| 单词 | racial |
| 例句 | Moreover, racial hostility and racial violence have not altogether disappeared, given that complaints of racial slurs and brutality by the police and prison guards are fairly common. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The investigation tapped into veins of anti-Semitism that flowed just under the racial prejudice at the laboratory and in the community. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Going into any prison is deeply confusing if you know anything about the racial demographics of America. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z This view is buttressed by the fact that white liberals, nearly as much as conservatives, seem to have lost patience with debates about racial equity. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Nazis had embraced genetics as a tool for racial cleansing. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z To some, it was a liberating assertion of racial pride; to others, it announced the increasing importance of political rather than social goals in the ever-evolving battle for black progress. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z With each reincarnation of racial caste, the new system, as sociologist Loïc Wacquant puts it, “is less total, less capable of encompassing and controlling the entire race.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As a devout Christian, he was the perfect person to discuss how the ANC had sincerely strived for racial harmony. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z As I held the cinnamon-colored bundle with auburn hair and doelike eyes in my arms, I swore she would never have to endure the racial prejudices I endured. Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z There is still a lot of animosity and racial tension. The Freedom Writers Diary 1999-10-12T00:00:00Z Nor did he ever embrace the racial arguments for black inferiority that Jefferson advanced in Notes on the State of Virginia. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation 2000-10-17T00:00:00Z It was not just another institution infected with racial bias but rather a different beast entirely. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I’m not talking here about racial differences in overall crime rates. Blink 2005-01-11T00:00:00Z After all, to aspire to colorblindness is to aspire to a state of being in which you are not capable of seeing racial difference—a practical impossibility for most of us. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I read about racial segregation and black students fighting for equal rights. Breaking Through 2001-08-27T00:00:00Z Between the armies there was a serious racial enmity. The Once and Future King 1958-01-01T00:00:00Z There is a fundamental disconnect today between the world of civil rights advocacy and the reality facing those trapped in the new racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He never commented on the racial slurs scribbled on the pages of the used textbooks the white schools gave us when they received new ones. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Achieving an all-white jury, or nearly all-white jury, is easy in most jurisdictions, because relatively few racial minorities are included in the jury pool. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “Black? White? Don’t tell me you’re one of those racial Negroes? Who said anything about black people? This is just a geography lesson.” Song of Solomon 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z The litigation that swept the nation in the 1990s challenging racial profiling practices has nearly vanished. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z What follows is not a plan, but several questions and claims offered for serious consideration by those committed to racial justice and interested in dismantling mass incarceration. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Sandoval, decided in 2001, the Supreme Court eliminated the last remaining avenue available for challenging racial bias in the criminal justice system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Dialectical materialism seemed to offer both a searchlight illuminating the dark night of racial oppression and a tool that could be used to end it. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z We, too, were Africanists; we, too, stressed ethnic pride and racial self-confidence; we, too, rejected white assistance in the struggle. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Now, I have been around: the racial rioting in South Africa, hosting embassy parties in Brazzaville, shopping in Paris and Brussels, the game animals in Kenya, I have seen it all. The Poisonwood Bible 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z The drugs, the violence, the racial tension, the Irish mob—how do you explain who runs the town when you could get killed just for saying the words Irish mob? Boy21 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Supersonic aircraft and missiles were determining the course of the Cold War, but so too would “science textbooks and racial relations.” Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Rejecting much of his midwestern upbringing, he embraced the idea of Asian “racial solidarity.” Mountains Beyond Mountains 2013-04-13T00:00:00Z And there is the production of racial meaning and racial boundaries. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Thus my consciousness was awakened to the pervasiveness of “petty apartheid,” and everywhere I went in the white world, I was met by visible and invisible guards of racial segregation. Kaffir Boy: An Autobiography 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z Police departments and highway patrol agencies frequently declare, “We do not engage in racial profiling,” even though their officers routinely use race as a factor when making decisions regarding whom to stop and search. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z However, people were already discussing racial and gender discrimination. Women in Space 2014-02-01T00:00:00Z "It is time," Helms pontificated in a 1960s TV editorial, “to face, honestly and sincerely, the purely scientific statistical evidence of natural racial distinctions in group intellect.” The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Only rarely did he allow an undisguised racist remark to slip through, like the time he referred to “the purely scientific statistical evidence of natural racial distinctions in group intellect.” The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Mrs. Roosevelt, in her day the most outspoken of presidents’ wives, had worked tirelessly since coming to Washington to promote racial equality. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z Those who are less idealistic embrace colorblindness simply because they find it difficult to imagine a society in which we see race and racial differences yet consistently act in a positive, constructive way. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z And I submit, then, that the racial tensions that menace Americans today have little to do with real antipathy—on the contrary, indeed—and are involved only symbolically with color. The Fire Next Time 1963-01-21T00:00:00Z The absence of explicitly racist rhetoric afforded the racial nature of his coded appeals a certain plausible deniability. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Gray challenged the laws themselves, contending that the provisions of Alabama’s laws and Montgomery’s city ordinances requiring racial segregation were unconstitutional. Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 2009-01-20T00:00:00Z The legacy of racial profiling carries many of the same complications. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z “Hitler’s convinced racial purity is the answer. It’s too complicated for children to understand.” Between Shades of Gray 2011-03-22T00:00:00Z It extols the abolition of racial discrimination and the achievement of equal rights for all. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z It was the beginning of the deadliest period of racial violence in Chicago history. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z Gross racial disparities in health, wealth, education, and opportunity should be of no interest to our government, and racial identity should be a private matter, something best kept to ourselves. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Reasons personal, racial, social, sexual—how can I guess why Ai must not weep? The Left Hand of Darkness 1969-03-01T00:00:00Z While in the South, Bobby was getting his first exposure to racial prejudice. Endgame 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The North was overwhelmingly Republican and, while Republicans were ambivalent about equality for African Americans, they were far more inclined to adopt and implement racial justice reforms than their Democratic counterparts below the Mason-Dixon line. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z When Collins gazed across the racial landscape of the town, he saw a place where there were almost no black role models. Friday Night Lights: A Town, A Team, And A Dream 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z Yet a clear consensus among whites about what the new racial order should be was still lacking. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Grabarek had come into office preaching racial tolerance, making a historic journey into the heart of the black community the night after assuming office. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z He put it clearly: I am an Angry Old Man about racial segregation. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z The Polish newspaper accused the bosses of orchestrating the fires to further racial divisions among the workers. A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 2018-01-02T00:00:00Z Durham’s white community considered the document a blueprint for racial comity, prudent yet magnanimous. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z To keep track of the Reich’s racial, social, and political enemies, I had put the Führer’s list to melody. Salt to the Sea 2016-02-02T00:00:00Z The new racial order, known as Jim Crow—a term apparently derived from a minstrel show character—was regarded as the “final settlement,” the “return to sanity,” and “the permanent system.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Studies of racial profiling have shown that police do, in fact, exercise their discretion regarding whom to stop and search in the drug war in a highly discriminatory manner. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Throughout the 1970s, conservatives generally gave lip service to the goal of racial equality but actively resisted desegregation, busing, and civil rights enforcement. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In earlier chapters, we have seen that throughout our nation’s history, poor and working-class whites have been bought off by racial bribes. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z These gross racial disparities simply cannot be explained by rates of illegal drug activity among African Americans. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Thus, for countless poor people, particularly racial minorities targeted by the drug war, public housing was no longer available, leaving many of them homeless—locked out not only of mainstream society, but their own homes. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The rules and reasons the political system employs to enforce status relations of any kind, including racial hierarchy, evolve and change as they are challenged. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Against this backdrop, diversity-driven affirmative action programs seem to be the epitome of racial justice purchased on the cheap. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The criminalization and demonization of black men is one habit America seems unlikely to break without addressing head-on the racial dynamics that have given rise to successive caste systems. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Back then, racial segregation was strictly enforced throughout the South. Because They Marched 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z I first encountered the idea of a new racial caste system more than a decade ago, when a bright orange poster caught my eye. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Negro’s lower scholastic showing springs not from racial default, but from being deprived of cultural and educational advantages by the whites. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z This is tempting bait, to put it mildly, but racial justice advocates should not take it. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Nor did my complexion make me feel especially vulnerable to racial abuse. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z “Well, I’m thinking we could do an argument on racial profiling.” Dear Martin 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z The power of the oligarchy, fueled by trusts and giant holding companies, was too great, and appeals to racial solidarity were ultimately irresistible to white Southerners. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Nearly all of the cases alleging racial profiling in drug-law enforcement were brought pursuant to Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its implementing regulations. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Failure to anticipate and preempt such appeals would set the stage for the same divide-and-conquer tactics that have reliably preserved racial hierarchy in the United States for centuries. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The system functioned relatively automatically, and the prevailing system of racial meanings, identities, and ideologies already seemed natural. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In an effort to demonstrate their commitment to a genuinely multiracial, working-class movement against white elites, the Populists made strides toward racial integration, a symbol of their commitment to class-based unity. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The racial divide widened, and the anger boiled. Hole in My Life 2002-03-26T00:00:00Z Poverty is still prevalent, but I go where the best basketball is and while you could talk prejudice or racial profiling, I’m still one of the very few white guys down here after school. Shelter (Book One): A Mickey Bolitar Novel 2011-09-15T00:00:00Z Resentment, frustration, and anger expressed by poor and working-class whites was chalked up to racism, leading to a subterranean discourse about race and to implicitly racial political appeals, but little honest dialogue. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Board of Education has created a widespread perception that civil rights lawyers are the most important players in racial justice advocacy. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z They need only racial indifference, as Martin Luther King Jr. warned more than forty-five years ago. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The story of the political and economic underpinnings of the nation’s founding sheds some light on these recurring themes in our history and the reasons new racial caste systems continue to be born. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The barriers are so high that few lawsuits are even filed, notwithstanding shocking and indefensible racial disparities. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The system of mass incarceration is now, for all practical purposes, thoroughly immunized from claims of racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Much racial bias, though, would operate unconsciously and automatically—even among law enforcement officials genuinely committed to equal treatment under the law. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the city’s everyday life, in nearly all venues, there was little of the racial tensions that marred society throughout the rest of the South. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z A major reason for these disparities is unconscious and conscious racial biases infecting decision making. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Sunshine gave way to darkness, and the Jim Crow system of segregation emerged—a system that put black people nearly back where they began, in a subordinate racial caste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z For years I'd wanted to implement a project to change the way we talk about racial history and contextualize contemporary race issues. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z The feeling of looking at things with a painful and unwarrantable nakedness was an experience, I learned, that transcended national and racial boundaries. Native Son 1940-03-01T00:00:00Z An “interracial racial caste system” may seem like an oxymoron. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z If we had actually learned to show love, care, compassion, and concern across racial lines during the Civil Rights Movement—rather than go colorblind—mass incarceration would not exist today. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Supreme Court has gone to great lengths to ensure that prosecutors are free to exercise their discretion in any manner they choose, and it has closed the courthouse doors to claims of racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The gene, meanwhile, invades discourses concerning race, racial discrimination, and “racial intelligence,” and provides startling answers to some of the most potent questions coursing through our political and cultural realms. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z They were a family of politically conscious Quakers committed to racial equality. Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Apartheid was designed to divide racial groups, and we showed that different groups could work together. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The most comprehensive studies of racial bias in the exercise of prosecutorial and judicial discretion involve the treatment of juveniles. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I was familiar with the challenges associated with reforming institutions in which racial stratification is thought to be normal—the natural consequence of differences in education, culture, motivation, and, some still believe, innate ability. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Lobbyists for Sprint argued that a law banning handheld phone use could be used to discriminate against minority motorists, who were more likely to be pulled over because of racial bias by police. A Deadly Wandering: A Mystery, a Landmark Investigation, and the Astonishing Science of Attention in the Digital Age 2014-09-23T00:00:00Z The enduring racial isolation of the ghetto poor has made them uniquely vulnerable in the War on Drugs. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z We have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The answer is not that civil rights advocates are indifferent to racial bias in the criminal justice system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z With the success of the Civil Rights Movement and the launching of the Poor People’s Movement, it was apparent to all that a major disruption in the nation’s racial equilibrium had occurred. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In Chicago, like the rest of the country, the War on Drugs is an engine of mass incarceration, as well as a major cause of gross racial disparities throughout the system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He added that unless “immediate Federal steps are taken,” there will be “in Birmingham and Alabama the worst racial holocaust this Nation has ever seen.” While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The United Nations now defines genocide as an act, or acts, “committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.” An Indigenous People’s History of the United States 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z They had come on this chilly Easter Sunday to hear one of the great voices of the time and to demonstrate their support for racial justice in the nation’s capital. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z In the absence of a truly egalitarian racial consensus, these predictable cycles inevitably give rise to new, extraordinarily comprehensive systems of racialized social control. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Incidents like the Emmett Till murder were not limited to Mississippi; acts of racial injustice and violence were happening all over the South. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Before the racial trouble started, hundreds of tourists sunbathed there, and it was especially popular with scuba divers, who could follow an underwater park trail through the coral on the east side. Hole in My Life 2002-03-26T00:00:00Z The word was so stained with all my memories of racial hate that I could not conceive of anybody using it for a title. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z Denial is facilitated by persistent racial segregation in housing and schools, by political demagoguery, by racialized media imagery, and by the ease of changing one’s perception of reality simply by changing television channels. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Racial segregation had actually begun years earlier in the North, as an effort to prevent race-mixing and preserve racial hierarchy following the abolition of Northern slavery. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Law enforcement officials, he explained, often point to the racial composition of our prisons and jails as a justification for targeting racial minorities, but the empirical evidence actually suggested the opposite conclusion was warranted. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z They create the appearance of racial equity without the reality and do so at no great cost, without fundamentally altering any of the structures that create racial inequality in the first place. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z New York Times columnist and Pulitzer Prize-winner Harrison Salisbury came to my city to investigate the stories of racial violence; he wanted to find out if the rumors were really true. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Two hundred juniors and seniors—about half white and half black, with a smattering of students from other racial and ethnic backgrounds—file into the school auditorium for a midmorning assembly. Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 2009-01-20T00:00:00Z Racial segregation rendered black experience largely invisible to whites, making it easier for whites to maintain racial stereotypes about black values and culture. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z A bit of common sense is overdue in public discussions about racial bias in the criminal justice system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the absence of a massive, grassroots movement directly challenging the racial caste system, Jim Crow might be alive and well today. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z To date, not a single successful challenge has ever been made to racial bias in sentencing under McCleskey v. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “I hope you’ve thought this over, young lady. It’s not the racial difference, it’s the philosophical difference that is most important.” Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z "Today I overheard an employee refer to me by a racial slur." Dear Martin 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z As always, Durham presented itself as a model of tolerance and racial goodwill in housing, but a Duke sociology student found real estate agents there performed the same tricks used across the country. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Challenges to the racial order during these periods are easily marginalized or suppressed, and the prevailing system of racial meanings, identity, and ideology seems “natural.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z And every drug war that has ever been waged in the United States—including alcohol prohibition—has been tainted or driven by racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Court’s answer was that racial bias would be tolerated—virtually to any degree—so long as no one admitted it. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z They did not dwell on racial issues per se. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z The central question for racial justice advocates is this: are we serious about ending this system of control, or not? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Its racial problems are complicated, spilling over into matters of class, history, politics, even education. The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z I enjoyed cross- examinations, and often played on racial tension. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The confluence of race and sex was a powerful force in dismantling Reconstruction after the Civil War, sustaining Jim Crow laws for a century and fueling divisive racial politics throughout the twentieth century. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z There also remains a persistent tendency in the civil rights community to treat the criminal justice system as just another institution infected with lingering racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z What are the odds that the second boy, with the added handicap of racial discrimination, will turn out to lead a productive life? Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything 2005-04-12T00:00:00Z And, inevitably, the black man’s anger rekindled, deeper than ever, and there began bursting out in different cities, in the “long, hot summer” of 1964, unprecedented racial crises. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z The document, created by the Labor Department to commemorate the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation, certainly also served as another propaganda tool for the US government to improve its image on racial relations. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Penelope started at the racial slur, and Ophie, who was unfortunately used to such exclamations from Mrs. Caruthers, just ducked her head. Ophie's Ghosts 2021-05-18T00:00:00Z Mass incarceration, like Jim Crow, was born of racial opportunism—an effort by white elites to exploit the racial hostilities, resentments, and insecurities of poor and working-class whites. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It is not possible to write a relatively short book that explores all aspects of the phenomenon of mass incarceration and its implications for racial justice. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z To be a white criminal is not easy, by any means, but as a white criminal you are not a racial outcast, though you may face many forms of social and economic exclusion. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z A commitment to color consciousness, by contrast, places faith in our capacity as humans to show care and concern for others, even as we are fully cognizant of race and possible racial differences. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Any candid observer of American racial history must acknowledge that racism is highly adaptable. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It then closed the courthouse doors to claims of racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z For all its importance as a source of capital and jobs for a people who lacked both, the Mutual was even more significant as an emblem of racial pride. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z They were sick of my demands for racial affinity support groups and more body image counseling for girls. Tradition 2018-05-01T00:00:00Z It was ironic, but liberals believed in the South’s racial Manichaeanism almost as completely as Jesse Helms—they just aligned themselves with the folks on the darker side of the color line. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Petra didn’t think much about what racial category she belonged to—her family had let go of that way of looking at things a long time ago. Chasing Vermeer 2004-06-01T00:00:00Z Prisons in our country sow a lot of racial hatred, both inmate-to-inmate and between inmate and officer. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Politicians and law enforcement officials today rarely endorse racially biased practices, and most of them fiercely condemn racial discrimination of any kind. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z For liberals, the ideal of colorblindness is linked to the dream of racial equality. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z No task is more urgent for racial justice advocates today than ensuring that America’s current racial caste system is its last. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The new racial caste system operates unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment and federal civil rights legislation—laws designed to topple earlier systems of control. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z She sat erect, speaking calmly, saying that a few white people lived not far from her house, yet there had been no racial disputes. Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z In recent years, civil rights advocates have launched important reform efforts, most notably the campaigns challenging felon disenfranchisement laws, crack-sentencing policies, and racial profiling by law enforcement. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In his view, it was a flawed public consensus—not merely flawed policy—that was at the root of racial oppression. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The introduction explained that “despite the civil rights victories of our past, racial prejudice still pervades the criminal justice system.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He knew this, because a few months earlier, he’d written George Gey: I am interested in the racial origin of the person from whom your HeLa cell line was initiated. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z But for countless poor people—particularly racial minorities who disproportionately rely on public assistance—that possibility looms large. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Be it for cultural reasons or for racial ones, this dominance in distribution makes it nearly impossible for any other group to gain a foothold in the industry. The Sun Is Also a Star 2016-11-01T00:00:00Z Of course, if meaningful progress is to be made, whites must give up their racial bribes too, and be willing to sacrifice their racial privilege. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It’s unlikely that C.P. would have been drawn to the racial mythologies of the Klan if “respectable” society hadn’t mirrored many of these same beliefs. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Time and again, the most ardent proponents of racial hierarchy have succeeded in creating new caste systems by triggering a collapse of resistance across the political spectrum. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Still, I saw a renewed awareness of the racial unrest of the sixties as well as an interest in the Sixteenth Street Church bombing when I returned. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Civil rights advocates offered no balm for the wound, publicly resisting calls for class-based affirmative action and dismissing claims of unfairness on the grounds that whites had been enjoying racial preferences for hundreds of years. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z While the state-run agitprop machine churned to generate passive consent for eugenic sterilizations, the Nazis ensured that the legal engines were also thrumming to extend the boundaries of racial cleansing. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z I turned back toward the front gate of the prison, trying to regain my focus, but I couldn’t make myself indifferent to what I perceived were symbols of racial oppression. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z The institution of a legal, government-sanctioned racial caste system was overturned in 1994 with the first democratic elections, but its effects still haunted the country. The Other Wes Moore: One Name, Two Fates 2010-04-27T00:00:00Z The racial terrorism of lynching in many ways created the modern death penalty. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z For them, the racial bribe was primarily psychological. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It was gratifying to be able, finally, to address some of these issues through our new project and to articulate the challenges created by racial history and structural poverty. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Conservative whites began, once again, to search for a new racial order that would conform to the needs and constraints of the time. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z But it also boosted their racial pride: the Hillside Inn was the only resort in the Poconos with black owners. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z No. Studies consistently indicate that drug markets, like American society generally, reflect our nation’s racial and socioeconomic boundaries. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Accomplishing this degree of unity may mean giving up fierce defense of policies and strategies that exacerbate racial tensions and produce for racially defined groups primarily psychological or cosmetic racial benefits. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Clinton eventually moved beyond crime and capitulated to the conservative racial agenda on welfare. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z All through the war, the Harlem racial picture never was too bright. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z The sharp line of racial division drawn by the hospital authorities came to me the first morning when I walked along an underground corridor and saw two long lines of women coming toward me. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z A backlash against blacks was clearly in force, but no consensus had yet been reached regarding what racial and social order would ultimately emerge from these turbulent times. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z When Mrs. Rickets asked why some of the white children objected to going to school with us, Sammy Dean replied: “Well, it’s racial, marrying each other.” Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The idea that the criminal justice system discriminates in such a terrific fashion when few people openly express or endorse racial discrimination may seem far-fetched, if not absurd. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “Reducing the black-white test score gap,” wrote the authors of one study, “would do more to promote racial equality than any other strategy that commands broad political support.” Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything 2005-04-12T00:00:00Z The aim of this chapter is simply to reflect on whether traditional approaches to racial justice advocacy are adequate to the task at hand. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Dr. King accepted Shuttlesworth’s invitation to come to Birmingham, a hotbed of racial violence—the city Dr. King called “the most segregated city in America.” While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Again the courthouse doors were closed, for all practical purposes, to claims of racial bias in the administration of the criminal justice system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The racial dimension of mass incarceration is its most striking feature. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z We may improve some school districts, prolong affirmative action for another decade or two, or force some police departments to condemn racial profiling, but we will not put a dent in the prevailing caste system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Prosecutors are well aware that the exercise of their discretion is unchecked, provided no explicitly racist remarks are made, as it is next to impossible for defendants to prove racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z These studies have led some policing experts to conclude that racial profiling is actually “worse” in white communities, because the racial disparities in stop and search rates are much greater there. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I could champion racial justice in our home, or I could enjoy granny’s cookies. Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood 2016-11-15T00:00:00Z The answer: a racial caste system in the age of colorblindness. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The War on Drugs, cloaked in race-neutral language, offered whites opposed to racial reform a unique opportunity to express their hostility toward blacks and black progress, without being exposed to the charge of racism. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It closely connected to our work on criminal justice issues; I believe that so much of our worst thinking about justice is steeped in the myths of racial difference that still plague us. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Ferguson, the Court established the doctrine of “separate but equal”—a legal fiction that protected the Jim Crow system from judicial scrutiny for racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Even so, he faced the same barriers of racial prejudice that confronted all African American artists of the time. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z Of racial affinity or sympathy, he gave no indication. The Underground Railroad: A Novel 2016-08-02T00:00:00Z In other words, affirmative action helps to make the emergence of a new racial caste system seem implausible. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Problems he had always assumed to be purely racial turned out to have a hidden component. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Even the most liberal ones who had spent a lifetime fighting racial and social injustice and who cherished the notion of open-mindedness drew the line at the Midland border. Friday Night Lights: A Town, A Team, And A Dream 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z By the mid-1770s, the system of bond labor had been thoroughly transformed into a racial caste system predicated on slavery. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Freedom Riders fought intolerance by riding a bus and pushing racial limits in the deep South. The Freedom Writers Diary 1999-10-12T00:00:00Z The moral weirdness of prison was never discussed—the racial inequality and the power inequality; the them and us; the constant saying no. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Much of Showboat’s attitude to poverty and racial stereotypes seems to us somewhat patronising, but this was the 1920s and at its core is a well-intentioned heart. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z I read that John Singleton has a new film coming out examining racial issues. The Freedom Writers Diary 1999-10-12T00:00:00Z Failure to acknowledge the relevant differences, as well as their implications, would be a disservice to racial justice discourse. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The former New Jersey attorney general dubbed this phenomenon the “circular illogic of racial profiling.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Restriction of land ownership on racial basis shall be ended, and all the land redivided amongst those who work it, to banish famine and land hunger. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z After all, why should “we” give up our racial bribes if whites have been unwilling to give up theirs? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Racial stigma today makes collective action extremely difficult—sometimes impossible—whereas racial stigma during Jim Crow contained the seeds of revolt. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It closed the courthouse doors to claims of racial bias in sentencing. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z This dynamic poses particular risks for racial justice advocacy during an Obama presidency. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Every racial caste system in the United States has produced racial stigma. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It is easier to imagine a world in which we tolerate racial differences by being blind to them. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The racial bias inherent in the drug war is a major reason that 1 in every 14 black men was behind bars in 2006, compared with 1 in 106 white men. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the month and a half since the racial equality discussion in Socio Evo, Jared’s been on a crusade to prove things in America are equal. Dear Martin 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z Trent Bolger was not particularly creative, but he was thorough, and subtle enough to evade detection by the enforcers of Chapel Hill High School’s Zero Tolerance Policy toward racial and ethnic slurs. Darius the Great Is Not Okay 2018-08-28T00:00:00Z After all, criminals are the one social group in America that nearly everyone—across political, racial, and class boundaries—feels free to hate. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Ports of call in Africa and Southeast Asia were already forging his beliefs about racial IQ levels. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Why champion the cause of the despised when there are so many sympathetic stories about racial injustice one could tell? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z But a few years after World War II, several black families bought houses in a whites-only Birmingham community, and the racial lines became blurred. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z We must come to see, too, how our economic insecurities and racial resentments have been exploited for political gain, and how this manipulation has caused suffering for people of all colors. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Nor is there any racial discrimination, or any marked domination of one province by another. 1984 1949-06-08T00:00:00Z There has never been a third-party movement to match it, not in the number of electoral victories it won, nor in the feeling of class unity across racial lines it engendered. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z I remonstrated with him and said that it was the tradition of the ANC to work with anyone who was against racial oppression. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z This is the form that racial and ethnic stereotypes take. Outliers 2008-11-18T00:00:00Z Speaking from the steps of the capitol, prominent civil rights leaders and ordinary citizens recalled the turbulent events at Selma that had turned the voting rights campaign into a mass protest against racial injustice. Because They Marched 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z To great effect, Reagan echoed white frustration in race-neutral terms through implicit racial appeals. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z So rather than choosing between the rights of women and the rights of African Americans, the American Equal Rights Association adopted a memorial favoring a position of gender and racial unity. Votes for Women! 2018-02-13T00:00:00Z Ten years ago, I would have argued strenuously against the central claim made here—namely, that something akin to a racial caste system currently exists in the United States. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the current era, white Americans are often eager to embrace token or exceptional African Americans, particularly when they go out of their way not to talk about race or racial inequality. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing opened wide the eyes of the United States to racial injustice. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z This generosity was not, however, a sign of liberalism in racial affairs. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z As more and more African nations achieved independence, the United States government was compelled to defend racial equality here at home. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z This dramatically changed racial climate has led defenders of mass incarceration to insist that our criminal justice system, whatever its past sins, is now largely fair and nondiscriminatory. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z What kind of teacher has the nerve to suggest there’s racial inequality to a classroom full of millennials? Dear Martin 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z Such a movement is impossible, though, if those most committed to abolishing racial hierarchy continue to talk and behave as if a state-sponsored racial caste system no longer exists. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It seemed that we were all cloaked in an unwelcome garment of racial difference that constrained, confined, and restricted us. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Why did I think racial problems here in Nashville would be any different from racial problems back in Birmingham? While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The profits to be made from racial stigma are considerable, and the fact that blacks—as well as whites—treat racial oppression as a commodity for consumption is not surprising. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z After more than fifty years of nearly complete deference to Southern states and noninterference in their racial affairs, Brown suggested a reversal in course. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z This provoked Tate, who unleashed a torrent of racial slurs and threats. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z For decades, civil rights leaders have been saying things like “we all want a colorblind society, we just disagree how to get there” in defense of race-conscious programs like affirmative action or racial data collection. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Allen took the bus back and forth, eager to listen to King and to keep marching as a foot soldier in the struggle for racial equality. Boots on the Ground: America's War in Vietnam 2018-04-10T00:00:00Z The clock has been turned back on racial progress in America, though scarcely anyone seems to notice. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Throughout most of our nation’s history—from the days of the abolitionist movement through the Civil Rights Movement—racial justice advocacy has generally revolved around grassroots organizing and the strategic mobilization of public opinion. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Beginning in the 1970s, researchers found that racial attitudes—not crime rates or likelihood of victimization—are an important determinant of white support for “get tough on crime” and antiwelfare measures. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I certainly supported the racial civil rights movement; supported the goal of broadening access to higher education. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z The laws were, in effect, another racial bribe. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Of all the reasons that we fail to know the truth about mass incarceration, though, one stands out: a profound misunderstanding regarding how racial oppression actually works. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “The racial comment was really out of line,” he’d said, adding, “Normally it’s not in Simone’s favor being black, at least not in the world that I live in.” Courage to Soar 2016-11-15T00:00:00Z Conservatives in the 1970s and 1980s sought to appeal to the racial biases and economic vulnerabilities of poor and working-class whites through racially coded rhetoric on crime and welfare. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z For the foreseeable future, racial and ethnic inequality will be a feature of American life. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He was a militant idealist who crusaded against racial bigotry by growing faint in its presence. Catch-22 1961-11-10T00:00:00Z Barred by law from invoking race explicitly, those committed to racial hierarchy were forced to search for new means of achieving their goals according to the new rules of American democracy. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z One rumor maintained that he was a Palestinian Arab who had fomented racial unrest in India, South Africa, and London before moving to Detroit. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Lots of articles and editorials about racial profiling. Blended 2018-10-30T00:00:00Z Before the kids’ bedtime, she read them novels such as Cry, the Beloved Country—about racial injustice in South Africa. Mountains Beyond Mountains 2013-04-13T00:00:00Z This explanation has tremendous appeal—before you know the facts—for it is consistent with, and reinforces, dominant racial narratives about crime and criminality dating back to slavery. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z When accused of racial bias, police and prosecutors—like most Americans—express horror and outrage. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z One hundred years after the Red Summer, and despite significant gains made by African Americans in the past century, serious racial issues continue to plague the United States. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z But at the same time, we ought not be misled by those who insist that violent crime has driven the rise of this unprecedented system of racial and social control. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Your Worship, I hate racial discrimination most intensely and in all its manifestations. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Security Council intervened in South African affairs, blaming the government for the shootings and urging it to initiate measures to bring about racial equality. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Racial indifference and blindness—even more than overt racial hostility—form the sturdy foundation for all racial caste systems. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Studies of racial profiling typically report the total number of people stopped and searched, disaggregated by race. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Although they represented an adequate racial mix to reach some conclusions about race, they were predominantly white. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything 2005-04-12T00:00:00Z “Redemption” resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the effective abandonment of African Americans and all those who had fought for or supported an egalitarian racial order. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As public opposition to the racial ban against Anderson mounted, representatives of some two dozen local and national organizations formed the interracial Marian Anderson Citizens’ Committee. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z Profound racial injustice occurs when minority police officers follow the rules. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Prisons, however, are not the only vehicle for racial segregation. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z When the proslavery advocates of the Deep South unveiled their racial argument—What will happen between the races after emancipation?—the census of 1790 allowed one to predict the response with near precision. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation 2000-10-17T00:00:00Z Indeed, the notion of racial difference—specifically the notion of white supremacy—proved far more durable than the institution that gave birth to it. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In light of our nation’s racial history, that seems profoundly unfair. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Those cycling in and out of Illinois prisons today are members of America’s new racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Today, the War on Drugs has given birth to a system of mass incarceration that governs not just a small fraction of a racial or ethnic minority but entire communities of color. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Indeed, a primary function of any racial caste system is to define the meaning of race in its time. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I felt the past weeks, the strange sickness that cried for a change, for some relief from the constant racial grind. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z Voting rights were taken away from African Americans, and a series of racially restrictive laws enforced the racial hierarchy. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Even slavery does not conform to this limited understanding of racism and racial caste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The truth, however, is that rates and patterns of drug crime do not explain the glaring racial disparities in our criminal justice system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The racial situation had now become very real and very personal. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Today, people labeled felons live in constant fear of a different form of racial repression—racial profiling, police brutality, and revocation of parole. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z To call that feeling racial is to hand over all those diamonds, fashioned by our ancestors, to the plunderer. Between the World and Me 2015-07-14T00:00:00Z These principles are rooted in an understanding that any movement to end mass incarceration must deal with mass incarceration as a racial caste system, not as a system of crime control. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It achieves racial segregation by segregating people in prison—the majority of whom are black and brown—from mainstream society. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The idealism I still nurtured as a fifteen-year-old did not have a racial component. Bad Boy 2001-05-08T00:00:00Z But if we do so, we should labor under no illusions that we will end mass incarceration or shake the foundations of the current racial order. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Nor is it racial: it’s not a practice specific to either black or white people. Outliers 2008-11-18T00:00:00Z I asked several courts to stay Herbert's execution because of his ineffective lawyer, racial bias during the trial, the inflammatory comments made by the prosecutor, and the lack of mitigation evidence presented. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z It became apparent that the quickest way to achieve better racial balance at the two schools would be to change the boundaries. Friday Night Lights: A Town, A Team, And A Dream 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z The Myerses moved from Levittown four years later, but the episode was far from the community’s last chapter of racial tension. Drama High 2013-09-26T00:00:00Z Some conservative political strategists admitted that appealing to racial fears and antagonisms was central to this strategy, though it had to be done surreptitiously. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Perhaps more striking than the racial integration of the female mathematicians, which had been spreading organically throughout Langley for years, was the fact that a group focused on computing now employed increasing numbers of men. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Then they came back and published a report, and the government used that knowledge to build the most advanced system of racial oppression known to man. Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood 2016-11-15T00:00:00Z I decided to take the risk of talking freely, candidly, about the racial issue. Kaffir Boy: An Autobiography 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z Mass incarceration is now off-limits to challenges on the grounds of racial bias, much as its predecessors were in their time. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z John Tompkins, a lawyer and part of a small minority of white professionals who considered the racial integrity laws to be unconstitutional, agreed to represent Tony and Mary to appeal their convictions. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z She pauses, then asks, “Does this kind of stuff—you know, racial stuff—ever happen to you?” Blended 2018-10-30T00:00:00Z There was, perhaps, no more bizarre illustration of the conflation between cleansing and racial cleansing than a law that barred Jews from employing “German maids” in their houses. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Yet as we shall see in the pages that follow, racial caste systems do not require racial hostility or overt bigotry to thrive. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the few short decades since King’s death, a new regime of racially disparate mass incarceration has emerged in Chicago and become the primary mechanism for racial oppression and the denial of equal opportunity. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Even as more people marry across racial and religious lines, often to partners who match them closely in other respects, fewer are choosing partners with a different level of education. Class Matters 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z On the shop floor, fights broke out on a regular basis—barrages of racial and ethnic slurs, sometimes supported by guns and knives. A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 2018-01-02T00:00:00Z A free concert at the Lincoln Memorial would attract thousands of people, far more than any auditorium could hold, and would send a powerful message of defiance against the injustice of bigotry and racial discrimination. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z Defending against claims of racial bias in policing is easy. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Through its inability to solve its racial problems, the United States handed the Soviet Union one of the most effective propaganda weapons in their arsenal. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z But since the Rodney King riots, racial tension has spilled over into the school. The Freedom Writers Diary 1999-10-12T00:00:00Z In order to escape the racial attack that went to the roots of my life, I would have gladly accepted any way of life but the one in which I found myself. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z From the sixteenth century forward, blood flowed in battles over racial supremacy. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Others may wonder how a racial caste system could exist when most Americans—of all colors—oppose race discrimination and endorse colorblindness. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z While some argue that it is attributable primarily to racial bias and discrimination, others maintain that it is due to poor education, unraveling morals, and a lack of thrift and perseverance among the urban poor. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He insisted that blindness and indifference to racial groups is actually more important than racial hostility to the creation and maintenance of racialized systems of control. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z So long as some readily identifiable African Americans are doing well, the system is largely immunized from racial critique. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It is a world in which there is extraordinary racial and ethnic inequality, and our nation has porous boundaries. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The racial imagery associated with the riots gave fuel to the argument that civil rights for blacks led to rampant crime. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As a lawyer who had litigated numerous class-action employment-discrimination cases, I understood well the many ways in which racial stereotyping can permeate subjective decision-making processes at all levels of an organization, with devastating consequences. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z They were arrested and convicted, and both were sentenced to two years in prison for violating Alabama's racial integrity laws. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Some physically disabled children were allowed to join a special section—the Disabled and Infirm Hitler Youth—as long as they passed the racial tests. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z His education has empowered him, and he has strong opinions about racial freedom and equality that land him and the black community in trouble. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z During the day racial tensions rule the streets, at night gunshots are heard from drive-by shootings, and twenty-four hours a day, the gangs and drug dealers control the block, trying to hold down their territory. The Freedom Writers Diary 1999-10-12T00:00:00Z Because mass incarceration is officially colorblind, it seems inconceivable that the system could function much like a racial caste system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z About twenty to twenty-five years ago, social activists started a campaign to get rid of unfair, negative racial stereotypes. Tears of a Tiger 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z That expectation seems unreasonable, yet the dilemma for racial justice advocates is a real one. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z What is most concerning about the new racial caste system, however, is that it may prove to be more durable than its predecessors. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z But if your strategy for racial justice involves waiting for whites to be fair, history suggests it will be a long wait. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He had made national news in the 1960s as a fierce opponent of civil rights and racial integration. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z We in the Youth League had seen the failure of legal and constitutional means to strike at racial oppression; now the entire organization was set to enter a more activist stage. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Thousands of stories about the crack crisis flooded the airwaves and newsstands, and the stories had a clear racial subtext. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In early July, Martin Luther King Jr., one of Johnson’s biggest allies in the struggle to end racial discrimination, spoke out against the war while addressing civil rights leaders in Virginia. Boots on the Ground: America's War in Vietnam 2018-04-10T00:00:00Z Stanley was thankful that there were no racial problems. Holes 1998-08-20T00:00:00Z Advanced for belonging to a racial group ‘under-represented’ in American institutional life. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z The Supreme Court has now closed the courthouse doors to claims of racial bias at every stage of the criminal justice process, from stops and searches to plea bargaining and sentencing. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Somebody complained afterward to Sergeant Bloom about the racial overtones of Speros’s jokes, and Bloom, another trainer told us gravely, chewed him out for it. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z Indeed, if Barack Obama had been elected president back then, I would have argued that his election marked the nation’s triumph over racial caste—the final nail in the coffin of Jim Crow. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z One example of the way in which a well established racial order easily absorbs legal challenges is the infamous aftermath of the Brown v. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Tragedies such as the Holocaust in Germany or ethnic cleansing in Bosnia are traceable to the extreme marginalization and stigmatization of racial and ethnic groups. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In so doing, Clinton—more than any other president—created the current racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Racial animus is a predictable and recurring feature of racial caste systems, but it is not necessary for the system to function if there is widespread racial indifference. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The standard reply is: “How can you say that a racial caste system exists today? Just look at Barack Obama! Just look at Oprah Winfrey!” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As we have seen, to establish an equal-protection violation, one must prove intentional discrimination—conscious racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z A compassionate, humane approach to the problems of the urban poor must replace the punitive practices and policies that have multiplied the harms associated with poverty and racial oppression. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Only in the past few centuries, owing largely to European imperialism, have the world’s people been classified along racial lines. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “I have not been able to ascertain the supposed racial origin of all eighteen lines,” Gartler told the audience. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z This racial coalition in pursuit of class goals would not last, however. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Prosecutors are free to “load up” defendants with extra charges, and their decisions cannot be challenged for racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z There were few black people in the area, but at my age, which was probably five, I was not really aware of racial differences. Bad Boy 2001-05-08T00:00:00Z It was precisely because they were heading into the center of a racial storm, he said, that the possibility for positive change was tremendous. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z If sentencing were the only stage of the criminal justice process in which racial biases were allowed to flourish, it would be a tragedy of gargantuan proportions. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z There’s a ladder of racial hierarchy in America. Americanah 2013-05-14T00:00:00Z “Since you’ve got the license you can keep the restaurant open,” they said, “but you’ll need to have separate toilets for every racial category. You’ll need white toilets, black toilets, colored toilets, and Indian toilets.” Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood 2016-11-15T00:00:00Z I ask you: in the racial sense in which it’s used so much today, whatever “integration” is supposed to mean, can it precisely be defined? The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z The story that is told during Black History Month is one of triumph; the system of racial caste is officially dead and buried. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Civil war would mean the destruction of what the ANC stood for; with civil war racial peace would be more difficult than ever to achieve. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Having grown taller and older, I now associated with older boys and I had to pay for my admittance into their company by subscribing to certain racial sentiments. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z Finally, this chapter responds to skeptics who claim that mass incarceration cannot be understood as a racial caste system because many “get tough on crime” policies are supported by African Americans. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z To the extent that the groupings were racial, it was because of the ways race overlapped class and geography out in the real world. Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood 2016-11-15T00:00:00Z It may be analogous, in some respects, to the panic once experienced by poor and working-class whites faced with desegregation—the fear of a sudden demotion in the nation’s racial hierarchy. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The black men, like Thomas Byrdsong and Jim Williams and Larry Brown, certainly had to spar with racial prejudice, but they started their Langley careers with all the privileges of being a male engineer. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z The majority observed that significant racial disparities had been found in other criminal settings beyond the death penalty, and that McCleskey’s case implicitly calls into question the integrity of the entire system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z What they offered was an essentially segregated learning environment that not only taught skills but also brought accomplished blacks together in a way that reinforced racial confidence. Bad Boy 2001-05-08T00:00:00Z I remember one incident within the airport that showed me how Malcolm X never lost his racial perspective. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Most people saw this as progress toward the goal of racial reconciliation, but I must admit I felt surprised at the city’s decision. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Proponents of racial hierarchy found they could install a new racial caste system without violating the law or the new limits of acceptable political discourse by demanding “law and order” rather than “segregation forever.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z They had been interviewed together on The David Frost Show and featured in a television documentary about racial issues in the South. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Because there is no meaningful check on the exercise of police discretion, racial biases are granted free rein. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Law enforcement officials rarely admit to having acted for racial reasons, leaving most victims of discriminatory law enforcement without anyone to sue and without a claim that can be proven in a court of law. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Perhaps if he hadn't been successful enough to live off his own business he would have more consistently kept in mind those racial lines that could never be crossed. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z My parents had not prepared me to face the kind of racial issues that I was seeing. Bad Boy 2001-05-08T00:00:00Z Any national plan for gradual emancipation needed to transform this racial demography by relocating at least a significant portion of that population elsewhere. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation 2000-10-17T00:00:00Z Although the organization included racial justice among its core priorities, reform of the criminal justice system was not a major part of its racial justice work. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Imagine if civil rights organizations and African American leaders in the 1940s had not placed Jim Crow segregation at the forefront of their racial justice agenda. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Never did I seriously consider the possibility that a new racial caste system was operating in this country. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I was happy and would have continued to sell the newspaper and its magazine supplement indefinitely had it not been for the racial pride of a friend of the family. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z In addition to all of the family-friendly amenities, including good public schools, libraries, and a community center, Maplewood was also an anomaly because of its racial and economic diversity. Proud 2018-07-24T00:00:00Z Highly visible examples of black success are critical to the maintenance of a racial caste system in the era of colorblindness. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z This is political dynamite, which could provide material for explosive racial theories. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Reporters flocked to Montgomery from all over the world to report the dramatic racial showdown. Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 2009-01-20T00:00:00Z “This is neither the time nor the place” to discuss racial problems, Sanford told the crowd. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Many critics argued that such evidence would ultimately disempower poor victims, victims who were racial minorities, and family members who didn't have the resources to advocate for their deceased loved ones. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Together, the whole system of racial segregation was known as “Jim Crow.” Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 2009-01-20T00:00:00Z A new civil rights movement cannot be organized around the relics of the earlier system of control if it is to address meaningfully the racial realities of our time. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “I am an Arab and I resent the racial slurs you make against my people.” The Secret History 1992-10-16T00:00:00Z Boston was not an easy place to have a racial identity crisis either. The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z And just as personal hygiene routinely purged debris and excrement from the body, racial hygiene eliminated genetic detritus, thereby resulting in the creation of a healthier and purer race.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Black people have been made criminals by the War on Drugs to a degree that dwarfs its effect on other racial and ethnic groups, especially whites. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z A facially race-neutral system of laws has operated to create a racial caste system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He also conducted an investigation of the police department, shining a light on racial discrimination and trumped-up criminal charges against blacks. A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 2018-01-02T00:00:00Z Like many American cities during the 1930s, Washington, D.C., with its large black population, was still segregated along racial lines. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z I was just becoming aware of the history of racial oppression in my own country, and saw the struggle in South Africa as purely racial. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z They also had to prove their racial background. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z One study found that some whites are so loath to talk about race and so fearful of violating racial etiquette that they indicate a preference for avoiding all contact with black people. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The rules governing jury selection provide yet another illustration of the Court’s complete abdication of its responsibility to guarantee racial minorities equal treatment under the law. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Affirmative action may be counterproductive in yet another sense: it lends credence to a trickle-down theory of racial justice. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It was all a part of the racial relations laboratory that was Langley, and it meant that both blacks and whites were treading new ground together. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z They like a little racial loincloth in the bed. Song of Solomon 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z The possible racial explosion that Riddick, and everyone else, had known was possible did not happen that night. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Half my mind told me to cool it; to acquiesce to his claims of racial superiority and predestination. Kaffir Boy: An Autobiography 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z Similarly situated people inevitably are treated differently when police are granted permission to rely on racial stereotypes when making discretionary decisions. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z That response is predictable because most people assume that racism, and racial systems generally, are fundamentally a function of attitudes. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He challenged the racial bias of these actions and the abuse of his civil rights. Farewell to Manzanar 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z Otherwise, the racial explosions are only going to grow worse. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Concluding that economics, not politics, held the key to black success in America, Moore started a new career as a corporate gadfly, disrupting stockholders' meetings with pointed questions about racial policies and hiring practices. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z As a result of the Armstrong decision, defendants who suspect racial bias on the part of prosecutors are trapped in a classic catch-22. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The creation and maintenance of racial segregation is one example. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Under “normal” conditions, they argue, state institutions are able to normalize the organization and enforcement of the prevailing racial order, and the system functions relatively automatically. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “Well, phrenologists claim we can identify someone’s character and racial derivation by measuring the skull.” Dread Nation 2018-04-03T00:00:00Z So what is to be demanded in this moment in our nation’s racial history? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z If something akin to a racial caste system truly exists, why has the civil rights community been so slow to acknowledge it? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Something always stopped him: bad luck, a racial barrier, a law, his own vanity or arrogance or fear of losing face. Farewell to Manzanar 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z Diversity of all sorts— racial, ethnic, and gender—has complicated the class picture. Class Matters 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z A broad national consensus now exists that, whenever it is socially and politically advantageous to do so, class considerations should trump racial identity. Class Matters 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z The Eugenics Record Office, with its preoccupation with racial purification, and its drive to eliminate immigrants, “deviants,” and “defectives,” struck him as frankly sinister. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The vast majority of those stopped and searched were racial minorities, and more than half were African American. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z A classmate got tired of Sharaud’s antics and drew a racial caricature of him with huge, exaggerated lips. The Freedom Writers Diary 1999-10-12T00:00:00Z In my eyes, one of the biggest blessings was that the campaign crossed all socioeconomic, religious, political, racial, gender, and age boundaries. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z James "Bo" Cochran had been released after spending nearly twenty years on Alabama's death row; a new trial was awarded after federal courts reversed his conviction because of racial bias during jury selection. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Sadly, like the racial caste systems that preceded it, the system of mass incarceration now seems normal and natural to most, a regrettable necessity. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As I ran I thought about Manuelito and the experiences I shared with him and others in Bonetti Ranch; I thought about racial segregation in the South and about Paul’s remark about college. Breaking Through 2001-08-27T00:00:00Z Think about a type of music and its gender or racial makeup. Music and the Child 2016-06-14T00:00:00Z When we took this decision, and subsequently formulated our plans, the ANC heritage of nonviolence and racial harmony was very much with us. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The real issue at hand was whether—and to what extent—the Supreme Court would tolerate racial bias in the criminal justice system as a whole. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Completely by coincidence, as we moved back and forth between these churches, I noticed that each one had its own distinct racial makeup: Jubilant church was mixed church. Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood 2016-11-15T00:00:00Z I discuss her racial problems with her constantly, drawing her out even when she doesn't feel like discussing them—and I can tell how fervently she appreciates these dialogues with me. A Confederacy of Dunces 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z By then the language of eugenics and genetics had long become subsidiary to the more malevolent language of racial hatred. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Constantly, wherever I went, I was asked questions about America’s racial discrimination. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Ninety-five percent of respondents pictured a black drug user, while only 5 percent imagined other racial groups. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Numerous paths were available to our nation in the wake of the crack crisis, yet for reasons traceable largely to racial politics and fear mongering, we chose war. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He was fiercely racial in spite of his stupendous hatred of his race and he had a theory that marriage between two of alien races would result in mongrel children. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn 1943-01-01T00:00:00Z When those behind bars are taken into account, America’s institutions continue to create nearly as much racial inequality as existed during Jim Crow. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Nazi teachers changed the curriculum, adding two new subjects: racial science and eugenics. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z Not only did C.P. represent many of Durham’s poor white residents but his son Timmy attended Hillside High School, the school with the greatest racial problems in the city. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z And it’s not just that we are afflicted by unconscious racial bias and stereotypes about those behind bars. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The materials we developed were generating positive feedback, and I became hopeful that we might be able to push back against the suppression of this difficult history of racial injustice. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z If I wasn’t “polarizing the community,” according to this bunch, I had “erroneously appraised the racial picture.” The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Others were folks from the Deep South with calcified attitudes about racial mixing. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z At the Adolf Hitler Schools, boys were trained in physical exercise, racial science, and loyalty to the Führer. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z To hold an attitude of antagonism or distrust toward Jews was bred in us from childhood; it was not merely racial prejudice, it was a part of our cultural heritage. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z “The country,” states the center, “saw a resurgence of white nationalism that imperils the racial progress we’ve made.” 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z The arguments and rationalizations that have been trotted out in support of racial exclusion and discrimination in its various forms have changed and evolved, but the outcome has remained largely the same. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The criminal label is essential, for forms of explicit racial exclusion are not only prohibited but widely condemned. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “Do you know if Imani is associated with any racial pride groups?” Blended 2018-10-30T00:00:00Z After these preliminaries, we focused on the critical issues: the armed struggle, the ANC’s alliance with the Communist Party, the goal of majority rule, and the idea of racial reconciliation. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Racial impact statements that assess the racial and ethnic impact of criminal justice legislation must be adopted. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z When we pull back the curtain and take a look at what our so-called colorblind society creates without affirmative action, we see a familiar social, political, and economic structure—the structure of racial caste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z First, let’s consider the absence of overt racial hostility among politicians who support harsh drug laws and the law enforcement officials charged with enforcing them. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Never before had a teacher suggested that my academic performance was linked to my racial identity. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z It is precisely because our criminal justice system provides a vehicle for the expression of conscious and unconscious antiblack sentiment that the prison label is experienced as a racial stigma. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Court openly worried that other actors in the criminal justice system might also face scrutiny for allegedly biased decision making if similar claims of racial bias in the system were allowed to proceed. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The federal court system has effectively immunized the current system from challenges on the grounds of racial bias, much as earlier systems of control were protected and endorsed by the U.S. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Progressives concerned about racial justice in this period were mostly silent about the War on Drugs, preferring to channel their energy toward defense of affirmative action and other perceived gains of the Civil Rights Movement. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z When African Americans began to exercise their right to vote in the 1970s, there was deep concern among some prosecutors and judges about how the racial demographics in some counties would complicate their reelections. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Those of us in the civil rights community are not immune to the racial stereotypes that pervade media imagery and political rhetoric; nor do we operate outside of the political context. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z These stark racial disparities cannot be explained by rates of drug crime. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z But it was his comfort with racial mixing in social situations that really fanned the flames. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z In both cases, the racial opportunists offered few, if any, economic reforms to address the legitimate economic anxieties of poor and working-class whites, proposing instead a crackdown on the racially defined “others.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Fearful that such measures might not be sufficient to protect their interests, the planter class took an additional precautionary step, a step that would later come to be known as a “racial bribe.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z No task is more urgent for racial justice advocates today than ensuring that America’s current racial caste system is its last. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Several professorships of “race biology” and racial hygiene were established at German universities, and racial science was routinely taught at medical school. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Sometimes the fights would be racial in nature, but they might be about anything. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Aware of the racial violence taking place throughout the nation, the union had posted armed guards around the church to prevent the meeting from being disrupted. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z Among whites, those expressing the highest degree of concern about crime also tend to oppose racial reform, and their punitive attitudes toward crime are largely unrelated to their likelihood of victimization. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z A similar phenomenon had followed slavery and Reconstruction, as white elites struggled to define a new racial order with the understanding that whatever the new order would be, it could not include slavery. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The racial problems that consumed Guitar were the most boring of all. Song of Solomon 1977-01-01T00:00:00Z Let me give you another example of how color bias can be changed—and this one is racial in nature. Tears of a Tiger 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The book was an old work of physical anthropology, and the passage was about the classification of Homo sapiens into different racial strains. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z If Durham was so different from other Southern cities, so liberal on racial issues, so prosperous for both blacks and whites, then what was the meaning of Hayti? The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Yet a new hate had come to take the place of the rankling racial hate. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z I had to feel and think out each tiny item of racial experience in the light of the whole race problem, and to each item I brought the whole of my life. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z For some, the characterization of mass incarceration as a “racial caste system” may seem like a gross exaggeration, if not hyperbole. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “Blacks are much more likely to live near poor segregated areas. They are much less insulated from crime and other manifestations of social disarray that grow from racial exclusion.” Class Matters 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z The absence of overt racial hostility is a significant difference from Jim Crow, but it can be exaggerated. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As we shall see, there is a certain pattern to the births and deaths of racial caste in America. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Again, racial equality was being forced upon the South by the federal government, and by 1956, Southern white opposition to desegregation mushroomed into a vicious backlash. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The uncomfortable truth, however, is that racial differences will always exist among us. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In court, the racial bias was challenged again. Farewell to Manzanar 1973-01-01T00:00:00Z In the course of the negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchants- for example, to remove the stores’ humiliating racial signs. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The South was solidly Democratic, embittered by the war, firmly committed to the maintenance of a racial caste system, and extremely hostile to federal intervention on behalf of African Americans. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The superlative nature of individual black achievement today in formerly white domains is a good indicator that the old Jim Crow is dead, but it does not necessarily mean the end of racial caste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z All racial caste systems, not just mass incarceration, have been supported by racial indifference. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the hierarchy of racial slights, the sign wasn’t unusual or out of the ordinary. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z The Court had repeatedly made clear, though, that the Constitution does not require that racial minorities and women actually serve on juries—it only forbids excluding jurors on the basis of race or gender. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z With her final sentence—“We are here to argue that racial disparities in the US criminal justice system are largely due to racial profiling”—a murmur trickles through the audience. Dear Martin 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z They attribute the cyclical nature of racial progress to the “unstable equilibrium” that characterizes the United States’ racial order. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z With her fair skin and dulcet West Virginia accent, Katherine might have occupied a fluid racial middle ground, easing her acceptance at the center. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Kemp that racial bias in sentencing, even if shown through credible statistical evidence, could not be challenged under the Fourteenth Amendment in the absence of clear evidence of conscious, discriminatory intent. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z That reality helps to explain why African American leaders such as Booker T. Washington urged blacks to focus on improving themselves rather than on challenging racial discrimination. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the 1968 election, race eclipsed class as the organizing principle of American politics, and by 1972, attitudes on racial issues rather than socioeconomic status were the primary determinant of voters’ political self-identification. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in public schools. Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 2009-01-20T00:00:00Z When the national media heard about what had happened in Durham, he and Ann had become a hot story: America’s racial “Odd Couple.” The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z I was caught in a particular moment of national history, smack in the middle of a city known as the nation’s hotbed of racial injustice and violence. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z On a trip to Chicago in 1893, short, round fireball Ida Wells got to know tall, debonair, easygoing Ferdinand Barnett as they worked together on a pamphlet calling out racial inequities. A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 2018-01-02T00:00:00Z His vast concern for “racial purity” obviously does not extend to all races. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z The bunk master announces schedules of byzantine complication: Mondays are for mechanics, state history, racial sciences. All the Light We Cannot See 2014-05-06T00:00:00Z Nooses, racial slurs, and overt bigotry are widely condemned by people across the political spectrum; they are understood to be remnants of the past, no longer reflective of the prevailing public consensus about race. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z We have been unwilling to commit to a process of truth and reconciliation in which people are allowed to give voice to the difficulties created by racial segregation, racial subordination, and marginalization. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z This conflation served to provide a legitimate outlet to the expression of antiblack resentment and animus—a convenient release valve now that explicit forms of racial bias are strictly condemned. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The sincerity of many people’s bigoted racial beliefs is what led Martin Luther King Jr. to declare, “Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z McKissick, just five years older than Moore, not only believed in developing new strategies for achieving racial justice; he was an activist in his own right. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z The bantustan system had been conceived by Dr. H. F. Verwoerd, the minister of native affairs, as a way of muting international criticism of South African racial policies but at the same time institutionalizing apartheid. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z They’d never seen the likes of this, but they’d leave their mark on this new land, as surely as those famous souls at Jamestown, making it theirs through unstoppable racial logic. The Underground Railroad: A Novel 2016-08-02T00:00:00Z We were shocked by the racial division of the city and surrounding county, where most of the black kids attended understaffed and underfunded city schools while whites attended sparkling clean suburban schools with fantastic facilities. The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z The organizers didn’t want to hand the white establishment ammunition for its perennial allegation that any racial unrest in the South was incited by outside agitators. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Although no admissions of racial bias or racist intent could be found in the record, Judge Cahill believed race was undeniably a factor in the crack sentencing laws and policies. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Gayle may have ended legal segregation on the buses, but it did not end racial prejudice. Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice 2009-01-20T00:00:00Z As World War I came to an end, Washington, DC, which was about 75 percent white, was a racial tinderbox, an explosion waiting to happen. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z In view of all this, we must ask, to what extent has affirmative action helped us remain blind to, and in denial about, the existence of a racial undercaste? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I grew up in a poor, rural, racially segregated settlement on the eastern shore of the Delmarva Peninsula, in Delaware, where the racial history of this country casts a long shadow. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Redemption marked a turning point in the quest by dominant whites for a new racial equilibrium, a racial order that would protect their economic, political, and social interests in a world without slavery. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z One could argue this result is a tragic, unforeseeable mistake, and that the goal was always crime control, not the creation of a racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In this way, mass incarceration, like its predecessor Jim Crow, creates and maintains racial segregation. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Many will wonder how a nation that just elected its first black president could possibly have a racial caste system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The newspaper called on Congress to build a federal auditorium in Washington that would be free of racial discrimination. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z Some scholars and commentators have pointed out that the racial violence once associated with brutal slave masters or the Ku Klux Klan has been replaced, to some extent, by violence perpetrated by the state. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z When we think of racism we think of Governor Wallace of Alabama blocking the schoolhouse door; we think of water hoses, lynchings, racial epithets, and “whites only” signs. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Court deemed the risk of racial bias in Georgia’s capital sentencing scheme “constitutionally acceptable.” The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “The racial unrest that is running rampant throughout the country is now far beyond a political issue,” he charged. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z If the only problems on the fencing team were about certain girls not wanting to be my friends, I wouldn’t have minded that much, but the real issues at play were laced with racial undertones. Proud 2018-07-24T00:00:00Z It signaled the end of “home rule” in the South with respect to racial affairs. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Racial discrimination, the Court seemed to suggest, was something that simply must be tolerated in the criminal justice system, provided no one admits to racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Nonetheless, as numerous historians have shown, the development of a new racial order became the consuming passion for most white Southerners. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Southern struggle had grown from a modest group of black students demonstrating peacefully at one lunch counter to the largest mass movement for racial reform and civil rights in the twentieth century. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Only such real, meaningful actions as those which are sincerely motivated from a deep sense of humanism and moral responsibility can get at the basic causes that produce the racial explosions in America today. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z The language of genetic discrimination was easily parlayed into the language of racial extermination. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z My conception of the world, of life, was wholly in racial terms; and that conception was not mine alone. Kaffir Boy: An Autobiography 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z The notion that all racial caste systems are necessarily predicated on a desire to harm other racial groups, and that racial hostility is the essence of racism, is fundamentally misguided. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The progressives of the Stability Research group, regardless of their actual political practices, were certainly open to accusations of subversion for their embrace of “dangerous” ideas like racial integration, civil rights, and equality for women. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z It is precisely because we, as a nation, have not cared much about African Americans that we have allowed our criminal justice system to create a new racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Under its regulations, each racial group could own land, occupy premises, and trade only in its own separate area. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Whites should prove their commitment to dismantling not only mass incarceration, but all of the structures of racial inequality that guarantee for whites the resilience of white privilege. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z “Instead of positively showing what a black woman could do as city manager,” the politician wrote, “Abigail Caldwell’s inept and incompetent actions have set back racial progress at least thirty years.” The Parker Inheritance 2018-03-27T00:00:00Z The fact that some African Americans have experienced great success in recent years does not mean that something akin to a racial caste system no longer exists. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The decision in Armstrong effectively shields this type of biased decision making from judicial scrutiny for racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As inmates are overwhelmingly minority, the racial hierarchy at most facilities resembles that of South Africa under apartheid. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z The prevalence of illegal drug activity among all racial and ethnic groups creates a situation in which, due to limited law enforcement resources and political constraints, some people are made criminals while others are not. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Racial terror and the constant threat created by violently enforced racial hierarchy were profoundly traumatizing for African Americans. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z In fact, twenty years after the civil rights revolution, the jury remained an institution largely unchanged by the legal requirements of racial integration and diversity. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z In the 60 Minutes interview with Chapman, he dismissed as silly the suggestion of any racial bias in Walter McMillian's prosecution. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Remember that this consciousness can never ultimately be racial; it must be cosmic. Between the World and Me 2015-07-14T00:00:00Z As attorney general and later as a senator, he had supported racial and educational equality—and asked the American people to do the same. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z Supreme Court gave the go-ahead to full-scale racial segregation. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything 2005-04-12T00:00:00Z The majority of students were white, and again there was a racial divide. How Dare the Sun Rise 2017-05-16T00:00:00Z This shift, she noted, had profound consequences for the future of racial justice advocacy; in fact, it was debilitating to the movement. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z This uncomfortable fact creates strong incentives for minority officers to deny, to rationalize, or to be willingly blind to the role of law enforcement in creating a racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z This pattern, dating back to slavery, has birthed yet another racial caste system in the United States: mass incarceration. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Georgia Supreme Court ruled, by a 4–3 vote, that the stark racial disparity presented a threshold case of discrimination and required the prosecutors to offer a race-neutral explanation for the results. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The multicultural perspective tends to cast Indigenous peoples in general as an oppressed racial group without considering important political differences between the Native nations and other oppressed populations. An Indigenous People’s History of the United States 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z “Did you read the Corporation pamphlet on racial sensitivity in the workplace?” Beauty Queens 2011-05-24T00:00:00Z But before we kick back, relax, and wait for racial justice to trickle down, consider this: Obama chose Joe Biden, one of the Senate’s most strident drug warriors, as his vice president. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It measures our second level of attitude, our racial attitude on an unconscious level—the immediate, automatic associations that tumble out before we’ve even had time to think. Blink 2005-01-11T00:00:00Z Phrases came quickly: the importance of cultural diversity; new blood; the goal of racial integration. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z Positions taken on crime policies typically cohered along lines of racial ideology. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Somebody is drawing symbols of racial hatred all over the school, and we’re talking about Wi-Fi? Linked 2021-07-20T00:00:00Z Allegations of racial profiling in federally funded drug interdiction operations resulted in numerous investigations and comprehensive data demonstrating a dramatic pattern of racial bias in highway patrol stops and searches. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It was too easy to assume that their behavior toward me was based on some sort of racial or religious prejudice. Proud 2018-07-24T00:00:00Z Most pundits noticed only the change in the racial makeup of the schools, but the process concentrated poverty, not just race. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z The valiant efforts to abolish slavery and Jim Crow and to achieve greater racial equality have brought about significant changes in the legal framework of American society—new “rules of the game,” so to speak. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z If this claim is substantially correct, the implications for racial justice advocacy are profound. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z But despite the relatively small size of the black population in the North, the pattern of racial segregation there suggested that most northern whites shared Jefferson’s belief that “incorporation” was unlikely. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation 2000-10-17T00:00:00Z It was war, racial war, the same war that Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson had fought. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Dear Diary, When we began our lesson about the importance of racial tolerance, I had no idea that that lesson would be a life-altering experience. The Freedom Writers Diary 1999-10-12T00:00:00Z Wacquant has written extensively about the cyclical nature of racial caste in America. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the 1950s and 1960s, civil rights activism and new federal laws inspired the same resistance to racial progress and once again led to a spike in the use of Confederate imagery. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z As we shall see, the legal rules governing prosecutions, like those that govern sentencing decisions, maximize rather than minimize racial bias in the drug war. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z At the university, teachers had shied away from topics like racial oppression, lack of opportunities for Africans, and the nest of laws and regulations that subjugate the black man. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z For instance, reading The Autobiography of Malcolm X—a book that begins and ends in the madness and pathology of America’s racial obsessions—is a rite of passage for young black men. The Other Wes Moore: One Name, Two Fates 2010-04-27T00:00:00Z In recent years, however, a bit of mythology has sprung up regarding the centrality of litigation to racial justice struggles. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Stinney execution was horrific and heartbreaking, but it reflected the racial politics of the South more than the way children accused of crimes were generally treated. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z The movement regularly holds protests against police killings of African Americans and against such issues as racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z “Do you know any teachers who show racial bias?” Blended 2018-10-30T00:00:00Z And the process of making them criminals has produced racial stigma. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Frisch, who had assisted his aunt with her experiments, had been evicted from the University of Hamburg under the Nazi racial laws, which barred Jews from high academic positions beginning in 1936. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z “I agree that racism and racial profiling are unacceptable. How ever, due to the ongoing investigation, there is a lot I can’t speak on regarding that specific incident.” On the Come Up 2019-02-05T00:00:00Z "This is an outrageous example of unconscious racial chauvinism!" Invisible Man 1952-01-01T00:00:00Z "This is an outrageous example of unconscious racial chauvinism!" Invisible Man 1952-01-01T00:00:00Z The bitter riots were sparked by King’s assassination, but the fuels that kept them burning were the preexisting conditions: illegal but strictly enforced racial segregation, economic contraction, and an unresponsive political system. The Other Wes Moore: One Name, Two Fates 2010-04-27T00:00:00Z It is true, for example, that racial incidents, followed by calls for tolerance and understanding, are a more-or-less permanent feature of the American landscape, durable as the Rocky Mountains, familiar as the Mississippi River. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Much has been written about the ways in which people manage to deny, even to themselves, that extraordinary atrocities, racial oppression, and other forms of human suffering have occurred or are occurring. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The Court’s quiet blessing of race-based traffic stops has led to something of an Orwellian public discourse regarding racial profiling. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Counterpoised against the myth of “race suicide” and “race deterioration” was the equal and opposite myth of racial and genetic purity. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The fact that black people during Jim Crow were often complicit with the system of control did not mean they supported racial oppression. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Like all such racial pioneers, Joycelyn understood that she would have to pay a price for being first. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Any racial justice movement, to be successful, must vigorously challenge the public consensus that underlies the prevailing system of control. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Demand that anyone who wants to challenge racial bias in the system offer, in advance, clear proof that the racial disparities are the product of intentional racial discrimination—i.e., the work of a bigot. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Incensed immigrant workers lashed out at blacks with racial taunts. A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 2018-01-02T00:00:00Z The time-tested strategy of using those who epitomize moral virtue as symbols in racial justice campaigns is far more difficult to employ in efforts to reform the criminal justice system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z This is the new normal, the new racial equilibrium. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In fact, it was in the 1950s, after racial segregation in public schools was declared unconstitutional in Brown v. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z In the matter of school desegregation, Durham’s reputation for tolerance, racial harmony, and liberal politics once again proved sadly overrated. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Priority should have been given to figuring out some way for poor and working-class whites to feel as though they had a stake—some tangible interest—in the nascent integrated racial order. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z So many of the engineers were Northerners, relatively agnostic on the racial issue but devout when it came to mathematical talent. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z “Well,” I answered, skirting the vast racial chasm between us, “I hope you are.” Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z Thus it remains that I am basically unfitted to take sides in the racial conflict. Travels with Charley in Search of America 1962-01-01T00:00:00Z The critical point here is that, for black men, the stigma of being a “criminal” in the era of mass incarceration is fundamentally a racial stigma. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As the years pass, Valentine observed, racial violence only becomes more vicious in its expression. The Underground Railroad: A Novel 2016-08-02T00:00:00Z What, then, does explain the extraordinary racial disparities in our criminal justice system? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z I said that on the American racial level, we had to approach the black man’s struggle against the white man’s racism as a human problem, that we had to forget hypocritical politics and propaganda. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z For reasons that have more to do with class—and often racial—prejudice than with actual experience, they tend to fear and distrust the category of people from which they recruit their workers. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z No other country in the world imprisons so many of its racial or ethnic minorities. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z They recognized that economic emancipation was the key to the racial solution. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z Staggering racial disparities in the drug war continue but rarely make the news. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The history of racial caste in the United States would end with the Civil War if the idea of race and racial difference had died when the institution of slavery was put to rest. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Though he pretended to be above such ideas as racial superiority and spoke with genuine warmth, the entire context of his talk reeked of preconceived ideas to the contrary. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z In doing so he had gradually begun to erode the racial attitudes of many—though far from all— white Americans. The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics 2014-05-27T00:00:00Z Another scythe was found to have racial ratio issues. Scythe 2016-11-22T00:00:00Z An example relates to the role of racial stigma in our society. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z What kind of racial caste system includes white people within its control? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The United States has almost always had a racial undercaste—a group defined wholly or largely by race that is permanently locked out of mainstream, white society by law, custom, and practice. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Fully committing to a vision of racial justice that includes grassroots, bottom-up advocacy on behalf of “all of us” will require a major reconsideration of priorities, staffing, strategies, and messages. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He wrote that Birmingham was a smoldering volcano of racial tension, “a community of fear.” While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z This book argues that mass incarceration is, metaphorically, the New Jim Crow and that all those who care about social justice should fully commit themselves to dismantling this new racial caste system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z She had never visited the Deep South before, and on this trip, for the first time, she experienced the strict “Jim Crow” laws that enforced racial segregation throughout the South. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z Public discussions about racial caste in America are relatively rare. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z He disagreed with some of his colleagues on the issue of racial exclusiveness and inched closer to the ideas of the ANC. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z But the two lines I saw graded status in purely racial terms. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z The Court accepted the statistical evidence as valid but insisted that evidence of conscious, racial bias in McCleskey’s individual case was necessary to prove unlawful discrimination. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z But some members of the audience thought I was denying racial pride, trying somehow to deny my racial identity. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z Early on, little effort was made to disguise the racial motivations behind the law and order rhetoric and the harsh criminal justice legislation proposed in Congress. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The racial divide on Robben Island was absolute: there were no black warders, and no white prisoners. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z But if mass incarceration is understood as a system of social control—specifically, racial control—then the system is a fantastic success. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The idea that we may never reach a state of perfect racial equality—a perfect racial equilibrium—is not cause for alarm. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Repeatedly facing racial discrimination after serving his country made it all the more painful. Boots on the Ground: America's War in Vietnam 2018-04-10T00:00:00Z The racial profiling cases that swept the nation in the 1990s may well be the last wave of litigation challenging racial bias in the criminal justice system that we see for a very long time. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Before the trip, the sheriff again threatened Walter with racial slurs and terrifying plans. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Dorothy was proud of the way she had navigated through the days of racial segregation, proud of whatever small share she might claim in contributing to the demise of that backward practice. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z That there were so few suggests that I was not a primary victim of racial abuse. Hunger of Memory 1982-01-01T00:00:00Z What is known is the truth about the barbaric practice of lynching has, in many ways, been suppressed and that this form of racial torture and murder left deep scars that remain with us today. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z The idea of “group rights” was that no racial or ethnic group could take precedence over any other. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The disproportionate imprisonment of people of color was, in part, a product of racial profiling—not a justification for it. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The respectable, “solid citizen” now indulges his racial and religious hatred in this fraternity. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z The cruelty of racial prejudice was so often accompanied by absurdity, a tangle of arbitrary rules and distinctions that subverted the shared interests of people who had been taught to see themselves as irreconcilably different. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z I use the term racial caste in this book the way it is used in common parlance to denote a stigmatized racial group locked into an inferior position by law and custom. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z And to what extent have the battles over affirmative action distracted us and diverted crucial resources and energy away from dismantling the structures of racial inequality? The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As chapter 3 demonstrated, the Court has closed the courthouse doors to claims of racial bias at every stage of the criminal justice process, from stops and searches to plea bargaining and sentencing. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In the court’s view, there was no credible evidence that the crack penalties were motivated by any conscious racial bigotry, as required by McCleskey v. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z As far as the segregationists were concerned, racial integration and Communism were one and the same and posed the same kind of threat to traditional American values. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z In erecting this high standard, the Court knew full well that the standard could not be met absent an admission that a prosecutor or judge acted because of racial bias. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z People of color, because of the history of racial subjugation and exclusion, often experience success and failure vicariously through the few who achieve positions of power, fame, and fortune. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The experiment that led to writing Black Like Me was done at the very end of 1959, before the first “freedom rides” or any other manifestation of national concern about racial injustice. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z No one had ever suggested to me how to go about removing the evils of racial prejudice, and I had to learn by trial and error. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z I was exhausted by the thought of dealing with more racial chasms. How Dare the Sun Rise 2017-05-16T00:00:00Z In other words, the racial ideology that gave rise to these laws remains largely undisturbed. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Forty years later, it appeared to some that the promise of racial understanding had been realized in Durham. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z But by leapfrogging the United States into space, the Russians had turned even local racial policy into fodder for the international conflict. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z As discussed in chapter 4, during Jim Crow, racial stigma contributed to racial solidarity in the black community. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z State Department regularly brought African dignitaries to the city, to show the world that the stories in the sensationalist press about race problems in America were exaggerated or exceptions to the rule of racial comity. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z In racial science lessons, children were taught Aryans belonged to a superior master race that was intended to rule Europe. Hitler Youth: Growing Up in Hitler's Shadow 2005-04-01T00:00:00Z These editorials linked C.P. to the world of racial politics and gave him hope that the battle for the soul of the South—and for his own soul—was not yet lost. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z I had no suspicion that I was to live here for but a short time and that the manner of my leaving would be my first baptism of racial emotion. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z There was also increased concern that, without greater equality for African Americans, blacks would become susceptible to communist influence, given Russia’s commitment to both racial and economic equality. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Of course innocent mistakes occur, but the accumulated insults and indignations caused by racial presumptions are destructive in ways that are hard to measure. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Suddenly it occurred to me that I made a strange and too obvious picture there—a large Negro, standing in front of a church, absorbed in a pamphlet on racial justice. Black Like Me 1961-01-01T00:00:00Z In other words, the Court barred any victim of race discrimination by the police from even alleging a claim of racial bias under the Fourth Amendment. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The most ardent proponents of racial hierarchy have consistently succeeded in implementing new racial caste systems by triggering a collapse of resistance across the political spectrum. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Notwithstanding Batson's formal prohibition on race discrimination in jury selection, the Supreme Court and lower federal courts have tolerated all but the most egregious examples of racial bias in jury selection. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Also, we worked on reports and materials that seek to deepen the national conversation about the legacy of slavery and lynching and our nation's history of racial injustice. Just Mercy 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Coming from a city still cut in half by racial hatred, I feel hopeful here in Berlin. Middlesex: A Novel 2002-06-05T00:00:00Z Nothing about the culture of the laboratory or her new office rattled her—not even the persistent racial segregation. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z There were concerns that Hani’s death might trigger a racial war, with the youth deciding that their hero should become a martyr for whom they would lay down their own lives. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z People in show business, of course, were less inhibited by social and racial taboos. The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1965-01-01T00:00:00Z Journalists scream about the racial injustice, as if it's new and unfamiliar. How It Went Down 2014-10-21T00:00:00Z Fully understanding the racial implications of Parsifal’s message and its pre-eminence in Nazi ideology, it is uncomfortable for us to hear Wagner’s sublime music without wincing. The Story of Music 2012-12-25T00:00:00Z Just as Jim Crow, as a system of racial control, was dramatically different from slavery, mass incarceration is different from its predecessor. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It would take a lot more than a shiny Soviet ball and the threat of international disdain to completely break the Byrd organization’s commitment to racial segregation. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z In the years following the release of the New Jersey and Maryland data, dozens of other studies of racial profiling have been conducted. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Women, in particular, express complicated, conflicted views about crime, because they love their sons, husbands, and partners and understand their plight as current and future members of the racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z It would have seemed absurd, given that racial segregation was the primary vehicle of racialized social control in the United States during that period. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The student body of the school was nearly 100 percent black, reflecting the racial makeup of the neighborhoods to the west. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Black people, by contrast, are routinely labeled felons and released into a permanent racial undercaste. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z However, his no-compromise policy on racial slights of any sort would have a direct and indirect influence on the civil rights actions of the 1950s and 1960s. Hidden Figures 2016-09-06T00:00:00Z Most Americans and many Europeans equate native Africans with blacks, white Africans with recent intruders, and African racial history with the story of European colonialism and slave trading. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z And when the baldheaded proprietor would pass by, we black children, poor, half-starved, ignorant, victims of racial prejudice, would sing with a proud lilt: A rotten egg Never fries A cheating dog Never thrives. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z They had not been taught to keep a gulf between me and themselves; they were relatively free of the heritage of racial hate. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z The process of marking black youth as black criminals is essential to the functioning of mass incarceration as a racial caste system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z If a white man raised by jungle apes could retain the integrity of a white man in a flannel suit, then surely racial purity could be maintained in any circumstance. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z We avoid talking about caste in our society because we are ashamed of our racial history. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z As she pursued her career, she was forced to challenge racial barriers simply to succeed as a singer. The Voice That Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights 2004-05-25T00:00:00Z He argued then that the time had come for racial justice advocates to shift from a civil rights to a human rights paradigm, and that the real work of movement building had only just begun. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Other courts emphasized that granting police the freedom to stop, interrogate, and search anyone who consented would likely lead to racial and ethnic discrimination. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z In effect, the fading revolutionary ideology and the growing racial demography were converging to close off the political options. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation 2000-10-17T00:00:00Z A dermatologist by training, Siemens was a student of Ploetz’s and a vociferous early proponent of racial hygiene. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “All this racial turmoil has got to be upsetting.” Blended 2018-10-30T00:00:00Z We have become blind, not so much to race, but to the existence of racial caste in America. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Perhaps the time has come to give up the racial bribes and begin an honest conversation about race in America. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z If the Replacement Theory is correct, all living humans have roughly the same genetic baggage, and racial distinctions among them are negligible. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Malan introduced the Group Areas Act — which he described as “the very essence of apartheid” — requiring separate urban areas for each racial group. Long Walk to Freedom 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z An old steel-producing city— often called the “Pittsburgh of the South”—Birmingham was crisscrossed with made-up racial lines. While the World Watched: A Birmingham Bombing Survivor Comes of Age during the Civil Rights Movement 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z The audience seated in the chamber was a conglomeration of Durham’s various racial factions; there were contingents from UOCI, the BSC, the Klan, and the White Citizens’ Council. The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z I had not yet learned anything that would have helped me to thread my way through these perplexing racial relations. Black Boy 1945-01-01T00:00:00Z Southern whites, Woodward explains, strongly believed that a new system of racial control was clearly required, but it was not immediately obvious what form it should take. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z Studies have shown that racial schemas operate not only as part of conscious, rational deliberations, but also automatically—without conscious awareness or intent. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z The significance of this cannot be overstated, for the failure to acknowledge the humanity and dignity of all persons has lurked at the root of every racial caste system. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z For those left behind, especially those within prison walls, the celebration of racial triumph in America must seem a tad premature. The New Jim Crow 2010-01-05T00:00:00Z While a coarse racial classification of world peoples lumps all Chinese people as so-called Mongoloids, that category conceals much more variation than the differences between Swedes, Italians, and Irish within Europe. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z To blacks he promised happier days ahead; to whites he spoke soothingly of limited incremental changes, of the need for racial harmony and the maintenance of “social standards.” The Best of Enemies 1996-04-01T00:00:00Z Board of Education of Topeka, declares that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional. 1919 The Year That Changed America 2019-01-08T00:00:00Z |
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