| 单词 | polymorphism |
| 例句 | But every so often in any gene, at known points, or "polymorphisms", tiny differences in genetic structure occur between groups of individuals. Symphony of life: making music out of the human genome 2010-06-24T21:29:00Z The streamlined, utilitarian style of modernism was injected with the wit, whimsy and polymorphism of postmodernism. ‘Zoom’ at BAM: When Italy ruled the design world 2013-04-04T22:43:40Z The researchers measured genetic similarity by comparing 1.7 million individual DNA building blocks, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, in the study participants. What do you want in a spouse? Genetic similarity may help 2014-05-19T04:00:00Z To test their hypothesis, they focused on a polymorphism in the CHRNA4 gene, which builds a certain kind of neural receptor that the neurotransmitter binds to. Do our genes make us more sensitive? 2013-01-24T22:40:00Z You could have inborn errors, such as polymorphisms in genes that are well described for host immunity. Why Some People Get Sick More Often 2023-06-21T04:00:00Z She said the next step is to test a type of genetic markers, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms, known as SNPs, to look for possible relatives in available databases. Mutilated body found in Alabama in 1997 identified through 'genetic genealogy' as California man 2023-05-26T04:00:00Z Individuals of a population often display different phenotypes, or express different alleles of a particular gene, referred to as polymorphisms. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z That third method, used in genealogical testing, is called single nucleotide polymorphism, and it looks at thousands of binding sites in DNA compared to the 25 to 30 sites an STR analyzes. DNA evidence likely key in Idaho murder case. How does testing, use in court work? 2023-01-11T05:00:00Z They found the Papuans had inherited unusually high frequencies of 82,000 genetic variants known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, which arise from differences of a single base or letter in the genetic code—from Denisovans. Mysterious ancient humans may have given people of Papua New Guinea an immune advantage 2022-12-07T05:00:00Z If you were to look at sickle cell anemia, a disorder affecting hemoglobin produced in red blood cells, which technique would be the most useful in detecting polymorphism in a sample? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In fact, due to the extensive polymorphisms in these MHC molecules, unrelated donors are found only through a worldwide database. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Unfortunately, some people have small errors in their DNA called polymorphisms that result in enzymes that don't work as well. Why prescription drugs can work differently for different people 2021-10-10T04:00:00Z Each participant had been given an oral exam, filled out a questionnaire and had a saliva sample analyzed for genetic polymorphisms — common variations in individuals’ DNA. Research examines whether genetic traits are the cause of periodontitis 2021-09-10T04:00:00Z By looking at which individuals shared certain point mutations, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, the researchers pieced together a rough family tree for the Indigenous populations of the Pacific. Study reveals ‘exciting’ history of humans in Pacific. But critics blast lack of Indigenous input 2021-04-14T04:00:00Z Certain regions of the chromosome that are subject to polymorphism will lead to the generation of the unique banding pattern. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Some solid metals exist in various structural forms, a phenomenon known as polymorphism. Phase transformations observed at the interfaces between crystalline grains in pure metals 2020-03-17T04:00:00Z Some people have a polymorphism that instructs their body to create two of the same enzyme instead of just one. Why prescription drugs can work differently for different people 2021-10-10T04:00:00Z One factor wasn’t associated with gum disease at all: genetic polymorphism. Research examines whether genetic traits are the cause of periodontitis 2021-09-10T04:00:00Z The dissimilarity may also increase genetic polymorphism, which in turn may lower the manifestation of recessive diseases. The Illusion of Genetic Romance 2020-02-12T05:00:00Z Furthermore, natural selection can be constrained by the relationships between different polymorphisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To identify factors governing the establishment of a variety of colour polymorphisms in O. pumilio, Yang and colleagues investigated whether imprinting occurs in this species, a behaviour that hasn’t previously been reported in amphibians. Leapfrog to speciation boosted by mother’s influence 2019-10-01T04:00:00Z Clinicians can test patients' DNA for these enzyme polymorphisms. Why prescription drugs can work differently for different people 2021-10-10T04:00:00Z In 2005 we were printing our own microarrays and trying to simultaneously sequence hundreds of SNPs — single nucleotide polymorphisms, the most common type of genetic variation. Lili Milani banks Estonia’s genomic potential 2019-05-14T04:00:00Z The variations generally came in the form of DNA-letter swaps, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. The approach to predictive medicine that is taking genomics research by storm 2018-10-09T04:00:00Z You, F. M. & Luo, M. C. Deletion polymorphism in wheat chromosome regions with contrasting recombination rates. Genome sequence of the progenitor of the wheat D genome Aegilops tauschii 2017-11-14T05:00:00Z A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genetic variation in glia–neuron signalling modulates ageing rate 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z If a known polymorphism is detected, they can alter the dose or avoid certain drugs altogether if they don't work as well as they should or are more likely to cause side effects. Why prescription drugs can work differently for different people 2021-10-10T04:00:00Z Epistasis and allele specificity in the emergence of a stable polymorphism in Escherichia coli. The dynamics of molecular evolution over 60,000 generations 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z There is a precedent for 'resistance' polymorphisms in the existence of a group of HIV 'elite controllers', who resist HIV infection despite repeated exposure. Perspective: Untangling the ALS X-Files : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z The major goal of the study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms—or SNPs—that correlate significantly with intelligence test scores. Intelligence and the DNA Revolution 2017-08-22T04:00:00Z Tajima, F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetic variation in glia–neuron signalling modulates ageing rate 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z A variant that is found in 1 percent or more of the population is considered “common” and is called a single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP. Is there such a thing as an autism gene? 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z Positions of selected sequence polymorphisms and deleted regions suitable to distinguish single copies are indicated as black vertical bars and gaps, respectively. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed in the Genetic Services core at MD Anderson Cancer Center. Effective combinatorial immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-19T04:00:00Z Amyloid polymorphism might seem to challenge Christian Anfinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis, which describes a one-to-one correlation between a polypeptide sequence and its 3D structure53. The activities of amyloids from a structural perspective : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Altered intracellular processing and release of neuropeptide Y due to leucine 7 to proline 7 polymorphism in the signal peptide of preproneuropeptide Y in humans. Genetic variation in glia–neuron signalling modulates ageing rate 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z Using a technique called restriction fragment length polymorphism, Cavenee compared the DNA of tumours to that in normal tissues taken from people with retinoblastoma. Alfred G. Knudson (1922-2016) : Nature : Nature Research 2016-08-23T04:00:00Z Positions of selected sequence polymorphisms and deleted regions suitable to distinguish single copies are indicated as black vertical bars and gaps, respectively. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z He says that Myriad has previously provided polymorphism data to the rare patient who asks, and will certainly do so now if required under HIPAA. After a prominent gene-testing firm declined to give patients their complete data, ACLU filed a legal complaint 2016-05-19T04:00:00Z These findings indicate that the infectious material is composed of a pool of several prion polymorphisms, some of which are present only at very low levels. The activities of amyloids from a structural perspective : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Dr Copra and colleagues trawled this ancient "life code" for small, tell-tale "spelling mistakes" - what are called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. 'Health risk' legacy from Neanderthals - BBC News 2016-02-12T05:00:00Z Identified single nucleotide polymorphisms were filtered by depth, strand bias, mapping quality and read position. Single-molecule sequencing of the desiccation-tolerant grass Oropetium thomaeum : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-10T05:00:00Z “My own interest is to understand polymorphism and be able to offer tools to people,” says Tkatchenko. Software predicts slew of fiendish crystal structures 2015-11-02T05:00:00Z She says she knows of another person who submitted a request for polymorphism data before the January regulation change, she says, and who was denied by the company. After a prominent gene-testing firm declined to give patients their complete data, ACLU filed a legal complaint 2016-05-19T04:00:00Z Amyloid polymorphism is a phenomenon in which a given peptide or protein sequence adopts two or more structurally distinct conformations of amyloid under the same environmental conditions. The activities of amyloids from a structural perspective : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Furthermore, polymorphisms in other genes that form part of the same pharmacological pathway can emerge as being significant for populations of a different ancestry. Pharmacogenomics in the clinic : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-13T04:00:00Z The area of each pie is proportional to the number of polymorphisms within a population. A global reference for human genetic variation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-29T04:00:00Z Multi-allelic sites were included with alternative alleles at the same site treated as separate variants. e, Counts of single nucleotide polymorphisms in each consequence class by allele frequency and transcript subset. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z In this case, the patients sought polymorphisms—essentially, the benign variants. After a prominent gene-testing firm declined to give patients their complete data, ACLU filed a legal complaint 2016-05-19T04:00:00Z On this basis, it is straightforward to propose that several distinct structural polymorphisms yield various forms of amyloid with distinct activities. The activities of amyloids from a structural perspective : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z A study in Europe used these single-nucleotide polymorphisms to differentiate cod specimens from three populations—the North Sea, Baltic Sea, and Northeast Atlantic Ocean—with 95 percent accuracy. Policing Seafood With DNA 2015-08-19T04:00:00Z The area of each pie is proportional to the number of polymorphisms within a population. A global reference for human genetic variation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-29T04:00:00Z Multi-allelic sites were included with alternative alleles at the same site treated as separate variants. e, Counts of single nucleotide polymorphisms in each consequence class by allele frequency and transcript subset. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z Other types of changes were also detected at lower levels, possibly resulting from uncharacterized polymorphisms. The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-08-11T04:00:00Z The blood samples are each analyzed for more than 700,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs—common genetic variations that could be associated with various diseases depending on their location or effect on gene function. Veteran Genome Project Serves as Early Test Bed for Customized Care 2015-07-23T04:00:00Z Of note, in instances where a SNP contains a cytosine, it would be impossible to distinguish whether a difference between two alleles is due to the polymorphism or due to the change in methylation. Chromatin architecture reorganization during stem cell differentiation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z In addition, we analysed sequence data from sixty individuals representing six closely related species from Lake Victoria, and show genome-wide diversifying selection on coding and regulatory variants, some of which were recruited from ancient polymorphisms. The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-02T04:00:00Z Charles Darwin was intrigued by polymorphism in general and it still fascinates evolutionary biologists. Mating strategies: Robocopulation 2014-04-24T15:01:05Z Other types of changes were also detected at lower levels, possibly resulting from uncharacterized polymorphisms. The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-08-11T04:00:00Z Moreover, the particular derived alleles were critical for the initial divergence and invasion, indicating that the establishment of this polymorphism depended on specific epistatic interactions. [Report] Epistasis and Allele Specificity in the Emergence of a Stable Polymorphism in Escherichia coli 2014-03-20T18:26:48.911Z For example, in the 19131AG polymorphism, “The presence of the A allele, as opposed to the G allele was associated with higher Friendliness scores in German Shepherds and lower Friendliness scores in Border Collies.” Man’s Best Friend? The Mysterious Role of Oxytocin Revealed 2014-01-28T17:51:10Z “That germinated into the idea of turning polymorphism against the hackers.” Ex-Googlers' Startup Shape Turns Hackers' Code-Morphing Tricks Against Them 2014-01-21T12:00:00Z They are therefore easy to track through the generations using DNA markers called single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs. Infidelity: Not so horny 2013-10-24T15:01:56Z Here we sequence to high coverage a total of 79 wild- and captive-born individuals representing all six great ape species and seven subspecies and report 88.8million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Great ape genetic diversity and population history 2013-07-24T17:21:11.837Z Individual bots could produce one unique message after another—that’s the “polymorphism”—to beat filters with a tide of minor combinatorial variations, litspam text, and alternate names and subject headings. Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet [Excerpt, Part 4] 2013-06-21T17:15:01.653Z For example, when it came to the -212AG polymorphism, both German Shepherds and Border Collies carrying the G allele showed less interest in being around people, suggesting the effect was the same in both breeds. Man’s Best Friend? The Mysterious Role of Oxytocin Revealed 2014-01-28T17:51:10Z Textual polymorphism—individual variations in the language of a spam message—could defeat the duplicate message detector, just as it does in email. Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet [Excerpt, Part 3] 2013-06-20T17:15:00.177Z We find on closer inspection of their data that the polymorphism trends are primarily attributable to mutational variation and technical artifacts rather than selection. [Technical Comment] Comment on “Evidence of Abundant Purifying Selection in Humans for Recently Acquired Regulatory Functions” 2013-05-09T17:55:17.457Z Such receptor polymorphisms may affect activation kinetics and drug selectivity in subtle but important ways, perhaps explaining the heterogeneous response to drugs between individuals. Molecular signatures of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013-02-13T18:21:29.900Z One way of addressing this possibility is to study the distribution of private and shared polymorphisms to infer differential rates of lineage sorting, such as those caused by variation in gene flow across the genome. The genomic landscape of species divergence in Ficedula flycatchers 2012-12-05T15:23:01.900Z For the most part, scientists do not know what effect, if any, these common variants, known as polymorphisms, have on the functioning of the proteins they encode. Why Genes Don t Predict Voting Behavior 2012-11-05T19:46:05.493Z We investigated the patterns of sequence polymorphism to detect variants that affect gene coding and have differential frequency in different populations. A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice 2012-10-24T17:21:24.910Z One of the main challenges, however, is the high levels of polymorphism present in oysters and many marine invertebrates. The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation 2012-10-03T18:22:26.103Z They also found genetic polymorphisms – variations in composition – in two other genes that they looked at: AR and NUFIP2, but they did not detect correlations for these genes with personality. The WEIRD Psychology of Elephants 2012-09-28T17:15:17.447Z Moreover, with the vast amount of human polymorphism data and genome sequences of many mammals, it is possible to obtain an unprecedented view of how selection relates to networks. Architecture of the human regulatory network derived from ENCODE data 2012-09-05T17:22:04.360Z One of the most prominent papers showing a link between a few polymorphisms and political behavior was published by James Fowler and Christopher Dawes in 2008 in the Journal of Politics. Why Genes Don t Predict Voting Behavior 2012-11-05T19:46:05.493Z Differences in polymorphism and divergence between these three groups are nearly identical, compatible with a mutational cause. The accessible chromatin landscape of the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:47.670Z The draft assembly provided insight into a molluscan genome characterized by high polymorphism, abundant repetitive sequences and active transposable elements. The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation 2012-10-03T18:22:26.103Z “This is the first report,” they write, “of an association between a genetic polymorphism and personality in elephants.” The WEIRD Psychology of Elephants 2012-09-28T17:15:17.447Z Individuals of Asian descent are more likely to carry certain genetic polymorphisms resulting in slower drug metabolism – meaning patients need lower doses to achieve the desired effects and avoid toxicity. When should medicine talk about race? 2012-08-25T22:45:02.807Z Instead of surveying all the genes in the human genome for possible associations with a given trait, such studies look for potential links between polymorphisms for one or two candidate genes and a specific trait. Why Genes Don t Predict Voting Behavior 2012-11-05T19:46:05.493Z In the more detailed analysis published Wednesday, the scientists measured and compared 364,470 minute differences in the genetic code called single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are used by forensic scientists for DNA fingerprinting. Ancient Americas Peopled by Three Migration Waves 2012-07-11T17:13:42Z These losses were easily observable by comparison to reference isolate genomes, and these initial findings indicate that microbial strain- and host-specific gene gains and polymorphisms may be similarly ubiquitous. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome 2012-06-13T17:20:54.030Z Hill showed a single-nucleotide polymorphism—placed in the genome where a single nucleotide is altered—in this gene is "strongly associated" with elite sprint racing performance. Triple Crown-Bound Horse Breeders Start to Look to Genetics 2012-05-04T11:15:00.203Z The researchers scanned the genomes of 67 Pygmies and 58 Bantus for genetic markers, called single nucleotide polymorphisms, throughout the genome. Why Pygmies Are Short: New Evidence Surprises 2012-04-27T12:45:00.853Z These tests compare the ratio of polymorphism at a selected site with that of a neutral site to the ratio of divergence at a selected site to divergence at a neutral site. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Her conclusion: those who had the most severe symptoms, and those who were ill for the longest, had polymorphisms that significantly influenced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Morbidity: A personal response 2011-12-07T18:21:03.867Z Relative rates of nucleotide changes and nucleotide context dependencies were similar to those observed in human polymorphism, with the exception of a relative reduction of SNPs due to CpG mutations. Genome sequencing reveals insights into physiology and longevity of the naked mole rat 2011-11-15T17:21:47.017Z We show that the functional consequences of polymorphisms are often difficult to interpret in the absence of gene re-annotation and full sequence data. Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana 2011-09-21T17:20:52.483Z Widespread phylogenetic discordance indicates that polymorphisms are often shared among subspecies, challenging the assignment of subspecific ancestry across the genomes of the classical inbred strains. Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation 2011-09-14T17:21:52.063Z In the latter case, we expect a genome-wide signature of an excess of low-frequency polymorphisms and of polymorphism relative to divergence, exacerbated in regions of low recombination. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Well-studied haemoglobin polymorphisms in Atlantic cod are indicative of functional molecular adaptation to thermal variation. The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system 2011-09-07T17:20:58.640Z As much as sexual dimorphism, the phenomena of polymorphism show the enormous influence exerted by external forces upon correlated variation of the parts during development, and in this way upon the final structure. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z We found that disruptive polymorphisms were frequently compensated for, thereby conserving coding potential and highlighting the limitation of inferring consequences of polymorphisms in the absence of complete sequence data. Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana 2011-09-21T17:20:52.483Z This may also reflect high rates of polymorphism consequent to break-induced replication involved in the production of a structural variant. Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation 2011-09-14T17:21:52.063Z Unlike , DoS takes into account the constraints inferred from the current polymorphism, distinguishing negative, neutral and adaptive selection. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z This polymorphism among the Tubularians is another evidence of the relation between the Siphonophoræ, or floating Hydroids, and the fixed Hydroids. Seaside Studies in Natural History Marine Animals of Massachusetts Bay. Radiates. 2011-03-07T03:00:13.343Z Similarly, the differences that exist among termites and ants, as Emery shows, may be described as polymorphism due to food. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z At unique loci, polymorphic regions probably reflect complex polymorphisms. Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana 2011-09-21T17:20:52.483Z However, currently identified polymorphisms, which reside in the hepatic cytochrome system, account for a relatively modest portion of the estimated 80% genetic contribution to clopidogrel response variability. [Editors' Choice] Pondering the Significance of PON1 2011-01-12T23:55:29.240Z We propose that the correlation of polymorphism with recombination in regions where recombination is < 2cMMb is due to the reduced effective population size in regions of low recombination. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z "Because our analysis adjusts for traditional variables associated with racial disparities in health care, further mechanisms such as genetic polymorphisms and responsiveness to antiplatelet therapy must be pursued," Waksman and colleagues wrote. Blacks more prone to blood clots after stents 2010-08-30T20:02:00Z Spencer, Herbert, controversy with Weismann on polymorphism in insects, 125. The Biological Problem of To-day Preformation Or Epigenesis? The Basis of a Theory of Organic Development 2011-08-29T02:01:04.170Z To understand the effect of genetic diversity on proteins, it is insufficient to study isolated DNA polymorphisms in the context of the reference annotation. Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana 2011-09-21T17:20:52.483Z In the new study, researchers looked at genetic markers called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, in 1,055 centenarians and 1,267 younger people, all of European descent. For Most Centenarians, Longevity Is Written in the DNA 2010-07-02T14:53:00Z Population genomic analyses reveal reduced polymorphism in centromeric autosomal regions and the X chromosome, evidence for positive and negative selection, and rapid evolution of the chromosome. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Lung cancer risk The new single-letter mutations, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs, lie in regions of the DNA molecule containing genes believed to influence nicotine addiction. Smokers 'at mercy of their genes' 2010-04-26T11:22:00Z One of the most interesting features of ant-societies is the dimorphism or polymorphism that may often be seen among the workers, the same species being represented by two or more forms. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" This system of reproduction is again noticed more in detail in the chapter on polymorphism. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses Here, then, is a colony in which the division of labour has reached a remarkable degree of polymorphism. The Industries of Animals Table 1: Community resources Evolutionary models of hitchhiking and background selection predict a positive correlation between polymorphism and recombination rate. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z In insect societies there is generally polymorphism, the subdivision of labor is natural, and each individual is riveted by its structure to the function it performs. Creative Evolution According to Prof. Riley, it was not polymorphism, "but two distinct species"—which, because of our data, we doubt. The Book of the Damned We have reproduced De Bary’s life-history of this mould here, as an illustration of structure in the Mucedines, but hereafter we shall have to write of similar transformations when treating of polymorphism. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses The only other case of polymorphism in the genus Papilio, at all equal in interest to those I have now brought forward, occurs in America; and we have, fortunately, accurate information about it. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection A Series of Essays Recombination is the major predictor of polymorphism on the chromosome and autosomes; however, the significant effect of autosomal chromosome region remains after accounting for variation in recombination rates between centromeric and non-centromeric regions. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z I shall just allude to these cases, as a sort of sub-division of polymorphism a little more definite, I fancy, than the variation of, for instance, the Rubi, and equally or more perplexing. Life and Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 Genome-wide molecular population genetic analyses show that patterns of polymorphism, but not divergence, differ by autosomal chromosome region, and between the X chromosome and autosomes. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z It is chiefly amongst the microscopic species that polymorphism has been determined. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses I believe it will be found that a considerable number of what have been classed as varieties are really cases of polymorphism. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection A Series of Essays Using polymorphism and divergence data avoids confounding inference of selection with mutation rate differences, and restricting the tests to closely linked sites controls for shared evolutionary history. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z So much has been discovered during recent years of the polymorphism which subsists amongst the species in this section, that any detailed classification can only be regarded as provisional. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses Some instances might be noted, not without interest, in which the facts of dimorphism or polymorphism have not been satisfactorily proved, but final judgment is held in suspense until suspicion is replaced by conviction. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses Without some knowledge of the structure of fungi, it is scarcely possible to comprehend the principles of classification, or to appreciate the curious phenomena of polymorphism. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses The Malayan Papilionidæ exhibit some very curious instances of polymorphism, some of which have been recorded as varieties, others as distinct species; and they all occur in the female sex. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection A Series of Essays We infer adaptive divergence when there is an excess of divergence relative to polymorphism, and segregation of slightly deleterious mutations when there is an excess of polymorphism over divergence. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z We have adduced in the foregoing pages a few instances which will serve to illustrate the polymorphism of fungi. Fungi: Their Nature and Uses We have here, therefore, distinct species, local forms, polymorphism, and simple variability, which seem to me to be distinct phenomena, but which have been hitherto all classed together as varieties. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection A Series of Essays |
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