| 单词 | RNA |
| 例句 | The most plausible hypothesis for the TMV structure was a central RNA core surrounded by a large number of identical small protein subunits. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Beyond these rudimentary details, nothing was known about the structure or function of DNA and RNA. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A particular sequence of DNA—ACT-GAC-CAC-GTG—was therefore used to build an RNA chain, and the RNA chain was translated into a chain of amino acids, ultimately leading to the construction of a protein. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But once transposed into RNA, how was a gene’s “message” decoded into a protein? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Watson, however, later simplified the diagram to indicate information flow from DNA to RNA to protein that was later called the “central dogma.” The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The chloroplasts in all plants are, similarly, independent and self-replicating lodgers, with their own DNA and RNA and ribosomes. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The difference was an advantage, however, since Maurice could lay no claim to RNA. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z A team led by James Watson and Walter Gilbert at Harvard also discovered the “RNA intermediate” in 1960. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The RNA copy of a gene then moved from the nucleus to the cytosol, where its message was decoded to build a protein. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The messenger RNA was neither an inhabitant of heaven nor of hell—but a professional go-between. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They are no more than a single strand of RNA with either a linear or a closed circular geometry. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Second, the production of RNA messages was coordinately regulated. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The key to solving the actual genetic code was to map the elements of a sequence in an RNA chain to the sequence of a protein chain. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Moreover, it was not obvious that even the most backbreaking effort would give within several years the structure of the RNA component. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z An enzyme that digested RNA had no effect. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The idea of the genes’ being immortal smelled right, and so on the wall above my desk I taped up a paper sheet saying DNA RNA protein. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z If we solved RNA we might also provide the vital clue to DNA. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Ever since, they have maintained themselves and their ways, replicating in their own fashion, privately, with their own DNA and RNA quite different from ours. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The chemical came in two forms—DNA and RNA, molecular cousins. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z From bacteria to elephants—from red-eyed flies to blue-blooded princes—biological information flowed through living systems in a systematic, archetypal manner: DNA provided instructions to build RNA. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Division of the RNA component into a large number of subunits would produce polynucleotide chains too small to carry the genetic information that Francis and I believed must reside in the viral RNA. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Gene regulation works through the transcription of DNA into RNA—which depends on base pairing. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The other half remained: How was the RNA “message” decoded into a protein? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Notably, Brenner and Jacob later discovered the messenger RNA was a facsimile of the DNA chain—a copy made from the original. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Moreover, 1939 was too early to come to grips with the fact that the protein and RNA components were likely to be constructed along radically different lines. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The generation of an RNA copy of a gene was termed transcription—referring to the rewriting of a word or sentence in a language close to the original. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The RNA of mitochondria matches the organelles’ DNA, but not that of the nucleus. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z That was a gene’s signal to make more RNA messages and thereby generate the relevant enzyme to digest the sugar. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Experiments of the German Gerhard Schramm, first published in 1944, reported that TMV particles in mild alkali fell apart into free RNA and a large number of similar, if not identical, protein molecules. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z When a strand of DNA is used to build the RNA message, it is the pairing of bases between DNA and RNA that allows a gene to generate its RNA copy. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Soon, however, I abandoned thinking at the molecular level and turned to the much easier job of reading biochemical papers on the interrelations of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z There were some fuzzy data using sea urchins, interpreted as a transformation of DNA into RNA, but I preferred to trust other experiments showing that DNA molecules, once synthesized, are very very stable. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z It was RNA, as expected—but RNA of a special kind.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The only difference in code between the gene’s original and the RNA copy was the substitution of the thymine to a uracil. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Virtually all the evidence then available made me believe that DNA was the template upon which RNA chains were made. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z In Crick’s original formulation, information was allowed to flow “backwards” from RNA to DNA. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In turn, RNA chains were the likely candidates for the templates for protein synthesis. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z This could hardly be more topical: A piece of RNA, packaged inside a molecular envelope, has gripped the globe and caused a pandemic, turning the world upside down. What Does It Mean to Be a Living Thing? 2021-03-24T04:00:00Z Dugas was innocent not just because RNA now says so, but because all people who live with HIV or who die of Aids are innocent. Why did it take so long for science to debunk the Aids 'Patient Zero'? | Steven W Thrasher 2016-11-01T04:00:00Z Animal data told them they were on the right track, but it is now Covid-19 that will prove or disprove whether the approach, using what they call self-amplifying RNA, is a breakthrough. 'I'm cautiously optimistic': Imperial's Robin Shattock on his coronavirus vaccine 2020-07-03T04:00:00Z It hints at a more orderly book, one that the opening pages here, with much talk of "synthesising proteins from RNA" and the metaphors of Aids, begins to suggest. The Scientists: A Family Romance - review 2013-01-14T07:00:01Z BioNTech in Germany is testing several RNA candidates, one of which looks similar to Imperial’s. 'I'm cautiously optimistic': Imperial's Robin Shattock on his coronavirus vaccine 2020-07-03T04:00:00Z Not Woese, Quammen writes: “He was a loner by disposition. He took a separate path. Not in the club. No RNA tie.” A New View of Evolution That Can’t Be Represented by a Tree 2018-08-13T04:00:00Z Imperial College is also developing an RNA vaccine, although its approach is different. First human trial results raise hopes for coronavirus vaccine 2020-05-18T04:00:00Z In one drill, the students turned RNA nucleotides into “sentences” of amino acids that represented new proteins. The Post’s 2016 Teacher of the Year: A ‘one-woman powerhouse’ in Md. 2016-04-06T04:00:00Z Using Czech, the message that "But DNA copied from RNA is riddled with errors" becomes reversed in meaning on back translation. Creation: The Origin of Life/The Future of Life by Adam Rutherford – review 2013-03-27T08:25:00Z The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines used in people mix in modified nucleotides — the building blocks of RNA — with unmodified nucleotides so the mRNA can hide from the intrinsic antiviral sensors of the cell. Vaccines using mRNA can protect farm animals against diseases traditional ones may not 2023-05-17T04:00:00Z They have pandemic potential because by replicating through RNA, it means they undergo rapid mutation, and by spreading through droplets or aerosols, it means they can spread very quickly, very widely. Former FDA commissioner: ‘We remain almost equally vulnerable to threat from the next pandemic’ 2021-09-09T04:00:00Z Topics: , Yoga, RNA, oslo, Norway, If we’re finished obsessing about yoga jeans, perhaps it’s time to think about yoga and genes. Can yoga boost your immune system? 2013-04-26T16:42:00Z He described the medicine winners as “pioneering researchers of RNA, the mechanism on which the coronavirus vaccines are based.” Stevie Wonder awarded Israel’s prestigious Wolf Prize 2021-02-09T05:00:00Z An elite group of 20 scientists — the RNA Tie Club, as they were known — had formed to discuss this problem. A New View of Evolution That Can’t Be Represented by a Tree 2018-08-13T04:00:00Z Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, tests — a type of molecular coronavirus test — also look for components of the virus, in this case RNA. At-home COVID tests and omicron: What you need to know 2021-12-24T05:00:00Z Rerun the tape of evolution, and DNA, RNA, ATP, the Krebs cycle — the rigmarole of Biology 101 — would probably arise again, here or in distant worlds. Why We Should Never Expect to Discover Sentient Ice Cubes 2018-08-13T04:00:00Z “So we started to follow her. We sent samples to our collaborators in Sydney, and they were unable to find any trace at all of HIV DNA or RNA.” The 'elite controllers' who can naturally suppress HIV 2021-04-04T04:00:00Z Some are using tobacco, of all plants, as part of the process of developing ways to fight infection, though the potential antivirals rely far more broadly on manipulating DNA and RNA. The coronavirus reminds us of our deep-rooted need for medicinal plants 2020-09-01T04:00:00Z "Warmest congratulations to Jane and my personal thanks for making me hoot with laughter," said RNA chair and novelist Anne Ashurst. Jane Lovering wins romantic novel of the year with first book 2012-05-18T15:10:03Z RNA is an intermediary between DNA and proteins, but it can also replicate itself with no enzymatic assistance. Creation: The Origin of Life/The Future of Life by Adam Rutherford – review 2013-03-27T08:25:00Z Next, co-first author Cameron Roberts, a Ph.D. student in the lab, meticulously tested a variety of molecules produced by either the bacterium or the virus, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. How bacteria recognize viral invasion and activate immune defenses 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z "We therefore utilized a new approach to induce and study RNA damage in the absence of DNA damage," adds Dr. Shubo Zhao, also lead author of the study. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z The researchers say these results highlight the need for improved RNA detection techniques to reduce the risk of false negatives. Surveilling wetlands for infectious bird flu -- and finding it 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z TLR7's reaction to RNA triggers an immune response that damages healthy tissue. Researchers explore origins of lupus, find reason for condition's prevalence among women 2023-11-13T05:00:00Z When these DNA repeats are translated into RNA, there is an insidious side effect. Scientists tame biological trigger of deadly Huntington's disease 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z The experiment revealed that only RNA produced during phage infection was able to trigger an immune response. How bacteria recognize viral invasion and activate immune defenses 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z They are dangerous because they bind to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and crosslink them. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z They code for RNA molecules that transport amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Synthetic yeast project unveils cells with 50% artificial DNA 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z These heat the sample, releasing the RNA genetic material from the virus. 'Lab on a chip' genetic test device can identify viruses within three minutes with top-level accuracy 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Longer RNA repeats mean a higher modification rate, which generates more protein waste and exacerbates disease. Scientists tame biological trigger of deadly Huntington's disease 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "It was very clearly viral RNA that was generated during infection," says Roberts. How bacteria recognize viral invasion and activate immune defenses 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z However, it was previously unknown whether and how cells sense and resolve crosslinking damage to single-stranded RNA. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z Cancer can manifest from RNA and protein glitches, too, Yap says. Precision Cancer Drugs Glitter with Promise—If You Can Get Them 2023-11-03T04:00:00Z If the specific virus RNA is present in the amplified sample, it fluoresces under light -- this signal is then used to denote a positive test. 'Lab on a chip' genetic test device can identify viruses within three minutes with top-level accuracy 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Long, repetitive RNA sequences can turn into an excess of protein in cells, creating "cellular trash," which has toxic effects. Scientists tame biological trigger of deadly Huntington's disease 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "We used RNA tomography to determine which genes were expressed in each slice and then 'reassembled' the slices using computer models. This gave us a 3D map of gene expression." Where is a sea star's head? Maybe just about everywhere 2023-11-01T04:00:00Z A team led by Professor Julian Stingele from the Gene Center Munich has now shown that RNA crosslinking damage is toxic because it impairs protein synthesis. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z Worried that bioterrorists will take advantage of the growing ease of creating risky pathogens in the lab, federal officials are beefing up guidelines for companies that sell nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. U.S. urges DNA synthesis firms to ramp up screening for biosecurity threats 2023-10-22T04:00:00Z The RNA polymerases move along these strands and copy the stored information letter by letter. International team develops novel DNA nano engine 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z A new Nature journal article details how RNA methylation on CAG repeats is implicated in the complex mechanism underlying Huntington's disease. Scientists tame biological trigger of deadly Huntington's disease 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Sometimes RNA is preserved in the bone fragments, and that can distinguish if the ashes are from a male or female and if they are human or from another animal, she said. After 189 bodies were found in Colorado funeral home, evidence suggests families received fake ashes 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z "We therefore utilized a new approach to induce and study RNA damage in the absence of DNA damage," adds Dr. Shubo Zhao, also lead author of the study. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z In some cases, the requested DNA or RNA encodes components of risky viruses or bacteria. U.S. urges DNA synthesis firms to ramp up screening for biosecurity threats 2023-10-22T04:00:00Z However, Mishina points out that they found mantislike RNA in adult worms that had been alone in water for up to 3 days—longer than such contaminant RNA would generally last. Parasitic worms may control minds of insects with ‘borrowed’ genes 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z Key to understanding these advancements is the way that genetic information in cells is converted from DNA into RNA, and then into proteins. Scientists tame biological trigger of deadly Huntington's disease 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Programming instability vastly expands our ability to manipulate molecular structure and has applications in the field of DNA and RNA therapeutics. Art with DNA -- Digitally creating 16 million colors by chemistry 2023-10-17T04:00:00Z They are dangerous because they bind to cellular macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, and crosslink them. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z These short, single-stranded segments of DNA or RNA are called aptamers, also known as "chemical antibodies." Novel hydrogel finds new aptamers, or 'chemical antibodies,' in days 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z The molecule is traditionally used as a building block for making DNA and RNA, and is needed by VirB for this process. Scientists discover the possible triggers for bacterial pathogens, opening the door for new treatment strategies 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z The cell chemically modifies the extra RNA buildup. Scientists tame biological trigger of deadly Huntington's disease 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Ribosomes are crucial machines inside the cytoplasm of all cells that read the genetic instructions on messenger RNA and build chains of amino acids that fold into proteins. Peering inside cells to see how they respond to stress 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z However, it was previously unknown whether and how cells sense and resolve crosslinking damage to single-stranded RNA. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z An analysis of stool samples also identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a handful of the Penn Medicine patients, which the scientists speculate could reflect the virus lingering in the digestive tract and impairing tryptophan absorption. Low serotonin levels might explain some Long Covid symptoms, study proposes 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z The researchers used single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze gene expression in neurons from mice with spinal cord injuries. New biomarker predicts whether neurons will regenerate 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z Because RNA repeats are present in similar diseases, like ALS and certain types of spinocerebellar ataxia, the door is open to treatments for these other fatal, degenerative diseases. Scientists tame biological trigger of deadly Huntington's disease 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z Every cell in a human brain contains the same sequence of DNA, but in different cell types different genes are copied onto strands of RNA for use as protein blueprints. 'A new era in brain science': Researchers unveil human brain cell atlas 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z A team led by Professor Julian Stingele from the Gene Center Munich has now shown that RNA crosslinking damage is toxic because it impairs protein synthesis. Colliding ribosomes activate RNA repair 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z The double-stranded DNA is unwound and separated into two single strands that each serve as a template for creating two identical copies by combining with RNA. Brain tumor treatment by targeting TUG1, a gene that controls replication stress 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z To validate their findings, the researchers tested this molecular fingerprint, which they named the Regeneration Classifier, on 26 published single-cell RNA sequencing datasets. New biomarker predicts whether neurons will regenerate 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z The researchers analysed more than three million individual cell nuclei using the technique of RNA sequencing, which reveals each cell's genetic identity. Cell atlases of the human brain 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z Other groups in the global collaboration focused on measuring levels of RNA to group cells together into subtypes. 'A new era in brain science': Researchers unveil human brain cell atlas 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z "Finally, we used RNA sequencing to look at genome-wide gene expression in the workers, but importantly, we also sequenced the genomes of the parents of those crosses," Bresnahan said. Honey bees may inherit altruistic behavior from their mothers 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z A DNA:RNA hybrid structure called an R-loop helps unwind the DNA and stabilizes it as it is unwound. Brain tumor treatment by targeting TUG1, a gene that controls replication stress 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z This method uses a virus to introduce the so-called Cas9 protein and a specifically designed guide RNA into the organism and thus into the nuclei. Win-win in muscle research: Faster results and fewer laboratory animals thanks to new method 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z The gene codes for a protein, ANP32A, that normally plays a role in transcribing DNA into messenger RNA. In ‘proof of concept,’ CRISPR-engineered chickens shrug off flu 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z If that cell swallows the midbody, it may mistakenly begin using the enclosed RNA as if it were its own blueprints. Remnant of cell division could be responsible for spreading cancer 2023-10-07T04:00:00Z The messenger RNA approach starts with a snippet of genetic code-carrying instructions for making proteins. Gates Foundation funding $40 million effort to help develop mRNA vaccines in Africa in coming years 2023-10-09T04:00:00Z The messenger RNA approach starts with a snippet of genetic code carrying instructions for making proteins. Gates Foundation funding $40 million effort to help develop mRNA vaccines in Africa in coming years 2023-10-09T04:00:00Z This combination of Cas9 protein and guide RNA allows altering gene function in the cell. Win-win in muscle research: Faster results and fewer laboratory animals thanks to new method 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z Among these are examinations of the intricacies of RNA splicing -- the focal point of the study -- which plays a role in transferring information from DNA to functional RNA and protein products. Researchers create a neural network for genomics -- one that explains how it achieves accurate predictions 2023-10-06T04:00:00Z Future research may be able to harness the power of midbody RNA to deliver drugs to cancer cells or to keep them from dividing. Remnant of cell division could be responsible for spreading cancer 2023-10-07T04:00:00Z For DNA to be read, it is first transcribed into an RNA copy. The end of genes: Routine test reveals unique divergence in genetic code 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z Although TOE1 is known to play an important role in trimming the ends of the cell's RNA molecules, it had not been studied as a cancer drug target. New cancer drug targets uncovered using base editing and chemical proteomics 2023-10-05T04:00:00Z They then introduced the desired guide RNA into the organism with a so-called adeno-associated virus, which infects muscle. Win-win in muscle research: Faster results and fewer laboratory animals thanks to new method 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z Specifically, they developed a model -- the data-driven equivalent of a high-powered microscope -- that allows scientists to trace and quantify the RNA splicing process, from input sequence to output splicing prediction. Researchers create a neural network for genomics -- one that explains how it achieves accurate predictions 2023-10-06T04:00:00Z "Loss of Arc leads to the loss of RNA in the midbody and a loss of the RNA information from getting to recipient cells," Skop says. Remnant of cell division could be responsible for spreading cancer 2023-10-07T04:00:00Z When they cultured the tumor cells and macrophages together and did single-cell RNA sequencing, they learned that one gene, LGALS1, was downregulated in the tumor of the long-term survivor compared to the others. Avatars to help tailor glioblastoma therapies 2023-10-04T04:00:00Z "We thought uORFs would primarily affect mRNA translation, but it turns out they might also trigger an RNA degradation response similar to nonsense mediated decay." A surprising way to disrupt sleep 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z This combination causes the guide RNA in the muscle fibers to encounter the Cas9 protein, changing the genetic material as desired. Win-win in muscle research: Faster results and fewer laboratory animals thanks to new method 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z "Our model revealed that a small, hairpin-like structure in RNA can decrease splicing." Researchers create a neural network for genomics -- one that explains how it achieves accurate predictions 2023-10-06T04:00:00Z "We believe this memory gene is important for all cells to communicate RNA information." Remnant of cell division could be responsible for spreading cancer 2023-10-07T04:00:00Z The lipid nanoparticle protects the mRNA outside the cell because, in the blood and everywhere, there are a lot of human enzymes that can degrade the RNA. An mRNA Pioneer Discusses How Her Work Led to the COVID Vaccines 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z By using ribosome profiling, the research team examined the timing of ribosome binding in relation to peak protein and RNA levels. A surprising way to disrupt sleep 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Kariko, a former senior vice president and head of RNA protein replacement at German biotech firm BioNTech, is a professor at the University of Szeged in Hungary and adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Nobel Prizes: Kariko and Weissman, pioneers of COVID vaccine, win medicine award 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z These results showed a match with the model's discovery: Whenever the RNA molecule folded into a hairpin configuration, splicing was halted, and the moment the researchers disrupted this hairpin structure, splicing was restored. Researchers create a neural network for genomics -- one that explains how it achieves accurate predictions 2023-10-06T04:00:00Z "What surprised us is that the midbody is full of genetic information, RNA, that doesn't have much to do with cell division at all, but likely functions in cell communication." Remnant of cell division could be responsible for spreading cancer 2023-10-07T04:00:00Z When we started here at BioNTech, injecting messenger RNA coding for cytokines, by that time, the human trial using mRNA for cancer vaccines had already been going on for years. An mRNA Pioneer Discusses How Her Work Led to the COVID Vaccines 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z “So many enigmatic things about RNA I find very, very exciting,” Karikó said. Scientists whose work on mRNA paved the way for first COVID-19 vaccines win Nobel Prize 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Messenger RNA, by contrast, works like a software that can be injected into the body to instruct human cells to churn out the desired proteins. Hungarian and US scientists win medicine Nobel for COVID-19 vaccine discoveries 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z RNA's role in our body is to convert the instructions that are locked away in our genetic code, or DNA, into the proteins that our body is built from. Nobel Prize goes to scientists behind mRNA Covid vaccines 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z In the new study, the researchers used RNA sequencing to classify microglia into 12 different states, based on hundreds of genes that are expressed at different levels during each state. Decoding the complexity of Alzheimer's disease 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z Satoskar and colleagues used single-cell RNA sequencing in their search for parasites in spleen and bone marrow cells of chronically infected mice. A lethal parasite's secret weapon: Infecting non-immune cells 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z She was exploring DNA’s use of messenger RNA to deliver specific work orders to cells when she met Weissman over a photocopy machine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1997. Scientists whose work on mRNA paved the way for first COVID-19 vaccines win Nobel Prize 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z The individual nucleotides, basic units of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, dictate the bonding between complementary sequences. Strength is in this glass's DNA 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z Researchers hope these RNA-targeting systems can be used to fight viruses, which generally encode their genetic information using RNA rather than DNA. Tiny CRISPR tool could help shred viruses 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z During transcription, the cell takes the DNA master blueprint and makes a copy of the genetic instructions known as messenger RNA or mRNA. Improvements in human genome databases offer a promising future for cancer research 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z Researchers modified these virus nanoparticles, rendering them noninfectious to crops by removing their RNA. Nanoparticles made from plant viruses could be farmers' new ally in pest control 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z Weissman knew that messenger RNA had an incidental effect on dendritic cells: Their interaction touched off an immune response that ignited dangerous inflammation across the body. Scientists whose work on mRNA paved the way for first COVID-19 vaccines win Nobel Prize 2023-10-02T04:00:00Z Studying a spindly plant called Arabidopsis thaliana, a Duke University-led team discovered short snippets of folded RNA that, under normal conditions, keep levels of defense proteins low to avoid harming the plants themselves. Unzipping mRNA rallies plant cells to fight infection 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z Xiangyu Deng, a postdoctoral research associate in the Yang Gao lab, said it was "really challenging to determine the structure of the protein and RNA complex." Tiny CRISPR tool could help shred viruses 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z The messenger RNA is then shuttled over to a ribosome, a tiny protein factory within the cell, to start the process of translation. Improvements in human genome databases offer a promising future for cancer research 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z In each individual mouse brain cell, they modified one of these 29 genes and then analysed the RNA profiles of those brain cells. Genetically modifying individual cells in animals 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z Limitations of the current study include an incomplete understanding of how this complex RNA machinery specifies neuron and synapse identity. 'Circular logic' of RNAs in Parkinson's disease 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z But when the plants detect a pathogen, these folded RNA structures are unzipped, enabling plant cells to make defense proteins to fight infection. Unzipping mRNA rallies plant cells to fight infection 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z "We had to do a lot of troubleshooting to make the protein and RNA complex more stable, so we could map it," Deng said. Tiny CRISPR tool could help shred viruses 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z In the past, researchers have used RNA sequencing or RNA-seq to identify genes that are activated to make proteins in a given tissue sample, says Prensner. Improvements in human genome databases offer a promising future for cancer research 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z "What this offers the nervous system is that you can take the same transcriptome and by alternatively editing various RNA transcripts, these neurons will behave differently," Littleton said. Individual neurons mix multiple RNA edits of key synapse protein, fly study finds 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z Still, current findings provide the most comprehensive analysis of circRNAs in human brain cells to-date and suggest they can be leveraged for RNA diagnostics and medicines used to treat neurological conditions. 'Circular logic' of RNAs in Parkinson's disease 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z They also found that these RNA structures have similar effects on protein production in human cells, too. Unzipping mRNA rallies plant cells to fight infection 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z A new study shows the isolation and sequencing of more than a century-old RNA molecules from a Tasmanian tiger specimen preserved at room temperature in a museum collection. RNA for the first time recovered from an extinct species 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z After isolating and sequencing the RNA from the CAFS, the researchers were able to compare which genes were being expressed differently in response to the increasing stiffness. New insight into crosstalk between cancer cells and their environment 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z The team tracked the different editing levels by meticulously extracting and sequencing RNA from the nuclei and cell bodies of 200 motor neurons. Individual neurons mix multiple RNA edits of key synapse protein, fly study finds 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z "Circular RNAs are much more durable than linear RNAs and hold promise as RNA therapies and RNA biomarkers." 'Circular logic' of RNAs in Parkinson's disease 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z But when Arabidopsis seedlings sense they're under attack, special enzymes called RNA helicases are produced that unzip the hairpins so the ribosomes can pass through and continue scanning along the mRNA molecule. Unzipping mRNA rallies plant cells to fight infection 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z The researchers note that their findings have relevant implications for international efforts to resurrect extinct species, including both the Tasmanian tiger and the woolly mammoth, as well as for studying pandemic RNA viruses. RNA for the first time recovered from an extinct species 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z When the researchers artificially decreased levels of Jhe in soldier ants using a technology that uses small pieces of RNA to disrupt the production of proteins, these bruisers started to search for food. What turns an ant into a soldier or a forager? It may be all in their heads 2023-09-14T04:00:00Z RNA editing of the protein might therefore endow each neuron with fine degrees of communication control. Individual neurons mix multiple RNA edits of key synapse protein, fly study finds 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z Then, they used ultra-deep, total RNA sequencing to study the exact sequences of genetic code found in the circular RNAs within these two cell types. 'Circular logic' of RNAs in Parkinson's disease 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z The main options from Pfizer and Moderna deploy messenger RNA, which teaches the body how to recognize the virus and mount an immune response. FDA approves updated boost shot for COVID-19 ahead of fall campaign 2023-09-11T04:00:00Z This pioneering study opens up new exciting opportunities and implications for exploring the vast collections of specimens and tissues stored at museums across the globe, where RNA molecules might await to be uncovered and sequenced. RNA for the first time recovered from an extinct species 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z The team then used this ATP to drive the conversion of DNA into RNA and proteins in a cell-free setup, a result they reported last week in Joule. Chemists convert electricity into the fuel that powers the body’s cells 2023-08-22T04:00:00Z It was a genome sequence, assembled from RNA fragments extracted from a fecal swab sample of a bat, captured in a mine several years earlier in 2013. The Ongoing Mystery of Covid’s Origin 2023-07-25T04:00:00Z When researchers investigated this connection further, they found that a surprising number of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's genes produced circular RNA. 'Circular logic' of RNAs in Parkinson's disease 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z Cultural evolution is distinct from genetic evolution in that it involves abstract behaviors that are passed down to offspring, rather than utilizing DNA or RNA. Are the orca ‘attacks’ spreading? What cultural evolution teaches us about fads in animals 2023-06-28T04:00:00Z And RNA, once thought simply a chemical messenger, turns out to have a much more powerful role in the genome. DNA scientists once halted their own apocalyptic research. Will AI researchers do the same? 2023-06-25T04:00:00Z Phosphorus is a vital element in the composition of bones, teeth, DNA and RNA. Phosphorus, a building block for life, was just discovered on a moon of Saturn 2023-06-22T04:00:00Z Since the beginnings of our scientific understanding of genetic inheritance in the 1800s and our discovery of molecules like DNA and RNA in the 1900s, we’ve seen that life is informational in nature. To Find Life in the Universe, Find the Computation 2023-06-22T04:00:00Z "Circular RNAs cannot easily be broken down, making them a powerful tool as reporters and for delivering therapies. They could be rewritten synthetically and harnessed as future digital RNA medicines." 'Circular logic' of RNAs in Parkinson's disease 2023-09-18T04:00:00Z Researchers led by Matthew Powner and John Sutherland at the University of Manchester were studying possible origins of RNA, which many researchers think was a central player in the origin of life. ‘Breakthrough’ could explain why life molecules are left- or right-handed 2023-06-13T04:00:00Z RNA usually does not get edited very much in organisms, but the scientists behind the Cell article found that in octopus brains it can get edited significantly. Exposed to cold water, octopuses will change the genes in their brain, study reveals 2023-06-12T04:00:00Z So the researchers suspect that RNA editing plays a role in protecting the invertebrates’ neurons from temperature fluctuations. Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z DNA transcription or RNA translation look and smell like computation, and they’re explicitly informational in nature. To Find Life in the Universe, Find the Computation 2023-06-22T04:00:00Z The COVID-19 mRNA vaccines used in people mix in modified nucleotides – the building blocks of RNA – with unmodified nucleotides so the mRNA can hide from the intrinsic antiviral sensors of the cell. mRNA Vaccines Could Prevent Diseases in Farm Animals 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z One loose end, Sasselov acknowledges, is that RAO has only been shown to lead to the synthesis of two of RNA’s four nucleotides, cytosine and uracil. ‘Breakthrough’ could explain why life molecules are left- or right-handed 2023-06-13T04:00:00Z Of course, like the study earlier this year about octopus brain waves, this new research on octopus brain RNA raises more question than it answers. Exposed to cold water, octopuses will change the genes in their brain, study reveals 2023-06-12T04:00:00Z RNA editing happens when an outside force activates certain enzymes inside the body’s cells that then make chemical changes to the RNA. Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z The researchers joined forces, studying how the osteoderms developed over a mouse’s life span and sequencing the species’ RNA in an attempt to identify the genetic switches responsible for the bone armor’s development. Quite a Tail: A Mouse Has Been Hiding Its Armor All This Time 2023-05-24T04:00:00Z Some teams are trying to use the same lipid nanoparticles, or fat bubbles, employed in the messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccines as a delivery vehicle for RNA encoding the gene editor’s molecular components. Muscular dystrophy gene therapy nears approval, but safety concerns linger 2023-05-23T04:00:00Z Today, we know biology chooses just one of these “chiral” forms: DNA, RNA, and their building blocks are all right-handed, whereas amino acids and proteins are all left-handed. ‘Breakthrough’ could explain why life molecules are left- or right-handed 2023-06-13T04:00:00Z Like the study earlier this year about octopus brain waves, this new research on octopus brain RNA raises more question than it answers. Exposed to cold water, octopuses will change the genes in their brain, study reveals 2023-06-12T04:00:00Z The researchers wanted to follow up on that earlier work to see what factors might drive RNA editing in cephalopods. Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z Next, the researchers compared these fish’s gastrointestinal tracts with those of fish they had injected with pieces of messenger RNA encoding an enzyme that reactivates the disabled telomerase gene in the gut. Scientists prevent signs of aging in zebrafish by targeting the gut 2023-05-18T04:00:00Z These clades are upheld when RNA sequences are compared. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z For instance, molecular biology studies biological processes at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as the way they are regulated. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z To protect their brains, scientists learned, octopuses can alter their own RNA. Exposed to cold water, octopuses will change the genes in their brain, study reveals 2023-06-12T04:00:00Z Like people adjusting their clothing to match the weather outside, octopuses edit their RNA, which is a genetic molecule that carries DNA’s instructions to produce proteins—the workhorses of cells. Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z Alpha amanitin wreaks havoc in the body by mucking up the cells’ ability to make messenger RNA. In Search of an Antidote for Poisonous Mushrooms 2023-05-16T04:00:00Z The genes encoding the ribosomal RNA from the small 18S subunit and plastid genes are frequently chosen for DNA alignment analysis. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z RNA viruses contain only RNA in their cores. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z When it comes to genes, DNA can be thought of the blueprint of an organism's body and RNA can be viewed as the courier, a messenger that transmits information so that this blueprint is followed. Exposed to cold water, octopuses will change the genes in their brain, study reveals 2023-06-12T04:00:00Z Several weeks later, the researchers examined around 60,000 previously identified sites in the animals’ genomes where enzymes edit RNA. Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z Messenger RNA builds proteins, and without new proteins, the cell’s machinery grinds to a halt. In Search of an Antidote for Poisonous Mushrooms 2023-05-16T04:00:00Z With a growing understanding of genetics, the animal evolutionary tree has changed substantially and continues to change as new DNA and RNA analyses are performed on additional animal species. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z To replicate their genomes in the host cell, the genomes of RNA viruses encode enzymes not found in host cells. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But viruses, which can be made of DNA or RNA, have a protective coat made of proteins and encode proteins once they have invaded cells. Theodor Diener, Who Discovered the Tiniest of Infectious Agents, Dies at 102 2023-05-08T04:00:00Z The researchers confirmed that the isoforms created via the edited RNA had altered functions, but “we do not know yet how these thousands of changes, or some of them, promote adaptation,” Eisenberg says. Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z Food and Drug Administration on Tuesday withdrew its emergency use authorization for older messenger RNA vaccines by Moderna Inc and Pfizer-BioNTech / as it now recommends the use of newer Omicron-targeting shots for all doses. French shipper CMA CGM offers $5.5 bln for Bollore logistics unit 2023-04-18T04:00:00Z Food and Drug Administration on Tuesday withdrew its emergency use authorization for older messenger RNA vaccines by Moderna Inc and Pfizer-BioNTech / as it now recommends the use of newer Omicron-targeting shots for all doses. More US consumers are falling behind on payments 2023-04-18T04:00:00Z RNA viruses, such as the influenza virus, usually use the RNA core as a template for synthesis of viral genomic RNA and mRNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Viroids, by contrast, are made only of RNA, do not have the protein coat and do not encode proteins. Theodor Diener, Who Discovered the Tiniest of Infectious Agents, Dies at 102 2023-05-08T04:00:00Z “This work adds to the growing body of data demonstrating that RNA editing can be dynamically regulated,” she says. Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z A viroid functions in a manner similar to that of a virus, invading a cell and making it reproduce the viroid’s RNA. Theodor Diener, scientist who discovered the tiny viroid, dies at 102 2023-04-13T04:00:00Z Glaser adds that the new microscope could also aid researchers looking at RNA molecules within the neurons that could reveal what genes each cell is expressing. Inspired by the sea and the sky, a biologist invents a new kind of microscope 2023-04-13T04:00:00Z To convert RNA into DNA, retroviruses contain genes that encode the virus-specific enzyme reverse transcriptase that transcribes an RNA template to DNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The mitochondrial DNA and RNA samples are direct evidence that animals—including raccoon dogs—were indeed being sold at the market near humans who were infected at some point. What New Evidence from the Wuhan Market Tells Us about COVID’s Origins 2023-04-12T04:00:00Z “While previous work has primarily focused on regulation during development and disease, this work demonstrates that RNA editing can serve as a molecular means to acclimate protein function in response to environmental changes in temperature.” Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z The technology is used to deliver RNA to target cells without being attacked by the body's immune system. Moderna fends off Arbutus appeal in COVID-19 vaccine patent fight 2023-04-11T04:00:00Z The design could help scientists achieve high enough magnification to study tiny structures such as the long, skinny axons that connect neurons in the brain or individual proteins or RNA molecules inside cells. Inspired by the sea and the sky, a biologist invents a new kind of microscope 2023-04-13T04:00:00Z Their genomes contain either DNA or RNA, and they replicate using the replication proteins of a host cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Half a dozen virus-positive samples were also positive for raccoon dog DNA or RNA, often at higher amounts than human DNA. What New Evidence from the Wuhan Market Tells Us about COVID’s Origins 2023-04-12T04:00:00Z “How broad is this ability to acclimate through RNA editing?” Octopuses Redesign Their Own Brains When They Get Chilly 2023-06-08T04:00:00Z One they are watching closely is the polymerase the virus uses to replicate its RNA genome once it invades a cell. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Today our knowledge is so advanced that we can precisely manipulate life’s building blocks—DNA, RNA and proteins—to build biological machines and engineer new genomes. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ‘Artificial Life’ Evolve, Too? 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Genes are segments of DNA that code for a specific protein or RNA molecule. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The next morning, together with researchers at NIH, McLellan began to engineer the virus’ spike gene into the messenger RNA vaccine that Moderna later developed. Dispute simmers over who first shared SARS-CoV-2’s genome 2023-03-28T04:00:00Z Zhang plans to build on its efficiency as a delivery device as well as to experiment with nonprotein payloads such as DNA and RNA. Bacterial ‘Nanosyringe’ Could Deliver Gene Therapy to Human Cells 2023-03-29T04:00:00Z MxA alerts the immune system to an influenza infection when it detects the virus’ nucleoprotein, a protein bound to its RNA. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Her team will take the tissue and break it apart into individual nuclei, essentially pulling the cells apart to be able to read the RNA molecules and learn about the cell’s genes. The cross-town journey of a Mukilteo man's brain tissue 2023-03-27T04:00:00Z The small subunit is responsible for binding the mRNA template, whereas the large subunit sequentially binds tRNAs, a type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the growing chain of the polypeptide. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z It is caused by the animal-borne RNA virus of the same Filoviridae family as the Ebola virus, which has killed thousands of people during outbreaks that health workers struggled to control. Deadly Marburg virus outbreaks reported in East and West Africa 2023-03-23T04:00:00Z The vaccines use messenger RNA, which injects a snippet of genetic code — encased in a bubble of fat — to instruct the body on how to recognize and combat the virus. Moderna CEO defends COVID vaccine price hike, citing pivot to endemic phase 2023-03-22T04:00:00Z The jabs use a molecule of genetic code called messenger RNA to generate an immune response. China approves first home-grown mRNA Covid vaccine 2023-03-22T04:00:00Z It chose instead to promote its own pharmaceutical firms, first in rolling out a more traditional but less effective Covid vaccine, and later, in the pursuit of a homegrown mRNA, or messenger RNA, vaccine. China Approves an mRNA Covid Vaccine, Its First 2023-03-22T04:00:00Z RNA is studied to understand gene expression patterns in cells. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They also found other DNA as well as RNA from the mammals. A new pandemic origin report is stirring controversy. Here are key takeaways 2023-03-21T04:00:00Z Uracil is one of the chemical building blocks for RNA, a molecule carrying directions for building and operating living organisms. Asteroid discovery suggests ingredients for life on Earth came from space 2023-03-21T04:00:00Z Neel Moudgal, of Michigan, who won first place and $250,000, is described as “creating a computer model that can rapidly and reliably predict the structure of RNA molecules using only easily accessible data.” Perspective | A teenager used AI to study a very real issue and just won $175,000 2023-03-15T04:00:00Z As a member of the Caliciviridae family, it is a single-stranded RNA virus that doesn’t rely on an exterior “envelope” for protection. How to Avoid the Dreaded Norovirus 2023-03-14T04:00:00Z RNA is naturally very unstable because enzymes that break down RNA are commonly present in nature. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In other countries, for instance, patients can undergo so-called point-of-care RNA tests at locations such as community health centers and substance abuse treatment clinics. White House budget includes ambitious push to eliminate hepatitis C 2023-03-10T05:00:00Z RNA, short for ribonucleic acid, would not be possible without uracil. Asteroid discovery suggests ingredients for life on Earth came from space 2023-03-21T04:00:00Z Gilbert and other researchers are working on other delivery methods, such as messenger RNA — the technology used in many vaccines for the coronavirus — to deliver a genetic payload to the nucleus of cells. New gene therapy approaches show ‘breakthroughs’ against rare condition 2023-02-24T05:00:00Z Like other single-stranded RNA viruses, norovirus has a high mutation rate. How to Avoid the Dreaded Norovirus 2023-03-14T04:00:00Z Similar to DNA extraction, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to inactivate other macromolecules and preserve only the RNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The program would accelerate approval of point-of-care RNA tests by enlisting the Independent Test Assessment Program, an NIH–Food and Drug Administration partnership. White House budget includes ambitious push to eliminate hepatitis C 2023-03-10T05:00:00Z RNA, a molecule present in all living cells, is vital in coding, regulation and activity of genes. Asteroid discovery suggests ingredients for life on Earth came from space 2023-03-21T04:00:00Z They also found HIV DNA and RNA in the patient’s body, but these never seemed to replicate. Another Patient Is Free of HIV after Receiving Virus-Resistant Cells 2023-02-23T05:00:00Z Artificial enzymes can fight the COVID-causing virus by selectively snipping apart its RNA genome, a new study suggests. Lab-Made Enzymes Could Chop Up the Virus That Causes COVID 2023-02-20T05:00:00Z The nuclear envelope is punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Most autopsy studies have not shown the virus crossing the blood-brain barrier, but fragments of viral RNA can pass through and induce an immune reaction that can contribute to brain tissue damage. Opinion | Long covid is a mystery, but more research could help us understand it 2023-02-14T05:00:00Z RNA has structural similarities to DNA, a molecule that carries an organism's genetic blueprint. Asteroid discovery suggests ingredients for life on Earth came from space 2023-03-21T04:00:00Z Rather than inducing random changes in the virus’ RNA genome, the drug is more likely to cause specific nucleic acid substitutions, with guanine switching to adenine and cytosine to uracil. Could a popular COVID-19 antiviral supercharge the pandemic? 2023-02-01T05:00:00Z And they perform better than previous efforts because they form tighter chemical bonds, the researchers say, maintaining their structure and function in conditions where DNA and RNA enzymes unfurl. Lab-Made Enzymes Could Chop Up the Virus That Causes COVID 2023-02-20T05:00:00Z RNA exists as a single-stranded molecule rather than a double- stranded helix. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Gilbert and other researchers are working on other delivery methods, such as messenger RNA – the technology used in many COVID-19 vaccines – to deliver a genetic payload to the nucleus of cells. Promising gene therapy delivers treatment directly to brain 2023-01-23T05:00:00Z That progress continues: The coronavirus pandemic heralded the coming of effective and flexible messenger RNA vaccines that may prove invaluable in the fight against many types of viruses. Lab-leak fears are putting virologists under scrutiny 2023-01-18T05:00:00Z U.S. technology firms continue to break ground in every field from AI to new RNA drugs. Opinion | After often-gloomy Davos, I’m still optimistic about the future 2023-01-19T05:00:00Z “All contemporary RNA treatments make use of cellular machinery,” says biomedical engineer Roy van der Meel of Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands, who was not involved in the new research. Lab-Made Enzymes Could Chop Up the Virus That Causes COVID 2023-02-20T05:00:00Z Because DNA polymerase can only add new nucleotides at the end of a backbone, a primer sequence, which provides this starting point, is added with complementary RNA nucleotides. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Scientists are figuring out how to scan for life that uses different varieties of DNA or RNA or that doesn’t use genetic sequences at all. Adorable Voles, Life as We Don’t Know It and Better Cement 2023-01-17T05:00:00Z Beijing has not authorized the mass use of Western-made messenger RNA vaccines, which studies have shown are significantly more effective than Chinese homegrown shots at preventing severe illness. China, engulfed in covid chaos, braces for Lunar New Year case spike 2023-01-11T05:00:00Z Hillel has reviewed four other papers for the journal, including one on messenger RNA. Kid-edited journal pushes scientists for clear writing on complex topics 2023-01-07T05:00:00Z Messenger RNA vaccines manufactured by BioNTech have been widely available in Hong Kong for several years, though they have not been authorized for use on the mainland. Hong Kong reopens to China, with anxiety over covid and painkiller access 2023-01-07T05:00:00Z The Okazaki fragments each require a primer made of RNA to start the synthesis. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But some protein genes can also arise from stretches of the genome that once encoded aimless strands of RNA instead. Human gene linked to bigger brains was born from seemingly useless DNA 2023-01-05T05:00:00Z Picker said gene therapy is “very different than just injecting RNA in a carrier that is designed to be picked up, expressed and elicit an immune response.” NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-12-30T05:00:00Z In considering whether these tiny agglomerations of proteins and either RNA or DNA are technically alive, Kooning cited NASA's definition for life: "Life is a self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution." Are viruses alive? Why a seemingly simple biology question is so hard to answer 2022-12-26T05:00:00Z Domestic vaccines have proven less effective against serious infection than Western-made messenger RNA versions. China’s COVID-19 surge might spawn a new coronavirus mutant 2022-12-25T05:00:00Z As synthesis proceeds, an enzyme removes the RNA primer, which is then replaced with DNA nucleotides, and the gaps between fragments are sealed by an enzyme called DNA ligase. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Although some genes encode RNAs that have structural or regulatory purposes themselves, those that encode proteins instead create an intermediary RNA. Human gene linked to bigger brains was born from seemingly useless DNA 2023-01-05T05:00:00Z To date, China has declined to authorize Western-made messenger RNA vaccines, which have proven to be more effective than its locally made shots. WHO “very concerned” about reports of severe COVID in China 2022-12-21T05:00:00Z Yet the genetic material at the center of each virus's protein shell is either DNA or RNA, the same molecules that create human beings. Are viruses alive? Why a seemingly simple biology question is so hard to answer 2022-12-26T05:00:00Z China’s vaccines rely on an older technology producing fewer antibodies than messenger RNA vaccines. China’s COVID-19 surge might spawn a new coronavirus mutant 2022-12-25T05:00:00Z The telomerase attaches to the end of the chromosome, and complementary bases to the RNA template are added on the end of the DNA strand. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The program homed in on stretches of DNA known as U1 elements, which when transcribed into RNA make the strand too sticky to make a clean escape. Human gene linked to bigger brains was born from seemingly useless DNA 2023-01-05T05:00:00Z But those shots, which use older technology, have lower efficacy rates than messenger RNA vaccines and offer weaker protection against new variants, experts say. New models predict at least 1 million deaths in China amid covid surge 2022-12-18T05:00:00Z In 2021, it established a hub in South Africa for transferring messenger RNA vaccine technology to companies in low- and middle-income countries. The global plan for COVID-19 vaccine fairness fell short. Will next time be different? 2022-12-12T05:00:00Z These included the presence of coronavirus RNA levels in the blood, certain autoantibodies in the body, Epstein-Barr virus DNA levels in the blood and preexisting Type 2 diabetes. Long COVID: a ‘massive disabling event’ 2022-12-12T05:00:00Z Figure 9.14 The central dogma states that DNA encodes RNA, which in turn encodes protein. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In protein-coding genes, these elements have mutations that make the RNA less sticky. Human gene linked to bigger brains was born from seemingly useless DNA 2023-01-05T05:00:00Z President Xi Jinping and his advisers have so far shunned the messenger RNA vaccines developed in the West. How China’s vaccine strategy stoked its looming ‘zero covid’ crisis 2022-12-01T05:00:00Z They compared the data with RNA sequenced from 72 patients with acute Lyme disease — earlier symptoms, such as a rash or facial paralysis — and 44 controls without the infection. Scientists identify biomarkers that could help diagnose Lyme disease 2022-11-28T05:00:00Z The other thing I am really proud of is the creation of the WHO mRNA vaccine technology hub, a facility based in Cape Town that aims to provide Africa with messenger RNA vaccines. WHO’s departing chief scientist regrets errors in debate over whether SARS-CoV-2 spreads through air 2022-11-22T05:00:00Z Termination liberates the mRNA and occurs by mechanisms that stall the RNA polymerase and cause it to fall off the DNA template. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z To edit a human gene, scientists first design a short strand of RNA to match part of the gene’s DNA sequence. CRISPR’s ‘ancestry problem’ misses cancer targets in those of African descent 2022-11-20T05:00:00Z In the study, patients received a subretinal injection of a modified virus carrying genetic material encoding components of CRISPR, a DNA-cleaving enzyme, and two RNA strands to guide the protein to its target sequences. Groundbreaking CRISPR treatment for blindness only works for subset of patients 2022-11-16T05:00:00Z In March 2020, he, Knight, and colleagues reported that microbial RNA and DNA was present in each of the 33 types of cancers they studied, and that each cancer type had a unique microbiome. Bacteria in tumors may promote cancer 2022-11-16T05:00:00Z But the viruses are known to swap chunks of RNA with each other, a process called recombination, so each section has its own evolutionary history. Chances of Finding COVID-Causing Virus Ancestor ‘Almost Nil,’ Virologists Say 2022-11-11T05:00:00Z Ribose is a five-carbon sugar found in RNA and AMP is one of the nucleotides in RNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z RSV is an RNA virus made up of 11 proteins, similar to influenza A, another RNA virus whose genes encode the same number of proteins. RSV Is Surging: What We Know about This Common and Surprisingly Dangerous Virus 2022-11-04T04:00:00Z Exquisitely complex molecular machines made of proteins or, in the case of the ribosome, a combination of proteins and RNA carry out each step. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z This reassortment, or “shift,” creates viral progeny with RNA segments from both strains. To thwart the next pandemic, ‘swientists’ hunt for flu viruses at U.S. hog shows 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z He points out, however, that some fragments were quite short, which makes those estimates less reliable because there are only a limited number of RNA nucleotides to compare. Chances of Finding COVID-Causing Virus Ancestor ‘Almost Nil,’ Virologists Say 2022-11-11T05:00:00Z Like DNA, RNA is a polymer of nucleotides. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These signals come in the form of proteins that help inactivate viral RNA and tell white blood cells where to find more of the pathogen, speeding its removal from the body. Covid-19 Symptoms Can Rebound Even if You Don’t Take Paxlovid 2022-10-27T04:00:00Z Chemists have long been able to synthesize opposite-handed DNA, RNA, and proteins. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z One source of change is its highly mutable RNA genome, allowing “drifts” during each round of viral replication. To thwart the next pandemic, ‘swientists’ hunt for flu viruses at U.S. hog shows 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z Scientists first imagined creating “antisense oligonucleotide” drugs — pieces of custom-made DNA or RNA designed to correct for genetic errors in cells — in the 1960s. Gene Treatment for Rare Epilepsy Causes Brain Side Effect in 2 Children 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z Each of the nucleotides in RNA is made up of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The term "mRNA" is short for "messenger RNA," a specific type of RNA that transmits information from genetic codes in the nucleus to the cytoplasm where proteins are manufactured. Experts taken aback by Florida surgeon general advising against COVID vaccines for young men 2022-10-13T04:00:00Z The ribosome is a molecular behemoth, made up of three large RNA fragments, consisting of approximately 2900 nucleotide building blocks in total, along with 54 proteins. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z The viral RNA is broken into eight segments that can be swapped between related subtypes. To thwart the next pandemic, ‘swientists’ hunt for flu viruses at U.S. hog shows 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z “There are other kids out there with fatal diseases,” said Dr. Arthur Krieg, a rheumatologist at the University of Massachusetts RNA Therapeutics Institute and a consultant to biotechnology companies, one of which makes antisense drugs. Gene Treatment for Rare Epilepsy Causes Brain Side Effect in 2 Children 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z In the case of RNA, the five-carbon sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Unlike RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or HIV, the monkeypox virus’s genome is composed of DNA, which tends to accrue mutations more slowly than RNA because it is more stable. What Does the Future of Monkeypox Look Like? 2022-10-13T04:00:00Z But to make the three much longer ribosomal RNA fragments in mirror-image form they needed a molecular machine that could crank them out—a polymerase enzyme. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z RNA is closely related to DNA, and one type, called messenger RNA or mRNA, sends instructions to the cell for different purposes. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-10-07T04:00:00Z To deliver the gene editor in vivo, the company wrapped that guide RNA plus a messenger RNA encoding the enzyme in a lipid nanoparticle. CRISPR infusion eliminates swelling in those with rare inflammatory disease 2022-09-16T04:00:00Z Figure 9.5 The difference between the ribose found in RNA and the deoxyribose found in DNA is that ribose has a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Evolutionary virologists have instead concentrated on the influenza virus, HIV, and other small viruses whose genomes consist of RNA. Will the monkeypox virus become more dangerous? 2022-09-15T04:00:00Z The polymerase made mirror-image RNA, but it was slow and prone to errors. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z But Dr. Daniel Kuritzkes, chief of infectious diseases at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, told the AP the patent document was discussing RNA presenting as a triple helix, not changing humans’ DNA to a triple helix. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-10-07T04:00:00Z The immune response was much stronger: None of the eight mice tested had any viral RNA in their lungs. Experimental COVID-19 vaccine may outsmart future coronavirus variants 2022-09-14T04:00:00Z RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z One thing is clear, however: Poxviruses mutate slowly compared with RNA viruses. Will the monkeypox virus become more dangerous? 2022-09-15T04:00:00Z The three RNA fragments they synthesized make up about two-thirds of the total mass of a ribosome. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z “If you actually read the patent, it has nothing to do with forming a triple helix of the RNA therapeutic with the host DNA,” Kuritzkes said. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-10-07T04:00:00Z By contrast, among eight mice immunized with a shot that targeted only S, seven had detectable amounts of viral RNA. Experimental COVID-19 vaccine may outsmart future coronavirus variants 2022-09-14T04:00:00Z Molecular biologists have named several kinds of RNA on the basis of their function. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “Handling these genomes is more complex than the RNA viruses,” says Richard Neher, a computational biologist at the University of Basel. Will the monkeypox virus become more dangerous? 2022-09-15T04:00:00Z Messenger RNA is a groundbreaking technology that uses a snippet of genetic code, encased in bubbles of fat, that instructs the body to recognize and combat a pathogen. Pfizer begins late-stage human study on an mRNA flu shot 2022-09-14T04:00:00Z It’s that the RNA molecule could theoretically form a triple helix, he said. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-10-07T04:00:00Z Unlike current Chagas disease drugs, the compound thwarts a step—the fine-tuning of newly made messenger RNA molecules—necessary for the parasite to synthesize proteins. Possible new treatment for neglected tropical disease 2022-09-06T04:00:00Z As a result, the primary method to control what type and how much protein is expressed in a prokaryotic cell is through the regulation of DNA transcription into RNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The team was able to restore GnRH production in the cells using microRNAs—strands of RNA that act as switches for gene expression—and reverse the rodents’ smell and memory deficits. Restoring a key hormone could help people with Down syndrome 2022-09-01T04:00:00Z Moderna, which has made billions of dollars from a COVID-19 vaccine based on messenger RNA technology, last week accused its main rival of infringing the company’s patents for a similar mRNA shot. News at a glance: High seas biodiversity, Japan’s nuclear power, and banning gasoline cars 2022-08-31T04:00:00Z For certain therapeutic applications, a triple helical RNA could be useful, he said. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-10-07T04:00:00Z Three areas of initial focus will be improving monoclonal antibodies that neutralize viruses; targeting viral RNA rather than a pathogen’s proteins; and shoring up the human immune system’s own antiviral actions. Philanthropist donates $172 million to speed up drug development for the next pandemic 2022-08-30T04:00:00Z The operon also contains a promoter sequence to which the RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription; between the promoter and the three genes is a region called the operator. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Messenger RNA, or mRNA, is the genetic script that carries DNA instructions to each cell’s protein-making machinery and has been used in the production of coronavirus vaccines. Moderna Sues Pfizer and BioNTech Over Covid Vaccine 2022-08-26T04:00:00Z The sugars ribose and deoxyribose are components of the backbones of RNA and DNA, respectively. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z “The messenger RNA from the vaccine does not form a triple helix, and it certainly doesn’t intercalate with the DNA to form a triple helix in any way,” Kuritzkes said. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-10-07T04:00:00Z A change in the RNA involved in protein production is short lived. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When there is no lactose present, a protein known as a repressor binds to the operator and prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter, except in rare cases. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This diagram illustrates the way organisms are related by examining one sequence of the nucleic acid RNA that all species have in common. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z Yet researchers rarely detected infectious virus on the food—only viral RNA—and food regulators in the United States, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand have dismissed this route of transmission. Where did pandemic start? Anywhere but here, argue papers by Chinese scientists echoing party line 2022-08-18T04:00:00Z Now, a new study of human embryos has pinpointed the window in embryonic development during which the pelvis begins to look humanlike and identified hundreds of genes and regulatory RNA regions that drive this transformation. Genes reveal how our pelvis evolved for upright walking 2022-08-16T04:00:00Z RNA would cause harm to the person as the RNA is encoded by the DNA and is not altered. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA translation to protein occurs in the cytoplasm. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The idea of an early “RNA world” has become increasingly accepted, but a great deal remains to be understood about the origin of life. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z In a graphic that illustrates the metagenomic analysis, dots show the virus mixed with RNA from several species other than humans, but the preprint does not specify which species. Where did pandemic start? Anywhere but here, argue papers by Chinese scientists echoing party line 2022-08-18T04:00:00Z Next, the researchers extracted RNA from different regions of the embryos’ pelvises to see which genes were active at different developmental stages. Genes reveal how our pelvis evolved for upright walking 2022-08-16T04:00:00Z DNA, when mutated, makes use of the repair mechanisms and can be repaired whereas RNA is not repaired and is transferred in generations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Various RNA molecules function in the process of forming proteins from the genetic code in DNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z RNA viruses like SARS-CoV-2 are always mutating; every replication in a hosts' cells creates a moment for a chance mutation to emerge. Why BA.5 became the dominant COVID variant 2022-08-10T04:00:00Z But to make these discoveries, the researchers have sequenced full-length RNA genomes; defective or incomplete viral genomes can complicate analyses, so they are typically ignored or discarded. How Zombies Can Help Prevent the Next Pandemic 2022-07-29T04:00:00Z Like the existing Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines, their vaccine encodes these conserved proteins in messenger RNA and relies on the body to turn that code back into protein. Why efforts to make better, more universal coronavirus vaccines are struggling 2022-07-27T04:00:00Z In this problem, we need to look at the molecules in slightly more detail so that you can development the ability to explain why DNA, and sometimes RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Unlike DNA in eukaryotic cells, RNA molecules leave the nucleus. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z RNA is closely related to DNA, and one type, called messenger RNA, sends instructions to the cell. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-07-22T04:00:00Z Using a technique called single-cell RNA sequencing, they isolated candidate cells from mouse glands and then examined their genetic function. ‘Frog Skin’ Cell Type Found in Mammal Mouths 2022-07-22T04:00:00Z But a shortage of the lipid shells needed to enclose and protect the RNA has slowed progress. Why efforts to make better, more universal coronavirus vaccines are struggling 2022-07-27T04:00:00Z Important macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and RNA, store considerable energy, and their breakdown is exergonic. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To prevent degradation and contamination, macromolecules such as proteins and RNA are inactivated using enzymes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Some viruses, like HIV, are known to be able to convert RNA to DNA and then incorporate that DNA into host cells’ genome. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-07-22T04:00:00Z For one thing, single-cell RNA sequencing has been available only for about a decade, and it remains relatively expensive. ‘Frog Skin’ Cell Type Found in Mammal Mouths 2022-07-22T04:00:00Z Those RNA sequences point to likely genes, although the technique can’t prove that any one sequence makes a stable, functional protein. ‘Gold mine of unexplored biology’: Short protein sequences could dramatically expand human genome 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 9.16 During elongation, RNA polymerase tracks along the DNA template, synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction, and unwinds then rewinds the DNA as it is read. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Still, the Swedish study only demonstrated that RNA had converted to DNA under the conditions created in the lab. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2022-07-22T04:00:00Z Messenger RNA is being used in a widespread fashion for the first time in history. CDC panel clears Novavax shots, paving way for fourth COVID-19 vaccine to reach U.S. arms 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z The Marburg virus is a “genetically unique zoonotic … RNA virus of the filovirus family,” according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A deadly virus was just identified in Ghana: What to know about Marburg 2022-07-18T04:00:00Z The cell performs an additional RNA processing step called RNA editing to remedy this. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The structure of ATP is that of an RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups attached. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Some people are allergic to an ingredient in messenger RNA vaccines or simply prefer the more traditional technology at the core of Novavax’s shot, which is the United States’ first protein-based vaccine. FDA authorizes Novavax coronavirus vaccine, adding to pandemic arsenal 2022-07-13T04:00:00Z The other type of nucleic acid, RNA, is mostly involved in protein synthesis. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z However, the guide RNA has more A nucleotides than the pre-mRNA has U nucleotides to bind with. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and freely transcribe the three genes, allowing the organism to metabolize the lactose. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z They first removed molecules from heat-killed bacteria and used enzymes that destroyed their proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and RNA. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Messenger RNA vaccines, which were authorized in late 2020, instruct the body’s cells to make the coronavirus spikes that dot the outside of the virus. FDA authorizes Novavax coronavirus vaccine, adding to pandemic arsenal 2022-07-13T04:00:00Z The DNA molecules never leave the nucleus, but instead use an RNA intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z In these regions, the guide RNA loops out. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Primase synthesizes an RNA primer to initiate synthesis by DNA polymerase, which can add nucleotides in only one direction. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z RNA helps to put the genetic code into action. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z By working in close partnership, scientists in Botswana and South Africa’s Network for Genomic Surveillance were able to quickly sequence Omicron’s RNA and disseminate information around the globe about the unique qualities of this variant. Genomic Sequencing Is Critical to Our Understanding of COVID 2022-07-13T04:00:00Z Other types of RNA are also involved in protein synthesis and its regulation. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z RNA editing has also been identified in mammals such as rats, rabbits, and even humans. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Once replication is completed, the RNA primers are replaced by DNA nucleotides and the DNA is sealed with DNA ligase. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The first step in decoding these genetic instructions is to copy part of the base sequence from DNA into RNA. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z It is composed of two ribosomal RNA subunits that wrap around mRNA to start the process of translation, followed by protein synthesis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z DNA and RNA are made up of small building blocks known as nucleotides. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z One possibility is that the mitochondria, being remnants of ancient prokaryotes, have an equally ancient RNA- based method for regulating gene expression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Fossilized nucleic acids—DNA and RNA—yield the most information. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z RNA then uses these instructions to direct the production of proteins, which help to determine an organism’s characteristics. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Transcription factors are proteins that affect the binding of RNA polymerase to a particular gene on the DNA molecule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The nucleotides combine with each other to form a polynucleotide: DNA or RNA. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z They can be identical if methylation of the U nucleotide in RNA occurs and gives T nucleotide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Unlike all living organisms that use DNA as their genetic material, viruses may use either DNA or RNA as theirs. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Like DNA, RNA is made up of nucleotides. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z RNA contains ribose, one phosphate group, and one nitrogen-containing base, but the “choices” of base for RNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The company hopes that its protein-based shot, a vaccine technology that has been widely used for decades, will appeal to Americans who declined to be vaccinated with shots using messenger RNA technology. The U.S. government will buy 3.2 million doses of Novavax’s Covid vaccine. 2022-07-11T04:00:00Z They can be identical if de-methylation of the U nucleotide in RNA occurs and gives T nucleotide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For this reason, mutations, changes in the nucleotide sequence, in RNA viruses occur more frequently than in DNA viruses. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z However, DNA and RNA differ in three important ways. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The mechanism by which cells turn the DNA code into a protein product is a two-step process, with an RNA molecule as the intermediate. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To overcome this, the team in California developed a method that uses nanobeads to increase the amount of viral RNA that can be sequenced from a wastewater sample. COVID Variants Found in Sewage Weeks before Showing Up in Tests 2022-07-08T04:00:00Z The flow of information is from RNA to protein. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This leads to more rapid evolution and change in RNA viruses. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z RNA uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA generally is single stranded, and RNA contains uracil in place of thymine. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z There are several different types of RNA, each having different functions in the cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Both CureVac and BioNTech have worked to develop the messenger RNA technology employed in their respective vaccines and potentially for other uses. Germany’s CureVac files suit against vaccine rival BioNTech 2022-07-05T04:00:00Z Based on Khorana’s findings, calculate the relative distributions of the following ratios of concentrations of RNA triplet sequences from mixtures in which the relative concentrations of guanine and cytosine, G:C, are 5:1. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, the fact that influenza is an RNA virus is one reason a new flu vaccine is needed every year. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These chemical differences make it easy for enzymes in the cell to tell DNA and RNA apart. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The structure of RNA is similar to DNA with a few small exceptions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Those include model organism screening centers, a metabolomics center, and research at the clinical sites such as RNA sequencing. NIH’s vaunted program for solving puzzling medical cases is running out of money 2022-06-26T04:00:00Z To express a protein, DNA is first transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Scientists engineer a piece of RNA that is a match for the DNA they want to edit. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z The differences between DNA and RNA allow them to perform separate functions in the cell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z For one thing, unlike DNA, most types of RNA, including mRNA, are single-stranded and contain no complementary strand. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z By occupying these sites like roadblocks on a highway, methyl groups can alter transcription, a basic step in gene expression where a piece of RNA is made from a DNA template. How Parents’ Trauma Leaves Biological Traces in Children 2022-06-25T04:00:00Z The process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and protein is called gene expression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the guide RNA matches a section of the DNA, the Cas9 enzyme cuts both strands of the DNA double helix. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z The information in DNA is always around, stored safely in the cell’s nucleus, where it serves as a template to make multiple RNA copies. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Second, the ribose sugar in RNA contains an additional oxygen atom compared with DNA. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They may collect just one or two mutations per year compared with 20 to 30 mutations for an RNA virus like the coronavirus. Scientists Zero In on Origins of the Monkeypox Outbreak 2022-06-23T04:00:00Z Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated during transcription and RNA processing, which take place in the nucleus, and during protein translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Scientists engineer a piece of RNA that is a match for the DNA they want to edit. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z In contrast, RNA is synthesized when the products of a particular gene are needed. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Finally, instead of the base thymine, RNA contains the base uracil. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The bottom line: All of those with Long Covid symptoms harbored viral RNA or, in some cases, viral proteins. What causes Long Covid? Here are the three leading theories 2022-06-15T04:00:00Z However, if the repressor is inactivated, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, and transcription of the structural genes occurs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the guide RNA matches a section of the DNA, the Cas9 enzyme cuts both strands of the DNA double helix. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z RNA copies travel to the ribosomes, which then put the coded instructions into action by assembling proteins in the cytoplasm. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Transcription starts when RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA segment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z All 44 still harbored viral RNA in their body, including in the brain, muscle, gut, and lungs. What causes Long Covid? Here are the three leading theories 2022-06-15T04:00:00Z This is the region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The bacteria turned these sequences into genetic material, called RNA, that could stick precisely to a short stretch of an invading virus’s genes. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z RNA has many roles, one of which is protein synthesis. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In another preprint, Joshua Levin and his Broad Institute colleagues tested the ability of the Ultima technology to identify active genes in single blood cells as indicated by the genes’ RNA transcripts. A $100 genome? New DNA sequencers could be a ‘game changer’ for biology, medicine 2022-06-14T04:00:00Z One mutation inhibits the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to the lac operon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These RNA molecules carry proteins with them that act like molecular scissors, slicing the viral genes and halting the infection. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z RNA controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z An exon is a segment of RNA that remains after splicing. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In 2012, she became the second woman to lead DARPA, serving a 5-year stint in which she created a biotechnology office that pioneered work on RNA vaccines to fight the current pandemic. Arati Prabhakar set to become Biden’s science adviser and his pick to lead science office 2022-06-12T04:00:00Z This opens the chromosomal region to allow access for RNA polymerase and other proteins, called transcription factors, to bind to the promoter region, located just upstream of the gene, and initiate transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All they needed to do was make a matching piece of RNA. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Both of these requirements are fulfilled by other types of RNA. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Novavax hopes its product will attract U.S. recipients skeptical of vaccines that employ messenger RNA and booster seekers who favor its proven method, which has led to licensed vaccines for other diseases, such as shingles. News at a glance: African swine fever vaccine, low-dose radiation, and bees as ‘fish’ 2022-06-08T04:00:00Z However, unlike prokaryotic cells, the eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires other proteins, or transcription factors, to facilitate transcription initiation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They then crafted another batch of RNA molecules, programming all of them to home in on the same spot on the DNA. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z Each type of RNA molecule specializes in a different aspect of the job. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Many experts are eager to add another vaccine to the toolbox, particularly because the Johnson & Johnson shot is now recommended only for people who cannot or will not take messenger RNA vaccines. FDA advisers recommend authorizing Novavax coronavirus vaccine 2022-06-07T04:00:00Z Activator control, typified by the action of CAP, increases the binding ability of RNA polymerase to the promoter when CAP is bound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Finally, they mixed the DNA, the RNA and molecular scissors together in test tubes. CRISPR, 10 Years On: Learning to Rewrite the Code of Life 2022-06-27T04:00:00Z However, only those genes being expressed are copied into RNA at any given time. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In contrast, RNA consists of a single strand of sugar-phosphate backbone studded with bases. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Although not as complex as DNA, RNA would still be difficult to forge into the long strands needed to convey genetic information, raising the question of how it could have spontaneously formed. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z CAP then binds the promoter, which allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter better. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Messenger RNA vaccines can be created and tested in months, not the year or more it can take for more traditional technologies. There’s still no HIV vaccine. The science behind coronavirus shots may help. 2022-06-01T04:00:00Z Transcription The process of copying a base sequence from DNA to RNA is known as transcription. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that function in protein synthesis. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In lab experiments, they show how rocks called basaltic glasses help individual RNA letters, known as nucleoside triphosphates, link into strands up to 200 letters long. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z Therefore, eukaryotic cells can control whether a gene is expressed by controlling accessibility to transcription factors and the binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The coronavirus is a tiny, single-stranded RNA virus, which may have aided its ability to become airborne. How Serious Is Monkeypox? 2022-05-23T04:00:00Z In transcription, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z A nuclear pore is a tiny passageway for the passage of proteins, RNA, and solutes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z But Jack Szostak, an RNA expert at Harvard University, says he won’t believe the result until the research team better characterizes the RNA strands. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z Once this occurs, the RNA is mature and can be translated. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA viruses, meanwhile, don’t have as strong a correction ability, so mutations and new variants develop more rapidly — evident in omicron’s recent slew of subvariants. Monkeypox in the COVID era: Here are the key differences between the viruses 2022-05-25T04:00:00Z Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The nucleolus is a region of the nucleus that is responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for construction of ribosomes. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Origin-of-life researchers are fond of a primordial “RNA world” because the molecule can carry out two distinct processes vital for life. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z Once the RNA is in the cytoplasm, the length of time it resides there before being degraded, called RNA stability, can also be altered to control the overall amount of protein that is synthesized. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One factor was the level of coronavirus RNA in the blood early in the infection, an indicator of viral load. What We Know About Long Covid So Far 2022-05-21T04:00:00Z RNA polymerase first binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In the first step, transcription, the DNA code is converted into a RNA code. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z And like proteins, RNA can also catalyze chemical reactions needed for life. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z To translate the protein, a protein initiator complex must assemble on the RNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Last year, China’s top infectious diseases official acknowledged that the country’s homegrown vaccines offered low protection against COVID-19 and that mixing them with booster doses of the novel messenger RNA vaccines might be needed. WHO clears China’s CanSino COVID vaccine for emergency use 2022-05-19T04:00:00Z It then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a complementary strand of RNA. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z A molecule of messenger RNA that is complementary to a specific gene is synthesized in a process similar to DNA replication. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Without a glass powder present, the RNA letters failed to link up. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z When DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane, the technique is called Southern blotting, and when RNA is transferred to a nylon membrane, it is called northern blotting. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Chemists say they have solved a crucial problem in a theory of life’s beginnings, by demonstrating that RNA molecules can link short chains of amino acids together. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z A single gene can produce hundreds, or even thousands, of RNA molecules. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Two types of pancreatic nuclease are responsible for their digestion: deoxyribonuclease, which digests DNA, and ribonuclease, which digests RNA. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Small RNA strands formed after just a day, but strands kept growing for months. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z Northern blotting is similar to Southern blotting, but RNA is run on the gel instead of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In an RNA world, the standard theory says, life could have existed as complex proto-RNA strands that were able to both copy themselves and compete with other strands. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z New RNA molecules sometimes require editing before they are ready to be read. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Transcription of the gene creates a messenger RNA that is translated into the desired protein within the cytoplasm. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z “Mix the ingredients, wait for a few days, and detect the RNA.” Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z Antisense RNA technology was used to slow down the process of softening and rotting caused by fungal infections, which led to increased shelf life of the GM tomatoes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Later, these ‘RNA enzymes’ could have evolved the ability to build proteins and ultimately to transfer their genetic information into more-stable DNA. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z All living organisms use information coded in DNA and RNA to carry information from one generation to the next. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The WHO said its expert group had assessed the limited data from seven studies for second booster doses of messenger RNA vaccines, saying there wasn’t enough information proving their effectiveness in younger, healthy people. WHO: 2nd COVID booster for most vulnerable offers benefits 2022-05-17T04:00:00Z A bigger issue, Szostak says, is the shape of the long RNA strands. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z Southern and northern blotting can be used to detect the presence of specific short sequences in a DNA or RNA sample. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Exactly how this could happen was an open question, partly because catalysts made of RNA alone are much less efficient than the protein-based enzymes found in all living cells today. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z The genetic information of the retrovirus is copied from RNA to DNA, and may be inserted into the DNA of the host cell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Two of those shots prompt a recipient’s own cells to manufacture a key piece of the coronavirus by following instructions encoded in messenger RNA, or mRNA for short. With old-school technology, can Novavax win over COVID vaccine skeptics? 2022-05-16T04:00:00Z But RNA letters can also bind in complex branching patterns. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z When RNA is used, the process is called Northern blotting. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Unlike most enzymes, the ribosome itself is made of not only proteins, but also segments of RNA — and these have an important role in synthesizing proteins. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z Two types of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid, or RNA, and deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z But ribosomes themselves are needed to make RNA and proteins. How life could have arisen on an ‘RNA world’ 2022-05-10T04:00:00Z Szostak wants the researchers to report the type of RNA the basaltic glasses created. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z Southern blotting is used to find RNA sequences. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Moreover, the ribosome contains modified versions of the standard RNA nucleosides A, C, G, and U. These exotic nucleosides have long been seen as possible vestiges of a primordial broth. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z What role do cell membranes and protocells play in the “RNA world” hypothesis? Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z They’ve shown that RNA molecules can grow short proteins called peptides all by themselves—no ribosome required. How life could have arisen on an ‘RNA world’ 2022-05-10T04:00:00Z Biondi admits her team’s experiment almost certainly produces a small amount of RNA branching. Did volcanic ‘glasses’ help spark early life? 2022-06-03T04:00:00Z A cell responds to the presence of double-stranded RNA by the attachment of the enzyme DICER, which cuts dsRNA into short fragments. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Carell’s team built a synthetic RNA molecule that included two such modified nucleosides by joining two pieces of RNA commonly found in living cells. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z The “RNA world” hypothesis proposes that RNA existed before DNA. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Researchers who study the origin of life have long considered RNA the central player because it can both carry genetic information and catalyze necessary chemical reactions. How life could have arisen on an ‘RNA world’ 2022-05-10T04:00:00Z Ceva created the other vaccine, the first RNA vaccine to be tested in poultry, specifically for ducks. Wrestling with bird flu, Europe considers once-taboo vaccines 2022-05-11T04:00:00Z Proteins are needed to synthesize DNA and RNA, and DNA and RNA are needed to synthesize proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The team then separated their original RNA strands and brought in a fresh one, carrying its own amino acid. Origin of Life Theory Involving RNA–Protein Hybrid Gets New Support 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z All proteins originate from RNA; even DNA nucleotides are first synthesized as RNA nucleotides. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z But to give rise to modern life, RNA would have had to somehow “learn” to make proteins, and eventually ribosomes. How life could have arisen on an ‘RNA world’ 2022-05-10T04:00:00Z Retrons carry an enzyme called reverse transcriptase that builds DNA strands based on RNA. Mysterious ‘Retron’ DNA Helps Scientists Edit Human Genes 2022-05-09T04:00:00Z |
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