| 单词 | refraction |
| 例句 | Harriot independently discovered what we now call Galileo’s law of fall, and also what we now call Snell’s law of refraction, but he never published. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Aristotle had said that rainbows are the result of reflection, while Theodoric showed that they were the result of two refractions and two reflections within each drop of water. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z They ignore atmospheric refraction, about which Ptolemy wrote. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z He produced a new theory of the rainbow which emphasized the role of refraction, where Aristotle had only mentioned reflection; but there is no evidence that Grosseteste ever conducted experiments to test his theory. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z When Nailer looked down into the glitter refraction of the waves it seemed that all the light and shimmer of the water had merged, a blur of motion too fast to understand. Ship Breaker 2010-05-01T00:00:00Z Since a reflecting telescope does not rely on refraction, it does not produce a halo of different colours around the image. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z In places Hollingsworth’s advice revealed, by refraction, a certain Victorian raciness. The Devil in the White City 2003-02-11T00:00:00Z If autofiction demands a refraction of reality, “Broken People” reads more like an artful recitation of it. What if a Shaman Could Solve All Your Problems, in Three Days? 2020-06-09T04:00:00Z But there’s her impersonation of Grace Jones’s imperiousness on “Move,” some sharp-elbowed dancehall refraction in which the two of them command the plebes to “part like the Red Sea” when the queen comes through. America Has a Problem and Beyoncé Ain’t It 2022-07-30T04:00:00Z Loud, raucous and off-kilter, the tracks rock in their own way, a cracked mirror held to a moment, the refraction offers a new glimpse at something you thought you knew. Throwbacks: Reissues from Cocteau Twins, Punk Rockers, more 2014-08-01T04:00:00Z On first view, it was hard to see this episode as anything other than a soap opera refraction of the real-life horror in Paris on Friday. ‘Homeland’ Recap: Season 5, Episode 7, ‘Oriole’ 2015-11-15T05:00:00Z The refraction of technology is part of a larger element: the bifurcation of how people act. This Life: What ?Modern Family? Says About Modern Families 2011-01-21T21:20:03Z The mirrored refractions between host and human are further refracted. Jeffrey Wright on ‘The Goldfinch,’ ‘Westworld’ and James Bond 2019-09-06T04:00:00Z “I’ve looked at it 85 different ways and it changes each time, the reflections, the refractions,” he said. The Artist Who Throws Newton a Curve 2022-09-06T04:00:00Z “A part of my seeing,” he surmises, is “my investing the glass with qualities not inherent in it . . . a refraction of my own essence, perhaps.” Review | The relentlessly introspective vision of Gerald Murnane 2018-03-28T04:00:00Z And each of the four couples is a different refraction of the Clara-Robert relationship. City Ballet Revives ‘Davidsbündlertänze’ and ‘Union Jack’ 2014-05-15T04:00:00Z With its fusion of Hitchcock and Mozart, of frozen poses and burning desires, it’s nearly as radical a refraction of melodramatic forms and moods as was “Jeanne Dielman.” Postscript: Chantal Akerman 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z The story that follows is a kind of Chaucerian refraction of the vicious military assault that shocked the world in 1989. Review | Banned in China, Sheng Keyi’s ‘Death Fugue’ is a pungent political satire 2021-08-10T04:00:00Z “The design embeds formal complexity and refraction within a powerful fluid dynamic, without compromising functionality and ergonomic requirements,” according to a statement. Zaha Hadid’s “Liquid Glacial” Show Is Inspired by Ice Formations 2015-06-10T04:00:00Z Readers may occasionally wish these poems, so at home at abstract heights — “such refraction, multiplying gazes, strews / Love’s face upon the objects of the world” — would put their feet on the ground. Traversing the sexy area between words and their meanings with Li-Young Lee in the poetry collection 'The Undressing' 2018-03-30T04:00:00Z But it's the works from the 1980s — the shadowy luminescence of "The Heart of the Night" and "Nocturne," the moonlight refractions in "Moonlight Reflections" and "Winter's Moon" — that are most alluring and powerful. Art books for the holidays: Gauguin, Dal?, Maria Frank Abrams and more 2010-12-02T00:40:00Z He understands that what he sees is an illusion, wrought by "some refraction of brilliance," but he understands, too, that the "angel ... consumed by light" is also utterly real. 'The Round House': Louise Erdrich's novel of a brutal assault and its aftermath 2012-10-10T21:57:03Z This information and the ways it can be an analog or a refraction of an American reality may not be new, but 20 years on it's perhaps easier to realize how visceral it all is. "Good, honest folks": 20 years later, controversial "Dogville" has become frightening prophecy 2023-04-30T04:00:00Z It was light that fascinated him when he became a filmmaker of some renown in the late 1960s, and in 1969 when he turned to glass for experimentation with refraction, reflection and expression. Artist Paul Marioni's home a real piece of work 2011-12-02T06:06:24Z The portrait of Brooke is an ingenious and depressing refraction of the life of an actor. “Mistress America” and the Art of Making a Living as an Artist 2015-08-24T04:00:00Z Through some refraction of brilliance the wings arched up from the slender body. 'The Round House': Louise Erdrich's novel of a brutal assault and its aftermath 2012-10-10T21:57:03Z The shadowy sound of guitars drifts through the music; Ms. Mazzoli’s chaotic refractions of hoedown fiddling occasionally explode within a landscape of jittery unease. Review: An Opera Reaches the American Dream’s Brooding Heart 2018-09-27T04:00:00Z This side story keeps cropping up in various refractions, but never quite coalesces. Guardian book club: The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen 2010-10-15T08:42:00Z Bogdanovich crafted a modernistic refraction of the classic Hollywood musical, extending its range of techniques and themes in meticulous and bold ways that were derided as misguided nostalgia. Review: “At Long Last Love,” a Peter Bogdanovich Masterwork That Was Despised in Its Time 2018-09-27T04:00:00Z She talked about art without using words like “refraction.” Mary Boone Is Not Done 2019-03-29T04:00:00Z That film’s director, Phil Harder, is so interested in surrounding the dancers with multiple refractions of themselves that each woman disappears into her own chorus like a card into a pack. 2010-01-29T04:40:00Z “The show is a sort of refraction of the desert experience through different eyes.” Desert X aims to be the Coachella of the art world. Here's a sneak peek 2017-02-23T05:00:00Z Moving up and down through the strata of history, Smith captures the ever-changing refractions of human desire. Review | What was it like to live in a world both more formal and more brutal than our own? 2018-01-08T05:00:00Z Great Smoky Mountains National Park, along the border of North Carolina and Tennessee At first inspection, this refraction of the culture into ever-smaller slivers leaves us instinctively with a sense of something lost. What Was, Is and Will Be Popular 2013-09-06T22:52:30Z I’m equally inclined to liken Hong’s films to those of Alain Resnais, which, even in the absence of explicit reflexivity, place the cinematic transformations and refractions of experience at the core of every story. The Hong Sang-soo Retrospective Is a Must-See 2016-06-03T04:00:00Z The show, which is free, says exhibition curator Neville Wakefield, “is a sort of refraction of the desert experience through different eyes.” Essential Arts & Culture: Parsing Measure S, 'Fun Home' inspires genuflection, SCI-Arc goes to Mexico 2017-02-25T05:00:00Z In all three ballets, women stretch one leg and both arms upward in lines that suggest the refraction of light from a jewel. Understanding Balanchine’s ‘Jewels,’ a Perfect Introduction to Ballet 2016-09-27T04:00:00Z SNL intentionally functions as a weekly referendum and refraction of popular culture: political satire, music, news, cultural trends, a winking parody to whatever movie or TV show everyone’s watching. Saturday Night Live has a political satire problem: Our reality isn’t very funny 2017-05-18T04:00:00Z The curtain opens and we see Mélisande in a wedding dress, entering a room and falling asleep; the opera proper is her dream, and presumably a refraction of her “real” life. Review: ‘Il Trionfo’ and ‘Pelléas’ at the Aix-en-Provence Festival 2016-07-03T04:00:00Z In Venice, along with a group now known as Light and Space artists, he explored the stunning possibilities of transparency, refraction, and reflection. Sculptor De Wain Valentine’s Cast-Polyester Resin Is Subject of New York Retrospective 2015-06-30T04:00:00Z On the right, meanwhile, the precariously balanced melons encroach on this central duo, their knobbly, green-and-yellow skins — so different from the bottle and glass! — creating a colored refraction in the clear water. Perspective | This painting is a rest stop for the weary, and a breath of fresh air The difference in index of refraction between the two materials defines the angle of that bending. Engineered Metamaterials Can Trick Light and Sound into Mind-Bending Behavior 2022-11-18T05:00:00Z Predominantly transparent, the sculptures gather light and focus refractions within their colorful optical space. Review: OCMA opens: The good, the confounding and the lack of seating 2022-10-05T04:00:00Z So before we study the law of refraction, it is useful to discuss the speed of light and how it varies in different media. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Professional astronomers’ telescopes are more complicated than this, but they follow the same principles of reflection and refraction. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z Is the relationship of the mind to the brain like the relationship between lightning and electrical discharge or a rainbow and the refraction of light through water droplets? Introduction to Philosophy 2022-06-15T00:00:00Z Light entering a medium with a negative index of refraction, on the contrary, would bend backward, creating unexpected optical effects, such as a straw appearing to lean the wrong way. Engineered Metamaterials Can Trick Light and Sound into Mind-Bending Behavior 2022-11-18T05:00:00Z As the two light waves pass through the crystal, they travel at different velocities and are separated by refraction into two different travel paths. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z The change in the speed of light is related to the indices of refraction of the media involved. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z This effect is a result of refraction, the bending of light passing through air or water, something we will discuss in Astronomical Instruments. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z “We designed an 11 element, completely glass lens with super sharp focus and basically close to the refraction limits,” explains Bathiche. How Microsoft built its smart Surface camera 2022-03-22T04:00:00Z Scientists long assumed that it was impossible to find or create a material supporting negative refraction, and some argued that it would violate fundamental physical principles. Engineered Metamaterials Can Trick Light and Sound into Mind-Bending Behavior 2022-11-18T05:00:00Z Such bending of the waves as they enter shallower water is called wave refraction, which produces the appearance from the beach that waves are approaching the beach face generally straight on, parallel to the beach. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z In the situations shown in Figure 25.11, medium 2 has a greater index of refraction than medium 1. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Such instruments are generally combinations of glass lenses, which bend light according to the principles of refraction, and curved mirrors, which depend on the properties of reflection. Astronomy 2016-10-13T00:00:00Z A challenge with this picture was dealing with the refraction as everything under the water was greatly magnified, giving improper proportions. 2021 Sports in Review 2021-12-31T05:00:00Z When Schultz, Smith and their colleagues combined tiny copper rings and wires on stacked circuit-board substrates, however, they demonstrated that a microwave beam passing through this engineered material undergoes negative refraction. Engineered Metamaterials Can Trick Light and Sound into Mind-Bending Behavior 2022-11-18T05:00:00Z But “Dune” the film has somehow become part of the world for me, less a reflection than a refraction of reality, burnished with desert dust and shadow. The Man Who Finally Made a ‘Dune’ That Fans Will Love 2021-10-13T04:00:00Z Diamonds sparkle due to total internal reflection coupled with a large index of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Nero's tutor, Seneca, was an expert in light refraction, mirrors, and optics, and those were thought to be one of the first-ever spectacles, the statement said. Rare Mughal era eyeglasses to be auctioned by Sotheby's 2021-10-08T04:00:00Z “For most of my life, I was viewed through the lens of others, a refraction of someone else’s pronoun,” she said in the statement. Huma Abedin, aide to Hillary Clinton and ex-wife to Anthony Weiner, is writing a memoir 2021-06-10T04:00:00Z The specific temperature profile is key, since the air’s temperature determines its index of refraction. Floating land, wall of water appear over Chesapeake Bay amid rare mirage 2021-03-15T04:00:00Z It’s similar to refraction, which occurs when white light is broken into a rainbow through a prism. Why Is This Chocolate Shimmering Like a Rainbow? 2020-05-21T04:00:00Z Rainbows are produced by a combination of refraction and reflection and involve the dispersion of sunlight into a continuous distribution of colors. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But those observations do not show how the refraction evolves over time. Aircraft spies gravity waves being sucked into Antarctica’s polar vortex 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z But with the coronavirus now tearing across the world — heightening anxieties, escalating xenophobia, underscoring systemic inequities and disproportionately devastating the Navajo Nation — the unexpected refractions of our current reality are making Barnaby’s head spin. How indigenous zombie horror film 'Blood Quantum' became prescient in the pandemic 2020-05-08T04:00:00Z Since the air’s index of refraction changed so dramatically in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, light that would otherwise rise was instead refracted back toward the ground. Floating land, wall of water appear over Chesapeake Bay amid rare mirage 2021-03-15T04:00:00Z He spoke of how a psychiatric hospital should be like a refraction of society in miniature, since it had a residential aspect to it. The Architect Making Conceptual Art Out of Buildings 2020-03-02T05:00:00Z Suppose light were incident from air onto a material that had a negative index of refraction, say –1.3; where does the refracted light ray go? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Accounting for refraction would bog down existing models, van Niekerk says. Aircraft spies gravity waves being sucked into Antarctica’s polar vortex 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z Shinkai’s artists capture both micro- and macroscopic: the wonder of a raindrop acting a prism, casting refractions onto the surrounding surfaces and the glow produced by light shining through clouds. Review: ‘Weathering With You’ wraps larger concerns in a surprising modern-day fable 2020-01-15T05:00:00Z “It’s different types of scattering, reflection and refraction of light,” he says. Winter sunsets really are more spectacular. Here's why 2020-01-10T05:00:00Z She even makes shopping trolleys and umbrellas beautiful – all stark angles, refraction and reflection, light and shadow. What’s behind a phobia of holes? 2019-11-19T05:00:00Z Explain in terms of indices of refraction and angles, perhaps referring to Figure 25.47. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Alas, none of these reflections and refractions of Gershwin’s work are even mentioned by Crawford as an insight into the composer’s immense influence. Review | The thoroughly modern genius of George Gershwin 2019-09-06T04:00:00Z This light bending, or refraction, degrades the quality of the image, especially to the left and right of the scanner’s light source. Test Pilot Geese, Planetary Wrecking Balls and Super AI Vision: The Week’s Best Science GIFs 2019-09-06T04:00:00Z In certain situations, refraction can focus a huge amount of light on a small area, erasing the need for a giant structure to catch it all. Earth Could Be a Lens for a Revolutionary Space Telescope 2019-08-14T04:00:00Z Coined by Isaac Newton in 1672 to describe refractions of light, today referencing a “spectrum” is almost always shorthand for acknowledging a metaphorical range of nuances. Does thinking about things 'on a spectrum' make us more enlightened? 2019-07-30T04:00:00Z Suppose you have an unknown clear substance immersed in water, and you wish to identify it by finding its index of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z There also will be a private styling suite and on-site refraction exams. L.A. beauty brand Uoma releases 108 products for diverse skin colors 2019-05-02T04:00:00Z Then they rotated the sample in front of the scanner, correcting the image for refraction. Test Pilot Geese, Planetary Wrecking Balls and Super AI Vision: The Week’s Best Science GIFs 2019-09-06T04:00:00Z Another complication is the nature of refraction itself: the degree to which light refracts through Earth’s atmosphere is a function of the light’s wavelength, or color, which can easily lead to scrambled pictures. Earth Could Be a Lens for a Revolutionary Space Telescope 2019-08-14T04:00:00Z One is atmospheric refraction, the bending of the sun’s light as it passes through Earth’s atmosphere. The spring equinox arrives Wednesday evening. Here’s everything you need to know. 2019-03-20T04:00:00Z Taking the boundary between nearly empty space and the atmosphere to be sudden, calculate the angle of refraction for sunlight. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Wang eschews the obligatory arc of the illness memoir in favor of a series of refractions. Esmé Weijun Wang’s ‘The Collected Schizophrenias’ belongs alongside the best writing on illness 2019-02-28T05:00:00Z One way to achieve it is through refraction, the bending of light as it passes from one translucent medium to another. Scientists luck upon a new way to make a rainbow 2019-02-27T05:00:00Z When light travels through materials it changes direction and slows down, a process called refraction. The Pentagon compiled research into invisibility cloaking, wormholes, and warp drive 2019-01-29T05:00:00Z "Wave reflection and refraction create a more complex tsunami propagation pattern by 48 hours post-impact." Asteroid that killed the dinosaurs caused a mile-high tsunami around the Earth 2019-01-07T05:00:00Z Now construct a problem in which you determine the angle of refraction for different models of the atmosphere, such as various layers of varying density. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In a short book, refraction can seem like repetition when several characters, each responding directly to the reader with his or her own “version of extremism,” overlap and reinforce one another. A Début Novel Captures a City on the Boil 2019-01-07T05:00:00Z Researchers assumed it must be a refraction or diffraction effect, but those schemes couldn't fit the data, Zarzar says. Scientists luck upon a new way to make a rainbow 2019-02-27T05:00:00Z The designs interpret the characteristics of sun and star reflection and light refraction in sculptural, spherical forms. Space: The latest frontier for home décor | Produced by Advertising Publications 2018-08-22T04:00:00Z Ray tracing enables a more complex modelling of light than current techniques, rendering reflections, refractions and shadows in real time for more realistic visuals. The seven biggest video games from Gamescom 2018-08-21T04:00:00Z Your instructor may wish to guide you on the level of complexity to consider and on how the index of refraction varies with air density. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In general, some of the waves are reflected during the refraction process. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z Image: Apple Apple proposes its device use what’s called a catadioptric system, which uses curved mirrors and lenses to combine refraction and reflection into a single system. Apple smart glasses patent details a lighter, comfier head-mounted display 2018-02-09T05:00:00Z He pinpoints Johannes Kepler's seventeenth-century research on retinal imaging as the shift towards modern optics, along with René Descartes's study of refraction and the development of instrumentation. New in paperback : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-03T04:00:00Z Some experiments include mixing chemicals and studying pH levels, DNA extraction, blood typing and studying light refraction. Class after school gives students a closer look at science 2017-02-11T05:00:00Z If there is air outside and the incident angle is 45.0º , what must be the minimum index of refraction of the material from which the reflector is made? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In a paper in Nature, He et al.1 report an impressive demonstration of a previously unobserved refraction phenomenon. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z Similar mathematics apply to conventional lensing, or refraction: light rays or sound waves shift direction when the medium through which they are travelling changes. Long-awaited mathematics proof could help scan Earth's innards 2017-02-09T05:00:00Z That’s a flaw in “The Salesman,” too, with its sometimes forced refractions of Miller’s play. Review: In ‘The Salesman,’ echoes of Arthur Miller in Tehran 2017-01-26T05:00:00Z Partisan refraction has fueled the rise of fake news, according to researchers who study the phenomenon. The Real Story About Fake News Is Partisanship 2017-01-11T05:00:00Z What is the index of refraction for the liquid and its likely identification? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The immediate question is whether He and colleagues’ refraction phenomenon could be realized in optical systems for light and condensed-matter systems for electrons. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z These were produced by the reflection and refraction of the first flat rays of the sun from the raindrops that hung in the early morning air. Springlike December day wasn’t a record, but temperature was way above normal 2016-12-27T05:00:00Z Wonder material: Scientists measured a property called negative refraction in the promising material graphene. 'Dead or alive' cat in physics top 10 - BBC News 2016-12-13T05:00:00Z For lots of drama in small doses, focus on a powder room; electric light in the small space will maximize the refraction of the mica, and the walls will veritably glisten. Eye Shadow Doubles as an Insider Décor Trick 2016-04-14T04:00:00Z At what incident angle must 470 nm light enter flint glass to have the same angle of refraction? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Another question, which will be of interest to both optical and condensed-matter physicists, is how to engineer the range of propagation directions — and, in turn, the Fermi arcs — to achieve greater control of negative refraction. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z If alien astronomers were trying to get a spectroscopic reading of Earth, she says, refraction would prevent them from probing any deeper than 10 kilometres from the surface6. The truth about exoplanets 2016-02-16T05:00:00Z Testing revealed no arterial blockage but his ejection refraction rate - the measurement of the percentage of blood leaving the heart each time it contracts - was low. EXCHANGE: Meds, treatments, help man delay ‘death sentence’ 2016-02-17T05:00:00Z He's moved through a half-dozen styles in his career, beginning in the sprawl of free jazz and abrasive guitars, then experimenting with refractions of bass music more easily used on dance floors. British producer Kevin Martin transforms into a Bug. Then there's his King Midas Sound 2015-12-26T05:00:00Z Can the second group determine a value for the index of refraction of the gas from only this data? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The refraction phenomenon could also find widespread use in acoustics. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z This bending, known as refraction, increases as the atmosphere becomes thicker. The truth about exoplanets 2016-02-16T05:00:00Z And Benghazi seemed a refraction of the increasingly bizarre Republican nomination race, in which Ben Carson seems to be levitating past Donald Trump. A GOP Identity Crisis Eases the Path for Hillary Clinton 0002-11-29T05:00:00Z But the skin tones, the softness of the feathers, and realistic reflections and refraction on the skin and through the tears is fantastic. Square Enix Unveils Impressive WITCH CHAPTER 0 [cry] DirectX 12 Tech Demo At Microsoft BUILD 2015-04-30T04:00:00Z The index of refraction of the plastic is known. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z For example, the combination of negative refraction and zero reflection could lead to improved resolution in ultrasonic imaging and testing. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z Vargas Llosa has filled his books with enough personal refractions to remind one of Alberto Moravia’s sense of the novel as “higher autobiography.” Mario Vargas Llosa’s Mad Peru 2015-03-09T04:00:00Z The pictures that Harrison took reveal no such semblance, but record the handprints of believers on the pane and the refractions of light from changing skies. The Timely Sculpture of Rachel Harrison | The New Yorker 2014-12-15T05:00:00Z In addition, the whole school curriculum is being devoted to the First World War so in science, for example, we will be learning about periscopes and refraction and reflection. T-shirt poem helping British Legion 2014-11-07T05:00:00Z The hollow space is filled with a gas, and the students are asked to collect the data needed to find the index of refraction of the gas. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Waves change direction when they pass from one medium to another — a phenomenon called refraction. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z And if they do not write a check for the refraction fee, for example, many doctors will not dispense a prescription for the glasses. As Insurers Try to Limit Costs, Providers Hit Patients With More Separate Fees 2014-10-25T04:00:00Z The reason us Earthlings get a glimpse of the red Moon is because of the Earth’s atmosphere, which appears to lift the images of the two heavenly bodies above the horizon by atmospheric refraction. Rare Blood Moon Eclipse Will Be Visible In The US 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z When light passes into a material of a different index of refraction, which is often proportional to the density, part of the light reflects and part of it bends. A World of Creatures That Hide in the Open 2014-08-18T04:00:00Z If the index of refraction of the fluid is lower than that of water, the light will slow down and turn toward the normal. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Versions of negative refraction have been realized in each of these areas. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z As insurers ratchet down payments to physicians and hospitals, these providers are pushing back with a host of new charges: Ophthalmologists are increasingly levying separate “refraction fees” to assess vision acuity. As Insurers Try to Limit Costs, Providers Hit Patients With More Separate Fees 2014-10-25T04:00:00Z To eliminate refraction, Wells realised that he had to somehow reduce the refractive index of Griffin's tissues to one. Vanishing point: five ways to become invisible 2014-07-19T04:00:00Z In regards to the second photon, the region of the Rydberg state has a different index of refraction than the rest of the gas. And Let There Be "Molecules" of Light 2013-10-14T20:45:24.920Z The diameter and index of refraction of the lens. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In many cases, such as in experiments involving the refraction of electrons through an interface5, reflection can even dominate negative refraction. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z The varying index of refraction the team achieved happens to be very similar to the bending of space-time geometry around a massive star. Curved Space-time Mimicked on a Chip 2013-09-30T20:45:00.877Z But if there’s an atmosphere, there’s all kind of optical refraction. Probing the Solar System's Icy Fringes 2013-08-22T11:08:00Z The index of refraction describes how light or radiation travels through a medium.It is measured by the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a substance. And Let There Be "Molecules" of Light 2013-10-14T20:45:24.920Z Layers of tissues with varying indices of refraction in the lens are shown here. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z For instance, the refraction does not occur in a flat plane, contrary to the common impression of refraction. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z A conventional lens relies on refraction to bend light to a point by passing it through varying thicknesses of glass. Exotic optics: Metamaterial world 2013-08-07T17:50:26.790Z "With parallax mapping, thick vegetation, multiple coloured light sources, refraction and reflection, as well as beautiful, highly-detailed tools; I find the phrase 'as closely as possible' extremely hard to swallow." FortressCraft and the man who took on Mojang 2013-07-23T12:04:00Z For instance, it takes energy to change a material's index of refraction. Something from Nothing? A Vacuum Can Yield Flashes of Light 2013-02-12T14:45:00.290Z Hertz also studied the reflection, refraction, and interference patterns of the electromagnetic waves he generated, verifying their wave character. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Although intriguing, negative refraction did not trigger much attention, and was considered impossible for more than 30 years because it was thought that negative-index materials could not exist. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z They've developed a tiny device in which the index of refraction for visible light is zero—so that light waves of a particular wavelength move infinitely fast. Nanoscale Device Makes Light Travel Infinitely Fast 2012-11-06T22:38:49Z Russian physicist Victor Veselago first theorized its existence in his 1967 paper about materials with an unusual property called negative refraction index. Bright Idea: New "Tractor Beam" Proposal Relies on Light's Negative Radiation Pressure 2012-06-20T10:15:00.203Z Those telescopes that do not employ reflection use refraction. The search for alien life: Twinkle, twinkle, little planet 2012-06-07T15:06:09Z The refraction of light as it travels from one transparent medium to another can be used to form images. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z They found that, at the interface between two adjacent facets of the crystal, airborne acoustic waves could undergo negative refraction without reflection. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z The Believers' eyes, inflamed by the sandstorm, reddened by the refraction on the dunes, produced—even in their sockets—the effect of burning embers. The Life of Mohammad The Prophet of Allah 2012-04-25T02:01:04.030Z The amount of separation is very small, and depends on the thickness of the glass, the index of refraction and the focal length of the telescope. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 2 "Hearing" to "Helmond" 2012-04-25T02:00:53.567Z No human mind could comprehend all the individual cases of refraction. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z These are the law of reflection, for situations in which light bounces off matter, and the law of refraction, for situations in which light passes through matter. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The authors’ results represent the first realization of negative refraction for topological surface states. Reflection forbidden and refraction reversed in an artificial crystal 2018-07-31T04:00:00Z It was a somewhat difficult matter, owing to the refraction of the triplex glass in front of the navigation-room, where, in contrast to the rest of the windows, fire-proofed celluloid had not been employed. The Airship "Golden Hind" 2012-04-21T02:00:26.983Z It is caused by the refraction of light passing through moisture, which at the usual height is in the form of ice-crystals. Reading the Weather 2012-04-19T02:00:27.487Z But knowing the index of refraction for the two media presented, and the familiar law of the sines, we can easily reproduce or fill out in thought every conceivable case of refraction. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z This bending of light is called refraction and is responsible for many optical phenomena. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z “Sometimes a photo will prompt someone to say, “How does that happen?”, sparking a discussion on fluid dynamics, refraction, the milky way, or plant cycles,” she said. Scientist in the Kitchen: Jen Yu, Photographer, Blogger, Scientist, Cook 2012-04-12T19:15:02.197Z This then is a considerable source of error, but the most serious source of uncertainty affecting the value of heights is the refraction of the atmosphere. Mount Everest the Reconnaissance, 1921 2012-04-12T02:00:28.417Z The sun sometimes is surrounded by a colored halo due to the refraction of the light by the ice crystals. Reading the Weather 2012-04-19T02:00:27.487Z As soon as we have cleared matters up by our index of refraction we discover that a special index is necessary for each color. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z Table 25.1 gives the indices of refraction for some representative substances. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Not only is the body thus brilliantly coloured, but equally gaudy rays will be seen round it, probably produced by the moving legs and by refraction. Old Flies in New Dresses How to Dress Dry Flies with the Wings in the Natural Position and Some New Wet Flies 2012-04-02T02:00:23.697Z Grey daylight also affords brownish shadows, but from the greater quantity and diffusion of comparatively colourless light, the local colours of objects become more visible, while the shadows are more varied by reflection and refraction. Colour as a Means of Art Being an Adaption of the Experience of Professors to the Practice of Amatures 2012-03-30T02:00:20.700Z When the colors are caused by diffraction instead of refraction, the red is on the outside of the prismatic ring and the halo is called a corona. Reading the Weather 2012-04-19T02:00:27.487Z Hamilton unfolded theoretically the phenomenon of the so-called conical refraction of light, but it was reserved for Lloyd some time subsequently to observe the fact. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z If, as shown in the figure, the index of refraction for the second medium is less than for the first, the ray bends away from the perpendicular. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But if there were no original rays of light, there could be neither refraction, nor reflections. Winterslow Essays and Characters Written There 2012-03-27T02:00:25.647Z This appearance is caused by refraction of the sun’s light through the planetary atmosphere, and is, in fact, a certain proof that Venus has an atmosphere similar to that of the earth. Astronomical Curiosities Facts and Fallacies 2012-03-27T02:00:18Z An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z A glass rod is visible in air or in water, but it is almost invisible in a mixture of benzol and bisulphuret of carbon, which has the same mean index of refraction as the glass. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z The index of refraction outside the fiber must be smaller than inside, a condition that is easily satisfied by coating the outside of the fiber with a material having an appropriate refractive index. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Mr. Burke talks of the reflections and refractions of the rays of light as altering their primary essence and direction. Winterslow Essays and Characters Written There 2012-03-27T02:00:25.647Z Naval Observatory routinely uses 34 minutes of arc for the angle of refraction and 16 minutes of arc for the semidiameter of the sun's disc. Spring Arrives with Equinox Tuesday, Earliest in More Than a Century 2012-03-19T19:45:00.230Z Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as, anaclastic curves. Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2012-03-24T02:00:23.513Z We may observe on the cardboard the reflexion and diffraction of the head-wave, and by means of a flame its refraction, so that no doubt as to its nature can remain. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z In fact, most fibers have a varying refractive index to allow more light to be guided along the fiber through total internal refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The difference between the coefficients 0.97 and 1.17 arises from the refraction of the ray, but for which they would be equal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 6 "Home, Daniel" to "Hortensius, Quintus" 2012-03-15T02:00:32.250Z Thus, thanks to atmospheric refraction, the length of daylight on any given day is increased by approximately six or seven minutes. Spring Arrives with Equinox Tuesday, Earliest in More Than a Century 2012-03-19T19:45:00.230Z The miracle of colour depends directly on the level of the water, and in Roman days the arch was far too high to permit the necessary refraction or colouration of the rays of sunlight. Naples Past and Present 2012-03-13T02:00:23.473Z Air, finally, has so small an index of refraction and so small a deflective influence upon light, that the refractive effect is commonly imperceptible altogether. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z Fibers in bundles are surrounded by a cladding material that has a lower index of refraction than the core. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z We got into this idea about surface, reflection, refraction. ArtsBeat: Behind the Poster: 'In Masks Outrageous and Austere' 2012-03-12T19:28:34Z Mirage and refraction are very troublesome matters to deal with, for the bull's eye appears to be where in reality it is not. Ladies in the Field: Sketches of Sport 2012-03-03T03:00:17.540Z An incident occurred during one of these excursions which illustrates the deceitful effect of refraction in the northern atmosphere. North-Pole Voyages 2012-03-01T03:00:27.283Z Certainly this will never be done, no more than light or heat will ever be deduced from the law of refraction. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z The angle of refraction depends on the index of refraction, as we saw in The Law of Refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Glass prisms separate white light, or indeed any light, into its components, from the fact that the refraction of each coloured ray differs from every other. Colour Measurement and Mixture 2012-02-27T03:00:13.987Z The rainbow, then, is produced by refraction and reflection of the several coloured rays of sunlight in the drops of water which make up falling rain. Meteorology or Weather Explained 2012-02-20T03:00:18.847Z He paused, took his gun, and sighted the object, a device of old Arctic travelers to baffle refraction. North-Pole Voyages 2012-03-01T03:00:27.283Z And only by comparing the refractions of light of different colors, does the difference, the inequality of the indices of refraction, arrest the attention. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z Since the index of refraction varies with wavelength, the angles of refraction vary with wavelength. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Every colour in the spectrum has a different wave-length, and it is owing to this difference in wave-length that we are able to separate them by refraction, or diffraction, and to isolate them. Colour Measurement and Mixture 2012-02-27T03:00:13.987Z By a new arrangement of lenses in the solar microscope, I produced a convergence of the rays of light, while the rays of heat, owing to their different refractions, were parallel or divergent. The Evolution of Photography With a Chronological Record of Discoveries, Inventions, etc., Contributions to Photographic Literature, and Personal Reminescences Extending over Forty Years 2012-02-15T03:00:30.577Z The refraction of light caused by passing through a woman's tears is hardly a sufficient foundation for a belief in so miraculous a miracle as the bodily ascension of Jesus Christ. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 11 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Miscellany 2012-02-11T03:03:52.627Z As soon as we have grasped the fact of the rectilinear propagation of light, the regular course of our thoughts stumbles at the phenomena of refraction and diffraction. Popular scientific lectures 2012-04-24T02:00:17.273Z A sequence of red to violet is produced, because the index of refraction increases steadily with decreasing wavelength. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The optical illusion and refraction view, ingenious as it may appear, was not original with Mr. Talmage. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 5 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Discussions 2012-02-11T03:03:49.813Z They have talked about refraction and reflection, about the nature of the air having been changed so that the sun was visible all night. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 12 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Miscellany 2012-02-11T03:03:47.297Z And that the appearance was produced by the reflection and refraction of light. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 4 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Lectures 2012-02-11T03:03:46.253Z The largest may become crystalline, changing suddenly into polyhedral bodies with evident double refraction and the optical properties belonging to crystals. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Since the index of refraction of the lens is greater than that of air, the ray moves towards the perpendicular as it enters and away from the perpendicular as it leaves. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z He does not assert that the earth was stopped on its axis, but sug- gests "refraction" as a way out of the difficulty. The Works of Robert G. Ingersoll, Vol. 5 (of 12) Dresden Edition?Discussions 2012-02-11T03:03:49.813Z Huyghens showed that this theory explained, in a very beautiful manner, the laws of reflection and of refraction, if it be allowed that light travels more slowly the denser the medium. Heroes of Science: Physicists 2012-01-17T03:00:17Z He determined the optical constants of hundreds of substances, with the object of discovering whether any of the elements possesses more than one atomic refraction. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 1 "Gichtel, Johann" to "Glory" 2012-01-11T03:00:20.463Z If the ordinary index of refraction be greater than the extraordinary index, the crystal is said to be optically negative, whilst if less the crystal is optically positive. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Since the index of refraction of lenses depends on color or wavelength, images are produced at different places and with different magnifications for different colors. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But, as light is polarised by encountering certain incidents of reflection and refraction, grief entering his mind changed its character. Checkmate 2012-01-03T03:00:10.887Z A more important discovery was that of double refraction temporarily produced in viscous liquids. Heroes of Science: Physicists 2012-01-17T03:00:17Z Again, he investigated the connexion between the optical behaviour, density and chemical composition of ethereal oils, and the relation between molecular magnetic rotation and the refraction and dispersion of nitrogenous compounds. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 1 "Gichtel, Johann" to "Glory" 2012-01-11T03:00:20.463Z The difference between the two indices is a measure of the strength of the double refraction or birefringence. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Violet rays are bent more than red, since they have a higher index of refraction and are thus focused closer to the lens. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Mariotte explained the inner halo as being due to refraction through a pair of alternate faces, since the minimum deviation of an ice-prism whose refracting angle is 60� is about 22�. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 8 "Haller, Albrecht" to "Harmonium" 2012-01-02T03:00:22.443Z We may consider certain social laws of refraction—for example, spectacles, beer, sausages. Atlantic Classics, Second Series 2011-12-09T03:00:20.203Z The existence of internal strains in glass can be readily recognized by examination in polarized light, any signs of double refraction indicating the existence of strain. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 1 "Gichtel, Johann" to "Glory" 2012-01-11T03:00:20.463Z The indices of refraction vary, not only for light of different colours, but also slightly with the temperature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z We will find it useful not only in describing how light waves propagate, but also in explaining the laws of reflection and refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Similarly, as explained by Henry Cavendish, the halo of 46� is due to refraction by faces inclined at 90�. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 8 "Haller, Albrecht" to "Harmonium" 2012-01-02T03:00:22.443Z The case of Germany illustrates the laws of refraction very pleasantly. Atlantic Classics, Second Series 2011-12-09T03:00:20.203Z I might add that so far as dazzling goes my name is as capable of extreme refraction as the red coat of a soldier. The Passionate Elopement 2011-12-02T03:00:19.930Z The particular colour seen will depend on the strength of the double refraction, the orientation of the crystal or section, and upon its thickness. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z These rays will interfere in a way that depends on the thickness of the film and the indices of refraction of the various media. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Similarly, the tangential arcs to the halo of 46� are due to refraction through faces inclined at 90�. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 8 "Haller, Albrecht" to "Harmonium" 2012-01-02T03:00:22.443Z It lies broadly open to the sun all day long, and gives back his rays with a torrid refraction. From the Oak to the Olive A Plain record of a Pleasant Journey 2011-11-26T03:00:12.337Z The idea of refraction through a prism is quite familiar. Marvels of Scientific Invention An Interesting Account in Non-technical Language of the Invention of Guns, Torpedoes, Submarine Mines, Up-to-date Smelting, Freezing, Colour Photography, and many other recent Discoveries of Science 2011-11-19T03:00:24.517Z The number and distance apart of the rings depend on the strength of the double refraction and on the thickness of the crystal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Note also that there is an additional λ / 2 phase shift when light reflects from a medium with a greater index of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z This singular result is still known by the name “conical refraction,” which he proposed for it when he first predicted its existence in the third supplement to his “Systems of Rays,” read in 1832. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 8 "Haller, Albrecht" to "Harmonium" 2012-01-02T03:00:22.443Z There was color, but it was the dye of chemicals, not refractions; chalks, not rainbows. Saul of Tarsus A Tale of the Early Christians 2011-10-28T02:00:22.437Z Very probably the last three centuries, in all their colourings and refractions of culture, survive even in our vicinity, only they have to be discovered. Human, All-Too-Human, Part II 2011-10-26T02:00:29.773Z It is produced by friction or compression, as by the striking of flint against steel, and the hammering of iron, by the reflection or refraction of light, and by the combustion of inflammable substances. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Since the part of the light that is not reflected is refracted, the amount of polarization depends on the indices of refraction of the media involved. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In physical science, a halo is a luminous circle, surrounding the sun or moon, with various auxiliary phenomena, and formed by the reflection and refraction of light by ice-crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 8 "Haller, Albrecht" to "Harmonium" 2012-01-02T03:00:22.443Z But, after I know not what space of time in which I had become half hypnotised by those two tiny refractions of coloured light, I suddenly put the glasses away from me. The Debit Account 2011-09-21T02:00:33.753Z These values are determined from high stations and long distances; when the distance is short, and the rays graze the ground, the amount of refraction is extremely uncertain and variable. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z The dispersing power of glass, into the composition of which lead enters, is great in proportion to the mean refraction; and it is proportionally little in that glass in which there is much alkaline salt. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Since the indices of refraction differ, the number of wavelengths in the paths differs. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Thus the law of surplus value, in spite of all deviations and refractions, holds good in the last resort. The life and teaching of Karl Marx 2011-09-03T02:00:19.203Z There were candles on the table, and little bright refractions of light came darting through the angles of flower-stands and glasses. The Debit Account 2011-09-21T02:00:33.753Z The uncertainties of terrestrial refraction render it impossible to determine accurately by vertical angles the heights of distant points. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z The index of refraction generally bears a relation to the specific gravity of the stone, the heaviest gems having the highest indices, though a few minerals offer exceptions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 5 "Gassendi, Pierre" to "Geocentric" 2011-09-02T02:00:20.450Z The object shown has a greater index of refraction than the background, and so the wavelength decreases as the ray passes through it. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z "Only father and my sister, who said that it must have been an illusion of the mist, a refraction of the air at high altitudes that transformed the wireless instrument sheds to fairyland." The City in the Clouds 2011-08-31T02:01:31.807Z The distorted gibbous disk lifted itself above the edge—red as ruddle and enlarged by the refraction: a giant coppery moon, weird and magical. Greene Ferne Farm 2011-08-14T02:00:22.210Z Generally speaking, refraction is greatest at about daybreak; from that time it diminishes, being at a minimum for a couple of hours before and after mid-day; later in the afternoon it again increases. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z Bevis looked and looked, he was so certain he had hit it, and so he had hit the mark he aimed at, which was the refraction, but the fish was unhurt. Bevis The Story of a Boy 2011-08-13T02:00:28.377Z The index of refraction of the lens is about 1.5, and its top surface is dry. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The question of error by refraction is one of very great importance. My Attainment of the Pole 2011-08-05T02:00:54.720Z It is easier to guide the noose to its destination when it occasionally touches the mud, for refraction distorts the true position of objects in water, and accuracy is important. The Gamekeeper At Home Sketches of Natural History and Rural Life 2011-08-04T02:00:21.507Z The vertical angles measured at the station on Hart Fell showed on one occasion in the month of September a refraction of double the average amount, lasting from 1 P.M. to 5 P.M. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 6 "Geodesy" to "Geometry" 2011-09-19T02:00:10.473Z The nymph Callisto, in his opinion, is a mere refraction from Artemis herself, under her Arcadian and poetic name of Calliste, "the most beautiful". Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z What is the index of refraction of a material for which the wavelength of light is 0.671 times its value in a vacuum? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Because of the impossibility of making correct allowances for refraction, I have made a rough allowance of -9ʹ for refraction and parallax in all my observations. My Attainment of the Pole 2011-08-05T02:00:54.720Z Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences," makes the following reply:—"But Bartholinus could have seen no such consequence in the accident, if he had not previously had a clear conception of single refraction. A Logic Of Facts Or, Every-day Reasoning 2011-07-22T02:00:18.543Z They, too, found that many substances had each its own peculiar effect in the refraction and dispersion of light, and introduced no fewer than twenty-eight new substances in glass making. Inventions in the Century 2011-07-20T02:00:14.643Z The opinion has also been broached that beast-worship in Egypt is a refraction from the use of hieroglyphs. Myth, Ritual And Religion, Vol. 2 (of 2) 2011-07-22T02:00:19.110Z What wavelength and color of visible light is most constructively reflected, assuming the same index of refraction as water? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In the Arctic the problem of refraction presents probable inaccuracies, not of seconds or minutes, but possibly of degrees. My Attainment of the Pole 2011-08-05T02:00:54.720Z History of the Inductive Sciences," observes that, "by the accidental placing of a rhomb of calcareous spar, upon a book or line, Bartholinus discovered the property of the double refraction of light. A Logic Of Facts Or, Every-day Reasoning 2011-07-22T02:00:18.543Z In "Karma," besides, or rather by reason of, the moral,—his newly got psyche,—he returned to a reliance upon essentials, upon the datum of the spirit, and not upon its reflections, refractions, and chromatics. Concerning Lafcadio Hearn With a Bibliography by Laura Stedman 2011-07-20T02:00:12.413Z The light at sunset upon this reef was like the refraction of some hidden prism, shimmering opalescent, a suffusion of vague and unspeakably lovely hues. Stevenson's Shrine The Record of a Pilgrimage 2011-07-18T02:00:23.520Z Light reflecting from a medium having an index of refraction less than that of the medium in which it is traveling. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z For this reason alone, if for no other, such as unknown refraction and other optical illusions, the determination of longitude when nearing the Pole becomes difficult and unreliable. My Attainment of the Pole 2011-08-05T02:00:54.720Z At our next meeting, we shall enter upon another property of light, no less interesting, and which is called refraction. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z It is translucent, or transparent, and often exhibits the property of double refraction. Scenes and Andventures in the Semi-Alpine Region of the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkansas 2011-07-10T02:00:18.883Z Even if it promised what afterwards came true, he would account it to be merely a presentiment— “such refraction of events As often rises ere they rise.” A Key to Lord Tennyson's 'In Memoriam' 2011-07-07T02:00:25.637Z Snell’s experiments showed that the law of refraction was obeyed and that a characteristic index of refraction n could be assigned to a given medium. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z These results at best are also subject to that unknown allowance for really great atmospheric refraction. My Attainment of the Pole 2011-08-05T02:00:54.720Z But the refraction of the atmosphere, counteracting this effect, we may, perhaps, between the two, see the sun in its real situation. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z It is caused by heat refraction, or something of the sort——" "Yes, yes. The Pony Rider Boys in the Alkali or, Finding a Key to the Desert Maze 2011-06-15T02:00:19.437Z The sun, by refraction, still appears in full size above the horizon, after it has really sunk below it; and reappears in full, when only just the upper edge has reached the horizon. A Key to Lord Tennyson's 'In Memoriam' 2011-07-07T02:00:25.637Z Snell was not aware that the speed of light varied in different media, but through experiments he was able to determine indices of refraction from the way light rays changed direction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The impossibility of correct time and adequate allowance for refraction render such figures useless as proof of a position. My Attainment of the Pole 2011-08-05T02:00:54.720Z Concave mirrors, you know, produce by reflection, an effect similar to that of convex lenses, by refraction. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z The refraction of light always shows the land to sea-men some hundreds of miles nearer than it really lies, and by a so innocent illusion fortifies them with hope and pleasure. The Invisible Lodge 2011-06-09T02:00:19.470Z All at once there appeared on the starboard bow a huge irregular truncated cone in the heavens, enlarged by refraction to an incredible size. From Chart House to Bush Hut Being the Record of a Sailor's 7 Years in the Queensland Bush 2011-06-08T02:00:16.290Z Interestingly, we can produce total reflection using an aspect of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In hopes of reinforcing her spirits, she took another sip of Canary wine, then lifted her glass higher, to study the room through its wavy refractions. Caribbee 2011-06-05T02:00:16.273Z Catoptrics, which treats of the reflection of light, and Dioptrics, which treats of its refraction. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z These are said to be unaffected by the altitude of the moon except for refraction. Visual Illusions Their Causes, Characteristics and Applications 2011-06-02T02:00:25.247Z Around the loop the elevated crawls, And giant shadows sink against the walls Where ten to twenty stories strive to hold The pale refraction of the sunset's gold. Songs and Satires 2011-05-20T02:00:37.050Z Snell’s law states the relationship between angles and indices of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Halos and double suns are very common consequences of refraction in this quarter of the world. The International Monthly, Volume 3, No. 3, June, 1851 2011-05-18T02:00:14.897Z An appearance in the atmosphere, occasioned by the decomposition of solar light, in its refraction, and reflection, in passing through drops of rain. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z It has also been found that inversion is accompanied by a change in refraction of the eye. Visual Illusions Their Causes, Characteristics and Applications 2011-06-02T02:00:25.247Z Dispersion may be caused either by refraction or by diffraction. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z There is no total reflection for rays going in the other direction—for example, from air to water—since the condition that the second medium must have a smaller index of refraction is not satisfied. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The tide was low, the stream slack, and the dim green water was filled with strange refractions of the growing light above. The Secret of the Reef 2011-04-12T02:00:26.980Z B. The refraction of light will furnish the subject of to-day's lesson. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z Fluor-spar, though cubic, sometimes exhibits weak double refraction, probably due to internal tension. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z Newton was, however, led to the erroneous view that the dispersion was proportional to the refraction. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Without cladding, light could pass between fibers in contact, since their indices of refraction are identical. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But even the ophthalmoscopic diagnosis of refraction has its limits of error. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z Is it not in consequence of refraction, that the glasses in common spectacles, magnify objects seen through them? Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z His contributions also include the first explanation of dawn and twilight as effects of atmospheric refraction. The Forgotten History of Muslim Scientists [Slide Show] 2011-03-02T14:15:00.230Z In the refraction spectrum of white light, when caused by passage through a glass prism, the red rays are least deviated and the violet rays most deviated, if we consider only the visible spectrum. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Figure 25.15 Fibers in bundles are clad by a material that has a lower index of refraction than the core to ensure total internal reflection, even when fibers are in contact with one another. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Enough, we must not over-rate the value of the objective determination of the error of refraction, and I would estimate the limit of error at half a dioptre at least. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z I must now explain to you the refraction of a ray of light, by a triangular piece of glass, called a prism. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z We want to understand atoms, ions, molecules, refractions. Marriage 2011-02-22T03:00:06.867Z The dispersive power is not the same for all parts of a refraction spectrum; besides, the same colours do not occupy the same positions in spectra formed by prisms of different material. The New Gresham Encyclopedia Volume 4, Part 1: Deposition to Eberswalde 2011-04-14T02:00:57.977Z Why is the index of refraction always greater than or equal to 1? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In the following table the refraction of the fixing eye and the visual acuteness of the squinting eye are given. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z Yet, before its refraction, it appeared perfectly white. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z To show refraction Hertz used a large prism made of hard pitch, about 1.5 m. high, with a slant side of 1.2 m. and an angle of 30�. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z He recognized the influence of refraction in altering the apparent places of the stars and he introduced the use of the tangent in mathematics. The Century of Columbus 2011-01-29T03:00:17.380Z What is the index of refraction of the substance and its likely identity? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In alternating squint the refraction of the emmetropic eye was taken, as determining it for insertion in the lower division of the statistics. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z Now that you understand the principle of refraction, I will show you the real refraction of a ray of light. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z With this apparatus the laws of reflection, refraction and polarization can readily be verified, and also the double refraction of crystals, and of bodies possessing a fibrous or laminated structure such as jute or books. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z This would arise from the refraction of the sun’s light by the earth’s atmosphere, and the absorption of its blue rays. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 10 "Echinoderma" to "Edward" 2011-01-19T03:00:19.027Z The refraction of light as it travels from one transparent medium to another can be used to form images. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Prisms may be ground with concave or convex surfaces, according to the requirements of refraction or accommodation. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z But since the eye absolutely requires refracting humours, in order to have a distinct representation formed on the retina, why is not the same refraction equally necessary, for the images formed in the camera obscura? Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z When a ray of light enters a material medium, it changes direction, in a phenomenon known as refraction. Invisibility: After several years of research, it's just gotten weirder 2011-01-11T18:45:11.203Z The refraction lifts both upper and lower edge of the sun, but lifts the lower edge more than the upper, thus shortening the vertical diameter. A Text-Book of Astronomy 2011-01-05T03:00:57.347Z The speed of light in a medium is v = c / n , where n is its index of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z First it is to be observed, that most cases arise at an age when an objective determination of refraction is possible, but when the visual acuteness cannot be determined. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z So that a contrary refraction takes place, when a ray passes from a dense, into a rare medium. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z Image Right: The phenomenon of double refraction in calcite. Invisibility: After several years of research, it's just gotten weirder 2011-01-11T18:45:11.203Z The plage itself was hidden, but a little way out the translucent greens began, dappled with a fairy-like refraction that brought the purply shoals almost up to the surface. The Tower of Oblivion 2010-12-20T17:11:53.787Z That is, what limits would there be on the index of refraction and thickness of the coating? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Determination of refraction of the better eye is given in 6 cases, and showed twice emmetropia, twice slight myopia, twice hypermetropia. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z It appears that the coloured rays have different degrees of refrangibility; in passing through the prism, therefore, they take different directions according to their susceptibility of refraction. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z Not only are the laws of geometrical optics merely a somewhat rough approximation, but the complicated refractions which would inevitably occur in the atmospheres of the earth and Venus would disturb the optical images. The Three Eyes 2010-12-20T17:11:46.430Z "Glossiness depends upon material properties like the smoothness of a surface and its index of refraction," says Mr Toomey. Glossy male birds are more 'sexy' 2010-03-23T14:59:00Z Take the wavelength to be 680 nm, and assume the same index of refraction as water. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Finally it must be added, that if the ophthalmoscopic estimation of refraction is to be exact, mydriasis by atropine is required, when, as is known, even emmetropic eyes may show a slight degree of hypermetropia. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z Mrs. B. The colours are not formed by the prism, but existed in the ray previously to its refraction. Conversations on Natural Philosophy, in which the Elements of that Science are Familiarly Explained 2011-07-12T02:00:28.027Z But this is not the true direction, because the ray of light from the object undergoes refraction in passing through the atmosphere. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" It is a law of light that in passing from one substance to another possessing a different power of refraction, a portion of it is always reflected. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. Light reflecting from a medium having an index of refraction greater than that of the medium in which it is traveling. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Accurately taken, the statistics should give the condition of refraction at the age at which the squint begins. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z It was the refraction caused by the low temperature which made it visible so soon. Farthest North Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship 'Fram' 1893-1896 The uncertainty thus arising in the amount of the refraction is least near the zenith, but increases more and more as the horizon is approached. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 7 "Arundel, Thomas" to "Athens" By refraction with a prism we can separate those rays from each other, and arrange them in the series of colours which constitute the solar spectrum. The Glaciers of the Alps Being a narrative of excursions and ascents, etc. We know that the index of refraction n depends on the medium. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z On both sides apparent emmetropia or very slight hypermetropia, acuity of vision on left side 5/9, on the right 5/18, ophthalmoscopic diagnosis of refraction was impossible on account of restless fixation. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z The apparent altitude is that which is obtained immediately from observation; the true altitude, that which results from correcting the apparent altitude, by making allowance for parallax, refraction, &c. The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 Part 1 A to Amide The line NC is called the sine of the angle of incidence NDC, and EM the sine of the angle of refraction MDE. Wireless Transmission of Photographs Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged 1919 The sign of the double refraction may be either positive or negative, and some crystals are divided into optically biaxial sectors. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 3 "Apollodorus" to "Aral" Rainbows are produced by a combination of refraction and reflection. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In 4 cases an exact determination of refraction even of the better eye was for some reason impracticable. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z Some not clearly understood law of refraction must aid the human vision to discern these objects at such great distances beyond the horizon. The Story of Malta From this we say that the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction have a constant proportion or ratio to one another. Wireless Transmission of Photographs Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged 1919 First let their doctrines be universally received, and then they will have a right to place them on a level with the certainty which belongs to the laws of motion or of refraction. An Essay In Aid Of A Grammar Of Assent In this section, we will use the law of refraction to explore the properties of lenses and how they form images. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In periodic squint, the first care must always be to determine the condition of refraction, if possible with atropine, and to neutralise or over-correct hypermetropia if present. Schweigger on Squint A Monograph by Dr. C. Schweigger 2011-03-22T02:00:22.370Z The two organs do not have the same refraction in all parts. Clever Hans (The horse of Mr. Von Osten): A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology The law relating to refraction will perhaps be better understood by means of the following diagram. Wireless Transmission of Photographs Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged 1919 Both refraction and dispersion are due to the unequal resistances of the medium to undulatory movements of different periodicity. The Mechanism of Life As noted in the initial discussion of the law of refraction in The Law of Refraction, the paths of light rays are exactly reversible. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Besides, observations of latitudes cannot be made sufficiently exactly, except by experts, using also finer instruments, and taking into account the refraction of the lights. On the magnet, magnetick bodies also, and on the great magnet the earth a new physiology, demonstrated by many arguments & experiments This is not necessarily more difficult on account of the imperfect constitution of the tissues that serve for the refraction of light. Clever Hans (The horse of Mr. Von Osten): A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology He constructed a table of refractions, allowed for instrumental inaccuracies, and eliminated by averaging accidental errors. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 4 "Bradford, William" to "Brequigny, Louis" This mass is nevertheless organized, or at least in process of organization, as we may see by the refraction when its image is projected on the screen. The Mechanism of Life For rays passing through matter, the law of refraction is used to trace the paths. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z A practised observer will, in the rising of sun or stars, allow something for refraction, so that he may be able to use a more exact calculation. On the magnet, magnetick bodies also, and on the great magnet the earth a new physiology, demonstrated by many arguments & experiments For the most part, the determinations of refraction made on the eye of the horse are still rather unreliable. Clever Hans (The horse of Mr. Von Osten): A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology The substance is usually optically isotropic, though sometimes it exhibits anomalous double refraction; fibrous zinc sulphide which is doubly refracting is to be referred to the hexagonal species wurtzite. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Slice 1 "Bisharin" to "Bohea" These diffusion rings furnish us with most excellent diagrams of refraction at a "diopter," i.e. a spherical surface separating two media of different densities. The Mechanism of Life The index of refraction of the plastic is known. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z These broad Shadows and Fringes have been reckon'd by some to proceed from the ordinary refraction of the Air, but without due examination of the Matter. Opticks or, a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections, and Colours of Light The wind was east, and as usual, with the wind from that quarter when the sky is clear, the distant land appeared much distorted by refraction. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea The for’ard end was rather more sharply defined than the after, probably because the swirl from the propellers made uneven refraction about the tail. Sea-Hounds In the same way we may demonstrate the course of diffusion waves through a gelatine prism, showing the refraction on their incidence and again on emergence. The Mechanism of Life The hollow space is filled with a gas, and the students are asked to collect the data needed to find the index of refraction of the gas. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The closeness, the refraction from the rocks, and the evaporation of the water, make the atmosphere almost suffocating, and one feels the heat the more intensely by the change from the bracing air above. The Unveiling of Lhasa December, 1st.The first of December being a cloudless day, we endeavoured to observe the latitude at noon, but failed, owing to the extraordinary atmospherical refraction. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea Similarly in “December” the light would fall at C on the stern, also vertically, and there would be no refraction. Astronomical Discovery They only appear to the eye that receives the broken rays at the proper angle of refraction. On the Heights A Novel What information would you need to collect, and how would you use this information in order to deduce the index of refraction of the gas in the cube? College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z For the caustic by refraction of parallel rays at a circle reference should be made to the memoirs by Arthur Cayley. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" The refraction of the atmosphere, which we had often remarked to be unusually great since we had entered the Mackenzie, was this day particularly powerful. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea The foundation of our knowledge of the refraction of our atmosphere. Astronomical Discovery He took the spectrum produced by diffraction instead of refraction, and measured that. The Telephone An Account of the Phenomena of Electricity, Magnetism, and Sound, as Involved in Its Action Light travels through water and crosses a boundary at a non-normal angle into a different fluid with an unknown index of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z In optics, the term caustic is given to the envelope of luminous rays after reflection or refraction; in the first case the envelope is termed a catacaustic, in the second a diacaustic. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" The atmospherical refraction was remarkably strong at this time. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea When the earth is in the position labelled “June,” the light would fall vertically on the nose of the atmosphere at A, and there would be no refraction. Astronomical Discovery Another beautiful grotto has green instead of blue refractions; the effect in both cases is due to the light entering by a small entrance. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3 "Capefigue" to "Carneades" If the index of refraction of the fluid is higher than that of water, the light will speed up and turn toward the normal. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The lights from the car following and the refractions from the other lights showed him to her. The Blind Man's Eyes When the refraction was great, we saw the tops of some other hills, belonging to the range that extends from Clark-hill to the rapid in Bear Lake River. Narrative of a Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea It follows at once, if we assume that the atmosphere surrounds the earth in spherical layers.Anomalous refraction. Astronomical Discovery Yet quartz has a power of refraction equal to 74! Caxton's Book: A Collection of Essays, Poems, Tales, and Sketches. If the index of refraction of the fluid is higher than that of water, the light will slow down and turn away from the normal. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z They tend to be crystalline, though on a fine scale, and appear under the microscope composed of small sharply angular rhombohedra, with a perfect cleavage and very strong double refraction. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 6 "Dodwell" to "Drama" If the increase of the angle of refraction were proportional to the diminution of wave-length for a prism of any material, the resulting spectrum would also be normal. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 5 "Dinard" to "Dodsworth" In sunshine, both are operated on by refraction, which occasions that chaotic indistinctness so painful for the eye to dwell on long together. The Use of a Box of Colours In a Practical Demonstration on Composition, Light and Shade, and Colour. Allowing for the refraction of the water, the spear was thrown down with great force; it disappeared, but soon came up again near the top of the water, the end violently agitated. Sporting Scenes amongst the Kaffirs of South Africa If the index of refraction of the fluid is lower than that of water, the light will speed up and turn away from the normal. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z It was hard to tell what kind of a light it was, so great was the refraction of the water, but there was something there. The Golden Amazons of Venus By studying the dispersion of colours in water, turpentine and crown glass Newton was led to suppose that dispersion is proportional to refraction. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 5 "Dinard" to "Dodsworth" Even the prose of the streets is full of refractions. The Voice of Science in Nineteenth-Century Literature Representative Prose and Verse The fact is, that atmospheric refraction varies so much with different conditions of the atmosphere that it is almost impossible to give any exact statement. Etna A History of the Mountain and of its Eruptions The laser emerges from the lake into air with an angle of refraction of 67°. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z But it is not so easy to calculate exactly how a given impulse would travel, and what phenomena of ray and shadow, of reflection, refraction and diffraction ought to be visible in its progress. Logic, Inductive and Deductive A table of the atomic refractions and dispersions of the principal elements is here given:— Element. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Diffused Light.—Much of the characteristic quality of out-door light is the result of the diffusion of light due to both the refraction and the reflection of the sky. The Painter in Oil A complete treatise on the principles and technique necessary to the painting of pictures in oil colors I do not doubt that dancing flicker of refraction–or of devilment–was very near the surface. Gold A student wishes to predict the magnification of an image given the distance from the object to a converging lens with an unknown index of refraction. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z The production of both bows is due to the refraction and reflexion of light, the drops of rain forming, in fact, the prism which decomposes the white light of the sun. The Rain Cloud or, An Account of the Nature, Properties, Dangers and Uses of Rain in Various Parts of the World Refraction and Composition.—Reference should be made to the article Refraction for the general discussion of the phenomenon known as the refraction of light. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Fermat, Roberval and Desargues took exception in their various ways to the methods employed in the geometry, and to the demonstrations of the laws of refraction given in the Dioptrics and Meteors. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 2 "Demijohn" to "Destructor" These circumstances modify the direction of the refraction of the rays of light, in their passage from the cornea to the retina. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) This process is called “refraction,” as outlined in Essential Knowledge 6.E.3. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Thus it will be seen, that the primary bow is produced by two refractions, and one intermediate reflection of the rays that fall on the upper sides of the drops of rain. The Rain Cloud or, An Account of the Nature, Properties, Dangers and Uses of Rain in Various Parts of the World Atomic refractions may be obtained either directly, by investigating the various elements, or indirectly, by considering differences in the molecular refractions of related compounds. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" But the investigation by which he reaches them has the merit of first prominently publishing and establishing the law of the refraction of light. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 2 "Demijohn" to "Destructor" The achromatic arrangement of the transparent refracting mediums of the eye, remedies the aberration of refraction in the different portions of the eye. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) In both the eye and the microscope, lenses use refraction in order to redirect light and form images. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Hence the secondary is formed in the outside of the primary bow, with its colours reversed, in consequence of their being produced by two reflexions and two refractions. The Rain Cloud or, An Account of the Nature, Properties, Dangers and Uses of Rain in Various Parts of the World Hydroxylic oxygen is obtained by subtracting the molecular refractions of acetic acid and acetaldehyde. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The increased refraction of light as it entered our atmosphere would then be noticeable. Astounding Stories, May, 1931 Both surfaces of the crystalline lens are oval, not spherical, and the refraction of the rays of light is mainly effected in this portion of the eye. A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) Since the index of refraction of the tear layer and the cornea are very similar, you now have a regular optical surface in place of an irregular one. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Is not this more than enough to illustrate the fact and to find out the refraction? Émile or, Concerning Education; Extracts Similarly, by this method of differences, the atomic refraction of any element may be determined. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" Astronomers can even now detect refraction due to the air. Astounding Stories, May, 1931 Where is the refraction of the rays of light mainly effected? A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene (Revised Edition) This time he allowed for the water's refraction. The Flying Stingaree If, from the lesson of this stick, �mile does not understand the idea of refraction, he will never understand it at all. Émile or, Concerning Education; Extracts It is found, however, that the same element has not always the same atomic refraction, the difference being due to the nature of the elements which saturate its valencies. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The sun remains visible for some time after it has actually descended below the horizon, due to refraction. Astounding Stories, May, 1931 How little can we convey the fullness of life, the glittering interests, the interweaving secondary aspects, the dawns and dreams and double refractions of experience! The Passionate Friends So far, he had found only one sting ray, and in his excitement he had failed to take into account the refraction of the water. The Flying Stingaree In cataract the crystalline lens becomes opaque and loses its transparency, the power of refraction is lost—the animal can not see. Special Report on Diseases of Cattle This phenomenon of refraction is the result of natural causes which operated before the Flood, as well as after. Bible Romances First Series If there was a denser substance than air surrounding the earth the refraction would be much greater. Astounding Stories, May, 1931 As is well known, these various ring formations round the sun, as well as round the moon, are produced by the refraction of rays of light by minute ice crystals floating in the air. Farthest North Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration of the Ship 'Fram' 1893-1896 Vol. I A substance denser than air would produce refraction that would have been noticed long ago. Astounding Stories of Super-Science January 1931 Perfect transparency is obtained since there is neither refraction nor diffraction of the visible colors. Astounding Stories, March, 1931 The altitude so observed being properly corrected for refraction, parallax, &c., will, together with the latitude of the place, and the sun's declination, taken from the Nautical Almanac, enable us to calculate the time. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 3 "Destructors" to "Diameter" Now, atmospheric refraction affects the stars in the same way that it affects the sun, and the nearer a star is to the horizon, the more it is raised by atmospheric refraction. The Contemporary Review, Volume 36, September 1879 Just for example, a layer of organic matter would raise Cain with astronomy, due to refraction. Astounding Stories of Super-Science, November, 1930 The objections to which I wish to reply are two: first, “How do meteors pass through that imaginary substance which is too much for a powerful space flyer?” and second, “How about refraction?” Astounding Stories of Super-Science January 1931 He said that by destroying shadows one could produce invisibility, since visibility consists in the refraction of wave lengths by material objects. Astounding Stories of Super-Science, October, 1930 Within a few minutes it takes on a dark brown colour, and is then mounted in a saturated lævulose solution, whose index of refraction is very high. Histology of the Blood Normal and Pathological They seem to have applied this method with great skill considering the means at their disposal, if we suppose that they took no account whatever of the influence of refraction. The Contemporary Review, Volume 36, September 1879 What you see is explained in the same way as are the things that took place in the other experiments in refraction, or bending of light. Common Science If you will place a glass cube or other form in the air, you will have no difficulty in measuring the refraction of the light passing through it. Astounding Stories of Super-Science January 1931 Explain to your friends in Washington that our super-telescopic sights are based upon a refraction of light that overcomes the earth's curvature. Astounding Stories of Super-Science, October, 1930 Down where he was at work the water seemed to be of a light-yellowish tint, caused by the refraction of the sunlight as it made its way to him. Adrift on the Pacific A Boys [sic] Story of the Sea and its Perils If they took refraction into account at all they considerably underrated its influence. The Contemporary Review, Volume 36, September 1879 To use Niebuhr's expression, a legend is "a mirage produced by an invisible object according to an unknown law of refraction." Introduction to the Study of History I have taken glass as the medium to illustrate this because my critic made the statement that “a substance denser than air would produce refraction that would have been noticed long ago.” Astounding Stories of Super-Science January 1931 In addition to this, some of the phenomena exhibited by it, such as diffraction and double refraction, are quite incompatible with the theory that the ether is an elastic solid. The Machinery of the Universe Mechanical Conceptions of Physical Phenomena The nights were short; since the 31st of January the sun had reappeared in refraction, and was every day rising higher and higher above the horizon. The Voyages and Adventures of Captain Hatteras If direct observation were made at all, it would be made not on the sun in the horizon near the time of spring and autumn, for the sun's position is then largely affected by refraction. The Contemporary Review, Volume 36, September 1879 Nor is this difficulty removed by taking equal altitudes, because the refraction in all probability will be different at the two observations. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island There is nothing in the story that would prevent the heaviside layer from having a coefficient of refraction identical with that of air. Astounding Stories of Super-Science January 1931 The refraction of the foot-lights shewed him Agnes Waring, with her father in the next seat; on the other side sat Jack. The Education of Eric Lane Still, during the nights following August 16th the darkness was never very marked; the sun, although it had set, still gave light enough by refraction. The Voyages and Adventures of Captain Hatteras But the effect of refraction being to raise every celestial object above its true position, they would have supposed the pole to be raised thirty degrees, when in reality it was less raised than this. The Contemporary Review, Volume 36, September 1879 With an artificial horizon, indeed, the changes in refraction are not felt, because, at a considerable elevation above the horizon, the changes are very trifling. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island This simple ratio would only hold good, however, provided no more light were lost by the repeated reflections and refractions in the telescope than in the eye. Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works There is no such difficulty with a mirror, because there is in that case no refraction of the light, and consequently no splitting up of the elements of the spectrum. Pleasures of the telescope An Illustrated Guide for Amateur Astronomers and a Popular Description of the Chief Wonders of the Heavens for General Readers Well," said the doctor with a burst of laughter in which there was a trace of disappointment, "that refraction again! The Voyages and Adventures of Captain Hatteras The atmospheric refraction is indeed so marked, as respects these parts of the sun's apparent course, that it must have been quickly recognized. The Contemporary Review, Volume 36, September 1879 From the table it will be observed how seldom the dip, actually measured, agrees with that inferred from the mean refraction. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island Observing the so-called "blue bow" of Newton at the limit of total reflection in a prism, he was led to the discovery of its complement, the "red bow" by refraction. Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works There was thus produced a very singular effect of refraction. A Winter Amid the Ice and Other Thrilling Stories O, it was in consequence of the refraction," he answered, laughing; "I thought I had about a foot to step over, and I fell into this deep hole! The Voyages and Adventures of Captain Hatteras Whether they would thus have been led to detect the effect of atmospheric refraction on celestial bodies high above the horizon may be open to question. The Contemporary Review, Volume 36, September 1879 It may be sufficient to mention, that changes in the relative temperature of the air and the sea must produce changes in the refraction near the surface. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island The brightest stars were the ones commonly chosen for the investigation, and Vega was a favourite, because, going near the zenith, it was far removed from the fluctuating and tiresome disturbances of atmospheric refraction. Pioneers of Science He proceeded some three miles from the ship, and often, deceived by the effects of the mirage and refraction, he went farther away than he intended. A Winter Amid the Ice and Other Thrilling Stories Schists and different productions of limestone were found in abundance, as was also a sort of strange, transparent, colorless crystal, which has a refraction peculiar to Iceland spar. The Voyages and Adventures of Captain Hatteras It was like the sunlight which she knew to be shining somewhere, with a wrong refraction in its rays. The Dust Flower But it often happens in practice, that the artificial horizon cannot be used, and we are then reduced to the sea horizon, where the changes of refraction are always the greatest. Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island All such disturbances as precession, aberration, nutation, refraction, and the like, would affect them both equally, and could thus be eliminated. Pioneers of Science In observations to determine the exact positions of celestial objects correction has to be made for the effects of refraction, according to the apparent elevation of these objects in the sky. Astronomy of To-day A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language Percent of chicory = 100 ————————— 0.01835 The index of refraction of the above solution may be taken with the Zeiss immersion refractometer or with the Abbe refractometer. All About Coffee Dissolved in water, their refraction is the same. Great Men and Famous Women. Vol. 6 A series of pen and pencil sketches of the lives of more than 200 of the most prominent personages in History He determined with greater exactness astronomical refractions from an altitude of 45� downwards to the horizon, and constructed a catalogue of 777 stars. The Astronomy of Milton's 'Paradise Lost' Perhaps the law of refraction was not quite accurate, but only an approximation. Pioneers of Science A very curious effect, due to refraction, has occasionally been observed during a total eclipse of the moon. Astronomy of To-day A Popular Introduction in Non-Technical Language It can, of course, be deviated by refraction to any extent desired; but it always remains equally concentrated, in whatever direction it may be thrown. A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition There was a slight refraction in the air; then, swiftly, a man took shape. Empire He was also the first to observe the effect of the refraction of light in causing the apparent displacement of a heavenly body from its true position. The Astronomy of Milton's 'Paradise Lost' A concave mirror forms an image just as a lens does, but since it does so without refraction or transmission through any substance, there is no accompanying dispersion or chromatic aberration. Pioneers of Science The refraction being single in this, as in all garnets, there is little variety to the color. A Text-Book of Precious Stones for Jewelers and the Gem-Loving Public Thus the sheaf of rays which would otherwise combine into a patch of white light are separated through the divergence of their tracks after refraction by a prism, so as to form a tinted riband. A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition Only streaming, swirling mist, then a slight refraction in the air and then nothing. Empire This constellation passed near the zenith of London at the time that he made his observations, and was favourably situated, so as to avoid the effects of refraction. The Astronomy of Milton's 'Paradise Lost' Its truth assumes, first, that the source is a point or sphere; next, that there is no reflection or refraction of any kind; and lastly, that the medium is perfectly transparent. Pioneers of Science The table below gives the necessary information as to which stones show double and which single refraction. A Text-Book of Precious Stones for Jewelers and the Gem-Loving Public Airy showed that refraction in a Mercurian atmosphere could not possibly originate the noted aureola, which must accordingly be set down as "strictly an ocular nervous phenomenon." A Popular History of Astronomy During the Nineteenth Century Fourth Edition In its place was a tenuous refraction that told where it had been. Empire It is singular that being in possession of such remarkable facts connected with refraction, they should never have proceeded to investigate the laws by which it is governed. Museum of Antiquity A Description of Ancient Life Endeavoured to find the law of refraction of light from Vitellio's measurements, but failed. Pioneers of Science Its strong double refraction and its relative softness, as well as its great density will serve to distinguish it. A Text-Book of Precious Stones for Jewelers and the Gem-Loving Public The fact was that Ossaroo was not practised in shooting fish with the arrow; and not understanding any thing about optics or the laws of refraction, he missed his mark by aiming too high. The Plant Hunters Adventures Among the Himalaya Mountains The formula for refraction which Ptolemy helped to shape, is geometrical in form. Progress and History Straight down, old chap; but you must allow for the water’s refraction.” Hunting the Skipper The Cruise of the "Seafowl" Sloop Evidently refraction was not a simple geometrical deflection of a ray, there was a spreading out as well. Pioneers of Science Its double refraction is very large also, so that the doubling of the edges of the rear facets may easily be seen through the table with a lens. A Text-Book of Precious Stones for Jewelers and the Gem-Loving Public We admit that language necessarily reacts on thought, and we see in this reaction, in this refraction of the rays of language, the real solution of the old riddle of mythology. Chips From A German Workshop, Vol. V. Miscellaneous Later Essays The problem is the general relation which holds between the angles of incidence and of refraction when a ray passes from air into water or from air into glass. Progress and History The unequal refraction of the atmosphere will limit its powers, but how far remains to be ascertained.... Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville Evidently the spreading out of the beam was connected in some definite way with its refraction. Pioneers of Science |
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