| 单词 | polypeptide |
| 例句 | He was already in the Cavendish when Bragg had become keen about how a polypeptide chain folded up. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Pauling’s success with the polypeptide chain had naturally suggested to Francis that the same tricks might also work for DNA. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z About a year before that triumph, Bragg, Kendrew, and Perutz had published a systematic paper on the conformation of the polypeptide chain, an attack that missed the point. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z When Maurice asked whether we needed the molds back in Cambridge, we said yes, half implying that more carbon atoms were needed to make models showing how polypeptide chains turned corners. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Given the X-ray data, a large variety of possible three- dimensional configurations for the polypeptide chain were quickly discarded. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Later work uncovered coils within the gelatinous coils — the helical trace of the polypeptide — and the atomic details of the flattened porphyrin molecule that myoglobin clasps to its bosom. Myoglobin: turd of the century? 2013-04-19T06:29:00Z The antigen receptors are polypeptide chains that contain variable and constant regions. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Explain what happens if even one amino acid is substituted for another in a polypeptide chain. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z It’s not a knowing problem, so forget about the polypeptides. Perspective | Weight-loss diets boil down to one thing, and it’s not science jargon 2023-01-23T05:00:00Z Proteins contain at least one long polypeptide chain. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z A long chain of amino acids is known as a polypeptide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Once the polypeptide is complete, it then folds into its final shape or joins with other polypeptides to become a functional protein. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The products formed by such a linkage are called polypeptides. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Pepsin cuts proteins into smaller polypeptides and their constituent amino acids. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Then signs of injury to the brain - called neurofilament light polypeptide, which is essentially the rubble from damaged brain cells - started to appear in the blood. Is a virus we all have causing multiple sclerosis? 2022-04-13T04:00:00Z The secondary structure consists of the local folding of the polypeptide by hydrogen bond formation; leading to the α helix and β pleated sheet conformations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The unique sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is its primary structure. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Peptide hormones consist of short chains of amino acids, whereas protein hormones are longer polypeptides. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Insulin was a more complex hormone, with 51 proteins and two polypeptide chains that had to be connected, but the scientists simply applied the technique they had already developed for somatostatin. Arthur Riggs, who helped develop diabetes treatment, dies at 82 2022-03-30T04:00:00Z In the tertiary structure, various interactions, e.g., hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide linkages, and hydrophobic interactions between R groups, contribute to the folding of the polypeptide into different three-dimensional configurations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Then the ribosome releases both the newly synthesized polypeptide and the mRNA molecule. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The unique three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is known as its tertiary structure. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Pancreatic polypeptide released following a meal may reduce further food consumption; however, it is also released in response to fasting. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Deep in the bill, one tiny adjustment deems “chemically synthesized polypeptides” to be biologic drugs. Congress showers health care industry with multibillion-dollar victory after wagging finger at it for much of 2019 2019-12-19T05:00:00Z As more amino acids join to this growing chain, the resulting chain is known as a polypeptide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must be transcribed from DNA. mRNA is then translated by the ribosomes, which use the codons of mRNA to assemble the polypeptides that make up proteins. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This structure is caused by chemical interactions between various amino acids and regions of the polypeptide. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Strands containing fewer than about 100 amino acids are generally referred to as polypeptides rather than proteins. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z That is seven more years those polypeptides would receive if they were approved under the rules for regular small-molecule drugs, such as pills. Congress showers health care industry with multibillion-dollar victory after wagging finger at it for much of 2019 2019-12-19T05:00:00Z What would happen if even one amino acid is substituted for another in a polypeptide? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Amino acids are linked by covalent peptide bonds to form polypeptides or proteins. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In nature, some proteins are formed from several polypeptides, also known as subunits, and the interaction of these subunits forms the quaternary structure. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Although some polypeptides exist as linear chains, most are twisted or folded into more complex secondary structures that form when bonding occurs between amino acids with different properties at different regions of the polypeptide. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Mutually exclusive conformations of these pre-60S particles suggest that the formation of the polypeptide exit tunnel is achieved through different folding pathways during subsequent stages of ribosome assembly. Modular assembly of the nucleolar pre-60S ribosomal subunit 2018-03-04T05:00:00Z Most allosterically regulated enzymes are made up of more than one polypeptide, meaning that they have more than one protein subunit. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Levels of Organization Amino acids form polypeptide chains. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z For example, hemoglobin is a combination of four polypeptide subunits. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A disulfide bond is a covalent bond between sulfur atoms in a polypeptide. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Amyloid polymorphism might seem to challenge Christian Anfinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis, which describes a one-to-one correlation between a polypeptide sequence and its 3D structure53. The activities of amyloids from a structural perspective : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Enzymes are usually proteins consisting of one or more polypeptide chains. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sickle cell disease is a hereditary disease caused by a defective recessive allele for beta-globin, one of two polypeptides in hemoglobin. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The process of translation, or protein synthesis, involves decoding an mRNA message into a polypeptide product. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The polypeptide subunits forming a quaternary structure can be identical or different. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The resolution of the map allowed us to trace all of the polypeptide chains: three E and three M proteins. Structure of the thermally stable Zika virus : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-04-18T04:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The defective polypeptide causes hemoglobin to clump into long fibers that push against the membranes of red blood cells and distort their shape. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The small subunit is responsible for binding the mRNA template, whereas the large subunit sequentially binds tRNAs, a type of RNA molecule that brings amino acids to the growing chain of the polypeptide. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z For instance, hemoglobin, the protein found in red blood cells is composed of four tertiary polypeptides, two of which are called alpha chains and two of which are called beta chains. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If values greater than zero are hydrophilic, then where is the circled section of the polypeptide in the figure below most likely to be found? Tackle Chemistry on the MCAT With a Sample Question 2015-03-17T04:00:00Z Once a polypeptide is synthesized, its role as a protein is established, such as determining a physical phenotype of an organism. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into chains called polypeptides. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Three of the 64 codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Translation is the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z However, many genes are known to encode poorly conserved, short polypeptides, including genes specific to the male gonad and accessory gland. Diversity and dynamics of the Drosophila transcriptome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-03-15T04:00:00Z The process of translation, or protein synthesis, involves the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide product. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The specific order in which amino acids are joined together in a polypeptide chain determines the shape, chemical properties, and, ultimately, function of a protein. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Any change in the gene sequence may lead to a different amino acid being added to the polypeptide chain, causing a change in protein structure and function. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Thus tRNA transfers specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to a growing polypeptide. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Therefore, while we refer to these RNAs as ‘non-coding’, additional data are needed to determine if they produce small polypeptides. Diversity and dynamics of the Drosophila transcriptome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-03-15T04:00:00Z The composition of each component may vary across species; for instance, ribosomes may consist of different numbers of rRNAs and polypeptides depending on the organism. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A codon consists of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The initiator tRNA interacts with the AUG start codon, and links to a special form of the amino acid methionine that is typically removed from the polypeptide after translation is complete. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The PP cell accounts for about one percent of islet cells and secretes the pancreatic polypeptide hormone. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Many labs already own dedicated machines for churning out strands of DNA or polypeptides, and in the past decade, adaptable robot chemists have become increasingly important in commercial pharmaceutical research. Organic synthesis: The robo-chemist 2014-08-05T04:00:00Z A ribosome is a complex macromolecule composed of structural and catalytic rRNAs, and many distinct polypeptides. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule gives the order in which amino acids should be joined to produce a polypeptide. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the basics of polypeptide elongation are the same, so we will review elongation from the perspective of E. coli. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These vital cells produce the hormones pancreatic polypeptide, insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z They found that one particular protein, called natriuretic polypeptide b, or Nppb, was expressed in only a subset of these neurons. An Itch Is Not a Low-Level Form of Pain 2013-05-23T22:45:02.343Z As the mRNA moves relative to the ribosome, the polypeptide chain is formed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The polypeptide chain grows until the ribosome reaches a “stop” codon on the mRNA molecule. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The P site binds charged tRNAs carrying amino acids that have formed bonds with the growing polypeptide chain but have not yet dissociated from their corresponding tRNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These polypeptide hormones correlate directly with Sertoli cell function and sperm number; inhibin B can be used as a marker of spermatogenic activity. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This observation led to the hypothesis that the gene for NGF evolved from an ancestral gene for proinsulin, the large precursor polypeptide that is cleaved to yield the active molecule of insulin. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Alternative splicing can lead to the synthesis of several polypeptides from a single gene. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Roden contends that using bacteria to produce single polypeptides would simplify manufacturing to such an extent that the vaccine could be produced in local laboratories, bringing costs down significantly. Vaccination: A durable design 2012-08-29T17:51:20.337Z With each step, a charged tRNA enters the complex, the polypeptide becomes one amino acid longer, and an uncharged tRNA departs. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The pancreatic islet cell types include alpha cells, which produce glucagon; beta cells, which produce insulin; delta cells, which produce somatostatin; and PP cells, which produce pancreatic polypeptide. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z According to his scheme the initial gene product in the manufacture of NGF is a large precursor polypeptide called proNGF, two copies of which form a dimer. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z Pepsin breaks peptide bonds and cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides; it also helps activate more pepsinogen, starting a positive feedback mechanism that generates more pepsin. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These artificially prepared, protein-like, substances have been called "polypeptides," and the individual amino-acids which unite together to form them are called "peptides." The Chemistry of Plant Life Amazingly, the E. coli translation apparatus takes only 0.05 seconds to add each amino acid, meaning that a 200-amino acid polypeptide could be translated in just 10 seconds. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The heavy chain and the light chain are the two polypeptides that form the antibody. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Biochemical taxonomy of South American amphibians by means of skin amines and polypeptides. The Genera of Phyllomedusine Frogs (Anura Hylidae) Peptide hormones such as oxytocin and growth hormone consist of polypeptide chains of amino acids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They have been prepared in large numbers and quantities, by the hydrolysis of the natural proteins and the artificial synthesis of polypeptides. The Chemistry of Plant Life When the ribosome encounters the stop codon, the growing polypeptide is released and the ribosome subunits dissociate and leave the mRNA. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The tremendous diversity of antibody molecules that can be made results from post-translational modifications of antibody polypeptide chains. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some proteins, such as hemoglobin, are formed from several polypeptides, and the interactions of these subunits form the quaternary structure of proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The peptide hormones include molecules that are short polypeptide chains, such as antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced in the brain and released into the blood in the posterior pituitary gland. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the β-pleated sheet, the “pleats” are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The ribosome accepts charged tRNAs, and as it steps along the mRNA, it catalyzes bonding between the new amino acid and the end of the growing polypeptide. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A long chain of amino acids is known as a polypeptide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Enzymes are very specific for the reactions they catalyze; because they are polypeptides, enzymes can have a variety of shapes attributed to interactions among amino acid R-groups. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because amino acid-derived hormones and polypeptide hormones are not lipid-soluble, they bind to plasma membrane hormone receptors located on the outer surface of the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But how do genes located on a chromosome ultimately produce a polypeptide that can result in a physical phenotype such as hair or eye color—or a disease like cystic fibrosis or hemophilia? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The translation to protein is a bit more complex because three mRNA nucleotides correspond to one amino acid in the polypeptide sequence. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In addition to instructing the addition of a specific amino acid to a polypeptide chain, three of the 64 codons terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide from the translation machinery. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In E. coli, the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z PAMPs are carbohydrate, polypeptide, and nucleic acid “signatures” that are expressed by viruses, bacteria, and parasites but which differ from molecules on host cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The stop codon ends translation which allows the polypeptide strand to be released. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The tRNAs have a critical role in translation; they serve as the adaptor molecules between the mRNA template and the growing polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 15.15 This is a space-filling model of a tRNA molecule that adds the amino acid phenylalanine to a growing polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Translation begins at the initiating AUG on mRNA, specifying methionine, the first amino acid in any polypeptide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each polypeptide chain is comprised of a constant domain and a variable domain: a domain, in this sense, is a specific region of a protein that may be regulatory or structural. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When this happens, a release factor dissociates the components and frees the new polypeptide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each mRNA molecule is simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5' to 3' and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N terminus to the C terminus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Serving as adaptors, specific tRNAs bind to sequences on the mRNA template and add the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Of the 64 possible mRNA codons—or triplet combinations of A, U, G, and C—three specify the termination of protein synthesis and 61 specify the addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins consisting of four polypeptides with at least two binding sites for a specific antigen. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The amino acid bound to the P-site tRNA is also linked to the growing polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each polypeptide has a free amino group at one end. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Enzymes are usually proteins consisting of one or more polypeptide chains. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of four polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Bonds between the cysteine amino acids in the antibody molecule attach the polypeptides to each other. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Amino acid-derived and polypeptide hormones are water- soluble and insoluble in lipids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Insulin starts out as a single polypeptide and loses some internal sequences in the presence of post-translational modification after the formation of the disulfide linkages that hold the remaining chains together. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z How many and what types of polypeptides make up an antibody molecule? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Denaturation is often reversible because the primary structure of the polypeptide is conserved in the process if the denaturing agent is removed, allowing the protein to resume its function. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As will be explored in more detail in Chapters 14-17, DNA contains the instructions for the synthesis of proteins by dictating the sequences of amino acids in polypeptides through processes known as transcription and translation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, the pancreatic hormone insulin has two polypeptide chains, A and B, and they are linked together by disulfide bonds. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A change in nucleotide sequence of the gene’s coding region may lead to a different amino acid being added to the growing polypeptide chain, causing a change in protein structure and function. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The mouse embryo cell does not make antibodies, yet its DNA contains nucleotide sequences encoding antibody polypeptides. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This structure is in part due to chemical interactions at work on the polypeptide chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They act by preventing aggregation of polypeptides that make up the complete protein structure, and they disassociate from the protein once the target protein is folded. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The local folding of the polypeptide to form structures such as the α helix and β-pleated sheet constitutes the secondary structure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When two or more polypeptides combine to form the complete protein structure, the configuration is known as the quaternary structure of a protein. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rearrangement of gene segments encoding antibody polypeptides occurs at the level of DNA to produce an enormous diversity of antibody molecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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