| 单词 | relative clause |
| 例句 | The same rule creates relative clauses that begin with a preposition and a wh-word such as the better with which to see you or It’s you of whom she’s thinking. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z According to the traditional rule, the choice depends on which of two kinds of relative clause the word is introducing. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z This sentence is encumbered, among other things, by a long stretch between the filler of the relative clause, the former United Nations diplomat, and the gap after tapped seven words later. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z The real decision is not whether to use that or which but whether to use a restrictive or a nonrestrictive relative clause. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z The choice between that and which, according to the rule, is simple: nonrestrictive relative clauses take which; restrictive relative clauses take that. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z Foremost among them are the subordinator that and relative pronouns like which and who, which can signal the beginning of a relative clause. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z The position of the gap indicates the role that the modified phrase played in the deep structure; to understand the relative clause, we mentally fill it back in. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z When an item is modified by a relative clause, and its role inside the clause is the object of the verb, the reader is faced with a long span between the filler and the gap. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z A nonrestrictive relative clause is set offby commas, dashes, or parentheses, and expresses a comment from the peanut gallery, as in The pair of shoes, which cost five thousand dollars, was hideous. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z One part of the rule is correct: it’s odd to use that with a nonrestrictive relative clause, as in The pair of shoes, that cost a thousand dollars, was hideous. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z A restrictive relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, often because it pinpoints the referent of the noun from among a set of alternatives. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z There is nothing wrong with using which to introduce a restrictive relative clause, as in The pair of shoes which cost five thousand dollars was hideous. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z Now look at the second tree, where the relative clause has been put in the passive. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z The first of the three is-phrases, is brutally targeting civilians, is the most deeply embedded one; it is part of a relative clause that modifies third-rate Serbian military. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z Though the sentence may be beyond salvation, passivizing the relative clause would be a place to start: the former United Nations diplomat who has been tapped by protesters demanding Mr. Morsi’s ouster. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z Otherwise you could tilt toward that depending on the degree of restrictiveness, that is, the degree to which the meaning of the sentence critically depends on the relative clause. The Sense of Style 2014-09-04T00:00:00Z Roth wrote about the joys of both “phonetic seduction” and “a finely calibrated relative clause.” Philip Roth, a Born Spellbinder and Peerless Chronicler of Sex and Death 2018-05-23T04:00:00Z They created a short online grammar quiz called Which English? that tested noun–verb agreement, pronouns, prepositions and relative clauses, among other linguistic elements. At What Age Does Our Ability to Learn a New Language Like a Native Speaker Disappear? 2018-05-04T04:00:00Z It is used in questions and relative clauses, which are rarer and more complex than “he saw him” type sentences. In the court of common usage, an old pronoun is losing its case 2018-03-01T05:00:00Z “Which” can be either subjective or objective case — it is used for both the subject and the object of a relative clause. Red Pencils Ready? 2015-03-10T04:00:00Z These two modifying constructions — a participle phrase and a relative clause — are not parallel and so should not be linked by “and.” The Stranger in the Story 2014-12-09T05:00:00Z Or, to look at it a different way: The relative clause is not describing Apple Pay alone. Ugly Disagreements 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z So if you add a relative clause giving additional, non-essential information, you must introduce it with a comma. Let’s eat Grandma! How to use, and not use the comma 2014-09-04T04:00:00Z Recorded announcement: The relative clause is describing those plastic things; “that” is plural and needs a plural verb. Phrases We Love Too Much 2014-09-02T04:00:00Z As we have noted often, a relative clause like this is plural, describing the group of which Bona Sun is one example. Red Pencils Ready? 2015-03-10T04:00:00Z Though "whom" is pompous in short questions and relative clauses, it is a natural choice in certain other circumstances, even in informal speech and writing. Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z The verb in the relative clause should agree with the subject of the clause, in this case the relative pronoun “that.” Ugly Disagreements 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z As written, the words beginning “who have been accused” comprise a restrictive relative clause: it says only some Dublin bishops have been accused. Let’s eat Grandma! How to use, and not use the comma 2014-09-04T04:00:00Z “Who,” not “whom,” is used for the subject of a relative clause. Whom Goes There? 2014-07-15T04:00:00Z We needed another comma, after “teams,” to set off the relative clause. The Small Stuff, Again 2014-06-03T04:00:00Z The choice between "that" and "which", according to the rule, is simple: nonrestrictive relative clauses take "which"; restrictive relative clauses take "that". Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z Because of this similarity, it is sometimes called an appositive relative clause. Business English A Practice Book 2011-11-19T03:00:25.507Z The writer in fact meant to say all of the bishops had been accused, so needed to insert a comma after “bishops” to introduce a non-restrictive relative clause: Let’s eat Grandma! How to use, and not use the comma 2014-09-04T04:00:00Z In this statement, but especially in its relative clause, there was a note of sheer resentment which recalled other notes and other clauses to the retentive memory of Mr. Croucher. The Crime Doctor 2011-09-09T02:01:05.570Z We needed another comma, after “projects,” to set off the relative clause. The Small Stuff, Again 2014-06-03T04:00:00Z The real decision is not whether to use "that" or "which" but whether to use a restrictive or a nonrestrictive relative clause. Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z The relative clause must be used to understand the sentence. Business English A Practice Book 2011-11-19T03:00:25.507Z Compare the restrictive relative clause, not set off by commas, in the sentence, The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place. A Foreword to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition 2011-08-20T02:00:13.567Z Suppose relative clauses appeared only when a society entered the market economy. Words Cannot Express 2010-09-04T05:00:00Z There are two sets of forms according as to whether the verb occurs in a relative clause or not. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" According to the traditional rule, the choice depends on which of two kinds of relative clause the word is introducing. Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z Similar to the appositive is the explanatory relative clause. Business English A Practice Book 2011-11-19T03:00:25.507Z A common blunder is to use a singular verb in a relative clause following this or a similar expression, when the relative is the subject. A Foreword to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition 2011-08-20T02:00:13.567Z Note the abnormal position of the verb in the relative clause, a construction more frequently met with now than formerly. Aus meinem Königreich See 51b.This here.Do not use for this.Those.Do not carelessly omit a relative clause after those. The Century Handbook of Writing One part of the rule is correct: it's odd to use "that" with a nonrestrictive relative clause, as in "The pair of shoes, that cost £5,000, was hideous." Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z The sentence makes complete sense without the relative clause. Business English A Practice Book 2011-11-19T03:00:25.507Z Usually, however, this objection does not hold when the order is interrupted only by a relative clause or by an expression in apposition. A Foreword to the Panama-Pacific International Exposition 2011-08-20T02:00:13.567Z Ted Radford, the station overseer, was a personage not to be dismissed in a relative clause. Stingaree Between a main clause and a relative clause, and or but thwarts subordination. The Century Handbook of Writing A restrictive relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, often because it pinpoints the referent of the noun from among a set of alternatives. Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z If a relative clause or participial expression sounds awkward make a separate sentence of it. Newspaper Reporting and Correspondence A Manual for Reporters, Correspondents, and Students of Newspaper Writing In the sentence, Whom she means, I do not know, the relative clause is, whom she means, and is a noun clause forming the object of the verb know. Practical Grammar and Composition Such relative clauses are typical adjective clauses—i. e., they have the same effect as adjectives in limiting nouns. The Verbalist A Manual Devoted to Brief Discussions of the Right and the Wrong Use of Words and to Some Other Matters of Interest to Those Who Would Speak and Write with Propriety. Adjective or relative clauses are introduced by who, which, that, or an equivalent compound. The Century Handbook of Writing There is nothing wrong with using "which" to introduce a restrictive relative clause, as in "The pair of shoes which cost £5,000 was hideous." Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z A useful distinction will afterwards be drawn between the different kinds of relative clauses. "Stops", Or How to Punctuate A Practical Handbook for Writers and Students In the sentence, He is the man that did the act, the relative clause, that did the act, defines what is meant by man; without the relative clause the sentence clearly would be incomplete. Practical Grammar and Composition Between relative clauses which explain the antecedent, or which introduce a new thought. Punctuation A Primer of Information about the Marks of Punctuation and their Use Both Grammatically and Typographically In the second paragraph we have as subject “those” followed by a whole series of relative clauses beginning with “who,” and this series again rests on a very short predicate―“were no vulgar fanatics.” The Art Of Writing & Speaking The English Language Word-Study and Composition & Rhetoric A nonrestrictive relative clause is set off by commas, dashes or parentheses, as in "The pair of shoes, which cost five thousand dollars, was hideous." Steven Pinker: 10 'grammar rules' it's OK to break (sometimes) 2014-08-15T04:00:00Z The difference between the two kinds of relative clauses being understood, there will be no difficulty in applying the rule where an adjective clause is contracted. "Stops", Or How to Punctuate A Practical Handbook for Writers and Students Compare the following sentences: Explanatory relative clause: That book, which is about history, has a red cover. Practical Grammar and Composition If the relative clause limits the meaning of the antecedent, but does not explain it and does not add a new thought, the comma is not used. Punctuation A Primer of Information about the Marks of Punctuation and their Use Both Grammatically and Typographically Ruskin's sentence branches into brackets and relative clauses as a straight strong tree branches into boughs and bifurcations, rather shaking off its burden than merely adding to it. The Victorian Age in Literature It is best to class the relative clause as one of Characteristic, unless the result idea is clear and unmistakable. New Latin Grammar Footnote 131: In relative clauses too we tend to avoid the objective form of “who.” Language An Introduction to the Study of Speech Restrictive relative clause: The Lincoln that was killed by Booth was one of the world's greatest men. Practical Grammar and Composition Antecedent—That to which a relative pronoun or a relative clause refers. Punctuation A Primer of Information about the Marks of Punctuation and their Use Both Grammatically and Typographically It may be called The Hampered, or Obstacle Race Style, in which one continually trips over commas and relative clauses; and where the sense has to be perpetually qualified lest it should mean too much. The Victorian Age in Literature The antecedent is often incorporated in the relative clause. New Latin Grammar Notice also the use of the relative clause to indicate time relations. Composition-Rhetoric In the sentence, The man that I mentioned has come, the relative clause, that I mentioned, is an adjective clause modifying man. Practical Grammar and Composition According to his own syntax, this sentence of Murray's is wrong; for he himself suggests, that when two or more relative clauses refer to the same antecedent, the same pronoun should be used in each. The Grammar of English Grammars Those who prefer to let their classification be governed by the logical relation rather than by the grammatical construction call such a sentence compound, making the relative clause independent, or co-ordinate with its antecedent clause. Higher Lessons in English A work on English grammar and composition The Clause of Characteristic implies 'a person of the sort that does something'; the Indicative relative clause implies 'a particular person who does something.' New Latin Grammar When a relative clause furnishes an additional thought, it should be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Composition-Rhetoric That is known as the Restrictive Relative, because it should be used whenever the relative clause limits the substantive, unless who or which is of more pleasing sound in the sentence. Practical Grammar and Composition Or, rather, he ought to have said nothing after the word "writers;" because the whole relative clause is here weak and useless. The Grammar of English Grammars Uniform Relatives When several relative clauses relate to the same antecedent, they should have the same relative pronoun. Slips of Speech : a Helpful Book for Everyone Who Aspires to Correct the Everyday Errors of Speaking The first relative clause relating to Moses passes over without change of subject into one that refers to the priests, so that the singular immediately falls into plural and the plural back to the singular. Prolegomena If the relative clause is restrictive, that is, if it restricts or limits the meaning of the antecedent, the comma is unnecessary. Composition-Rhetoric Similarly, in the sentence, The book that I want is that red-backed history, the restrictive relative clause is, that I want, and limits the application of book. Practical Grammar and Composition Each of the three members is complex, because each has not only a relative clause, commencing with "who," but also an antecedent word which makes sense with "cannot look," &c. The Grammar of English Grammars Who and which are known as the Explanatory or Non-Restrictive Relatives, and should be used ordinarily only to introduce relative clauses which add some new thought to the author's principal thought. Practical Grammar and Composition When who and which are thus used as explanatory relatives, we see Page 19 that the relative clause may be omitted without making the sentence incomplete. Practical Grammar and Composition They introduce subordinate clauses only; these clauses are called relative clauses, and since they modify substantives, are also called adjective clauses. Composition-Rhetoric The relative clause, which is the least complex language, is a thought, which, though not fully so important as the principal thought, is more nearly coördinate than subordinate in its value. Practical Grammar and Composition The first of these relative clauses involves also a subordinate, supplementary clause,—"the universe is self-existent and indestructible"—introduced after the verb "tells" by the conjunction "that." The Grammar of English Grammars Explanatory relative clause: Lincoln, who was one of the world's greatest men, was killed by Booth. Practical Grammar and Composition In relative clauses this error may sometimes be avoided by placing the relative clause as near as possible to the noun it limits. Practical Grammar and Composition This "and which" construction is a frequent error; and which should never be used unless there is more than one relative clause, and then never with the first one. Practical Grammar and Composition Restrictive relative clause: The book that is about history has a red cover. Practical Grammar and Composition "Whom he could not surpass in speed," is a relative clause, or subordinate simple member, having three principal parts—he, could surpass, and whom. The Grammar of English Grammars |
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