| 单词 | solute |
| 例句 | Different solutes — for the sake of this discussion, sweeteners — will lower the freezing point of water to different degrees. The science behind the scoop: Four key factors to consider when making ice cream 2021-11-26T05:00:00Z These solutes will raise the boiling point of water on the high end of the temperature range, and at the low end, they lower the freezing point of water. The science behind the scoop: Four key factors to consider when making ice cream 2021-11-26T05:00:00Z The amount of solutes in the unfrozen water phase determines the volume of ice crystals that form. The science behind the scoop: Four key factors to consider when making ice cream 2021-11-26T05:00:00Z Other experiments failed: powders like matcha, cocoa powder and cayenne didn’t seem to mix well with their other ingredients inside the portafilter, and remained largely within the portafilter cup itself without becoming solutes. The weird art of cooking with an espresso machine 2018-08-04T04:00:00Z The endodermis contains a barrier to the movement of solutes and water that is made of lignin, the same material present in wood. Protein root discovery seals future of climate-proof plants 2023-10-27T04:00:00Z Vascular plants developed a network of cells that conduct water and solutes. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These fluids are what she studied while working on her Ph.D. which focused on how the brain maintains fluid homeostasis and transports solutes. See the Top Entries in the Art of Neuroscience Competition 2022-08-26T04:00:00Z The increase in boiling point observed when nonvolatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, ΔTb, is called boiling point elevation and is directly proportional to the molal concentration of solute species: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This waxy region, known as the Casparian strip, forces water and solutes to cross the plasma membranes of endodermal cells instead of slipping between the cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phloem is the second type of vascular tissue; it transports sugars, proteins, and other solutes throughout the plant. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z On both sides of the membrane, the water level is the same, but there are different concentrations on each side of a dissolved substance, or solute, that cannot cross the membrane. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Many marine invertebrates have body fluids with solute concentrations similar to the seawater around them. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The liquid-vapor curve for the solution is located beneath the corresponding curve for the solvent, depicting the vapor pressure lowering, ΔP, that results from the dissolution of nonvolatile solute. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The cytoplasm of both bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells has a high concentration of dissolved solutes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems transport fluids throughout the body and help sense both solute and water levels and regulate pressure. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z If the volume of the water is the same, but the concentrations of solute are different, then there are also different concentrations of water, the solvent, on either side of the membrane. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In any solution, solute particles constantly move and collide with each other. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Consequently, at any given pressure, the solution’s boiling point is observed at a higher temperature than that for the pure solvent, reflecting the boiling point elevation, ΔTb, associated with the presence of nonvolatile solute. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Proteins and other large solutes cannot leave the capillaries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, for plants to evolve larger forms, the evolution of vascular tissue for the distribution of water and solutes was a prerequisite. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In this system, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The terms isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic refer the “strength,” or concentration, of the sugar solute, not the water. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Heat is absorbed when the total IMFs in the solution are weaker than the total of those in the pure solute and in the pure solvent: Breaking stronger IMFs and forming weaker IMFs absorbs heat. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The solutes in body fluids are mainly mineral salts and sugars, and osmotic regulation is the process by which the mineral salts and water are kept in balance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The point at which a solvent cannot hold any more solute is called saturation. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In a solution of saltwater, table salt is the substance dissolved, called the solute, and water is the solvent, the substance in which the solute is dissolved. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Colloidal dispersions consist of particles that are much bigger than the solutes of typical solutions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Solutions on two sides of a semi-permeable membrane tend to equalize in solute concentration by movement of solutes and/or water across the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Precipitation can occur when the temperature of the solution falls, when the solute evaporates, or with changing chemical conditions in the solution. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z When a given amount of water has dissolved all of the solute that it can, the solution is said to be saturated. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The solute concentration of a solution may be decreased by adding solvent, a process referred to as dilution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Isotonic cells have an equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell; this equalizes the osmotic pressure on either side of the cell membrane which is a semi-permeable membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As the glomerular filtrate progresses through the nephron, these capillary networks recover most of the solutes and water, and return them to the circulation. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In effect, the solute is drawing the water out of the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “I particularly appreciate the solutes to the military and the veterans.” Rain doesn’t dampen Independence Day spirits on Mall ahead of Trump’s ‘Salute to America’ 2019-07-04T04:00:00Z In some cases, however, the relative magnitudes of intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species may prevent dissolution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Osmotic pressure is influenced by the concentration of solutes in a solution. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As you will see later, these are important differences, since different portions of the loop have different permeabilities for solutes and water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the concentration of solutes of the cell matches that of the extracellular fluid, there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In fish, these cells maintain normal solute concentrations by regulating the exchange of sodium, chloride and calcium ions between the animals’ tissues and the surrounding water13. Profile of an unknown airway cell 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z Hydrogen bonding between a relatively small fraction of the water molecules must also be overcome to accommodate any dissolved solute. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z It is directly proportional to the number of solute atoms or molecules and not dependent on the size of the solute molecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recall that filtration occurs as pressure forces fluid and solutes through a semipermeable barrier with the solute movement constrained by particle size. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The evolution of vascular tissue for the distribution of water and solutes was a necessary prerequisite for plants to evolve larger bodies. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z By distorting the membrane, the retinoid molecules probably affect the import and export of solutes, as well as several other essential cellular functions that rely on membrane integrity. Bacterial persister cells tackled 2018-03-27T04:00:00Z If the solute’s electrostatic forces are significantly greater than the solvation forces, the dissolution process is significantly endothermic and the compound may not dissolve to an appreciable extent. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The unit for measuring solutes is the mole. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This creates a pressure, osmotic pressure, which will exist until the solute concentration is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A second type of vascular tissue is phloem, which transports sugars, proteins, and other solutes through the plant. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Solubility is the property of a given substance called solute to dissolve in a solvent. High school students learn through experimentation 2016-10-04T04:00:00Z The solubility of a solute in a particular solvent is the maximum concentration that may be achieved under given conditions when the dissolution process is at equilibrium. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z One mole is defined as the gram molecular weight of the solute. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z You will find osmotic pressure exerted by the solutes inside the lumen of the capillary as well as inside of Bowman’s capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Gymnosperm characteristics include naked seeds, separate female and male gametes, pollination by wind, and tracheids, which transport water and solutes in the vascular system. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z By contrast, conventional flow batteries use expensive and hazardous transition metal solutes. Flow Battery Could Smooth Irregular Wind and Solar Energy Supply 2015-09-28T04:00:00Z When a solute’s concentration is equal to its solubility, the solution is said to be saturated with that solute. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A proper concentration of solutes in the blood is important in maintaining osmotic pressure both in the glomerulus and systemically. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Vascular plants developed a network of cells that conduct water and solutes through the plant body. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In a solution, the liquid is the solvent, and the soluble chemical that is added to and dissolves in the liquid is the solute. Salty Science: How to Separate Soluble Solutions 2012-06-07T14:15:00.247Z Solutions may be prepared in which a solute concentration exceeds its solubility. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The molality of a solution is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They regulate osmolarity of the blood by regulating both solutes and water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Semipermeable membranes are permeable to certain types of solutes and to water, but typically cell membranes are impermeable to solutes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Even though a solvent dissolves a solute, the latter blends in but is still there. Salty Science: How to Separate Soluble Solutions 2012-06-07T14:15:00.247Z Consequently, solute- solvent interactions are the sole energetic factor affecting solubility. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Almost all solutes, except for proteins, are filtered out into the glomerulus by a process called glomerular filtration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The dissolved substances in a solution are called solutes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z I demand an ab- solute knowledge of the then present; I demand a knowledge of the constitution of the human mind— of the facts in nature, and that is all I demand. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 5 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Discussions 2012-02-11T03:03:49.813Z If you evaporated all of the liquid from the solution, you would be left with the dry solute again. Salty Science: How to Separate Soluble Solutions 2012-06-07T14:15:00.247Z Deviations from Henry’s law are observed when a chemical reaction takes place between the gaseous solute and the solvent. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Most of the solutes get reabsorbed in the PCT by a process called tubular reabsorption. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are many other solutes that must undergo facilitated diffusion to move into a cell, such as amino acids, or to move out of a cell, such as wastes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z But all the cruelties in the Old Testament are ab- solute mercies compared with the hell of the New Testament. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 5 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Discussions 2012-02-11T03:03:49.813Z In contrast, when attractive forces play a substantial role, changing the temperature at constant density alters solute properties. [Technical Response] Response to Comments on ?Does the Hydrated Electron Occupy a Cavity?? 2011-03-17T18:25:26.620Z Many solution properties are dependent upon the chemical identity of the solute. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In the loop of Henle, the filtrate continues to exchange solutes and water with the renal medulla and the peritubular capillary network. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An isotonic solution has a solute concentration equal to another solution. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Ab′solute, in a general sense, loosed or freed from all limitations or conditions. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 1 A to Amide When a solute is resolved into its component molecules, its surface is enormously increased, and therefore the friction between the molecules of the solute and those of the solvent. The Mechanism of Life This is the mass of both the water and its solute, glucose, and so the mass of glucose must be subtracted. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Then, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the kidney tubules during tubular secretion, which is, in essence, the opposite process to tubular reabsorption. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In chemistry, a liquid solution consists of a solvent that dissolves a substance called a solute. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The velocity with which they work their way through the liquid must then increase as such molecular rearrangements become more frequent, and will therefore depend on the number of solute molecules, i.e. on the concentration. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 8 "Conduction, Electric" The addition of a solute such as sugar, whose solution is not ionizable, and therefore does not conduct electricity, lowers the vapour tension of the solution in proportion to the molecular concentration of the solute. The Mechanism of Life The presence of solute decreases the surface area available to solvent molecules and thereby reduces the rate of solvent vaporization. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The “leaky” connections between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillary network allow solutes to pass through easily. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Blood osmolarity is constantly monitored by osmoreceptors—specialized cells within the hypothalamus that are particularly sensitive to the concentration of sodium ions and other solutes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z On the other hand, we possess exact methods of testing whether gases or solutes in dilute solution react one with another and of determining the equilibrium state which is attained. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The same holds good for the osmotic pressure, and for all the constants which are proportional to the molecular concentration of the solute. The Mechanism of Life Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z All solutes in the glomerular capillaries, except for macromolecules like proteins, pass through by passive diffusion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A greater concentration of water results in a reduced concentration of solutes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the salt solution be replaced by one of glue, gelatin or gum, it will be found that the membrane is impermeable to these solutes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" Since each group plays the part of a simple molecule, the osmotic pressure will be ten times less than that corresponding to the quantity of the solute present. The Mechanism of Life Determine the molality of the solution from the number of moles of solute and the mass of solvent, in kilograms. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z First, the nephrons filter blood that runs through the capillary network in the glomerulus, which filters out almost all solutes, except for proteins, by glomerular filtration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An important characteristic of solutions is that they are homogeneous; that is, the solute molecules are distributed evenly throughout the solution. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If all riddles were as readily solute as this, it were scantly worth the trouble to make them. Robin Tremayne A Story of the Marian Persecution A disregard of this fact, that a solute will always pass from a solution where its osmotic pressure is high, into one where its osmotic pressure is low, is a frequent source of error. The Mechanism of Life The concentration of a gaseous solute in a solution is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas to which the solution is exposed, a relation known as Henry’s law. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Most of the solutes get reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by tubular secretion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A nuclear pore is a tiny passageway for the passage of proteins, RNA, and solutes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The effect of spiral ringing on solute translocation on the structure of the regenerated tissue of the apple. Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the 44th Annual Meeting Rochester, N.Y. August 31 and September 1, 1953 An osmotic membrane is not a semi-permeable membrane, as sometimes described, i.e. a membrane permeable to water but impermeable to the solute. The Mechanism of Life Again, note that concentration terms are only included for gaseous and solute species, as discussed previously. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Third, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the tubules of the kidney during tubular reabsorption. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Inside the nuclear envelope is a gel-like nucleoplasm with solutes that include the building blocks of nucleic acids. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Distinguish clearly between the following terms: electrolysis, electrolyte, electrolytic dissociation, ions, solute, solvent, solution, saturated solution, and supersaturated solution. An Elementary Study of Chemistry In the same way any point of less concentration may be regarded as a centre of attraction for the molecules of the solute, and a centre of repulsion for the molecules of water. The Mechanism of Life Since the mass of solute is provided instead of its molar amount, use the solute’s molar mass to obtain the amount of solute in moles: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z First, the nephrons filter blood that runs through the capillary network in the glomerulus, which filters out almost all solutes, except for proteins, by glomerular filtration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Although patients feel thirsty, and increase their fluid consumption, this doesn’t effectively decrease the solute concentration in their blood because ADH levels are not high enough to trigger water reabsorption in the kidneys. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the solute dissociates into ions, the reason for this becomes clear. An Elementary Study of Chemistry It is a membrane which opposes different resistances to the passage of water and of the various substances in solution, being very permeable to water, but much less so to the different solutes. The Mechanism of Life As long as identical mass units are used for both solute and solution, the computed mass percentage will be correct. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Most of the solutes get reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by tubular reabsorption. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Osmosis occurs when there is an imbalance of solutes outside of a cell versus inside the cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The liquid in which the substance dissolves is called the solvent, while the dissolved substance is called the solute. An Elementary Study of Chemistry A solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes in a liquid solvent. The Mechanism of Life There are a few solution properties, however, that depend only upon the total concentration of solute species, regardless of their identities. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Third, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the tubules of the kidney during tubular secretion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In contrast, a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution is said to be hypotonic, and water molecules tend to diffuse out of a hypotonic solution. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Similar ionisation under electric forces enters, as we now believe, into all the chemical effects progressing in the galvanic cell, and, indeed, generally in ionised solutes. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays Concentration.—The concentration of a solution is the ratio between the quantity of the solute and the quantity of the solvent. The Mechanism of Life Molality is a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z First, the nephrons filter blood that runs through the capillary network in the glomerulus, which filters out almost all solutes, except for uric acid, by glomerular filtration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 3.8 Concentration of Solutions A hypertonic solution has a solute concentration higher than another solution. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Pfeffer demonstrated that, for the same substance, the osmotic pressure is proportional to the concentration, and consequently in inverse ratio to the volume occupied by a similar mass of the solute. The New Physics and Its Evolution The most usual method is to give the concentration as the weight of solute dissolved in 100 grammes or in one litre of the solvent. The Mechanism of Life First, use the given mass of ethylene glycol and its molar mass to find the moles of solute: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Most of the solutes get reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by tubular reabsorption. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A hypotonic solution has a solute concentration lower than another solution. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z May it not therefore be supposed that there must exist dividing walls in which this difference of permeability becomes greater and greater, which would be permeable to the solvent and absolutely impermeable to the solute? The New Physics and Its Evolution It behaves, in fact, as if it contained i times the number of molecules of solute originally introduced into it. The Mechanism of Life This phenomenon can be rationalized by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Third, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the tubules of the kidney during tubular secretion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most water and solutes are recovered by this second capillary bed. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z God had been graciously preparing me during many years for the reception of this final revelation of the ab- 107:6 solute divine Principle of scientific mental healing. Science and Health, with Key to the Scriptures Let n be the total number of molecules of the solute, and n″ the number of dissociated molecules. The Mechanism of Life This is the case for many solutions comprising liquid solvents and nonvolatile solutes. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z First, the nephrons filter blood that runs through the capillary network in the glomerulus, which filters out almost all solutes, except for proteins, by glomerular filtration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recall that an osmotic gradient is produced by the difference in concentration of all solutes on either side of a semi-permeable membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A solution that contains a relatively low concentration of solute is called dilute, and one with a relatively high concentration is called concentrated. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Velocity of the Ions.—If the electrolytic cell is divided into two segments by means of a porous diaphragm, we shall find after a time an unequal distribution of the solute on the two sides. The Mechanism of Life Analogous to the identification of solution components as “solute” and “solvent,” the components of a colloid are likewise classified according to their relative amounts. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Most of the solutes get reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule by tubular reabsorption. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The magnitude of the osmotic gradient is proportional to the difference in the concentration of solutes on one side of the cell membrane to that on the other side. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Use Henry’s law to determine the solubility of this gaseous solute when its pressure is 760 torr. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Osmotic Membranes.—Osmotic membranes were formerly called semi-permeable membranes, being regarded as membranes which allow water to pass through them, but arrest the passage of the solute. The Mechanism of Life The solutes are the other components typically present at concentrations less than that of the solvent. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Third, additional solutes and wastes are secreted into the tubules of the kidney during tubular secretion. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sweating depletes your tissues of water and increases the solute concentration in those tissues. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Consequently, measuring one of these properties for a solution prepared using a known mass of solute permits determination of the solute’s molar mass. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Lowering of the Vapour Tension.—The vapour tension of a liquid is lowered by the addition of a solute. The Mechanism of Life Solubilities for gaseous solutes decrease with increasing temperature, while those for most, but not all, solid solutes increase with temperature. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z However, every solute has a transport maximum and the excess is not reabsorbed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Plasma osmolality is thus the ratio of solutes to water in blood plasma. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Determine the molar mass from the mass of the solute and the number of moles in that mass. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z We attach the tube to the walls of the porous vessel, allow the solvent to increase in volume under the pressure of the solute, and measure the rise of the liquid in the manometer tube. The Mechanism of Life The magnitudes of these properties depend only on the total concentration of solute particles in solution, not on the type of particles. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The descending limb is permeable to water, not solutes; the opposite is true for the ascending limb. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Various portions of the nephron differ in their capacity to reabsorb water and specific solutes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z For the solutions considered thus far in this chapter, the solutes have been nonelectrolytes that dissolve physically without dissociation or any other accompanying process. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The boundary of the solvent has become extensible, and its volume can increase or diminish in accordance with the osmotic pressure of the solute. The Mechanism of Life The total concentration of solute particles in a solution also determines its osmotic pressure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z By the time the filtrate reaches the DCT, most of the urine and solutes have been reabsorbed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This rate determines how much solute is retained or discarded, how much water is retained or discarded, and ultimately, the osmolarity of blood and the blood pressure of the body. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Each molecule that dissolves yields one dissolved solute molecule. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The coefficient of pressure variation for change of temperature is the same for a solute as for a gas. The Mechanism of Life Assuming ideal solution behavior, what is the molecular formula of the solute? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z As the filtrate passes down the tubules, nutrients and other solutes are reabsorbed by capillaries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As a result, water will move into and out of cells and tissues, depending on the relative concentrations of the water and solutes found there. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Similar discrepancies are observed for other ionic compounds, and the differences between the measured and expected colligative property values typically become more significant as solute concentrations increase. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This definition is inexact, since no membrane permeable to water is absolutely impermeable to the solutes. The Mechanism of Life Consequently, reaction quotients include concentration or pressure terms only for gaseous and solute species. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z It is the number of solute molecules and not the molecular size that is important in osmosis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An appropriate balance of solutes inside and outside of cells must be maintained to ensure normal function. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This limit on the acid strength of solutes in a solution is called a leveling effect. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Before solution the solute or dissolved substance may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The Mechanism of Life Assuming that no equilibria other than dissolution are involved, calculate the concentration of all solute species in each of the following solutions of salts in contact with a solution containing a common ion. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Osmosis occurs to equalize the number of solute molecules across a semi-permeable membrane by the movement of water to the side of higher solute concentration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z What about regulating the concentration of solutes in the blood? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These substances could be considered solutes for the purposes of predicting osmosis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many physical properties are quite independent of the nature of the solute, depending only on its degree of molecular concentration. The Mechanism of Life Note: For these types of titration calculations, it is convenient to recognize that solution molarity is also equal to the number of millimoles of solute per milliliter of solution: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Facilitated diffusion utilizes protein channels to move solute molecules from areas of higher to lower concentration while active transport mechanisms are required to move solutes against concentration gradients. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All other solutes, such as ions, amino acids, vitamins, and wastes, are filtered to create a filtrate composition very similar to plasma. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Because the concentration of solute is higher in the red blood cell than it is in the beaker, water would rush into the red blood cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Like the gaseous molecules, the molecules of a solute are mobile with respect to one another. The Mechanism of Life An increase in matter dispersal always results when a solution forms from the uniform distribution of solute molecules throughout a solvent. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The nephron filters and exchanges water and solutes with two sets of blood vessels and the tissue fluid in the kidneys. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Laboratories can now measure urine osmolarity directly, which is a more accurate indicator of urinary solutes than specific gravity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In an isotonic condition, the relative concentrations of solute and solvent are equal on both sides of the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Like those of a gas, the molecules of a solute tend to spread themselves equally, and to fill the whole space at their disposal, i.e. the whole volume of the solution. The Mechanism of Life Calculate the concentration of all solute species in each of the following solutions of acids or bases. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z How does the concentration of solutes likely differ between the upper component of the dialyzer and the lower compartment, containing the fresh dialysate, for the dialysis to successfully remove wastes from the blood? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The remainder is mostly plasma proteins—mainly albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen—and other dissolved solutes such as glucose, lipids, electrolytes, and dissolved gases. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Water potential is a measure of the differences in potential energy between a water sample with solutes and pure water. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The molecular conductivity is independent of the volume occupied by the gramme-molecule of the solute, depending only on the degree of dissociation. The Mechanism of Life Recall that only gases and solutes are represented in equilibrium constant expressions, so the Ksp does not include a term for the undissolved AgCl. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In the upper component, the dialysate has a higher solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to diffuse to the lower dialysate down its concentration gradient. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because of the formed elements and the plasma proteins and other solutes, blood is sticky and more viscous than water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The increased solute concentration causes water to move by osmosis from the xylem into the phloem. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The solution of a colloid solidifies in the same form which it possessed in the liquid state, the solvent being enclosed in the meshes of a sort of network formed by the solute. The Mechanism of Life Calculations of this sort are most conveniently performed using a compound’s molar solubility, measured as moles of dissolved solute per liter of saturated solution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In the upper component, the dialysate has a lower solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to be separated via active transport down the concentration gradient. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Specific gravity is a measure of the quantity of solutes per unit volume of a solution and is traditionally easier to measure than osmolarity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The positive pressure that is produced pushes water and solutes down the pressure gradient. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Osmotic pressure is in fact the gaseous pressure of the molecules of the solute. The Mechanism of Life In this case, both members of the redox couple are solute species, and so Pt is used as an inert electrode that can simply provide or accept electrons to redox species in solution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In the upper component, the dialysate has a higher solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to utilize facilitated diffusion in order to diffuse to the lower dialysate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All of these substances were “absorbed” in the digestive tract—99 percent of the water and most of the solutes filtered by the nephron must be reabsorbed. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The concentration gradient of water across a membrane is inversely proportional to the concentration of solutes; that is, water moves through channel proteins called aquaporins from higher water concentration to lower water concentration. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When the liquid is not a simple one, but complex as in a solution, we find that the concentration of the solute is greater at the surface than in the interior. The Mechanism of Life Similar to liquids, these fluids are capable of dissolving nonvolatile solutes. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z In the upper component, the dialysate has a lower solute concentration than the blood, which allows the urea to diffuse to the lower dialysate down its concentration gradient. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most of the solutes that were filtered in the glomerulus have now been recovered along with a majority of water, about 82 percent. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Tonicity describes how the extracellular concentration of solutes can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis, often correlating with the osmolarity of the solution, i.e., the total solute concentration of the solution. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This diffusion of the solute is a phenomenon exactly analogous to the expansion of a gas. The Mechanism of Life A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Based on the direction of water and solute movements shown in the diagram, is this fish likely a saltwater or freshwater fish? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As the forming urine enters the ascending loop, major adjustments will be made to the concentration of solutes to create what you perceive as urine. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z While diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There is a double current, as in the living cell, a stream of water from the periphery to the centre, and of the solute from the centre to the periphery. The Mechanism of Life Then, use the molarity of the solution to calculate the volume of solution containing this molar amount of solute: Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the descending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and decreased water absorbtion in the collecting duct. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These are found between cells of the ascending loop, where they allow certain solutes to move according to their concentration gradient. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In the diagram shown, the solute cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane, but the water can. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Osmotic Pressure.—Like the molecules of a gas, the molecules of a solute exercise pressure on the boundaries of the space containing it. The Mechanism of Life In this case, the solute mass unit in the numerator was converted from mg to g to match the units in the denominator. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the ascending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and increased water absorption in the collecting duct. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are recovering both solutes and water at a rate that preserves the countercurrent multiplier system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Returning to the beaker example, recall that it has a mixture of solutes on either side of the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similarly one gramme-molecule of a solute, whatever its nature, when dissolved in a litre of water, has the same pressure, viz. The Mechanism of Life In order to derive the mass of solute in a solution from its mass percentage, the mass of the solution must be known. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the ascending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and decreased water absorbtion in the collecting duct. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Second, a rapid flow would remove too much Na+ and urea, destroying the osmolar gradient that is necessary for the recovery of solutes and water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In this example, the solute cannot diffuse through the membrane, but the water can. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Substances in a colloidal state have a great tendency to form these chemical or physical membranes at the point of contact between the colloidal solute and the solvent. The Mechanism of Life Using the solution density given, convert the solution’s volume to mass, and then use the given mass percentage to calculate the solute mass. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Absorption of water from the filtrate would decrease, indicated by decreased loss of water in the descending loop of Henle, increased solute secretion into the distal tubule, and increased water absorption in the collecting duct. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Peritubular capillaries receive the solutes and water, returning them to the circulation. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z A solution with low osmolarity has a greater number of water molecules relative to the number of solute particles; a solution with high osmolarity has fewer water molecules with respect to solute particles. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is the expression of osmotic pressure, or rather of the difference of the osmotic pressure of the solute in different parts of the vessel. The Mechanism of Life A mass-volume percent is a ratio of a solute’s mass to the solution’s volume expressed as a percentage. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The osmolarity would decrease, allowing the interstitial fluid to reabsorb solutes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Mechanisms of solute recovery include active transport, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This effect makes sense if you remember that the solute cannot move across the membrane, and thus the only component in the system that can move—the water—moves along its own concentration gradient. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The water molecules on the other hand pass from positions where the osmotic pressure of the solute is less towards positions where it is greater. The Mechanism of Life The specific units used for solute mass and solution volume may vary, depending on the solution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The osmolarity would increase, allowing the interstitial fluid to reabsorb solutes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The recovery of solutes creates an osmotic gradient to promote the recovery of water. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They will have higher concentrations of body solutes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When a solute is introduced into a colloidal solution, the greater the concentration of the colloid the slower will be the diffusion. The Mechanism of Life The concentration of a solution is a measure of the relative amount of solute in a given amount of solution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z If you observed a gradual increase in the solute concentration outside of the Malpighian tubules, what would you expect to happen? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the human body, solutes vary in different parts of the body, but may include proteins—including those that transport lipids, carbohydrates, and, very importantly, electrolytes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When these are brought into contact there is no transference of water from one solution to the other, but there is a transference of the solutes. The Mechanism of Life Concentrations may be measured using various units, with one very useful unit being molarity, defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Many adaptations of organisms living in freshwater environments have evolved to ensure that solute concentrations in their bodies remain within appropriate levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the cellular level, hyponatremia results in increased entry of water into cells by osmosis, because the concentration of solutes within the cell exceeds the concentration of solutes in the now-diluted ECF. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This has the effect of concentrating the solutes left in the cell, making the cytosol denser and interfering with diffusion within the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Living beings are but solutions of colloids and crystalloids, and their tissues are built up by the aggregation of these solutes. The Mechanism of Life The other components of the solution present in relatively lesser concentrations are called solutes. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Marine organisms are surrounded by water with a higher solute concentration than the organism and, thus, are in danger of losing water to the environment because of osmosis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Body fluids are aqueous solutions with differing concentrations of materials, called solutes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Osmoreceptors are specialized cells in the brain that monitor the concentration of solutes in the blood. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A true solution is also a suspension of the molecules of the solute. The Mechanism of Life Table 11.1 gives examples of several different solutions and the phases of the solutes and solvents. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z These organisms have morphological and physiological adaptations to retain water and release solutes into the environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An appropriate balance of water and solute concentrations must be maintained to ensure cellular functions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the levels of solutes increase beyond a certain range, a hormone is released that retards water loss through the kidney and dilutes the blood to safer levels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The molecules of the solute move from a place where the osmotic pressure is greater towards a position where the osmotic pressure is less. The Mechanism of Life The dissolved solute in a solution will not settle out or separate from the solvent. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z The major role of the cell wall in bacteria is protecting the cell against changes in osmotic pressure, pressure caused by different solute concentrations in the environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Active transport processes require ATP to move some solutes against their concentration gradients between compartments. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Sucrose produced in the Calvin cycle is loaded into the sieve-tube elements of the phloem, and the increased solute concentration causes water to move by osmosis from the xylem into the phloem. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As a rule a membrane is much more permeable to a solute whose molecule is of small dimensions. The Mechanism of Life In some cases, solutions do not form because the energy required to separate solute and solvent species is so much greater than the energy released by solvation. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Bacterial cells swell, but do not burst, in low solute concentrations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The energy in the hydrogen bonds between solute molecules and water is no longer available to do work in the system because it is tied up in the bond. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In other words, the amount of available potential energy is reduced when solutes are added to an aqueous system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The resistance which they oppose to the passage of different substances varies with the nature of the liquid or solute concerned. The Mechanism of Life In some cases, solutions prepared from covalent compounds conduct electricity because the solute molecules react chemically with the solvent to produce ions. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z What happens to bacterial cells if a compound that interferes with the synthesis of the cell wall is added to an environment with low solute concentrations? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is why solute potential is sometimes called osmotic potential. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, in solute potential, the other components are soluble, hydrophilic solute molecules, whereas in Ψm, the other components are insoluble, hydrophilic molecules of the plant cell wall. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The water potential of the soil becomes lower than the solute potential of the plants. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the solute’s concentration is less than its solubility, the solution is said to be unsaturated. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z This occurs in the kidney, where blood pressure forces large amounts of water and accompanying dissolved substances, or solutes, out of the blood and into the renal tubules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The solute potential of the soil becomes lower than the water potential of the plants. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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