| 单词 | polymerase |
| 例句 | DNA replication requires many more proteins than just DNA polymerase to unfold the twisted double helix and to ensure that the genetic information is copied accurately. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Once the unwinding is under way, a remarkable enzyme called DNA polymerase helps ensure that the copying works almost perfectly. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z There is a recursion here that is worth noting: like all proteins, DNA polymerase, the enzyme that enables DNA to replicate, is itself the product of a gene.* The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mutations might occur during replication if the enzyme DNA polymerase makes a mistake. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Some have braved hourslong lines at local testing sites to receive polymerase chain reaction tests, whose results, obtained in a laboratory, are considered the gold standard for detecting the virus. All Anyone Wants for Christmas Is a Covid Test 2021-12-21T05:00:00Z Why did the chromosome blush when the DNA polymerase* came into the room? Style Invitational Week 1168: Asterisky business — give us nerdy humor 2016-03-24T04:00:00Z "People with these breast cancer mutations, their cancers rely on polymerase theta's repair pathway to keep the tumors alive and repair DNA damage in the cancerous tissue," said Stroik, a postdoctoral researcher in Ramsden's lab. Scientists piece together DNA repair pathway implicated in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z This so-called termination sequence signals to the polymerase that it should let go of the DNA. International team develops novel DNA nano engine 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z To restore its function, the research team utilized a technique called error-prone polymerase chain reaction to introduce random mutations in the H3R gene. Restoring the function of a human cell surface protein in yeast cells 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z The challenge now, the team says, is to find small mutations in the other ANP32 genes that better ward off the viral polymerase but still allow the proteins to function. In ‘proof of concept,’ CRISPR-engineered chickens shrug off flu 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Researchers ran the same evaluations for about 50 people who showed no sign of current or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection based on polymerase chain reaction and antibody tests. Months after hospitalization for COVID-19, MRIs reveal multiorgan damage 2023-09-22T04:00:00Z Stroik's research showed that polymerase theta is good at some things, but not others. Scientists piece together DNA repair pathway implicated in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z This brings the start sequence of the strand close to the polymerase and the molecular copier can start a new transcription process: The cycle then repeats. International team develops novel DNA nano engine 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z A couple of minutes in the centrifuge separates the contents before Che carries the batches under a fume hood, measuring more chemicals into each vial and preparing them for the polymerase chain reaction test machine. WA's mosquito trackers test thousands of bugs. This year they're seeing a spike of West Nile virus 2023-09-17T04:00:00Z The chicken ANP32A has 33 more amino acids than the human version, and an avian flu enzyme called polymerase can co-opt it to make new virions. In ‘proof of concept,’ CRISPR-engineered chickens shrug off flu 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z This DNA is used as a template for polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, analysis, a method that is essentially the Xerox copier of molecular biology. How Archaeological Methods Are Helping Identify Victims of the Hawaii Wildfires 2023-08-25T04:00:00Z Polymerase delta jumps in to cut the extraneous flaps, giving polymerase theta enough room to start synthesizing new DNA to fill in gaps in the DNA strands. Scientists piece together DNA repair pathway implicated in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z It is provided by the "alphabet soup" from which the polymerase produces the transcripts. International team develops novel DNA nano engine 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z PCR uses a special form of DNA polymerase, the enzyme that replicates DNA, and other short nucleotide sequences called primers that base pair to a specific portion of the DNA being replicated. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z An analysis of the viruses that grew in the modified birds revealed something more disturbing, however: mutations in their polymerase genes. In ‘proof of concept,’ CRISPR-engineered chickens shrug off flu 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z Different combinations of mutations in one subunit of the polymerase, PB2, can change the enzyme to work better in mammals. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Finally, polymerase delta jumps in one last time to help polymerase theta complete synthesis. Scientists piece together DNA repair pathway implicated in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z In order to attach a new letter to an existing sentence, the polymerase has to remove two of these phosphate groups. International team develops novel DNA nano engine 2023-10-19T04:00:00Z Figure 10.4 Polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, is used to produce many copies of a specific sequence of DNA using a special form of DNA polymerase. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Sequenced virus samples from four mink show several changes compared with the bird virus, including T271A, a mutation in the gene for an enzyme, polymerase. ‘Incredibly concerning’: Bird flu outbreak at Spanish mink farm triggers pandemic fears 2023-01-24T05:00:00Z “That’s the reason why we see the polymerase mutations popping up quite often.” From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Stroik and Ramsden's new research will contribute to ongoing basic studies in polymerases theta and delta, while also aiding new cancer drugs called polymerase theta inhibitors, which are currently in clinical trials. Scientists piece together DNA repair pathway implicated in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z Details: China still requires incoming travelers to show a negative result on a polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., test taken within 48 hours before departure. Your Wednesday Briefing 2023-01-04T05:00:00Z During elongation, an enzyme called DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of the template. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z E627K, another worrisome mutation in the polymerase gene, has not emerged, however, and the gene for hemagglutinin—a protein on the viral surface that latches on to the host receptor—has not changed, Peacock says. ‘Incredibly concerning’: Bird flu outbreak at Spanish mink farm triggers pandemic fears 2023-01-24T05:00:00Z One they are watching closely is the polymerase the virus uses to replicate its RNA genome once it invades a cell. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Richard Wood, PhD, a distinguished professor at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center played a key role in the first characterization of polymerase theta in 2003. Scientists piece together DNA repair pathway implicated in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z Even after China eases its travel restrictions, the government will still require incoming travelers to show a negative result on a polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., test, taken within 48 hours before departure. China Calls Travel Restrictions Imposed on Its Travelers ‘Political’ 2023-01-03T05:00:00Z Because DNA polymerase can only add new nucleotides at the end of a backbone, a primer sequence, which provides this starting point, is added with complementary RNA nucleotides. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The government will require incoming travelers to show a negative polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., test within 48 hours before departure. China Responds to U.S. Covid Testing Rule With a Collective Shrug 2022-12-29T05:00:00Z Her team also directly tests the virus’ polymerase activity and the binding capacity and stability of their hemagglutinin. From bad to worse: How avian flu must change to trigger a human pandemic 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z Critically, she discovered that another polymerase, called polymerase delta, uses a buddy system with polymerase theta to assist it in this repair pathway. Scientists piece together DNA repair pathway implicated in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z From Jan. 8, incoming travelers will be required to show only a negative polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., test within 48 hours before departure, China’s National Health Commission said. China to Drop Covid Quarantine for Incoming Travelers 2022-12-26T05:00:00Z As you have learned, the DNA polymerase enzyme can add nucleotides in only one direction. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z But to make the three much longer ribosomal RNA fragments in mirror-image form they needed a molecular machine that could crank them out—a polymerase enzyme. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z The sample is taken from the item and the DNA amplified using the same technology that’s used in testing for the coronavirus in a lab, called the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. ‘Touch DNA’ instrumental in Syed’s exoneration 2022-10-20T04:00:00Z Wastewater sampling could use new polymerase chain reaction techniques to fish for both known and novel pathogens. Evidence suggests pandemic came from nature, not a lab, panel says 2022-10-09T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Once the lagging strand template is sufficiently elongated, DNA polymerase can now add nucleotides that are complementary to the ends of the chromosomes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The polymerase made mirror-image RNA, but it was slow and prone to errors. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, testing is rarely done at point-of-care settings like doctors' offices or pharmacies, because the traditional equipment is bulky and expensive and requires trained operators. Experimental chewing gum reduces Omicron in saliva; sexual dysfunction, hair loss among long COVID symptoms 2022-07-26T04:00:00Z A patient can confirm their condition is Marburg through antibody, antigen and polymerase chain reaction tests, health organizations said. What to Know About the Marburg Virus Disease 2022-07-22T04:00:00Z This complex pulls histones away from the DNA template as the polymerase moves along it. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Termination liberates the mRNA and occurs by mechanisms that stall the RNA polymerase and cause it to fall off the DNA template. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The researchers then put the polymerase to work. ‘Mirror-image’ protein factories could one day make durable drugs the body can’t break down 2022-10-26T04:00:00Z One reason is that low-cost rapid tests are antigen tests, while clinics and county test centers use polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, tests, which are better at detecting infections in their early stages. You just tested yourself for COVID-19. Should you report the results to L.A. County? 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Transcription is carried out by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The operon also contains a promoter sequence to which the RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription; between the promoter and the three genes is a region called the operator. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Transcription factors are proteins that affect the binding of RNA polymerase to a particular gene on the DNA molecule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Those with symptoms 4 weeks or more after a positive polymerase chain reaction test for the virus, even if they were initially asymptomatic, were classified as having Long Covid. News at a glance: An apology for ‘conversion therapies,’ Long Covid, and a narrowing racial gap in NIH grants 2022-06-22T04:00:00Z RNA polymerase first binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, if the repressor is inactivated, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, and transcription of the structural genes occurs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When there is no lactose present, a protein known as a repressor binds to the operator and prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter, except in rare cases. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Transcription starts when RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA segment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z All participants had infections confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing. News at a glance: A COVID-19 drug nixed, a Chinese database investigated, and a new energy research leader confirmed 2022-05-18T04:00:00Z Once a gene has been isolated, scientists can take a small sample and make multiple copies of specific DNA sequences using a technique known as polymerase chain reaction. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This is the region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One strand, which is complementary to the parental DNA strand, is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork so the polymerase can add nucleotides in this direction. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He did not mention whether the results were from polymerase chain reaction tests, which are more accurate than rapid tests. Musk says he has 'supposedly' tested positive for COVID again 2022-03-28T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase, or the main enzyme involved in DNA replication, joins nucleotides to synthesize a new complementary strand of DNA. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z One mutation inhibits the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to the lac operon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in a 5' to 3' direction, the other new strand is put together in short pieces called Okazaki fragments. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z DNA polymerase brings in the correct bases to complement the template strand, synthesizing a new strand base by base. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To bolster China's testing ability, authorities last week approved the use of self-administered antigen testing kits as a supplement to polymerase chain reaction tests. Analysis: China's COVID governance under pressure as Omicron spreads 2022-03-16T04:00:00Z Then an enzyme called DNA polymerase creates the bonds connecting nucleotides, and ensures that each new strand is an exact copy of its original. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z This opens the chromosomal region to allow access for RNA polymerase and other proteins, called transcription factors, to bind to the promoter region, located just upstream of the gene, and initiate transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 9.16 During elongation, RNA polymerase tracks along the DNA template, synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction, and unwinds then rewinds the DNA as it is read. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds free nucleotides to the end of a chain of DNA, making a new double strand. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The capital city was the nearest place with laboratory technology set up to run a process known as polymerase chain reaction—or PCR. The Pandemic Set Off a Boom in Diagnostics 2022-02-16T05:00:00Z RNA polymerase does not bind to DNA just anywhere. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, unlike prokaryotic cells, the eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires other proteins, or transcription factors, to facilitate transcription initiation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and freely transcribe the three genes, allowing the organism to metabolize the lactose. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Babaian and colleagues performed their search by hunting for matches to the central core of the gene for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is key to the replication of all RNA viruses. New dangers? Computers uncover 100,000 novel viruses in old genetic data 2022-01-26T05:00:00Z It was then that the idea for polymerase chain reaction came to him. The Pandemic Set Off a Boom in Diagnostics 2022-02-16T05:00:00Z The enzyme binds only to promoters, which are regions of DNA with specific base sequences that can bind to RNA polymerase. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z DNA unwinds, transcription factors bind, the termination complex forms, and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the mRNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Primase synthesizes an RNA primer to initiate synthesis by DNA polymerase, which can add nucleotides in only one direction. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Not long after Thanksgiving, the rapid tests began quickly disappearing off pharmacy shelves, and there were long lines at clinics for polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., tests. New Government Website for Ordering Covid Tests Is Up and Running 2022-01-18T05:00:00Z PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction, a technique that amplifies trace amounts of virus DNA. They relied on rapid coronavirus tests to gather safely. Some wish they hadn’t. 2022-01-17T05:00:00Z When the products of the gene are needed, the repressor detaches from the operator so that RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter and transcription can take place. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Activator control, typified by the action of CAP, increases the binding ability of RNA polymerase to the promoter when CAP is bound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The ends of eukaryotic chromosomes pose a problem, as polymerase is unable to extend them without a primer. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In his statement, Djokovic said he had a negative rapid antigen test before this event and learned of his positive polymerase chain reaction test afterward. For Djokovic, Questions Over Test Result and Public Events 2022-01-11T05:00:00Z Similar to swab tests, saliva is a specimen that can be collected for polymerase chain reaction testing. COVID-19 tests: Different types and when to use them 2022-01-11T05:00:00Z For example, when you studied DNA replication, you learned about the enzyme DNA polymerase. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z CAP then binds the promoter, which allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter better. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One reason is that the low-cost rapid tests are antigen tests, while clinics and county test centers use polymerase chain reaction tests, which are better at detecting infections in their early stages. If you take an at-home coronavirus test, who keeps track of the results? Probably no one 2022-01-06T05:00:00Z Six months after the last dose, they visually examined all participants for ulcers, confirming they were caused by yaws with polymerase chain reaction testing. Three doses of a cheap, common antibiotic batter—but don’t beat—yaws, a tropical skin disease 2022-01-05T05:00:00Z They took rapid tests and were asymptomatic but decided to isolate while awaiting the results of their polymerase chain reaction tests, the statement said. World Digest: Jan. 3, 2022 2022-01-03T05:00:00Z Genes are expressed when RNA polymerase can bind to mRNA at the promoter, and they are not expressed when a repressor binds to the mRNA at the operator. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Therefore, eukaryotic cells can control whether a gene is expressed by controlling accessibility to transcription factors and the binding of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, tests can yield positive results even when the patient is not infectious, she said. Fauci says U.S. officials may soon add testing component to new 5-day isolation period 2022-01-02T05:00:00Z A more reliable polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, test confirmed the earlier result late Monday. Gov. Larry Hogan tests positive for coronavirus 2021-12-20T05:00:00Z To diagnose Covid, doctors generally rely on polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., tests — highly sensitive tests that are performed in laboratories. With Omicron, U.S. Testing Capacity Faces Intense Pressure 2021-12-17T05:00:00Z When lactose is not present, the lac repressor binds to the O region and RNA polymerase cannot reach the lac genes to begin transcription. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z The strands separate, and one of them is used as a template for the generation of mRNA using the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by the virus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The results of their polymerase chain reaction test on arrival “revealed the presence of S-gene target failure which may be associated with the omicron variant,” it said. Singapore detects two apparent omicron cases, its first 2021-12-02T05:00:00Z Once inside cells, the virus uses an enzyme called a polymerase to grab those building blocks and assemble them into new copies of viral RNA. How the New Antiviral Pills Help Thwart COVID 2021-12-01T05:00:00Z Molecular tests detect genetic material from the virus, and one common technique, polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, usually requires a nose or throat swab by a professional and laboratory processing, taking more time. Opinion | Rapid covid testing at home should be cheap and easy 2021-11-23T05:00:00Z RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter and transcribe the genes of the operon. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z One of the key players is the enzyme DNA polymerase, also known as DNA pol, which adds nucleotides one by one to the growing DNA chain that are complementary to the template strand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z State officials said the lab was built to ensure adequate testing in schools, for healthcare providers and in hard-to-reach communities using polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, diagnostic tests. California officials release long-awaited report on troubled state testing lab 2021-11-22T05:00:00Z PCR is a molecular test that detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction. Giants limit access after false positive COVID-19 tests 2021-11-04T04:00:00Z Vaccinated visitors in the VTL can bypass the isolation requirements if they test negative in polymerase chain reaction tests. Singapore eyes quarantine-free travel with U.S. before year-end 2021-10-08T04:00:00Z There are two different tests: rapid antigen tests, which were popular during the beginning of the pandemic, and polymerase chain reaction tests, called PCR tests. As we enter cold and flu season, here’s how to tell if you have COVID or a cold 2021-09-23T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase can only extend in the 5' to 3' direction, which poses a slight problem at the replication fork. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The Los Angeles Unified School District is spending $350 million to administer about 500,000 slower, more sensitive polymerase chain reaction tests once a week to all staff and students. Schools have begun mass testing for COVID-19. But hurdles and uncertainties remain 2021-09-14T04:00:00Z The main types to detect coronavirus infections are molecular tests, including polymerase chain reaction and antigen tests. Thinking about taking an at-home coronavirus test? Here’s what to know 2021-08-25T04:00:00Z A chemical in the test will then fluoresce, which the polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, machine will interpret as a positive result. Claims that CDC’s PCR test can’t tell COVID from flu are wrong 2021-08-02T04:00:00Z One thing that made those pro league seasons a success was polymerase chain reaction testing every single day. Perspective | The cauldron is lit in Tokyo’s covid Olympics. Let’s hope it’s not a fuse. 2021-07-24T04:00:00Z A protein called the sliding clamp holds the DNA polymerase in place as it continues to add nucleotides. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z She used polymerase chain reaction to amplify the scant genetic fragments left on the filters into enough DNA for sequencing. DNA pulled from thin air identifies nearby animals 2021-07-20T04:00:00Z He added that he was isolating at home with his family and that he was awaiting the results of a polymerase chain reaction test, which is considered more accurate, for confirmation. Britain’s health secretary tests positive for the coronavirus 2021-07-17T04:00:00Z The researchers used its genes to resurrect the virus’ polymerase complex, a machinery consisting of three proteins that together copy the pathogen’s genome. Human tissue preserved since World War I yields new clues about 1918 pandemic 2021-05-17T04:00:00Z Unlike the antigen tests, the quad test looks for a virus’s genetic material using a polymerase chain reaction, or PCR for short. Is It COVID or the Flu? New Combo Tests Can Find Out. 2021-05-11T04:00:00Z The sliding clamp is a ring-shaped protein that binds to the DNA and holds the polymerase in place. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Molecular tests, like the widely used polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., test, are designed to detect specific sequences of the coronavirus genome. What the Coronavirus Variants Mean for Testing 2021-04-14T04:00:00Z All of those tests are polymerase chain reaction tests, which are more sensitive and less likely to produce false negatives than rapid antigen tests, which women’s teams are mainly receiving. San Antonio Is Quiet at Outset of Women’s Basketball Tournament 2021-03-21T04:00:00Z In cell culture experiments, they discovered, the complex from the Munich strain was about half as active as the polymerase complex from the Alaska strain. Human tissue preserved since World War I yields new clues about 1918 pandemic 2021-05-17T04:00:00Z The method in use at the men’s event in Indiana is called a polymerase chain reaction test, or a P.C.R. test, which is considered the gold standard of virus testing. Anger Erupts Over Disparities at N.C.A.A. Tournaments 2021-03-19T04:00:00Z Once the 3' end of the lagging strand template is sufficiently elongated, DNA polymerase can add the nucleotides complementary to the ends of the chromosomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z An enzyme called polymerase then swoops in and starts fitting new bases into the open slots, like puzzle pieces. Why Does DNA Spontaneously Mutate? Quantum Physics Might Explain 2021-03-17T04:00:00Z However, the club said it will only resume training after it gets negative results from tests using the more sensitive and time-consuming polymerase chain reaction test. German club Cologne suspends training because of virus case 2021-03-17T04:00:00Z However, the club said it will only resume training after it gets negative results from tests using the more sensitive and time-consuming polymerase chain reaction test. German club Cologne suspends training because of virus case 2021-03-17T04:00:00Z Diamandis believed he could create a COVID-free zone with polymerase chain reaction tests, considered by many to be the gold standard because they use genetic information to detect the virus. Why a California scientist hosted superspreader event amid a deadly COVID-19 surge 2021-02-17T05:00:00Z DNA replication is a highly accurate process, but mistakes can occasionally occur, such as a DNA polymerase inserting a wrong base. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To the virus’s polymerase, the medicine looks like just another building block—but it’s not. Why It’s So Hard to Make Antiviral Drugs for COVID and Other Diseases 2021-02-11T05:00:00Z The U.S. reports about 2 million tests per day, the vast majority of which are known as PCR, the polymerase chain reaction test. Things to Know: Virus experts hope Super Bowl won’t sack US 2021-02-06T05:00:00Z The RNA polymerase that copies the virus’s genes generally lacks proofreading skills, which makes RNA viruses prone to high mutation rates—up to a million times greater than the DNA-containing cells of their hosts. The coronavirus is mutating—but what determines how quickly? 2021-02-05T05:00:00Z Her polymerase chain reaction test came back positive Jan. 8. The Amazonian city that hatched the Brazil variant has been crushed by it 2021-01-27T05:00:00Z The polymerase checks whether the newly added base has paired correctly with the base in the template strand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But after it’s added a few, the drug bends the RNA strand so badly that the polymerase can’t keep building. Why It’s So Hard to Make Antiviral Drugs for COVID and Other Diseases 2021-02-11T05:00:00Z These are not antigen tests but far more accurate PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, tests. Editorial Roundup: Texas 2021-01-25T05:00:00Z Players who test positive are then given polymerase chain reaction tests, which are considered more reliable, to confirm the rapid test. Virus Cases at Ohio State Loom Ahead of National Championship Game 2021-01-05T05:00:00Z The Japan Sumo Association on Tuesday said the wrestler, who goes by the name of Hakuho, underwent a polymerase chain reaction after detecting problems with his sense of smell. Top-ranked sumo wrestler tests positive for COVID-19 2021-01-04T05:00:00Z Thus, DNA polymerase is able to remove the wrongly incorporated bases from the newly synthesized, non- methylated strand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z That initial test would use real-time polymerase chain reaction, or RT-PCR, to examine sputum samples in search of unique genetic material from the virus. CDC squandered weeks pursuing complex test at pandemic’s start 2020-12-26T05:00:00Z Some countries chose to maintain or expand their prohibitions anyway, while others eased their restrictions but requested polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, coronavirus tests for new arrivals. Britain finds 2 cases of coronavirus variant linked to South Africa; travel resumes across English Channel 2020-12-23T05:00:00Z It’s slightly less accurate than gold standard laboratory tests designed to look for coronavirus genetic material with a technique called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. New At-Home COVID-19 Test Gets Green Light From FDA 2020-12-15T05:00:00Z For example, polymerase chain reaction tests like the one Chu's patient received detect small traces of genetic material from the virus. How COVID-19 highlights the uncertainty of medical testing 2020-12-07T05:00:00Z Primase synthesizes an RNA primer to initiate synthesis by DNA polymerase, which can add nucleotides only in the 5' to 3' direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z New York City, however, does not include antigen tests, preferring a more sensitive one known as a polymerase chain reaction test. New York City Hit a 3% Positive Test Rate. Or Did It? 2020-11-22T05:00:00Z And the numbers that the city releases appear to be an undercount, as New York City’s statistics only include cases diagnosed with a polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., test — considered the gold standard. This Is How the Outbreak Is Resurging Across New York City 2020-11-20T05:00:00Z Laboratory tests that look for the coronavirus’s genetic material using a technique called polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., are still considered the gold standard for detecting the virus. F.D.A. Authorizes First At-Home Coronavirus Test 2020-11-18T05:00:00Z Michael Mina at Harvard University is talking about widespread use of antigen tests, which are not as accurate or sensitive as polymerase chain reaction tests, as a way to reduce infection spread. ‘It’s like politicizing toilet paper.’ A member of Biden’s COVID-19 panel surveys the task ahead 2020-11-13T05:00:00Z DNA polymerase can then extend the DNA using the primer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z School officials said they learned of one more positive polymerase chain reaction test result late Wednesday, and that two more were confirmed Thursday. Wisconsin reports 3 more cases of positive COVID-19 tests 2020-10-29T04:00:00Z A $5 rapid test for the coronavirus may be nearly as effective as the slower, more complex polymerase chain reaction test for identifying people who may spread the coronavirus, a novel experiment has found. A Rapid Test Offers Hope for Community Screening 2020-10-15T04:00:00Z For instance, China requires a time-consuming negative polymerase chain reaction test before departure. Hard hit by virus, airlines push for tests over quarantines 2020-10-18T04:00:00Z The UAE proposed building a similar lab in Nevada that would rapidly process samples from polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, tests. US warned Nevada not to use Chinese COVID tests from UAE 2020-10-15T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The proposed lab in Nevada would rapidly process samples from polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, tests. US warned Nevada not to use Chinese COVID tests from UAE 2020-10-14T04:00:00Z The Abbott antigen test produces quick results but has a greater chance of false negatives than the more reliable polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, test. Trump returns to campaign trail after bout with covid-19, amid criticism he is still not taking pandemic seriously 2020-10-12T04:00:00Z The rapid antigen tests works in 15 minutes, rather than the day-or-longer turnaround time for more common polymerase chain reaction tests. Rapid COVID test effort stumbles over risk of false positives 2020-10-10T04:00:00Z The results came from follow-up testing using more definitive polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, tests. Feds: Nevada must rescind order on nursing home COVID tests 2020-10-09T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In general, antigen tests can miss up to half the cases that are detected by polymerase chain reaction tests, depending on the population of patients tested, he said. Inside the flawed White House testing scheme that failed to protect Trump 2020-10-06T04:00:00Z The gold standard in diagnostic testing is known as polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, testing and is performed in a laboratory. Relying on testing to ward off COVID put Trump White House at risk 2020-10-03T04:00:00Z She pointed to gene sequencing and polymerase chain reaction, which allows for multiple copying of precise DNA segments. Nobel Prizes and COVID-19: Slow, basic science may pay off 2020-10-03T04:00:00Z Conley, the White House physician, said that Trump’s infection was confirmed by a PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, test, which is considered the most accurate gauge of whether virus is present. What we know about President Trump’s positive test for coronavirus 2020-10-02T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase reads the template strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction and adds nucleotides only in the 3’ to 5’ direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This technique, developed in the 1980s, uses the ability of DNA polymerase chains to synthesize new strands and make billions of copies of the sequences that are unique to the virus. Frequent testing could not insulate the president from the coronavirus 2020-10-02T04:00:00Z Rapid tests differ from the PCR, or polymerase chain reaction, tests that are considered the gold standard for diagnosis of acute coronavirus infection. Trump’s debate guests refused to wear masks, flouting rules 2020-10-02T04:00:00Z That polymerase chain reaction test — widely known as a PCR test — must be sent to a laboratory to detect the virus’s genetic material. Trump administration’s new rapid coronavirus tests plagued by confusion and a lack of planning 2020-09-29T04:00:00Z There will be two types of tests for passengers: a rapid antigen test, which costs $57, and a polymerase chain reaction swab, which costs $125. Tampa airport says it will test passengers for coronavirus 2020-09-29T04:00:00Z Primase synthesizes RNA primer which is used by DNA polymerase to form a daughter strand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction, a method of detecting viruses that is considered the gold standard for accuracy. Frequent testing could not insulate the president from the coronavirus 2020-10-02T04:00:00Z That window is rather narrow for all polymerase and protease inhibitors. Lessons from AIDS for the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020-09-29T04:00:00Z Antigen assays are much faster and cheaper than the gold-standard polymerase chain reaction tests, which detect the virus’s RNA. Daily briefing: We still don’t fully understand fire 2020-09-16T04:00:00Z The most accurate tests today — 99 percent accurate — rely on polymerase chain reaction machines, which require a laboratory. Boris Johnson’s ‘Operation Moonshot’ envisions weekly coronavirus tests for every person in Britain 2020-09-12T04:00:00Z Primase synthesizes RNA primer which is used by DNA polymerase to form a daughter strand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z And later this month, they will acquire a polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, machine to test on site for the coronavirus and help distinguish it from the flu and other winter ailments. Hospitals prepare for ‘nightmare’ scenario of flu and coronavirus striking at same time 2020-09-11T04:00:00Z Some posts linked to a chart showing countries’ exports for test kits that rely on polymerase chain reaction testing, PCR. NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn’t happen this week 2020-09-11T04:00:00Z In the first week, I was assigned a few simple molecular-biology tasks: performing a polymerase chain reaction and analysing samples using gel electrophoresis. How science should support researchers with visual impairments 2020-09-10T04:00:00Z Most diagnostic testing in the United States is processed using a technique called rt-PCR, or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, that searches for the virus’s genetic material and amplifies it. COVID-19 testing shifts focus from precision to rapidity 2020-09-09T04:00:00Z Primase synthesizes DNA primer which is used by DNA polymerase to form a daughter strand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Students drool saliva into a sterile tube, and the contents are then examined with a polymerase chain reaction technique considered the gold standard for virus detection. Welcome to college. Now get tested for the coronavirus — again and again. 2020-09-04T04:00:00Z DeWine was immediately driven back to Columbus, where the governor, his wife and four members of his staff took another test, a polymerase chain reaction test, at Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine again tests negative for coronavirus 2020-08-08T04:00:00Z Later on Thursday, he was tested using a more standard procedure known as polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., an accurate but time-intensive method that requires samples to be processed at a laboratory. Gov. Mike DeWine of Ohio Tests Positive, Then Negative, for Coronavirus 2020-08-06T04:00:00Z He was later tested using a more standard procedure known as polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., an accurate but time-intensive method that requires samples to be processed at a laboratory. How Accurate Are Virus Tests? Ohio Governor’s Results Show Positives and Negatives 2020-08-07T04:00:00Z Primase synthesizes DNA primer which is used by RNA polymerase to form a parent strand. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z He was later tested using a more standard procedure known as polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, an accurate but time-intensive method that requires samples to be processed at a laboratory. How accurate are virus tests? What’s behind Ohio governor’s yes/no results. 2020-08-07T04:00:00Z The material is then processed through a laboratory technique called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, in which a machine cycles through several temperature changes to amplify genetic material. A New Generation of Fast Coronavirus Tests Is Coming 2020-07-06T04:00:00Z Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, tests still are not widely available in Japan to determine who is infected and potentially contagious. Japanese company adopts blanket virus tests to speed ‘exit strategy’ from uncertainty 2020-06-21T04:00:00Z “Just like there was a rush on toilet paper, there’s going to be a rush on Taq polymerase.” Frozen cells and empty cages: researchers struggle to revive stalled experiments after the lockdown 2020-06-04T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers from the developing copy of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We use a technique called polymerase chain reaction, which enables us to detect specific genetic material from the coronavirus if it is present. Bolstering Africa’s coronavirus detection efforts 2020-06-02T04:00:00Z So instead the research team sequenced just 440 bases from the gene that codes for a key viral enzyme, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. NIH-halted study unveils its massive analysis of bat coronaviruses 2020-06-01T04:00:00Z The researchers say that further studies of the polymerase could lead to the identification of new antiviral compounds. Coronavirus research updates: Trump’s favoured drug shows no benefit — but another drug does 2020-05-24T04:00:00Z By the standards of molecular biology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, the technology most commonly used to test for SARS-CoV-2, is not extravagantly complex. He Was a Science Star. Then He Promoted a Questionable Cure for Covid-19. 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase I seals the ends of the new segment, especially the Okazaki fragments. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Two teams looked at the action and structure of a viral enzyme called an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Daily briefing: More than 1 billion people face unbearable temperatures within 50 years 2020-05-04T04:00:00Z The test uses the same polymerase chain reaction machines that are done for nasal swab tests, Dr. Van Gieson said. DARPA has a 'game-changer' coronavirus test that's awaiting emergency approval, report says 2020-05-04T04:00:00Z The results could help researchers to design powerful drugs that block the polymerase’s activity, the authors say. Coronavirus research updates: Trump’s favoured drug shows no benefit — but another drug does 2020-05-24T04:00:00Z The sample is developed through a process called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, which is used to boost any traces of virus until they are detectable. 2 types of testing look for COVID-19 infections new and old 2020-04-20T04:00:00Z The ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by the action of the polymerase enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As designed, the kits required the labs to use a highly sensitive molecular technique called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. Contamination at CDC lab delayed rollout of coronavirus tests 2020-04-18T04:00:00Z And of course, I’m sure that once I’m back in the lab, the excitement will fade with the first failed polymerase chain reaction. Coronavirus diaries: to be a scientist 2020-04-16T04:00:00Z The compound blocks the action of a viral enzyme called an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Coronavirus research updates: Trump’s favoured drug shows no benefit — but another drug does 2020-05-24T04:00:00Z The lab will conduct a polymerase chain reaction test, which identifies two specific genes from the virus. Coronavirus testing: What does an antibody reveal? 2020-04-16T04:00:00Z A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Then, the DNA is run through a process called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, in which analytic equipment determines whether the sample contains the genetic fingerprint of the virus. Special Report: How federal snafus slowed testing at a top U.S. hospital 2020-04-07T04:00:00Z For 90 minutes, these two extremes pitted specimen with reagent in a modulated sequence known as a polymerase chain reaction. Here's what coronavirus testing for a very sick patient looks like from swab to result 2020-04-01T04:00:00Z The temperature is then raised to an intermediate level, encouraging the polymerase enzyme to latch on where a primer bound to a strand of DNA. The standard coronavirus test, if available, works well—but can new diagnostics help in this pandemic? 2020-03-22T04:00:00Z Labs use what is called a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, or RT-PCR, to test a sample taken with a swab from the back of someone's throat and/or nose. On the front lines of developing a test for the coronavirus 2020-03-21T04:00:00Z A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z At the center of all of this chaos is a relatively straightforward type of test called a polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, that’s been around for decades. Coronavirus testing shouldn’t be this complicated 2020-03-17T04:00:00Z In order to detect the presence of RNA in the patient’s sample, labs perform a test called reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. How Does the Coronavirus Test Work? 5 Questions Answered 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z When the polymerase reaches the reporter sequence, a fluorescent probe is released, creating an optical signal that the strand was copied. The standard coronavirus test, if available, works well—but can new diagnostics help in this pandemic? 2020-03-22T04:00:00Z They use the same technology--real-time polymerase chain reaction. Coronavirus testing kit shortages, delayed results adding to frustrations 2020-03-09T04:00:00Z RNA polymerase will not be able to attach. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Whether this mechanism also requires chromatin modifications, RNA polymerase II, actively transcribed RNA or other factors should be addressed in the future. How to silence an X chromosome 2020-02-04T05:00:00Z For example, a biologist understands gene transcription by identifying specific transcription factors, their binding sites, the role of RNA polymerase and the genes that get activated. Thirteen tips for engaging with physicists, as told by a biologist 2020-01-05T05:00:00Z Using ϕ29 DNA polymerase proved to be much more efficient: the technique was called multiple displacement amplification. Margarita Salas (1938–2019) 2019-12-05T05:00:00Z In addition, rearranging the genes that create the polymerase, which helps the virus copy itself, means fewer “copying errors” that may be dangerous. Two Strains of Polio Are Gone, but the End of the Disease Is Still Far Off 2019-10-23T04:00:00Z RNA polymerase will bind upstream of the promoter sequence. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The latest addition to the antiviral arsenal, baloxavir, targets a third component of viral reproduction: the enzyme polymerase, which controls the transcription and replication of viral RNA. The push for better flu therapies 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z Deemed an “untamed genius” by fellow researchers, Mullis shared a 1993 Nobel for developing a technique called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, that allowed scientists to create millions of copies of a single DNA molecule. Kary Mullis, quirky Nobel laureate whose DNA discovery changed the science world, dies 2019-08-13T04:00:00Z Using a standard lab trick such as polymerase chain reaction, you randomly mutate the gene that encodes the protein. Frances Arnold Turns Microbes Into Living Factories 2019-05-28T04:00:00Z Various Ebola proteins, including VP30, function in the viral polymerase protein complex, which makes viral RNA, and Batra and colleagues transferred DNA sequences encoding these proteins into human cells grown in vitro. Host protein mimics viral protein to hinder infection by Ebola virus 2019-01-20T05:00:00Z As a result, the rho protein collides with the polymerase. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Wang’s drug candidates bind to one component of the polymerase, PAC, and prevent it from binding to a second component, PB1N. The push for better flu therapies 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z These histones are a component of chromatin, and mark sites in the genome of T. brucei at which the synthesis of RNA transcripts by the enzyme RNA polymerase II is terminated19. Chromatin clues to the trypanosome parasite’s uniform coat 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z This is done through molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction or PCR, which look for genetic material from the virus. Why it's so hard to diagnose Zika 2018-10-17T04:00:00Z When the authors used a technique called gene silencing to reduce the expression of RBBP6 in the human cells expressing Ebola proteins, the activity of the Ebola viral polymerase complex and viral replication was increased. Host protein mimics viral protein to hinder infection by Ebola virus 2019-01-20T05:00:00Z First, transcription in eukaryotes involves one of three types of RNA polymerase, depending on the gene being transcribed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The polymerase complex is an attractive target for antivirals because it is highly conserved — it does not change much as the virus evolves. The push for better flu therapies 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z Dr. Smith and Dr. Winter were honored for another corner of synthetic biology, a field that emerged in the 1980s after technique called polymerase chain reaction enabled prolific duplication of DNA. Use of Evolution to Design Molecules Nets Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 3 Scientists 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Did I forget to add primers to my polymerase chain reactions? How music helped me to flourish 2018-08-05T04:00:00Z NP is part of the viral polymerase complex and serves as a scaffold that binds to viral RNA. Host protein mimics viral protein to hinder infection by Ebola virus 2019-01-20T05:00:00Z Figure 15.10 A generalized promoter of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is shown. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Pimodivir inhibits yet another aspect of the polymerase complex, and if approved it will expand the class of drugs now dominated by baloxavir. The push for better flu therapies 2019-09-17T04:00:00Z Ten hereditary diseases are known to be caused by the expansion of CAG repeats in various genes, and other triplet-repeat diseases exist — CAG repeats just happen to be particularly vulnerable to these polymerase ‘stutters’. Piecing together the puzzle of Huntington’s disease 2018-05-29T04:00:00Z In the lab, the DNA is separated and millions of copies are made using a method called polymerase chain reaction or PCR. Alleged Golden State Killer Busted by DNA. But Are Tests '100%' Accurate? 2018-04-25T04:00:00Z NP binds to the viral polymerase enzyme, and is part of the viral polymerase protein complex that makes viral RNA. Host protein mimics viral protein to hinder infection by Ebola virus 2019-01-20T05:00:00Z Basal transcription factors are crucial in the formation of a preinitiation complex on the DNA template that subsequently recruits RNA polymerase II for transcription initiation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Routinely-used malaria diagnosis tools such as microscopy and genetic tests such as polymerase chain reaction may not be able to distinguish between the two species, she says. Rare human outbreak of monkey malaria detected in Malaysia 2018-04-15T04:00:00Z Mechanism of asymmetric polymerase assembly at the eukaryotic replication fork. The mechanism of eukaryotic CMG helicase activation 2018-02-27T05:00:00Z RNA is a molecule allied to DNA, and is produced when DNA is read by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. The ramifications of a new type of gene 2018-02-22T05:00:00Z Felton-Edkins, Z. A. & White, R. J. Multiple mechanisms contribute to the activation of RNA polymerase III transcription in cells transformed by papovaviruses. Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z Genes that are transcribed by RNA polymerase III have upstream promoters or promoters that occur within the genes themselves. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They capture a fundamental part of all plant and animal life, called RNA polymerase III, reading the genetic instructions contained in DNA. Chemistry 'Van Gogh' could help with cancer 2018-01-17T05:00:00Z The transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase I is a key determinant for the level of all ribosome components. RNA polymerase III limits longevity downstream of TORC1 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z A panoply of errors: polymerase proofreading domain mutations in cancer. Inactivation of DNA repair triggers neoantigen generation and impairs tumour growth 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z A region of Bdp1 necessary for transcription initiation that is located within the RNA polymerase III active site cleft. Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z As discussed previously, RNA polymerase II transcribes the major share of eukaryotic genes, so this section will focus on how this polymerase accomplishes elongation and termination. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Structure of the complete elongation complex of RNA polymerase II with basal factors. Structural basis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z These foci associate with alkylated nucleotides, and coincide spatially with elongating RNA polymerase II and splicing components. A ubiquitin-dependent signalling axis specific for ALKBH-mediated DNA dealkylation repair 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z For his PhD on asthma, Johnston developed a technique called polymerase chain reaction, which magnifies DNA so that viruses can be identified more precisely. Why can’t we cure the common cold? 2017-10-06T04:00:00Z Structural basis of RNA polymerase I transcription initiation. Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z The polymerase comprised of all five subunits is called the holoenzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Crystal structure of a transcribing RNA polymerase II complex reveals a complete transcription bubble. Structural basis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Then in the 1990s, sensitive polymerase chain reaction tests enabled researchers to actually measure viral levels, and they told a different story. Why flu vaccines so often fail 2017-09-20T04:00:00Z Finally, the sequencing primer was annealed and sequencing polymerase was bound to SMRTbell template. The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids : Nature : Nature Research 2017-09-12T04:00:00Z Molecular structures of transcribing RNA polymerase I. Mol. Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z Transcription by polymerase, recognition of a consensus sequence in the promoter, and termination by a hairpin loop are conserved. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase II transcriptional fidelity control and its functional interplay with DNA modifications. Structural basis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Genomic DNA was then extracted from dried menstrual blood, amplified and studied using polymerase chain reaction - a technique used in molecular biology. Why used sanitary pads are being collected in India - BBC News 2017-09-08T04:00:00Z IBI Scientific manufactures bench-top laboratory equipment, nucleic acid purification products, electrophoresis products, molecular biology reagents, polymerase chain reaction enzymes and more. Iowa company creates products needed for scientific research 2017-08-19T04:00:00Z Carter, R. & Drouin, G. The increase in the number of subunits in eukaryotic RNA polymerase III relative to RNA polymerase II is due to the permanent recruitment of general transcription factors. Molecular mechanism of promoter opening by RNA polymerase III 2018-01-16T05:00:00Z Translation by polymerase, recognition of a consensus sequence in the promoter, and termination by a hairpin loop are conserved. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Molecular basis for 5-carboxycytosine recognition by RNA polymerase II elongation complex. Structural basis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z But it was also reminiscent of a false dawn involving another substance, etnangien, which was discovered in 2007 and which also inhibits RNA polymerase. A new antibiotic for drug-resistant tuberculosis 2017-06-22T04:00:00Z It does this by inhibiting an enzyme that is required for virtually every function in every organism: polymerase. In the hunt for new antibiotics, scientists hit pay dirt 2017-06-15T04:00:00Z When the promoter upstream of the GFP gene was activated, the RNA polymerase ran headfirst into the termination sequence, stopped reading the DNA, and didn’t produce the fluorescent protein. Scientists turn mammalian cells into complex biocomputers 2017-03-27T04:00:00Z RNA polymerase binds to the operator, and RNA synthesis is blocked. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase II bypass of oxidative DNA damage is regulated by transcription elongation factors. Structural basis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z It was thus they discovered gladiolin, which shuts down bacterial versions of the gene for an enzyme called RNA polymerase that is crucial for life. A new antibiotic for drug-resistant tuberculosis 2017-06-22T04:00:00Z Importantly, PUM specifically interacts with polymerase in bacteria and not human polymerase. In the hunt for new antibiotics, scientists hit pay dirt 2017-06-15T04:00:00Z Both tests rely on the polymerase chain reaction to amplify minute amounts of viral RNA. Documents reveal intense battle over CDC Zika tests 2016-09-28T04:00:00Z The DNA can be replicated by the DNA polymerase enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase II senses obstruction in the DNA minor groove via a conserved sensor motif. Structural basis for the initiation of eukaryotic transcription-coupled DNA repair 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z One type is called a polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R., designed to detect the active virus in blood and urine. Want a Zika Test? It’s Not Easy 2016-09-19T04:00:00Z In the new study, they show that PUM not only inhibits polymerase, but it does so in a surprising way. In the hunt for new antibiotics, scientists hit pay dirt 2017-06-15T04:00:00Z RNA polymerase uses a “discriminator” element and promoter “scrunching” to help choose where to start transcription. Multiplexed protein-DNA cross-linking: Scrunching in transcription start site selection | Science 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z Although the basis for each of these different DNA polymerase molecules is the same, each one has been adapted to function in the organism’s environmental niche. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Even a few human skin cells embedded in these substances can provide enough evidence for testing; a small sample can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction methods to get millions of copies. DNA From Facial Tissue? 2016-01-11T05:00:00Z The test uses a polymerase chain reaction, or PCR for short. Spoiled rotten: how breweries are trying to spot bad beer through DNA 2015-04-27T04:00:00Z These building blocks fit into polymerase like a lock and key. In the hunt for new antibiotics, scientists hit pay dirt 2017-06-15T04:00:00Z RNA polymerase uses a “discriminator” element and promoter “scrunching” to help choose where to start transcription. Multiplexed protein-DNA cross-linking: Scrunching in transcription start site selection | Science 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z A primer is required to initiate synthesis, which is then extended by DNA polymerase as it adds nucleotides one by one to the growing chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They isolated mitochondrial DNA from the samples by polymerase chain reaction, the same technique used for forensic and medical purposes. Online Breast Milk May Contain Cow's Milk 2015-04-06T04:00:00Z The bio-defense research industry has spent billions of dollars and has produced about a dozen devices to detect anthrax spores and other pathogens, using a sophisticated technology called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR. Internal audit slams DHS for canceling technology to fight bio-threats 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z Later polymerase chain reaction testing was able to detect the labels in cheese and yogurt made from the milk. Quick DNA Scans Could Ensure Food Is Safe to Eat 2015-02-04T05:00:00Z Using polymerase chain reactions to snip off strands of DNA, they obtain what is essentially a unique bar code for each individual species. Genetic Flotsam Offers Clues to Ocean Biodiversity 2015-02-03T05:00:00Z DNA polymerase I adds the RNA primers to the already developing copy of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The standard testing technique for Ebola is known as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, or RT-PCR. Researchers Seek Crucial Tool: A Fast, Finger-Prick Ebola Test 2014-11-04T05:00:00Z This long, thin package, along with a large protein called a polymerase, is packed into a membrane that is studded with a glycoproteins—that is, proteins with sugar stuck to them. A killer in close up 2014-10-16T04:00:00Z She performed BAC mapping, radiation hybrid mapping and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Corrigendum: Mammalian Y chromosomes retain widely expressed dosage-sensitive regulators : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-30T04:00:00Z Red, polymerase; light shades, transcription factor; dark shades, other. Comparative analysis of regulatory information and circuits across distant species : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z DNA polymerase I removes the enzyme primase from the developing copy of DNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cure rates with Sovaldi, a polymerase inhibitor, are over 80 percent, though success and treatment duration depend in part on which strain, or genotype, of the virus is involved. F.D.A. Approves Pill to Treat Hepatitis C 2013-12-07T01:41:01Z An enzyme extracted from that microbe is now a key part of the polymerase chain reaction, which amplifies small samples of DNA for study—and which powers a multibillion-dollar industry of genetic analysis. Golden Goose Awards Highlight Weird-Sounding Science with Big Benefits 2013-11-21T13:45:00.417Z Still, Lipkin’s lab subjected the degraded samples to polymerase chain reaction, a biochemical tool that quickly copies RNA millions of times and sows them into a segment. Battling Saudi Arabia's Deadly New Disease 2013-10-16T11:05:28Z Red, polymerase; light shades, transcription factor; dark shades, other. Comparative analysis of regulatory information and circuits across distant species : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-26T04:00:00Z Prokaryotes have five origins of replication and use a single type of polymerase, while eukaryotes have a single site of origin and use fourteen polymerases. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Biohominis was based in part on innovative applications of the polymerase chain reactions used in genetic testing and was developing techniques to identify cancers, metabolic problems, and viruses in humans and livestock. Why Mexico Struggles to Make Science Pay Off (preview) 2013-10-10T19:46:48.100Z Replication of the Leading Strand is very straightforward, with the DNA polymerase enzyme copying from the purple template strand to form the new DNA strand, shown in orange. The Hallmarks of Cancer: 4 - Limitless Replicative Potential 2013-10-10T19:45:47.683Z Kording is part of a team trying to do this by exploiting DNA polymerase, the enzyme that cells use to build DNA from its component bases. Neuroscience: Solving the brain 2013-07-17T17:20:30.610Z PCR, for polymerase chain reaction, is one of three ways to test for pertussis and is most effective within the first four weeks of infection. Shooting the Wheeze: Whooping Cough Vaccine Falls Short of Previous Shot s Protection 2013-05-21T21:45:00.597Z In E. coli, the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To their surprise, introducing either the H1N1 gene for the polymerase enzyme or the gene for the so-called nonstructural protein was sufficient to cause airborne transmission. Single Gene Swap Helps Bird Flu Virus Switch Hosts 2013-05-02T19:45:00Z The RNA primers are now removed, and the gaps are filled in by DNA polymerase to form a complete replicate of the lagging strand. The Hallmarks of Cancer: 4 - Limitless Replicative Potential 2013-10-10T19:45:47.683Z He and his colleagues have designed a synthetic DNA polymerase that, when surrounded by high levels of calcium, inserts the wrong base into the artificial DNA strand it constructs. Neuroscience: Solving the brain 2013-07-17T17:20:30.610Z The drug inhibits the virus’s RNA polymerase, preventing viral replication. Targeted drugs to tackle hepatitis C 2013-05-01T17:20:31.760Z It confers transcriptional specificity such that the polymerase begins to synthesize mRNA from an appropriate initiation site. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In our approach, blood-compatible polymerase chain reaction is followed by hybridization of the amplified pathogen DNA to capture probe–decorated nanoparticles. [Research Articles] T2 Magnetic Resonance Enables Nanoparticle-Mediated Rapid Detection of Candidemia in Whole Blood 2013-04-24T18:25:05.913Z This directionality matters because DNA replication takes place under the direction of an enzyme known as DNA polymerase. The Hallmarks of Cancer: 4 - Limitless Replicative Potential 2013-10-10T19:45:47.683Z In a corroborating line of evidence, Conrad . examined short RNAs for a panel of genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, showing a 2-fold increase at X-linked genes in males compared with females. [Technical Comment] Comment on “Drosophila Dosage Compensation Involves Enhanced Pol II Recruitment to Male X-Linked Promoters” 2013-04-18T17:55:22.137Z The machines produced by Pacific Biosciences in Menlo Park, California, also achieve read lengths that routinely reach into the thousands of bases, thanks to an engineered polymerase. Gene sequencing leaves the laboratory 2013-02-20T18:20:27.037Z The polymerase comprised of all five subunits is called the holoenzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The subunit structure of the RNA polymerase is quite constant among the true bacteria, whereas the archaebacterial polymerase structure is different. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z DNA polymerase is now able to use these RNA fragments as a starting point to synthesize complementary fragments of DNA in between the RNA fragments. The Hallmarks of Cancer: 4 - Limitless Replicative Potential 2013-10-10T19:45:47.683Z It showed that polymerase enzymes — which copy DNA or transcribe it into RNA — could read DNA containing the unnatural bases and insert the complementary partners into a growing DNA or RNA strand. Chemical biology: DNA's new alphabet 2012-11-21T18:21:07.117Z The next candidate to be considered was DNA polymerase, an enzyme that promotes the incorporation of precursor substances into new DNA in a way that is specified by the composition of the preexisting "template" DNA. Transplanted Nuclei and Cell Differentiation, by Sir John B. Gurdon 2012-10-09T23:45:00.177Z Figure 15.7 The σ subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase recognizes consensus sequences found in the promoter region upstream of the transcription start sight. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Could this mean the RNA polymerase function was still being re fined at the time the two bacterial lines separated? Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z This new strand is formed in the 5' to 3' direction, since DNA polymerase only works in that direction. The Hallmarks of Cancer: 4 - Limitless Replicative Potential 2013-10-10T19:45:47.683Z The work suggested that as long as the base had the right shape, a polymerase could slot it in correctly. Chemical biology: DNA's new alphabet 2012-11-21T18:21:07.117Z DNA polymerase activity in living cells has been tested by introducing purified DNA and tritium-labeled thymidine into eggs. Transplanted Nuclei and Cell Differentiation, by Sir John B. Gurdon 2012-10-09T23:45:00.177Z The σ subunit dissociates from the polymerase after transcription has been initiated. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Delwart's group randomly amplified genetic material with the polymerase chain reaction, sequenced the products, and then checked what they created against databases of known genomes. A 3-Year Search Uncovers Novel Hemorrhagic Fever Virus 2012-09-27T22:03:51Z DNA polymerase is now able to use these short RNA fragments as a starting point to synthesize DNA between the RNA gaps, shown in orange. The Hallmarks of Cancer: 4 - Limitless Replicative Potential 2013-10-10T19:45:47.683Z The polymerase is shaped roughly like a hand, and it turns out that the 'thumb' was the key region that needed to change, says Holliger. Chemical biology: DNA's new alphabet 2012-11-21T18:21:07.117Z This means that the cytoplasmic factor in ducing DNA synthesis in eggs includes DNA polymerase or something that ac tivates this enzyme. Transplanted Nuclei and Cell Differentiation, by Sir John B. Gurdon 2012-10-09T23:45:00.177Z RNA polymerase will bind downstream of the promoter sequence. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Transcription initiation requires the binding of multi-protein complexes that position RNA polymerase II. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z This solves the directionality problem of DNA polymerase, but now we run into another problem, known as the end replication problem. The Hallmarks of Cancer: 4 - Limitless Replicative Potential 2013-10-10T19:45:47.683Z With the exception of RNA polymerase II and CTCF, the addition of transcription factor data did not substantially alter these patterns. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:22.380Z Last week, Idenix Pharmaceuticals said the Food and Drug Administration placed a hold on a trial of its nucleotide polymerase inhibitor, IDX184, because of the heart failure case in the Bristol-Myers trial. Bristol-Myers Ends Work on Hepatitis C Drug 2012-08-24T03:41:07Z Instead, the RNA polymerase acts as a stable linker between the DNA template and the nascent RNA strands to ensure that elongation is not interrupted prematurely. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The results are therefore consistent with a model in which a limited number of sequence-specific factors function both to prime the chromatin template for recruitment of RNA polymerase II and to guide transcriptional positioning. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints 2012-09-05T17:21:56.447Z The virus has several mutations in its three polymerase genes that allow it to replicate aggressively, and patients who die carry the highest levels of viral RNA. Influenza: Five questions on H5N1 2012-06-27T17:50:27.957Z These proteins form the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex responsible for transcription and replication of the viral genome. [Special Issue Report] Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets 2012-06-21T18:26:51.147Z One question is whether the troubles with BMS-986094 will extend to other drugs in its class, known as nucleotide polymerase inhibitors. Bristol-Myers Ends Work on Hepatitis C Drug 2012-08-24T03:41:07Z Figure 15.8 During elongation, the prokaryotic RNA polymerase tracks along the DNA template, synthesizes mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction, and unwinds and rewinds the DNA as it is read. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z By using a PCR-based cloning strategy, we inserted the mutagenized region into its respective vector containing the VN1203 HA gene between the human RNA polymerase I promoter and mouse RNA polymerase I terminator sequences. Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets 2012-06-20T17:22:43.540Z I could sit on a DNA molecule and watch the polymerase go by,” he explains during a BBC documentary that Brooks cites. Physicist?s book tries to dispel the notion that scientists are stuffy bookworms 2012-04-30T18:46:24Z Such traits are likely to be determined by the viral surface glycoproteins and the proteins that form the viral polymerase complex. [Special Issue Report] Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets 2012-06-21T18:26:51.147Z Then they used a technique called the polymerase chain reaction that allowed them to study all the samples of the gene that produced 16S ribosomal RNA, which every microorganism uses to manufacture proteins. Ocean Science: The power of plankton 2012-02-29T18:21:22.477Z Rho-dependent termination is controlled by the rho protein, which tracks along behind the polymerase on the growing mRNA chain. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A further breakthrough in treatment may come this year with the development of the experimental drug class called nucleotide polymerase inhibitors, which bind to a different part of the virus than the protease inhibitors. Boomers’ Drug Use Pushes Hepatitis Deaths Past HIV, Study Finds 2012-02-20T22:22:01Z Using polymerase chain reaction technology, they amplified and sequenced the virus's RNA. Don't censor life-saving science 2012-01-11T18:20:10.017Z The test, called loop-mediated isothermal amplification, or LAMP, is a simpler way to copy tiny amounts of DNA than the standard technique, polymerase chain reaction, or P.C.R. Global Update: Sleeping Sickness: Blood Test Could Be a Breakthrough in Field Diagnosis of Tropical Diseases 2011-09-12T17:45:55Z In the wells in which the sensor detects a hydrogen ion, the ion shows that the DNA that the DNA polymerase added an A to its growing strand. A $1000 Genome by 2013? 2011-07-20T21:35:09Z Near the end of the gene, the polymerase encounters a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template and it stalls. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When the nucleotide in the flow is complementary to the template base directly downstream of the sequencing primer, the nucleotide is incorporated into the nascent strand by the bound polymerase. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing 2011-07-20T17:20:42.953Z PCR is polymerase chain reaction - the method by which you magnify a small sample of DNA. Boot up: 1-Click patent rejected, more open data, why Ballmer is at CES and more 2011-07-08T07:30:00Z The expression of more than 90 different inflammatory mediators was measured in treated skin at the peak of UVB-induced hypersensitivity with custom-made polymerase chain reaction arrays. [Research Articles] CXCL5 Mediates UVB Irradiation-Induced Pain 2011-07-06T20:25:24.577Z In the 1980s, the company developed a technique — polymerase chain reaction, or PCR — that allowed billions of copies of DNA sequences to be made from a small sample of blood. Stanford loses HIV-test patent fight 2011-06-07T03:56:04Z As the polymerase nears the end of the gene being transcribed, it encounters a region rich in C–G nucleotides. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sequencing primers and DNA polymerase are then bound to the templates and pipetted into the chip’s loading port. An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing 2011-07-20T17:20:42.953Z A likely explanation is that some polymerase enzyme is particularly prone to errors when it’s weaving a strand of DNA. Multiple Mutations May Be Common 2011-06-02T17:15:02.173Z Without RNA polymerase this set of reactions would occur very slowly, and there would be little guarantee that the RNA and DNA molecules would be complementary. The Fundamental Physical Limits of Computation 2011-06-01T17:45:02.143Z Soon after the discovery of AIDS, scientists developed a molecular technique called PCR, for polymerase chain reaction, that can copy a single piece of DNA and multiply it countless times. 3 decades of AIDS: We're still learning 2011-05-31T02:55:22Z The result is a stable hairpin that causes the polymerase to stall as soon as it begins to transcribe a region rich in A–T nucleotides. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Soon after the discovery of AIDS, scientists developed a molecular technique called P.C.R., for polymerase chain reaction, that can copy a single piece of DNA and multiply it countless times. The Doctor?s World: 30 Years In, We Are Still Learning From AIDS 2011-05-30T16:50:05Z The namesake of PCR, polymerase, is a very special enzyme that cells use to duplicate DNA. How do you ID a dead Osama anyway? 2011-05-02T16:15:00.320Z Although RNA polymerase merely copies information without processing it, it is relatively easy to imagine how a hypothetical chemical Turing machine might work. The Fundamental Physical Limits of Computation 2011-06-01T17:45:02.143Z PacBio's use of polymerase means its technology can handle much longer strings of bases, known in the trade as "long reads." Pacific Biosciences' $600 Million Decoder Ring 2011-04-28T21:00:00Z This, coupled with the stalled polymerase, induces enough instability for the core enzyme to break away and liberate the new mRNA transcript. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rather than binding with the virus's genome, polymerase attaches itself to the decoy gene, preventing the virus from being able to replicate itself and spread. A Re-Engineered Chicken Enters the War Against Bird Flu 2011-01-13T14:10:00Z An RNA “decoy” was made that contained the sequence for the virus's polymerase enzyme that is essential for replication. This Week in Science 2011-01-13T19:25:00.650Z This heterogeneity is due to the facts that HCV replicates at a high rate and the viral polymerase, which makes copies of the RNA genome, is prone to error. Triple-Drug Cocktail in the Works for Hepatitis C Therapy 2011-01-05T22:16:21.493Z A new lab test that uses a polymerase chain reaction is 98 percent accurate in detecting TB, researchers reported in the Sept. Giant Rats Detect Tuberculosis 2010-12-23T17:07:00Z Instead of a single polymerase comprising five subunits, the eukaryotes have three polymerases that are each made up of 10 subunits or more. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z After the DNA is extracted, more options are becoming available for identifying the organism using a technique known as PCR, or polymerase chain reaction. Home Labs on the Rise for the Fun of Science 2010-12-16T07:50:47Z This increases the binding ability of RNA polymerase to the promoter region and the transcription of the genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Compounds that inhibit the HCV polymerase are currently in phase II trials and, if all goes well, could get to market about a year after protease inhibitors. Triple-Drug Cocktail in the Works for Hepatitis C Therapy 2011-01-05T22:16:21.493Z RNA polymerase binds to the transcription initiation complex, allowing transcription to occur. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase II is responsible for transcribing the overwhelming majority of eukaryotic genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Once this complex is assembled, RNA polymerase can bind to its upstream sequence. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This shape change allows for the interaction of the activators bound to the enhancers with the transcription factors bound to the promoter region and the RNA polymerase. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Tryptophan binds to RNA polymerase, and RNA synthesis proceeds. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The enzyme primase synthesizes RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase, which can add nucleotides only in the 5' to 3' direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase III is also located in the nucleus. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z DNA polymerase recognizes the 3'-OH end as its landing site; thus, polymerase “reads” the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction and builds the complementary DNA polymer in the 5' to 3' direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One strand, which is complementary to the 3' to 5' parental DNA strand, is synthesized continuously towards the replication fork because the polymerase can add nucleotides in this direction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z DNA polymerase starts adding nucleotides to the 3'-OH end of the primer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The ends of the chromosomes pose a problem as polymerase is unable to extend them without a primer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase I is completely insensitive to α-amanitin, meaning that the polymerase can transcribe DNA in vitro in the presence of this poison. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A primer, RNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A primer, DNA polymerase and all four nucleotides are added. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The RNA genome is replicated by an RNA dependent RNA polymerase which is virally encoded. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Transcription continues until RNA polymerase reaches a stop or terminator sequence at the end of the gene. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The polymerase comprised of all five subunits is called the core enzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each eukaryotic polymerase also requires a distinct set of transcription factors to bring it to the DNA template. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In contrast, RNA polymerase II is extremely sensitive to α-amanitin, and RNA polymerase III is moderately sensitive. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Knowing the transcribing polymerase can clue a researcher into the general function of the gene being studied. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because RNA polymerase II transcribes the vast majority of genes, we will focus on this polymerase in our subsequent discussions about eukaryotic transcription factors and promoters. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The polymerase comprised of all five subunits is called the holoenzyme. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase II then binds and forms the transcription initiation complex. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I contain a specific 18-nucleotide sequence that is recognized by a termination protein. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of four polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rho-dependent termination is controlled by rho protein and the polymerase stalls near the end of the gene at a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In prokaryotes the polymerase is composed of five polypeptide subunits, two of which are identical. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In rho-independent termination, when the polymerase encounters a region rich in C-G nucleotides the mRNA folds into a hairpin loop that causes the polymerase to stall. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In rho-dependent termination, when the polymerase encounters a region rich in C-G nucleotides, the mRNA folds into a hairpin loop that causes polymerase to stall. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In rho-independent termination, when the polymerase encounters a region rich in C-G nucleotides, the mRNA creates a hairpin loop that causes polymerase to stall. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rho-independent termination is controlled by rho protein and the polymerase stalls near the end of the gene at a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rho-dependent termination is controlled by rho protein and the polymerase stalls near the end of the gene at a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Would you be able to determine which RNA polymerase you isolated from a eukaryotic cell without analyzing its products? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z No, quantitative analysis of products is done to determine the type of polymerase. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Transcription by polymerase, recognition of a highly variable sequence in the promoter, and termination by a hairpin loop are conserved. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rho-dependent termination is controlled by rho protein and the polymerase begins near the end of the gene at a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Transcription by polymerase, recognition of a consensus sequence in the promoter, and elongation by a hairpin loop are conserved. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The trp operon is an example of repressible control because it uses proteins bound to the operator sequence to physically prevent the binding of RNA polymerase. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This physically blocks the RNA polymerase from transcribing the tryptophan genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Binding of the tryptophan–repressor complex at the operator physically prevents the RNA polymerase from binding, and transcribing the downstream genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In rho-independent termination, when the polymerase encounters a region rich in A-T nucleotides, the mRNA creates a hairpin loop that causes polymerase to stall. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z RNA polymerase by itself cannot initiate transcription in eukaryotic cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Transcription factors must bind to the promoter region first and recruit RNA polymerase to the site for transcription to be established. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z DNA unwinds, transcription factors bind, and RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the mRNA. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When bound along with the transcription factors, RNA polymerase is phosphorylated. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rho-independent termination stalls when the polymerase begins to transcribe a region rich in G nucleotides. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Repressive control, typified by the trp operon, uses proteins bound to the operator sequence to physically prevent the binding of RNA polymerase and the activation of transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Only when both conditions are met will RNA polymerase bind to the promoter to induce transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The RNA polymerase will not bind the promoter. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, all organisms use DNA polymerase to replicate their genomes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In these operons, a CAP binding site is located upstream of the RNA polymerase binding site in the promoter. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, whereas organisms with small genomes can get away with just a single polymerase molecule working at one point in the genome at time, organisms with larger genomes replicate many points of the genome simultaneously. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Other organisms that live in extremely hot environments, such as deep-sea thermal vents, have specialized polymerase molecules that can withstand the heat that would quickly denature the polymerases in land-based animals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z These RNA polymerase enzymes are more likely to make copying errors than DNA polymerases, and therefore often make mistakes during transcription. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
| 随便看 |
|
英语例句辞典收录了117811条英语例句在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的例句翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。