoras STRANGER: The former is our present concern, for the Sophist was classed with imitators indeed, but not among those who have knowledge. Sophist The latter is our present concern, for the Sophist has no claims to science or knowledge. Sophist The 'Chalcedonian giant,' Thrasymachus, of whom we have already heard in the Phaedrus, is the personification of the Sophists, according to Plato's conception of them, in some of their worst characteristics. The Republic I am pretty sure that I cannot be mistaken in terming him the true and very Sophist. Sophist And if he were further to ask: What is the wisdom of the Sophist, and what is the manufacture over which he presides?—how should we answer him? Protagoras There is little worthy of remark in the characters of the Sophist. Sophist There was no distinction between truth and falsehood, between the Sophist and the philosopher. Sophist The poets, as he says in the Protagoras, were the Sophists of their day; and his dislike of the one class is reflected on the other. The Republic The Sophist, like the Phaedrus, has a double character, and unites two enquirers, which are only in a somewhat forced manner connected with each other. Sophist And what is that which the Sophist knows and makes his disciple know? Protagoras The first is the search after the Sophist, the second is the enquiry into the nature of Not-being, which occupies the middle part of the work. Sophist STRANGER: And now, following this pattern, let us endeavour to find out what a Sophist is. Sophist Euripides exhibited the last phase of the tragic drama, and in him Plato saw the friend and apologist of tyrants, and the Sophist of tragedy. The Republic For 'Not-being' is the hole or division of the dialectical net in which the Sophist has hidden himself. Sophist And I think that the door-keeper, who was a eunuch, and who was probably annoyed at the great inroad of the Sophists, must have heard us talking. Protagoras The Sophist, drawn out of the shelter which Cynic and Megarian paradoxes have temporarily afforded him, is proved to be a dissembler and juggler with words. Sophist THEAETETUS: It is obvious enough; for I believe that we have discovered the Sophist: which is, as I conceive, the proper name for the class described. Sophist What principle of rival Sophists or anybody else can overcome in such an unequal contest? The Republic A milder tone is adopted towards the Sophists in a well-known passage of the Republic, where they are described as the followers rather than the leaders of the rest of mankind. Sophist Yes, I replied, that is very likely true, but not enough; for in the answer a further question is involved: Of what does the Sophist make a man talk eloquently? Protagoras But there is no real inconsistency between this and other descriptions of the Sophist which occur in the Platonic writings. Sophist THEAETETUS: He must be the Sophist, whom we are seeking; no other name can possibly be right. Sophist Neither here nor in the Phaedrus or Symposium, nor yet in the Philebus or Sophist, does he give any clear explanation of his meaning. The Republic But the Sophist is the Proteus who takes the likeness of all of them; all other deceivers have a piece of him in them. Sophist Then about what does the Sophist make him eloquent? Protagoras Of late years the Sophists have found an enthusiastic defender in the distinguished historian of Greece. Sophist THEAETETUS: There is only one true answer: he is the wonderful Sophist, of whom we are in pursuit, and who reappears again for the fourth time. Sophist Poets as well as philosophers were called Sophists in the fifth century before Christ. Sophist But the real question is, not whether the word 'Sophist' has all these senses, but whether there is not also a specific bad sense in which the term is applied to certain contemporaries of Socrates. Sophist I proceeded: Is not a Sophist, Hippocrates, one who deals wholesale or retail in the food of the soul? Protagoras Plato, Xenophon, Isocrates, Aristotle, all give a bad import to the word; and the Sophists are regarded as a separate class in all of them. Sophist THEAETETUS: Yet the Sophist has a certain likeness to our minister of purification. Sophist For the purposes of comedy, Socrates may have been identified with the Sophists, and he seems to complain of this in the Apology. Sophist The use of the term 'Sophist' in the dialogues of Plato also shows that the bad sense was not affixed by his genius, but already current. Sophist Here as elsewhere is the usual contrast between the Sophists representing average public opinion and Socrates seeking for increased clearness and unity of ideas. Protagoras There is nothing surprising in the Sophists having an evil name; that, whether deserved or not, was a natural consequence of their vocation. Sophist Nevertheless, let us assume that the Sophists are the men. Sophist They are both hunters after a living prey, nearly related to tyrants and thieves, and the Sophist is the cousin of the parasite and flatterer. Sophist Here again we catch a glimpse rather of a Socratic or Eristic than of a Sophist in the ordinary sense of the term. Sophist And Plato does not on this ground reject the claim of the Sophist to be the true philosopher. Sophist One more feature of the Eristic rather than of the Sophist is the tendency of the troublesome animal to run away into the darkness of Not-being. Sophist THEAETETUS: Very well; and yet, considering the number of forms in which he has presented himself, I begin to doubt how I can with any truth or confidence describe the real nature of the Sophist. Sophist The question has been asked, whether the method of 'abscissio infinti,' by which the Sophist is taken, is a real and valuable logical process. Sophist Plato does not really mean to say that the Sophist or the Statesman can be caught in this way. Sophist As we have already seen, the division gives him the opportunity of making the most damaging reflections on the Sophist and all his kith and kin, and to exhibit him in the most discreditable light. Sophist In the Sophist the question is taken up again; the nature of Not-being is detected, and there is no longer any metaphysical impediment in the way of admitting the possibility of falsehood. Sophist See how, by his reciprocation of opposites, the many-headed Sophist has compelled us, quite against our will, to admit the existence of not-being. Sophist To the Parmenides, the Sophist stands in a less defined and more remote relation. Sophist We are agreed, he says, about the name Sophist, but we may not be equally agreed about his nature. Sophist Again, there is a third line, in which a Sophist may be traced. Sophist The Sophist, then, has not real knowledge; he is only an imitator, or image-maker. Sophist STRANGER: There is not; but the Sophist will deny these statements. Sophist Then the Sophist must be left in his hole. Sophist At length falsehood has been discovered by us to exist, and we have acknowledged that the Sophist is to be found in the class of imitators. Sophist In the Sophist, as in the Cratylus, he is opposed to the Heracleitean flux and equally to the Megarian and Cynic denial of predication, because he regards both of them as making knowledge impossible. Sophist For example, in the Sophist Plato begins with the abstract and goes on to the concrete, not in the lower sense of returning to outward objects, but to the Hegelian concrete or unity of abstractions. Sophist THEAETETUS: If that is the case, we cannot possibly catch the Sophist. Sophist The Sophist first uttered the word 'Man is the measure of all things,' which Socrates presented in a new form as the study of ethics. Sophist STRANGER: Thus far, then, the Sophist and the angler, starting from the art of acquiring, take the same road? Sophist Let us begin again, then, and re-examine some of our statements concerning the Sophist; there was one thing which appeared to me especially characteristic of him. Sophist STRANGER: How do the Sophists make young men believe in their supreme and universal wisdom? Sophist STRANGER: Well, the philosopher may hereafter be more fully considered by us, if we are disposed; but the Sophist must clearly not be allowed to escape until we have had a good look at him. Sophist STRANGER: Then the Sophist has been shown to have a sort of conjectural or apparent knowledge only of all things, which is not the truth? Sophist STRANGER: I was doubtful before in which of them I should place the Sophist, nor am I even now able to see clearly; verily he is a wonderful and inscrutable creature. Sophist STRANGER: I see, Theaetetus, that you have never made the acquaintance of the Sophist. Sophist By Zeus, have we not lighted unwittingly upon our free and noble science, and in looking for the Sophist have we not entertained the philosopher unawares? Sophist STRANGER: And we said that we were uncertain in which we should place the Sophist. Sophist STRANGER: In this region we shall always discover the philosopher, if we look for him; like the Sophist, he is not easily discovered, but for a different reason. Sophist STRANGER: Because the Sophist runs away into the darkness of not-being, in which he has learned by habit to feel about, and cannot be discovered because of the darkness of the place. Sophist |
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