| 单词 | Shamash |
| 例句 | "Symbol of Shamash, the patron god of kings, and the guy who had a magical net capable of trapping all sorts of terrible evils. You're very lucky to have such a powerful gift." City of the Plague God 2021-01-12T00:00:00Z The center candle – also known as the Shamash or helper candle – is used to light the other eight for each night of Hanukkah. How people celebrate Hanukkah around the world 2021-11-28T05:00:00Z And so, acceding gracefully, I light the Shamash and hand it to Emmett, who holds it with one hand, despite my request that he use two. Motherlode Blog: Children Need To Take Risks, and Parents Need to Let Them 2013-12-27T19:11:03Z Mindfulness and self-compassion are similarly powerful, says Shamash Alidina, the author of Mindfulness for Dummies and the co-founder of the not-for-profit Museum of Happiness – and more attainable than people may think. The joy audit: how to have more fun in 2020 2020-01-01T05:00:00Z When in the ninth century B.C. the king of Babylon came into the presence of a cult statue of Shamash, “his heart rejoiced, and shining was his face.” Piecing Together God’s Body, From Head to Toe 2022-01-25T05:00:00Z Their relationship deepened during the pandemic, and Shamash now lives in Australia with Gadsby and their two dogs, Douglas and Jasper. Comedian Hannah Gadsby returns with a stand-up ‘love letter’ 2023-05-08T04:00:00Z After trying fentanyl for the first time, Tyler ended up in the emergency room with overdose symptoms, but doctors didn’t test for fentanyl in his toxicology report, Shamash said. More teenagers dying from fentanyl. 'It has a hold on me, and I don’t know why' 2022-11-12T05:00:00Z Ms Miller is expected to give a statement outside court later on Wednesday, once the issue has been resolved, as is Gerald Shamash, solicitor for Mr Gascoigne. Sienna Miller settles phone hacking claim with News Group Newspapers 2021-12-08T05:00:00Z Shamash will serve as an offensive assistant in his fifth year with the Chargers. New Chargers head coach Brandon Staley completes coaching staff 2021-02-11T05:00:00Z Solicitor Gerald Shamash for author and former politician Lord Archer and his wife Dame Mary Archer, said that MGN accepted that its activities caused "significant damage and distress" to them and members of their family. Mirror Group settles phone-hacking claims - BBC News 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z The calf was killed because it couldn’t be reunited with its herd after being handled by Shamash Kassam of Quebec, Canada, and his son, Shakeel Kassam, on 9 May, park officials said. Men who picked up Yellowstone bison: 'We didn't have the heart to leave it' 2016-06-03T04:00:00Z “We always say, ‘Not my child,’ and those are the three most dangerous words a parent can say because of fentanyl,” Shamash said. More teenagers dying from fentanyl. 'It has a hold on me, and I don’t know why' 2022-11-12T05:00:00Z Canopies will shade you from the fierce fires of Shamash. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z In the 3rd tablet, very imperfectly preserved, Gilgamesh appeals through a Shamash priestess Rimat-Belit to the sun-god Shamash for his aid in the proposed undertaking. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 1 "Gichtel, Johann" to "Glory" 2012-01-11T03:00:20.463Z "O Shamash, thou art the judge of the world, Thou directest the decisions thereof...." By Desert Ways to Baghdad 2011-12-18T03:00:22.240Z Rakesh Bhasin, a solicitor partner at the law firm Steel & Shamash, which represents some of those charged following the riots, said some sentences seemed to be disproportionate. Facebook cases trigger criticism of 'disproportionate' riot sentences 2011-08-17T12:40:00Z Shamash claimed that Gascoigne was in a vulnerable mental state and that his recovery had been hindered because of the stress of believing that his phone had been hacked. News of the World phone hacking: now Paul Gascoigne is ready to sue 2011-01-15T21:43:01Z And by the time that Shamash had come forth from the world beyond the Euphrates, the city streets were alive with men, women, and animals. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Ormuzd was confounded with Bel, Mithra with Shamash or the Sun-god. Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius Shamash has entered into the Kirib Shame, the "innermost part of heaven, that mysterious realm beyond the heavenly ocean, where the great gods dwell apart from mankind." By Desert Ways to Baghdad 2011-12-18T03:00:22.240Z Covered with hay, Reb Groinom rises slowly, a piteous expression on his face, just as if he had been well thrashed, and he pushes a coin into the Shamash's hand. Yiddish Tales The Marshes created the Worm, Came the Worm and wept before Shamash, What wilt thou give me for my food? The Old English Herbals Your hair is too fine to shield you at all from the fierce rays of Shamash. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z I prayed to 'em in order, and hit the jackpot with Shamash. Triplanetary Jastrow tells us that the name Shamash merely signifies vassal or servitor. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations On the obverse is a bas relief representing the king as receiving the ruler's staff and ring from the sun-god Shamash, "the judge of heaven and earth." The Christian View of the Old Testament Maimon had bribed the Shamash to let him enter the synagogue and replace the Consecration wine.' Ghetto Comedies Bel and Nebo come forth from their shrines to receive her; Marduk and Shamash embrace her, their sister. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Before Shamash and Marduk, may I pray for my father. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters To the daughter of Sin, the twin-sister of Shamash, ruling over all kingdoms. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations In a hymn addressed to Shamash, the sun-god, are found these lines: Who plans evil—his horn thou dost destroy, Whoever in fixing boundaries annuls rights. The Christian View of the Old Testament As the Shamash took the bottle, with a fearless shrug of the shoulders, every eye strained painfully towards him, save in the women's gallery, where many covered their faces with their hands. Ghetto Comedies By it, indeed, the very dead may sometimes be lifted up from Ninkigal and given once more to the light of Shamash. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z A house in Nineveh, before the great gate of the temple of Shamash. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters It has already been shown that the cross and four-spoked wheel of Shamash were synonymous signs. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations But he who does not accept a bribe, who has a care for the oppressed, To him Shamash is gracious, his life he prolongs. The Christian View of the Old Testament The aged Rabbi, stimulated by the Shamash, uplifted a quavering voice. Ghetto Comedies After a change of garments, a bath, and more prayers to Shamash, the king lay down on his couch, much refreshed in body and mind, and eager for the food that was presently brought him. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Temple dues The following letter is concerned with the supply of corn for the Shamash temple at Larsa. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters It is a most remarkable and undeniable fact that there is a striking analogy between the Anu sign as explained by Hewitt and the Shamash image. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations Thou hearest, O Shamash, petition, prayer, and appeal, Humility, prostration, petitioning, and reverence. The Christian View of the Old Testament The sun is a more definite and more practically important object than the expanse of the sky, and the Semitic sun-god, Shamash, plays a great rôle from the earliest to the latest times. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV In the days when Istar of Babylon shone like Shamash in her temple, Amraphel himself laid his face in the dust before her. Istar of Babylon A Phantasy 2012-01-31T03:00:15.543Z Shamash perverted his heart and Ummanigash slandered thee before me and would give thee to death. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters His invocation is to Ashur, Shamash and Ishtar and to the Babylonian triad Anu, Bel and Ea. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations By the side of the first triad, consisting of Anu, Bel and Ea—disconnected in this form entirely from all local associations—we encounter a second triad composed of Shamash, Sin and Ishtar. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" They drew the heart out of his body and offered it to Shamash. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria Ahura Mazda was assimilated to Bel, Anahita to Ishtar, and Mithra to Shamash, the solar god. The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism Freeing of runaway slaves As an example we may take:846 To “the man whom may Marduk make to flourish” say, thus saith Ashtamar-Adadi: May Shamash and Marduk ever make thee flourish. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The extreme antiquity of the cult of Shamash may, indeed, be inferred from the fact that about B.C. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations Mentioned in connection with the gates of the temple where the judges held court, the association of Khusha with Marduk, Shamash, Sin, and Nin-mar points to a considerable degree of prominence enjoyed by this deity. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But Izdubar called together his people and bade them lift up the body and carry it to the altar of Shamash and lay it before the god. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria The Hebrews, at this time, did not doubt the real existence of other gods than Jehovah, such as Chemosh, the god of the Moabites, and Marduk and Shamash, gods of Babylon. Hebrew Life and Times Forthwith, from the corn that is in your hands, give corn for the supply of food for the treasure-house of the temple of Shamash; what is now standing due make up. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The representation of Shamash at Sippar exhibits his wheel resting, in a perpendicular position, on a table. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations At times Shamash, or Shamash and Ramman, are added to form a little pantheon whose assistance is invoked in the Babylonian wars. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Larsam paid especial homage to Shamash and was famous for its very ancient "House of the Sun." Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria Shamash was similarly exalted in Babylonian hymns: The progeny of those who deal unjustly will not prosper. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The produce of the business was to be three and seven-fifteenths GUR of corn, according to the standard measure of Shamash paid in Kar-Sippar, and one shekel was to be profit. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters May the condemnation of Shamash overtake him forthwith; may he be deprived of water above among the living, and his spirit below in the earth. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 Just as we have certain kings devoted to Nin-ib and Shamash by the side of Ashur, so there are others whose special favorite is Nabu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Then, when Shamash brought round the appointed time, a voice spoke to me:—'This evening the heavens will rain destruction, wherefore go thou into the ship and close thy door. Chaldea From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria In these the sun god, Shamash or Babbar, was the patron deity. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria A very fine example is the stone enclosed in a clay coffer referring to the endowments of the temple of Shamash at Sippara. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters As already noted, the code of Hammurabi is represented as having been given to him directly by the god Shamash. The Making of a Nation The Beginnings of Israel's History At all events, the frequent association of Shamash and Ramman cannot have been accidental. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In reply Gilgamesh emphasizes his reliance upon the good will of Shamash and reproaches Enkidu with cowardice. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic As a solar and corn god, the Persian Mithra links with Tammuz, as a sky and atmospheric deity with Anu, and as a god of truth, righteousness, and law with Shamash. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria As to Ashur-mukîn-palêa, about whom the king, our lord, has sent to us, may Ashur, Bêl, Sin, Shamash, and Adad be gracious to him. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters In the evening at the command of the god Shamash the rains began to descend. The Making of a Nation The Beginnings of Israel's History Whether associated with Bel or with Ramman, or with Shamash and Ramman, or with a larger representation of the pantheon, Ashur is invariably mentioned first. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria They advise Gilgamesh to perform certain rites, to wash his feet in the stream of Ḫuwawa and to pour out a libation of water to Shamash. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic The sun god also illumined the world, and his rays penetrated every quarter: he saw all things, and read the thoughts of men; nothing could be concealed from Shamash. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria May Ashur, Shamash, and Marduk give health to the king, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters At the top of the stele which records these laws this enlightened king depicted himself in a bas-relief as receiving them from the sun god, Shamash. The Making of a Nation The Beginnings of Israel's History Tiglathpileser invokes him also as the warrior,—a title that is often given to Shamash in the religious literature. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Gilgamesh is addressed as “judge,” as the one who inspects the divisions of the earth, precisely as Shamash is celebrated. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic In another legend--that of Etana--the mother serpent, addressing the sun god, Shamash, says: Thy net is like unto the broad earth; Thy snare is like unto the distant heaven! Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash and Adad, in their changeless regard to the king, my lord, have confirmed him in the kingdom of all lands. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The process of assimilation did not proceed so far in Babylonia and Assyria, but Shamash and Adad became in combination the gods of oracles and of divination in general. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 Some such thought surely underlies this association of Shamash with Ramman. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In line 8 of the hymn in question, Gilgamesh is in fact addressed as Shamash. An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic For this offence against divine law, Shamash, the sun god, pronounces the Eagle's doom. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria May Ashur, Shamash, and Marduk decree length of days, cheer of heart, and health of body to the lord of kings, my lord. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Thus in Register 1, we have the Star of Ishtar, the crescent of the Moon-god Sin, and the disk of Shamash the Sun-god. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation Originally, Malik may have been a name under which the sun-god was worshipped at some place, for the conception that makes him the chariot-driver to Shamash appears to be late. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In connection with the tablet which records the laws of Hammurabi, we have a picture of Shamash the sun-god giving the laws to the king. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament At length, however, he was prevailed upon to consult the oracle of Shamash, the solar lawgiver, the revealer of destiny. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria May my father's peace endure before Shamash and Marduk. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters In these triads Anu represents the sky or heaven, Bel or Enlil the region under the sky and including the earth, Ea the underworld, Sin the Moon, Shamash the Sun, and Ishtar the star Venus. The Babylonian Legends of the Creation So far as Assyria is concerned, the conceptions regarding Shamash reach a higher ethical level than those connected with any other deity. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the epilogue to these laws he states that by the command of Shamash, the judge supreme of heaven and earth, he has set them up that judgment may shine in the land. The Origin and Permanent Value of the Old Testament Shamash was also depicted sitting on his throne in a pillar-supported pavilion, in front of which is a sun wheel. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The curse of Shamash and of Sumulâ-ilu be on him who disputes the settlement. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters When Gilgamish heard this dream, he brought out a table, and setting on it honey and butter placed it before Shamash. The Babylonian Story of the Deluge as Told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh For Tiglathpileser I., great and ruthless warrior as he is, Shamash is the judge of heaven and earth, who sees the wickedness of the king's enemies, and shatters them because of their guilt. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The story of the Shamash shum ukin revolt is continued by Cylinder C, a decagon, whose form points to the fact that it is a fuller edition. Assyrian Historiography He entirely reconstructed the house of Shamash, the sun god, at Sippar, and, towards the end of his reign, the house of Sin, the moon god, at Haran. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In another case, a mother dedicates her son to Shamash,575 with the stipulation that the son shall support her as long as she lives. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters They went there, and Enkidu told his dream, and the wise woman offered up incense and asked Shamash why he had given to her son a heart which could never keep still. The Babylonian Story of the Deluge as Told by Assyrian Tablets from Nineveh The great gods Nergal, Nabu, and Shamash come from their respective shrines to do homage to Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The octagon B dates from the midst of the revolt of Shamash shum ukin and is a most highly "corrected" document. Assyrian Historiography Sippar had been occupied by Aramaeans, as on a previous occasion when they destroyed the temple of the sun god Shamash which was restored by Nabu-aplu-iddina of Babylon. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The name Lamazi is common and was borne by several votaries of Shamash whom we know to be daughters of other men than Kasha-Upi. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Here, too, the goddess appears in association with Nannar; but, curiously enough, she is designated as the mother of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Their temples, too, at Babylon appear to have suffered damage during the invasion of the city, and accordingly the statues are placed in the temple of Shamash pending the restoration of E-Sagila. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Perhaps the pristine affinity between Marduk, who, as we saw, was originally a sun-deity, and Shamash, also had a share in Hammurabi's fondness for coupling these two gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In response, the priests of Shamash informed the emperor that Bel Merodach could not exercise sway as sovereign lord so long as he remained a prisoner in a city which was not his own. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria By the name of Shamash, of Marduk, and of Apil-Sin they have sworn. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The mention of a temple to Shamash at Sippar reverts to a still earlier period than that of its rival. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the Assyrian pantheon Shamash occupies the third place, following immediately upon the two special deities of Assyria. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria A consort of the sun-deity, appearing frequently at his side in the incantation texts, is Â. It is more particularly with the Shamash of Sippar, that  is associated. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The god Shamash appointed the time, saying: 'I will cause the Night Lord to send much rain and bring destruction. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria In bringing a suit the parties “sought the altar of Shamash.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters It occurs in proper names as a title of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash is the judge, Sin is the wise one, Ramman the thunderer, and so on throughout the list. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But the same conception would hold good of Shamash, of Ninib, and of some other solar deities, though not of all. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It is recorded that he honoured Shamash with the gift of a shrine and a golden altar adorned with jewels. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The object in dispute, “two SAR of land,” is occasionally given; or the court is named “the temple of Shamash,” or “at the gate of Shamash.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Shamash can hardly have regarded with favor the ambition of a human being to mount to the dwelling of the gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At one time he enumerates Ashur, Sin, Shamash, Nabu, Marduk, Ishtar of Nineveh, Ishtar of Arbela; at another he prefers different combinations of these gods. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Similarly, the conflict between the eagle and the serpent suggests an opposition to the view which makes the eagle the symbol and messenger of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash, the Babylonian sun god; Ishtar, the goddess of heaven; and other Babylonian deities carried rings as the Egyptian gods carried the ankh, the symbol of life. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria At the head of the obverse is a very interesting picture of Ḥammurabi receiving his laws from the seated sun-god Shamash. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The story of Shamash, himself, laying the trap for the eagle looks like a myth produced with some specific intent, an illustration of legitimate sun-worship against rival cults. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Elsewhere, when referring to the special gods of his city, he combines Anu and Ramman with Ishtar; but again, for no special reason, his prayer is addressed to Ashur, Shamash, and Ramman. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Through a subsequent invasion of the nomads, the cult was interrupted and the great statue of Shamash destroyed. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Other deities who were similarly exalted as "high heads" at various centres and at various periods, included Anu, Bel Enlil, and Ea, Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Certain it is that a large number of the texts imply a devotion to Shamash as chief deity, while others ascribe the pre-eminence to Marduk or Sin. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The moon is not a 'sheep' belonging to the flock of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He calls Shamash the 'protecting deity,' but the protection vouchsafed by Shamash is to be understood in a peculiar sense. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The four succeeding months are parceled out among deities closely connected with one another,—Ninib, Nin-gishzida, Ishtar, and Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The symbol of the sun god Shamash was a disc, from which flowed streams of water; his rays apparently were "fertilizing tears", like the rays of the Egyptian sun god Ra. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria As he comes first, he was probably king of Sippara, where Shamash was the city god, and whence the collections, B1, B2, and V. A. Th., seem, on other grounds, to have come. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The eagle, in many mythologies, is a symbol of the sun, and it is plausible to conclude that the bird is sent to Etana at the instigation of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When the king mercifully sets certain captives free, it is in the presence of Shamash that he performs this act. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At the same time, his dependence upon Shamash is emphasized. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Professor Pinches points out that as a sun god, and "at the same time not Shamash", Ashur resembled Merodach. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria “Whoever shall withdraw from this agreement, Ashur and Shamash shall be his judges, he shall pay ten minas of silver and ten minas of gold, he shall pay it in the treasury of Bêlit.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters Shamash loves Gilgamesh, Anu, Bel, and Ea have given him wisdom. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria War being uppermost in their thoughts, the other side of Shamash's nature—his power and violence—was not overlooked. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash and Gilgamesh promise Eabani royal honors if he will join friendship with them. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As Ma-banda-anna, "the boat of the sky", Shamash links with the Egyptian sun god Ra, whose barque sailed over the heavens by day and through the underworld of darkness and death during the night. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Many of them were temple officials, or members of the guild of Shamash votaries. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The gates are significantly designated as the gate of Anu, Bel, and Ea, and the gate of Sin, Shamash, Ramman, and Ishtar. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The association of Ramman with Shamash in the name of the old ruler of Assyria, Samsi-Ramman, is not accidental or due to mere caprice. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As a minor solar deity, he receives his powers from the great judge Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash, the sun god, had for wife the shadowy Aa. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The gods, “Ashur, Sin, Shamash, Bêl, and Nabû, the gods of Assyria, shall require it at his hands” is another way of putting the case. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The trap, the ban of Shamash, will fall upon thee and catch thee. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Whereas Shamash is viewed as the 'judge of mankind,' Marduk becomes the god who restores the dead to life, though he shares this power with Shamash, Gula, Nebo, and Nergal. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash has entrusted into thy hand sceptre and decision. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Meanwhile Pap-sukal, messenger of the gods, hastened to Shamash, the sun deity, to relate what had occurred. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria So the defendant was said “to make his account before Shamash.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters When Shamash will bring on the time, then the lord of the whirlstorm Will cause destruction to rain upon you in the evening. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When describing his operations at Sippar he speaks of himself as 'doing good to the flesh of Shamash and Marduk.' The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Naturally, this appeal was not in all cases made with the elaborate formality illustrated by Esarhaddon's petitions to Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria His mother was a vestal virgin dedicated to the sun god, Shamash, and his father an unknown stranger from the mountains--a suggestion of immediate Semitic affinities. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria She was given a portion, exactly like a bride, on taking her vow and becoming the “bride” of Shamash. Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters The support of Anu and Bel art thou; O Shamash! The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The list begins with Bel, and then mentions Sin, Ninib, Ishtar, Shamash, and Ramman. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria After a break in the tablet, the hymn continues: O Shamash! The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Bel, Shamash, and Ishtar also came to their aid. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Hence the decision was “the judgment of Shamash in the house of Shamash,113 the judgment of the house of Shamash.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters It is a prayer for the life of the king: O Shamash! on this day purify and cleanse the king, the son of his god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Malik—i.e., ruler—is one of the names frequently assigned to Shamash, just as the god's consort was known as Malkatu, but for all that Malik is not the same as Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Again and again does Esarhaddon solicit Shamash to reveal the outcome of the military campaigns in which the king was engaged. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Who can pass over it save Shamash alone? Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Form of the oath The judges “gave them to the oath before Shamash and Adad,”138 or, more briefly, “gave him to the oath of god.” Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters These four deities, therefore, Ishtar, Shamash, Nabu, and Ashur, are the special gods of oracles recognized by the Assyrian rulers. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria More than this, Ramman is introduced for a second time in conjunction with Shamash, as in the hymn of Hammurabi. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria For determining oracles of my brother Shamash, I have been established, in perfection have I been established. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria At Sippar the sun god, Babbar, whose Semitic name was Shamash, was exalted as the chief deity, while the moon god remained supreme at Ur. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The capture of that same city, Kishassu, through any enemy whatsoever, within the specified period, is it definitely ordained by thy great and divine will, O Shamash! The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Is it commanded and ordained by thy great divinity, O Shamash? The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Sin has given the king his princely glory; from Ninib, the king has received a powerful weapon; Ishtar fixes the battle array, while Shamash and Ramman hold themselves at the service of the king. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The god Sin is on thy right, Shamash on thy left. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria As Shamash was ultimately developed as the god of justice and righteousness, it would appear that his ascendancy occurred during the period when well-governed communities systematized their religious beliefs to reflect social conditions. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The reference to the temple of Shamash at Sippar reveals the situation. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria To Shamash they assigned the rôle played by Marduk. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria It may well be that Shamash was the name given to the god at Sippar, whereas at Ur he may have been known as Utu. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Through the mediation of the priests he has offered sacrifices, and he now prays to Shamash to show him the "plant of birth." The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria An ethical tendency becomes apparent in the exaltation of the Babylonian Shamash as an abstract deity who loved law and order, inspired the king with wisdom and ordained the destinies of mankind. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Of Shamash's reply only one line is preserved intact, in which he tells Etana: Take the road, ascend the mountain. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash, the hero, has crossed it, but except Shamash, who can cross it? The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The oracles of the Assyrian kings are addressed to Shamash, and not to Sin. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Who transgresses the law of Shamash, from him Shamash will exact revenge. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria He was a worshipper of the mother goddess Ishtar of Nineveh and Ishtar of Arbela, and of Shamash, as well as of the national god Ashur. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria O Shamash, thy net is the broad earth. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria To release the eagle would be to play false to Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Since Ur, as we shall see, was sacred to the moon-god, it is hardly likely that the Shamash cult was introduced at Larsa by the rulers of Ur. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria But whatever may have been the original purport of the tale, for our purposes its significance consists in the view unfolded of Shamash as the one who wreaks vengeance on the evil-doer. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Their sun god, Sachi, appears to have been merged in Shamash. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash appears in the episode in the rôle of the just judge that characterizes him in the hymns and incantations. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria His patron is Shamash, the sun-god, and in popular tradition he becomes a member of the pantheon of the nether world. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The kings of Ur would not have forfeited the protection of Sin, by any manifestation of preference for Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Even Shamash, though himself personifying fire, is forced to acknowledge the power of Gibil-Nusku, who, we are told elsewhere, is invoked, even when sacrifices are made to the sun-god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria When the "new songs" of the Aryan invaders of India were being composed, the sky and ocean god, Varuna, who resembles Ea-Oannes, and Mitra, who links with Shamash, were already declining in splendour. Myths of Babylonia and Assyria Gibil-Nusku, like Shamash, is exalted as the great judge who comes to the aid of the oppressed. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The 'service,' accordingly implied in the name of Shamash appears to have been such as was demanded by his subsidiary position to the moon-god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In Ur itself, Shamash was also worshipped in early days by the side of the moon-god. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Each one opens with a question or series of questions which Shamash, the sun-god, is asked to answer. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The magician continued: Came the worm and wept before Shamash, Before Ea came her tears: "What wilt thou give me for my food, What wilt thou give me to devour?" Myths of Babylonia and Assyria The colophon furnishes the opening line of the next tablet, which also begins with an address to Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria O Shamash! with the glory of heaven thou coverest the world. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria From this, it is evident that the beneficent action of the sun, was the phase associated with Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The same is the case, however, with all the Shamash hymns so far published. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Without thee, Shamash, the judge executes no judgment. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the presence of Shamash and Marduk cause my deeds to be regarded with favor, Command grace for me. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Of the hymns so far published, those to Shamash are probably the finest. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Instead, however, of becoming identified with Shamash,  degenerated into a pale reflection of Shamash, pictured under the relationship of consort to him. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria We have here a clear indication of a kind of Shamash ritual extending, perhaps, over a number of tablets, and to which, in all probability, the hymn just quoted also belongs. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria O Shamash! judge of the world, director of its laws art thou. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The titles given to Shamash by the early rulers are sufficiently definite to show in what relation he stood to his worshippers, and what the conceptions were that were formed of him. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the incantations, Shamash is frequently appealed to, either alone, or when an entire group of spirits and deities are enumerated. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This may have been due to the union of Shamash with the place where  was worshipped. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria A reference has already been made to the king's care for the city of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Nabonnedos formed the design of replacing both Marduk and Nabu by the cult of Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria With strong weapons for the fray, protect my soldiers; Then, O Shamash, by oracle and dream, answer me correctly! The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria There is evidence of a collection having been made at some time of hymns addressed to Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Shamash, moreover, maintains his original character with scarcely any modification throughout this long period. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The opening lines of the second hymn read: O Shamash! out of the horizon of heaven thou issuest forth, The bolt of the bright heavens thou openest, The door of heaven thou dost open. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria The independence of the course that he pursues in the heavens places him beyond the control of the great judge of the world, the mighty Shamash. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria Besides Shamash and Sin, Ea as the god of humanity and Nebo as the god of wisdom belong to this class. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria In the great temple to Shamash at Sippar, there appear to have been several days that were marked by religious observances. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria This relationship is probably indicated by the epithet 'offspring of Nin-gal,' accorded to Shamash in the inscription referred to. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria To pay homage to Marduk and Nabu meant something quite different from making a pilgrimage to the seat of Bel or presenting a gift to the Shamash sanctuary at Sippar. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria |
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