| 单词 | Pliocene |
| 例句 | “The regular consumption of starchy plant foods offers a coherent explanation for the provision of energy to the developing brain during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene,” she says. What leaders of the Paleo diet movement think – and why they're wrong 2015-08-18T04:00:00Z We know from other sites that an extinct bear called Agriotherium did roam Africa during the Pliocene, but not one of the animal fossils these teams have recovered at Laetoli is from a bear. Fossils Upend Conventional Wisdom about Evolution of Human Bipedalism 2022-11-05T04:00:00Z In the Pliocene epoch, the growth of ice at the poles led to frequent sea level changes and loss of important offshore habitats. The Megalodon Was Bigger, Faster and Even Hungrier 2022-08-17T04:00:00Z At various other glacial peaks during the Pleistocene and Pliocene, the ice extent was similar to this, and in some cases, even more extensive. Physical Geology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A Pliocene‐Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. An Introduction to Geology 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z She folds references to Old English and mentions of the Pliocene mass extinction event that happened some 5 million years ago into startling descriptions of the catastrophes of the present. Sun Yung Shin’s poems explore the world of transnational adoption in ‘The Wet Hex’ 2022-06-23T04:00:00Z The diversity of foot forms found in Pliocene fossil sites across the continent supports such a scenario. Fossils Upend Conventional Wisdom about Evolution of Human Bipedalism 2022-11-05T04:00:00Z The last common ancestor of all living Magicicada species branched into two lineages around 3.9 million years ago during the Pliocene epoch. Brood X Cicadas Are Emerging at Last 2021-05-10T04:00:00Z Watching Grug get with the Pliocene Era and learn to embrace the new and different does seemingly make all that chaos worthwhile. ‘The Croods: A New Age’ movie review: Clan begins to evolve in bright, busy sequel 2020-11-25T05:00:00Z Watching the Crood patriarch get with the Pliocene Era and learn to embrace the new does seemingly make all that chaos worthwhile. Review: 'The Croods: A New Age' is a sweetly chaotic follow-up 2020-11-23T05:00:00Z “There were the same amount of mammals that migrated in both directions. But what we found was that five million years ago in the Pliocene, there was a disproportionate decline in diversity.” What Happened to South America’s Missing Mega-Mammals? 2020-10-08T04:00:00Z Atmospheric CO2 is already at levels last seen around four million years ago, in the Pliocene epoch. Climate tipping points — too risky to bet against 2019-11-26T05:00:00Z "This study provides very robust measurements of sea-level heights during the Pliocene." Past sea-level rise? Scientists find evidence several million years old 2019-08-30T04:00:00Z Yohannes Haile-Selassie, of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History and Case Western Reserve University, who led the research, said: “This is a game changer in our understanding of human evolution during the Pliocene.” Skull of humankind's oldest-known ancestor discovered 2019-08-28T04:00:00Z The group calculated that the last time there was this much CO2 in the air was during the Pliocene epoch 3m years ago. The Anthropocene epoch: have we entered a new phase of planetary history? 2019-05-30T04:00:00Z The time period is an epoch geologists call the Pliocene, 2.6-5.3 million years ago. Warning from 'Antarctica's last forests' 2019-04-03T04:00:00Z The Pliocene was a “proper analogy” and offered important lessons about the road ahead, said Martin Siegert, a geophysicist and climate-change scientist at Imperial College London. Last time CO2 levels were this high, there were trees at the South Pole 2019-04-03T04:00:00Z The researchers were particularly interested in a time during Pliocene known as the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period, which was some 3 million years ago. Past sea-level rise? Scientists find evidence several million years old 2019-08-30T04:00:00Z Earth has not seen current atmospheric CO2 levels since the Pliocene epoch, some 3m years ago. When the ice melts: the catastrophe of vanishing glaciers 2019-01-08T05:00:00Z These were extinct for millions of years before Homo sapiens even appeared; they are known only from the Pliocene, the period 5.3 million to 2.6 million years ago. Big data little help in megafauna mysteries 2018-06-05T04:00:00Z Indeed, the Pliocene was the last time in Earth history that the air carried this same concentration of the greenhouse gas. Warning from 'Antarctica's last forests' 2019-04-03T04:00:00Z In the Pliocene a variety of beech and possibly conifer trees grew at Oliver Bluffs, 300 miles from the South Pole. Last time CO2 levels were this high, there were trees at the South Pole 2019-04-03T04:00:00Z These areas did not form dry land until the late Pliocene to late Pleistocene, and their inferred geographical origins are thus consistent with the latest geological reconstructions of Sulawesi. Wallace’s enigma: how the island of Sulawesi continues to captivate biologists 2018-05-17T04:00:00Z The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is at a level not seen since the Pliocene era — more than 3 million years ago. Review | Why have we done so little to tackle climate change? 2018-04-06T04:00:00Z Portentous, considering that the current concentration of CO2, now more than 400 parts per million, is reaching a level not seen for perhaps three million years, since the Pliocene epoch. Bug Lovers, Earth's Many Apocalypses, the Surprising Minds of Vegetative Patients and Other New Science Books 2017-07-20T04:00:00Z Temperatures may currently be lower than in the Pliocene, but that's only because there is a lag in the system, he says. Warning from 'Antarctica's last forests' 2019-04-03T04:00:00Z Not seen since the Pliocene, three million years ago – and the Anthropocene became a useful shorthand for placing human activity in the perspective of geological deep time. 'A reckoning for our species': the philosopher prophet of the Anthropocene 2017-06-15T04:00:00Z The last time Totten retreated to the deep interior of the France-sized catchment was probably in the Pliocene Epoch, he added. Rocks record Totten Glacier's rapid retreat history - BBC News 2016-05-19T04:00:00Z Until the Pliocene atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are known in fine detail, the only feasible approach is the one we chose. Addendum: Plio-Pleistocene climate sensitivity evaluated using high-resolution CO2 records : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-08-18T04:00:00Z There’s one major similarity between our current period and 3 million years ago, a period known as the Pliocene: the amount of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Ocean Species Set for Reshuffle Unseen in 3 Million Years 2015-06-01T04:00:00Z Prof Siegert was among a group of scientists meeting in London on Wednesday to discuss the climate lessons from the Pliocene. Warning from 'Antarctica's last forests' 2019-04-03T04:00:00Z "When A. afarensis was the only known species from the middle Pliocene, it was the only candidate to be the ancestor," Haile-Selassie says. New human ancestor shared its turf with 'Lucy' 2015-05-27T04:00:00Z From the sediments, they isolated microscopic marine creatures called foraminifera that lived and died during the Pliocene. Earth's Past Climate Reveals Future Global Warming 2015-02-05T05:00:00Z Unearthed in Uruguay in 2007, the animal lived in the Pliocene period - a warm era when large mammals were relatively abundant, including the first mammoths. Biggest rodent 'fought with tusks' 2015-02-03T05:00:00Z This date of 2.6 million years ago falls on the border between the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. Monster shark 'kept whales in check' 2014-10-23T04:00:00Z Mammoths first appeared in the Pliocene Epoch, some 4.8 million years ago. Baby mammoth goes on display in UK 2014-05-19T04:00:00Z This is a level not seen on earth since the Pliocene era 3 million years ago. Countdown to oblivion: The real reason we can’t stop global warming 2014-05-18T04:00:00Z It was the Pliocene, an epoch when the earliest human ancestors evolved in Africa. Earth's Past Climate Reveals Future Global Warming 2015-02-05T05:00:00Z She hopes to reconstruct sea levels from the Pliocene epoch, the last time when carbon dioxide concentrations were as high as they are today: about 400 parts per million of the atmospheric volume. What Big Questions Remain about Sea Level Rise? 2013-09-18T22:15:00.910Z Regionally, widespread Pliocene incision into the eastern plateau margin is concurrent with a shift in global climate from early Pliocene warmth to late Pliocene cooling. [Report] Incision into the Eastern Andean Plateau During Pliocene Cooling 2013-08-15T17:57:23.030Z What they found in the Pliocene sediments was telling: They identified multiple layers containing a unique fingerprint for a large, low-lying part of East Antarctica known as the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, which is now ice-covered. East Antarctica's Ice Sheet Not as Stable as Thought 2013-07-21T18:20:00Z The temperature during that period, known as the Pliocene Epoch, was five to seven degrees warmer than today, with seas tens of feet higher. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels hit worrisome milestone 2013-05-10T21:09:12Z So Martinez-Boti and his colleagues chose this epoch for study, and they initially found that CO2 raised temperatures by more than in the Pliocene. Earth's Past Climate Reveals Future Global Warming 2015-02-05T05:00:00Z Current estimates of sea-level rise in the Pliocene range from very little to 40 metres, says Raymo. What Big Questions Remain about Sea Level Rise? 2013-09-18T22:15:00.910Z Indirect measurements suggest that the last time the carbon dioxide level was this high was at least three million years ago, during an epoch called the Pliocene. Carbon Dioxide Level Passes Long-Feared Milestone 2013-05-10T17:28:37Z Current warm temperatures and high greenhouse gas conditions are reminiscent of the warm Pliocene Epoch that lasted from 5.3 million to 2.6 million years ago. East Antarctica's Ice Sheet Not as Stable as Thought 2013-07-21T18:20:00Z In the middle Pliocene, summer temperatures in the Arctic were around 60 degrees Fahrenheit, which is about 14 degrees warmer than they are now, the study found. Ice-Free Arctic in Pliocene, Last Time CO2 Levels Above 400 PPM 2013-05-10T15:15:00.233Z The world will change again due to human activity and associated emissions of CO2, perhaps causing another set of coral reef extinctions like those found during the Pliocene, among other impacts. 400 PPM: Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Reaches Prehistoric Levels 2013-05-09T20:45:02.537Z Whether or not it melted in the Pliocene, in turn, provides insight for modellers who are trying to work out whether — and how fast — ice sheets might collapse in the next few hundred years. What Big Questions Remain about Sea Level Rise? 2013-09-18T22:15:00.910Z The last time such values prevailed on Earth was in the Pliocene epoch, 4m years ago, when jungles covered northern Canada. Climate change: The measure of global warming 2013-05-09T15:00:31Z Sediments drilled offshore of the continent's Wilkes Land Subglacial Basin indicate that the basin was ice-free during parts of the warm Pliocene Epoch. East Antarctica's Ice Sheet Not as Stable as Thought 2013-07-21T18:20:00Z The last time CO2 levels were this high was likely during the Pliocene epoch, between 3.2 million and 5 million years ago. CO2 Concentrations Set to Hit Record 2013-05-02T11:00:00Z Other extinct shearwaters are known from the Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene of Europe as well. Tubenosed seabirds that shear the waves: of Calonectris, Lugensa, and Puffinus (petrels part VII) 2013-02-10T21:45:00.213Z Given the large error bars, the only way to pinpoint Pliocene sea levels is to get data from many sites and to calculate one best-fit answer for global sea level. What Big Questions Remain about Sea Level Rise? 2013-09-18T22:15:00.910Z The team located suspected Pliocene beaches as low as 38 feet and as high as 111 feet above modern sea level. Temperature Rising: Seeking Clues About Sea Level From Fossil Beaches 2013-01-22T00:20:54Z Yet, data from the Pliocene tell a different story, says Carys Cook, a doctoral student at Imperial College London. East Antarctica's Ice Sheet Not as Stable as Thought 2013-07-21T18:20:00Z A new turkey from the Pliocene of Nebraska. The other turkey 2013-01-16T15:15:00.303Z One Pliocene species, C. krantzi, was about similar in size to a Procellaria petrel, and thus gigantic for a . Tubenosed seabirds that shear the waves: of Calonectris, Lugensa, and Puffinus (petrels part VII) 2013-02-10T21:45:00.213Z But, she admits, whatever she finds will not be a worst-case scenario because greenhouse-gas concentrations are already climbing beyond where they were in the Pliocene. What Big Questions Remain about Sea Level Rise? 2013-09-18T22:15:00.910Z In similar work in Australia and on the East Coast of the United States, the researchers have found Pliocene beaches as low as 33 feet and as high as 295 feet above sea level. Temperature Rising: Seeking Clues About Sea Level From Fossil Beaches 2013-01-22T00:20:54Z An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru. The anatomy of sloths 2012-08-30T19:15:03.553Z If it is a turkey, it fits with the general trend of increasing body size otherwise seen in the fossil turkeys of the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The other turkey 2013-01-16T15:15:00.303Z It was, therefore, during the Miocene period that the elevation of this part of the chain began, while the disturbance of the Siwalik-like sandstone indicates that the folding continued into the Pliocene period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 4 "Hero" to "Hindu Chronology" 2012-04-04T02:00:56.447Z At Amsterdam the top of the Pliocene lay 625 ft. below the surface, but the boring, 1098 ft. deep, did not reach the base of the uppermost division of the Pliocene, viz. the Amstelien. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 5 "Hinduism" to "Home, Earls of" 2012-03-25T02:00:05.717Z She has zeroed in on the Pliocene epoch, roughly three million years ago. Temperature Rising: Seeking Clues About Sea Level From Fossil Beaches 2013-01-22T00:20:54Z Fossil specimens of are rare but there’s supposed to be one from the Early Pliocene of Japan and a Pleistocene record from Madagascar. Grampus griseus joins the globicephalines 2012-02-27T21:15:05.413Z Pliocene and later beds cover the central plain and occur at intervals along the coast. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z These have issued from well-defined craters still in existence, and are probably of Pliocene Tertiary age. Early Days in North Queensland 2012-01-24T03:00:29.987Z Eastward and westward of Amsterdam, as well as southward, the Pliocene beds rise slowly to the surface, and gradually decrease in thickness. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 13, Slice 5 "Hinduism" to "Home, Earls of" 2012-03-25T02:00:05.717Z Previous efforts to estimate the maximum rise of the sea in the Pliocene did not take full account of some factors now known to be important. Temperature Rising: Seeking Clues About Sea Level From Fossil Beaches 2013-01-22T00:20:54Z He called to mind the vast and massive eruptions of the Pliocene basalt as seen upon our own continent. Scientific American, Vol. XXXVII.?No. 2. [New Series.], July 14, 1877 A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures 2012-01-05T03:00:29.743Z The Pliocene is of marine origin, and rests unconformably upon all the older beds, including the Post-oligocene igneous rocks, thus proving that the final folding and the last volcanic outbursts were approximately of Miocene age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z The Pliocene, or 824 at all events Miocene precursor of man, was a furred creature. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 7 "Gyantse" to "Hallel" 2011-12-26T03:00:11.613Z The rocks in southern El Pet�n are predominately Miocene marine limestones; there are occasional pockets of Pliocene deposits. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Rainforests of Southern El Peten, Guatemala 2011-12-25T03:00:10.957Z The previous estimates of Pliocene sea level, based on spotty evidence, range from 15 feet to 130 feet above today’s ocean, with 80 feet being a commonly cited figure. Temperature Rising: Seeking Clues About Sea Level From Fossil Beaches 2013-01-22T00:20:54Z The subgenera Otisorex and Sorex probably separated in early Pleistocene or late Pliocene. Speciation of the Wandering Shrew 2011-12-22T03:00:30.143Z Occasional deposits of marl and limestone of late Pliocene age rest unconformably upon these older beds; and near the coast there are raised coral reefs of modern date. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 6 "Groups, Theory of" to "Gwyniad" 2011-12-16T03:00:12.320Z The history of the genus dates back to the early late Pliocene, but morphological change since then has been slight insofar as can be judged from lower jaws. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z Yet the Pliocene world was very different today, with a much warmer Northern hemisphere, a deglaciated Greenland, episodic deglaciation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and considerably warmer tropical temperatures. Dot Earth Blog: On the Climate High End, Methane Time Bombs and the Lure of the New 2011-12-02T19:50:24Z In recent geological times, that is, during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, much of the present continental shelf, the zone less than 600 feet below sea level, was land. Climatic Changes Their Nature and Causes 2011-10-28T02:00:24.840Z Probably the six species of Smilisca were in existence by the end of the Pliocene; at that time a continuous land connection existed from Central America to South America. Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca 2011-10-24T02:00:14.853Z The geologist, wise in Eras—Paleolithic, Pliocene, Eocene, May-have-been—felt its challenge at once. Cupid in Africa 2011-09-28T02:00:21.467Z Some floras of early late Pliocene of the southwestern United States reflect a climate slightly cooler and more moist than the climates of the middle Pliocene. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z One key period is the Pliocene warm period, about 5 million years ago. Dot Earth Blog: On the Climate High End, Methane Time Bombs and the Lure of the New 2011-12-02T19:50:24Z The rhino dates to the Pliocene period, 3.6 million years ago. Observatory: Discovery of Woolly Rhino Sheds New Light on Tibet 2011-09-08T06:40:03Z Prior to the uplift of the mountains in the late Miocene and the Pliocene the baudini-cyanosticta stock probably was widespread in northwestern Central America. Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca 2011-10-24T02:00:14.853Z Volcanic eruptions, magnificent in extent, resulted and continued at intervals throughout the Pliocene period. Fly Fishing in Wonderland 2011-09-01T02:00:22.230Z However, late Pliocene times reflect an arid climate. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z Pliocene, mainly consisting of a series of iron-stained sands, with abundant shell remains, and locally known as "crags." Sea-Weeds, Shells and Fossils 2011-08-20T02:00:11.557Z East of the Rocky Mountains, and also on the Pacific coast, are still later Pliocene deposits214 holding other and more modern Mammalia. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Those which contain the largest proportion of species still living, have been termed Pliocene, as containing a greater number of new or recent species. The Plurality of Worlds 2011-06-01T02:00:23.787Z The geological formation of the soil belongs to the Quaternary and Pliocene period in its upper strata, and to the Eocene and Cretaceous in the lower. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 5 "Fleury, Claude" to "Foraker" 2011-04-03T02:00:20.883Z The flora of the southwestern interior basin of North America in early late to late Pliocene was intermediate between the previous grassland floras of the middle Pliocene and the savannah flora of upper Pliocene. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z Fossil remains of flamingos have been described from the Lower Miocene of France as P. croizeti, and from the Pliocene of Oregon. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 4 "Finland" to "Fleury, Andre" 2011-03-20T02:00:30.697Z In the Upper Pliocene true horses appear with only a single toe, and splint bones instead of the others. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The new study is the first to provide a window into the way the Pliocene climate varied from year to year, says paleoclimatologist David Lea of the University of California, Santa Barbara. A Warmer Climate May Not Mean El Ni?o Comes to Stay 2011-03-09T19:38:30Z Lyell divided the Tertiary strata into three groups: Eocene, recent dawn; Miocene, less recent; Pliocene, more recent. Famous Men of Science 2011-03-08T03:00:49.717Z The geographic range of ancestral pygmy mice possibly extended farther south in late Pliocene time than the range of B. musculus does now. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z At Trezza, on the eastern base of the mountain, basaltic rocks occur associated with fossiliferous Pliocene clays. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z The hollow-horned ruminants appear for the first time in America in the Lower Pliocene; and no ancestry has so far been attempted to be traced for them. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z So scientists often look to this so-called Pliocene warm period for hints about our future climate. A Warmer Climate May Not Mean El Ni?o Comes to Stay 2011-03-09T19:38:30Z Man in the Pliocene.—It has already been intimated that the evidences of man are but few in this early epoch. A Manual of the Antiquity of Man 2011-02-21T03:00:07.080Z Paleoecology and correlation of the Rexroad Fauna from the upper Pliocene of southwestern Kansas, as indicated by the mammals. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z Lyell concluded that, although no approximation can be given of the age of Etna, “its foundations were laid in the sea in the newer Pliocene period.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z Four or five Miocene Mastodons are known in Europe, besides two Dinotheria; and the true Elephants appear there in the Pliocene, and continue to the beginning of the Modern. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z It is a most dangerous thing to feed a woman: it arouses the dormant instincts of the Pliocene Age. Burning Sands 2011-01-17T03:00:53.930Z Pliocene, a term applied to the most recent tertiary deposits. A Manual of the Antiquity of Man 2011-02-21T03:00:07.080Z Michigan; left mandibular ramus bearing m1-m3 and incisor; Saw Rock Canyon, early late Pliocene, XI member of the Rexroad formation, sec. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z Pliocene remains are less numerous than those of the Miocene. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z Geologically, however, they are approximately contemporaneous, both occurring between the end of the Pliocene and the modern period; but nevertheless they may not have coincided in absolute date. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Carbon dioxide levels during the Pliocene Warm Period were also comparable to levels today, and average temperatures were a few degrees higher, she said. Bering Sea Was Ice-Free and Full of Life During Last Warm Period 2010-12-14T15:46:00Z Federov agrees that the new paper doesn't solve the puzzle of a warmer Pliocene by itself. Study: Can Hurricanes Cause Climate Change? 2010-02-24T20:35:00Z Baiomys seems to have undergone little basic evolutionary and morphological change since Late Pliocene time. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z Struthio, ostrich, Pliocene of Samos and of north-west India, now Africa and Arabia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z Various supposed indications of his presence in “Inter-glacial” Glacial, Pliocene, and even Miocene deposits have proved on examination to be unreliable. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z "Evidence from the Pliocene Warm Period is relevant to studies of current climate change because it was the last time in our Earth's history when global temperatures were higher than today," Ravelo said. Bering Sea Was Ice-Free and Full of Life During Last Warm Period 2010-12-14T15:46:00Z The tiger then began to evolve into a unique species toward the end of the Pliocene, about 3.2 million years ago. 2010-02-12T14:24:00Z Perhaps, the living southern pygmy mouse retains many basic characteristics of one of the early North American cricetine-like stocks that emigrated to South America near the end of the Pliocene epoch. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z "Recent" denotes a short period of time compared to "Pleistocene," and "Pleistocene" a short period compared to "Pliocene." A Book-Lover's Holidays in the Open America has recently put forth claims to have been inhabited by man in the Pliocene, on the faith of remains found in auriferous gravels in the West. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The sediments contain fossils of plankton, such as diatoms, that suggest a robust ecology of organisms persisting from the start of the Pliocene Warm Period to the present. Bering Sea Was Ice-Free and Full of Life During Last Warm Period 2010-12-14T15:46:00Z The former bears drawings of the French cave type, while the latter if genuine would carry back the story of man in the American continent before Pliocene times. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 4 "Aram, Eugene" to "Arcueil" An antelope from the Lower Pliocene of Northern India known as Bubalis, or Damaliscus, palaeindicus indicates the occurrence of the hartebeest group in that country. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" Whether it was another immigrant from Asia, or a developed form of some big American Pliocene cat, cannot with our present knowledge be determined. A Book-Lover's Holidays in the Open No living species goes back farther than the Pliocene. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Today, the Bering Sea is ice-free only during the summer, but the sediment samples indicate it was ice-free year-round during the Pliocene Warm Period. Bering Sea Was Ice-Free and Full of Life During Last Warm Period 2010-12-14T15:46:00Z The Miocene was succeeded by the Pliocene, when the strata called the Crag, which cover the surface of Norfolk and Suffolk, were formed. The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight Palaeotragus and Tragoceros, of the Lower Pliocene of Greece, at one time regarded as antelopes, are now known to be ancestors of the okapi. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent are such terms. A Book-Lover's Holidays in the Open Thus if we suppose these men derived from apes by any process of gradual change, we must look for their brute ancestors, not in the Pliocene or Miocene, but in the Eocene itself. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z The succession of forms leading up thither commences at the bottom of the Eocene, and extends to the upper Pliocene. The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer But the great movement was in the main earlier than the Pliocene. The Geological Story of the Isle of Wight Faulting, probably in Pliocene times, lowered the basaltic plateaus to form the basin of Lough Neagh, leaving the eastern scarp at heights ranging up to 1800 ft. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" The existence of marine Pliocene in Cuba has not been proved. The History of Cuba, vol. 1 Mya truncata appears in Europe in the older Pliocene, and was followed by M. arenaria a little later. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Finally the Tertiary has three main divisions; the Eocene, or "dawn of the recent," Miocene, or "less recent," and Pliocene, or "more recent." The Old Riddle and the Newest Answer Oligocene and Eocene time Pliocene and Miocene time. Unexplored! The folding and consequent elevation went on until the close of the Miocene period when a considerable subsidence took place and the Pliocene sea overspread the lower portions of the range. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" In Chapter I, "Eocence and Pliocene" was changed to "Eocene and Pliocene", "precipitious sides" was changed to "precipitous sides", and "out or reach" was changed to "out of reach". The Tremendous Event Similar statements may be made with regard to other mollusks of the Pliocene and Modern periods, and there are even species which extend unchanged from the early Eocene. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z Palaeoctopus, however, occurs in the Cretaceous, while shells of Argonauta do not appear before the Pliocene. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 6 "Celtes, Konrad" to "Ceramics" It is held that in the Miocene and Pliocene periods there were land connexions with the Philippines, Java and the Moluccas, and through the last with Australasian lands to the east and south-east. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" Subsequent elevation, without folding, has raised these Pliocene deposits to a considerable height—in some cases over 3000 ft. and they now lie almost undisturbed upon the older folded beds. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" There's a regular Eocene and Pliocene mixture over there which is really typical. . . . The Tremendous Event Yet even in the case of vertebrates there seems to have been little change, except in the extinction of species, since the Pliocene period. The Chain of Life in Geological Time A Sketch of the Origin and Succession of Animals and Plants 2011-06-01T02:00:24.880Z It lies directly on what is known as the Newer Pliocene Crags. The History of the European Fauna Classification.—The caves which have offered shelter to the mammalia are classified according to their contents, and are of various ages, ranging from the Pliocene to the present day. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" Gazelles are common in the Miocene and Pliocene of both Europe and Asia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Slice 2 "Anjar" to "Apollo" A provincial name in Norfolk and Suffolk for certain tertiary deposits usually composed of sand with shells, belonging to the Older Pliocene period. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology The outbursts began in the later part of the Eocene period, and continued into the Pliocene, outlasting the period of folding. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 4 "Carnegie Andrew" to "Casus Belli" During early Tertiary times, and probably throughout the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs, the �gean Sea did not exist. The History of the European Fauna All the mammals belong to well-known species found in the Pliocene strata of East Anglia, and in Auvergne and Italy. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5 "Cat" to "Celt" There are also fragments of stalagmite from an old crust broken up when the breccia was deposited, and possibly belonging to Pliocene times. The Origin of the World According to Revelation and Science We then arrive at the Pliocene strata, in which species now contemporary with man begin to preponderate, and in the newest of which nine-tenths of the fossils agree with species still inhabiting the neighboring sea. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology This was the opinion of Sir Frederick McCoy, by whom the deposits in question were regarded as probably of Pliocene age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 5 "Dinard" to "Dodsworth" The Forest-Bed, generally regarded as belonging to the Upper Pliocene, I believe to be an inter-glacial pleistocene deposit—contemporaneous with the loess formation in Germany. The History of the European Fauna But the Pliocene rocks contain fossils showing gradual reduction of the two side toes, modification of the teeth, and increase in size of the skeleton. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place The ancestral boulengeri-foliamorta stock probably invaded Central America in the late Pliocene and dispersed through humid forested environments to Nicaragua. The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America The conchological evidence respecting the British Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene fossils, examined by Mr. Forbes, in the paper before cited, p. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology An entire skull, obtained from the Lower Pliocene beds of Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1836, measured 4� ft. in length and 3 ft. in breadth, and indicates an animal exceeding the elephant in size. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 5 "Dinard" to "Dodsworth" The Siberian fauna would thus have been prevented from spreading westward in Pliocene and early Glacial times. The History of the European Fauna Equus, the modern horse, was represented in the Pliocene strata by a species, now extinct, called Equus Scotti. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place Differentiation into two or more subgroups took place in South America prior to the late Pliocene. The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America A division of tertiary strata intervening between the Eocene and Pliocene formations; so called, because a minority of its fossil shells are referable to living species. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology Grus, indeed, is a very ancient form, its remains appearing in the Miocene of France and Greece, as well as in the Pliocene and Post-pliocene of North America. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 6 "Coucy-le-Château" to "Crocodile" We know, however, that in Pliocene and even in early Glacial times the atmospheric conditions must have been very different in Siberia. The History of the European Fauna These comprise three series, called the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene, the Eocene being the oldest. Earth and Sky Every Child Should Know Easy studies of the earth and the stars for any time and place The tropical evergreen forests on the Caribbean side of lower Central America and the uplift of the Talamanca range in the Pliocene were barriers to the dispersal of staufferi. The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America Subapennine is applied geologically to a series of strata of the Older Pliocene Period. Principles of Geology or, The Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants Considered as Illustrative of Geology Geologists say that the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains are of the Eocene Age, and that the western ridges are Pliocene, and eons younger. Seeds of Pine During the Pliocene Epoch the sea ceased to wash the northern shores of the Alps, and both emigration and immigration became possible in that direction, and also from and to the west. The History of the European Fauna The age of these fossils is not known, but as almost all are extinct species, and some are almost identical with European Pliocene and Miocene species, they are supposed to belong to a corresponding period. Island Life Or the Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras The group apparently originated in South America; the endemic Central American species evolved from stocks that invaded Middle America after the closure of the Colombian Portal in the late Pliocene. The Systematics of the Frogs of the Hyla Rubra Group in Middle America They occur, for example, in the Cambridge Greensand, and at the base of certain of the Pliocene beds in the east of England. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" Was the oldest Homo Sapiens Pliocene or Miocene, or yet more ancient? . . . Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions Being a Comparison of the Old and New Testament Myths and Miracles with those of the Heathen Nations of Antiquity Considering also their Origin and Meaning The strata which surround Mount Etna on the south are of Newer Pliocene date, and contain shells which are nearly all of species still living in the Mediterranean. Etna A History of the Mountain and of its Eruptions Down to Pliocene times the flora of Europe was very similar to that which now prevails in Eastern Asia and Eastern North America. Island Life Or the Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras The Tertiary beds include both marine and terrestrial deposits, and appear to be chiefly of Miocene and Pliocene age. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 2 "Chicago, University of" to "Chiton" Some anthropologists hold that he appeared at the latter part of the Tertiary, that is, in the Pliocene. History of Human Society It may have been as far back as the early Pliocene or the late Miocene Period, or even earlier. Man And His Ancestor A Study In Evolution The last great upheaval commenced after the Miocene period, and continued through the Pliocene. The Beauties of Nature and the Wonders of the World We Live In Tertiary fossils both of Europe and North America indicate throughout warm or temperate climates, except those of the more recent Pliocene deposits which merge into the earlier glacial beds. Island Life Or the Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras It was chiefly in its middle and latter, or Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene ages, that the myriads of its huger giants,—its dinotheria, mastodons, and mammoths,—cumbered the soil. The Testimony of the Rocks or, Geology in Its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed The following is a list of the various strata which form part of the crust of the earth in Sicily, according to Professor Mottura, an Italian geologist: Pliocene.—Sandstone; coarse calcareous rock; marl. Scientific American Supplement, No. 647, May 26, 1888 Claims have been made of the discovery of evidences of man in Europe long before the glacial epoch, reaching as far back as the Pliocene and even the Miocene Age. Man And His Ancestor A Study In Evolution The Sarmatian beds are also involved in the folds, indicating that the folding was not completed till Pliocene times. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" It has been too hastily assumed that, from the point of view of evolution, the existence of Pliocene man is improbable. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest Even such of our British shells as seem to have enjoyed as species the longest term of life cannot be traced beyond the times of the Pliocene deposits. The Testimony of the Rocks or, Geology in Its Bearings on the Two Theologies, Natural and Revealed We divide it into Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene, and each of these into upper, middle, and lower, the Eocene being the oldest. More Science From an Easy Chair The demand for millions of years, in order to get old species out and new ones in, breaks down with the mollusk of the Pliocene in the clays of Canada. The Christian Foundation, Or, Scientific and Religious Journal, Volume 1, January, 1880 The Eocene beds are folded, but the marginal Pliocene beds are not, and the final folding seems to have taken place during the Miocene period. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 2 "Baconthorpe" to "Bankruptcy" Pliocene deposits have been found in the Riviera at an altitude of 1,800 feet. A Study of Recent Earthquakes Its extinct prototype, S. Leidy, was discovered a few years ago by Prof. Heilprin in the Pliocene formations of the interior of Florida. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions It is true that we know nothing like it in the Pliocene and Miocene of the Mediterranean region which could have been its immediate ancestor. More Science From an Easy Chair The Pliocene species are the more recent; such is, in fact, the meaning of the term in geology. The Christian Foundation, Or, Scientific and Religious Journal, Volume 1, January, 1880 All its predecessors are to be found also in the Pliocene strata of South America, and only there; and mostly in gigantic, but otherwise completely related, forms. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality If Edwin could only have seen those memories, shining in layers deep in his father’s heart, and hidden now by all sorts of Pliocene deposits, he would have understood his father better. Clayhanger And yet this space of time, from the Pliocene Age to our own, must, geologically speaking, be extremely insignificant compared to the length of the great geological periods. From Pole to Pole A Book for Young People Mastodons of several species are found in Pliocene strata in Europe and Asia; detached teeth are found in Suffolk. More Science From an Easy Chair The mollusk of Canada Pliocene clay has undergone no change since its first appearance upon our globe. The Christian Foundation, Or, Scientific and Religious Journal, Volume 1, January, 1880 This separation becomes distinctly evident in the middle tertiary formations, the Miocene, and much more distinctly in the higher tertiary formations, the Pliocene. The Theories of Darwin and Their Relation to Philosophy, Religion, and Morality The Pliocene period was a more strenuous time, with less genial climatic conditions, and with more intense competition. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told The Pliocene, on the other hand, is of freshwater origin, and contains silicified wood and numerous remains of Mammalia. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 4 "Bulgaria" to "Calgary" We know a great many elephants from Pleistocene and Pliocene strata—some from European localities, more from India, and some from America. More Science From an Easy Chair The remains of this animal found in what is called the Pliocene Period, show the foot to have been as perfect then as it is now. What is Darwinism? It is known that man, highly differentiated from lower animals in morphologic characteristics, existed in early Quaternary and perhaps in Pliocene times, and here the discovered record ends. On Limitations To The Use Of Some Anthropologic Data When this sifting out of a generalised humanoid stock took place remains very uncertain, some authorities referring it to the Miocene, others to the early Pliocene. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told They had in past ages belonged to those gigantic Glyptodons of the Pliocene period, of which the modern turtle is but a minute specimen. A Journey to the Centre of the Earth If the remains of this strange little creature had turned up in more ancient strata—in Pliocene or Miocene—it would have not been quite so astonishing. More Science From an Easy Chair Although the Pliocene deposits formed in high latitudes have to a great extent been swept away by the subsequent glacial wearing, they indicate by their fossils a climatal change in the direction of greater cold. Outlines of the Earth's History A Popular Study in Physiography At last the Pliocene times were over, for all times come to an end. A Book of Natural History Young Folks' Library Volume XIV. Professor R. S. Lull describes the Pliocene as "a period of great unrest." The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told New remains, dug up from the Pliocene or Tertiary deposits, had enabled the more far-seeing or audacious among learned men to assign even a far greater degree of antiquity to the human race. A Journey to the Centre of the Earth The mineral veins of Hungary and Transylvania, with their rich deposits of gold and silver, cannot be of older date than the Miocene, while some of them are certainly more recent than the Pliocene. Round About the Carpathians The sabre-toothed lion has gone the way of all flesh; the deinotherium and the colossal ruminants of the Pliocene Age no longer browse beside the banks of Seine. Falling in Love With Other Essays on More Exact Branches of Science It was in the middle of the Pliocene epoch, a long, dull time that seemed as if it would never come to an end. A Book of Natural History Young Folks' Library Volume XIV. It was in all probability in the Pliocene that there took origin the Neanderthal species of man, Homo neanderthalensis, first known from remains found in 1856 in the Neanderthal ravine near D�sseldorf. The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told In the sub-Apennine series of Italy, the great beds of clays, marls, and limestones afford evidence of these destructive processes continued into Pliocene times. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays "Did we bore you to death with the Pliocenes?" The Honorable Senator Sage-Brush Have they all got submerged for a short time during the ups and downs to which they have been subjected, Tahiti and some others having been built up by volcanic action in the Pliocene period? Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 But we know hardly anything of the latter except during the Pliocene period, and then the mastodon, horse, several great Dentata, etc. etc., were common to the North and South. Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 1 Thus Eocene indicates the dawn of recent species, Pliocene their increase, while Miocene, the intermediate term, means less recent. Young Folks' Library, Volume XI (of 20) Wonders of Earth, Sea and Sky In the case of the Alps, to which we wish now specially to refer, the chief upheaval appears to have been in Oligocene times, although movement continued to the close of the Pliocene. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays It rather looks,' and he chuckled, 'as though it had been waiting since the Pliocene age for me.' The Desert Valley The great, the grand, and long-expected, the prophesied discovery has at last been made—Miocene or Old Pliocene Man in India!!! Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, Vol. 2 Tertiary Age: Age of Mammalia Pliocene with at least twelve Periods. The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 12, No. 69, July, 1863 Somewhat later, probably, he spread eastward into North-West America and soon scattered himself over the whole continent; and all this may well have occurred in early or middle Pliocene times. Darwinism (1889) The whole sequence of events from the first orogenic movements to the final upheaval in Pliocene times must probably have occupied not less than ten million years. The Birth-Time of the World and Other Scientific Essays Part of these is of Miocene age, part is Older Pliocene, and a portion is Newer Pliocene. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Hipparion—Upper Miocene and Pliocene; still three toes, but 3 more like the modern horse and 2 and 4 still further diminished. Creation and Its Records And in the wide-spread Arctogaeal province, the Pliocene and later mammals belong to the same groups as those which now exist in the province. Critiques and Addresses During Miocene and Pliocene times tapirs abounded over the whole of Europe and Asia, their remains having been found in the tertiary deposits of France, India, Burmah, and China. Darwinism (1889) The Pliocene, if we can grasp its plan, Would seem an epoch when our race would languish. Punch, or the London Charivari, Volume 99, September 13, 1890 The Older Pliocene portion of the Sub-Apennines consists of blue or brown marls, which sometimes attain a thickness of 2000 feet. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science If you were not living in the Pliocene age, Professor James Parkhurst, you would know that accomplishments are a curse—accomplishment is the only thing that counts. Bambi We discussed religion with fervour, and his theology was somewhere about the Early Pliocene. The Stark Munro Letters Deer of this type abounded in Pliocene Europe. Darwinism (1889) The Tuscan alabaster occurs in nodular masses, embedded in limestone, interstratified with marls of Miocene and Pliocene age. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 In the United States, strata of Pliocene age are found in North and South Carolina. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science In Placer County, California, she is a vast, unconquered brute of the Pliocene epoch, savage, sullen, and magnificently indifferent to man. McTeague Directly we go back to the Pliocene period of geology, we find the remains of monkeys in France, and even in England. Scientific American Supplement, No. 344, August 5, 1882 In America a number of large hornless rhinoceroses were developed—they are found in the Upper Miocene, Pliocene, and Post-Pliocene formations—and then became extinct. Darwinism (1889) The Pliocene consists entirely of freshwater and terrestrial deposits, which were probably laid down at the foot of the rising hills and on the floors of the intervening valleys. The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia Volume 1 of 28 On the Loup Fork of the river Platte, in the Upper Missouri region, are strata which are also believed to be referable to the Pliocene period, and probably to its upper division. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Then comes in order of time the natural system, the geographical distribution; then there is the geological relationship, so to say, to Pliocene plants, natural selection and evolution. Field and Hedgerow Being the Last Essays of Richard Jefferies This inference is drawn from the fact that the predominant fauna of America in the Middle and Upper Miocene Age and in the Pliocene was closely analogous to the still extant fauna of Africa. American Big Game in Its Haunts Only in the Upper Pliocene does the true Equus appear and complete the genealogy of the horse, which in the Post-Tertiary roamed over the whole of North and South America, and soon after became extinct. Darwinism (1889) That epoch was doubtless the newer Pliocene or Glacial Era, when the Mya truncata and other northern forms now extinct in the Mediterranean, and found fossil in the Sicilian tertiaries, ranged into that sea. Discourses Biological and Geological Essays As regards the life of the Pliocene period, there are only two classes of organisms to which our attention need be directed—namely, the Shell-fish and the Mammals. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science It is subdivided into four sections—the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 No camel-like beasts have inhabited North America since the Pliocene age. American Big Game in Its Haunts The deer living in Auvergne in the succeeding or Pliocene age, present us with another stage in the history of antler development. Darwinism (1889) And in the widespread Arctogaeal province, the Pliocene and later mammals belong to the same groups as those which now exist in the province. Discourses Biological and Geological Essays In the Older Pliocene deposits, on the other hand, northern forms predominate amongst the Shells, though some of the types of hotter regions still survive. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Like the buried forest of Cromer they are all pre-glacial, yet they by no means represent the older nor even the newer Pliocene period, but rather the beginning of the Pleistocene. The Antiquity of Man Certain species of sharks of medium size in the lower Eocene continue to increase till they attain the astounding dimensions in the Miocene and Pliocene of over one hundred feet long. Time and Change They belong to the Oriental division of the Cervidae, and their presence in Europe confirms the evidence of the flora, brought forward by the Comte de Saporta, that the Pliocene climate was warm. Darwinism (1889) In Java there were found in 1891, in strata early Quaternary or late Pliocene in age, parts of a skeleton of lower grade, if not of greater antiquity, than any human remains now known. The Elements of Geology Almost all the other Mammalian orders are more or less fully represented in Pliocene times, but none of them attains any special interest till we enter upon the Post-Pliocene. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science This glacial drift reposes near the mountains on ancient metamorphic rocks and farther from them on marine Pliocene strata. The Antiquity of Man Now, all these various strata above the canon, making at one time a thickness of over a mile, were worn away in Pliocene times, before the cutting of the Grand Canon began. Time and Change In the Pliocene we have the last stage of the series before reaching the horse, in the genus Pliohippus, which has lost the small hooflets, and in other respects is very equine. Darwinism (1889) In Europe, Vesuvius and Etna began their career as submarine volcanoes in connection with earth movements which finally lifted Pliocene deposits in Sicily to their present height,—four thousand feet above the sea. The Elements of Geology Under surface of the skull of Rhinoceros Etruscus, one-seventh of the natural size—Pliocene, Italy.; The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science In Norfolk, a more modern formation, commonly termed the "Norwich," or sometimes the "mammaliferous" Crag, which is referable to the newer Pliocene period, occupies large areas. The Antiquity of Man Glacial drift, distribution and nature of. — epoch in the Post-pliocene. — formations of Pliocene age. The Student's Elements of Geology Pliocene, miocene, eocene, cretaceous, jurassic, triassic, permian, carboniferous, devonian, silurian, or primitive was all one to me. A Journey to the Interior of the Earth The great proboscidians of the Glacial epoch were about the size of modern elephants, and somewhat smaller than their ancestral species in the Pliocene. The Elements of Geology Pliocene, France. flattened so as to assume the form of a poignard, and having their margins finely serrated. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science We are indebted to Mr. Searles Wood, F.G.S., for an admirable monograph on the fossil shells of these British Pliocene formations. The Antiquity of Man It is in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, that we obtain our most valuable information respecting the British Pliocene strata, whether newer or older. The Student's Elements of Geology But we know hardly anything of the latter except during the Pliocene period; and then the mastodon, horse, several great edentata, etc., etc., were common to the north and south. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 2 Thick Pliocene beds upon their sides prove that they were depressed to near sea level during the later Tertiary. The Elements of Geology The highest division of the Tertiary deposits is termed the Pliocene formation, in accordance with the classification proposed by Sir Charles Lyell. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science I called the first or oldest of them Eocene, the second Miocene, and the third Pliocene. The Antiquity of Man But the gap between these two stages of our Pliocene deposits is really wider than these numbers would indicate, for several reasons. The Student's Elements of Geology But all this would be done in a fraction of the Pliocene period; the Glacial shells are barely 1 per cent. extinct species. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 At the close of the Pliocene the Coast Ranges rose along with the upheaval of the Sierra, and their gradual uplift has continued to the present time. The Elements of Geology The Pliocene formations contain from 40 to 95 per cent of existing species of Mollusca, the remainders belonging to extinct species. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science In Suffolk, the older Pliocene strata called Crag are divisible into the Coralline and the Red Crags, the former being the older of the two. The Antiquity of Man The manner in which this trass conforms to the shape of the present valleys implies its comparatively modern origin, probably not dating farther back than the Pliocene Period. The Student's Elements of Geology Multiply this by the older Pliocene and Miocene epochs. More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 Even in the Eocene, about five per cent of marine shells were of species still living, and in the Pliocene the proportion had risen to more than one half. The Elements of Geology They are divided by Sir Charles Lyell into two divisions, the Older Pliocene and Newer Pliocene. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science It will be seen in the Chronological Table, that next before the Pleistocene period stands the Pliocene. The Antiquity of Man The more ancient portion of Vesuvius and Etna originated at the close of the Newer Pliocene period, when less than ten, sometimes only one, in a hundred of the shells differed from those now living. The Student's Elements of Geology Thank you for telling me about the Pliocene mammal, which is very remarkable; but has not Owen stated that the Pliocene badger is identical with the recent? More Letters of Charles Darwin — Volume 1 The proboscidians culminated in the Pliocene, when some of the giant elephants reached a height of fourteen feet. The Elements of Geology The Pliocene deposits of Britain occur in Suffolk, and are known by the name of "Crags," this being a local term used for certain shelly sands, which are employed in agriculture. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science I am in doubt, therefore, whether to class the forest bed and overlying strata as Pleistocene, or to consider them as beds of passage between the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. The Antiquity of Man The extinct volcanoes of Auvergne and Cantal, in central France, seem to have commenced their eruptions in the Lower Miocene period, but to have been most active during the Upper Miocene and Pliocene eras. The Student's Elements of Geology The Mesozoic era has three periods, the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous, while the Cenozoic era names five periods,—the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene. The Grand Canyon of Arizona; how to see it The evolution of the family was completed in the Pliocene. The Elements of Geology Two of these Crags are referable to the Older Pliocene, viz., The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Many which were amongst the most common in the Pliocene period, have now become the scarcest, and others formerly scarce, are now most numerously represented. The Antiquity of Man One of the most interesting conclusions deduced from a careful comparison of the shells of the British Pliocene strata and the fauna of our present seas has been pointed out by Professor E. Forbes. The Student's Elements of Geology Representatives of this sub-family continue through the Oligocene and Miocene of North America, becoming rare and localised in the Pliocene and then disappearing altogether. Darwin and Modern Science In the Pliocene arose a llama with the long neck and limbs of a giraffe, whose food was cropped from the leaves and branches of trees. The Elements of Geology The following are the more important Pliocene deposits which have been hitherto recognised out of Britain:— 1. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science From a monograph on the proboscidians by Dr. Falconer, it appears that this species represents one extreme of a type of which the Pliocene Mastodon borsoni represents the other. The Antiquity of Man They consist of blue clays with some subordinate layers of lignite, and exhibit a richer flora than the overlying Newer Pliocene beds, and one receding farther from the existing vegetation of Europe. The Student's Elements of Geology The Tertiary Era is divided by geologists into four periods: the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene. The Story of Evolution Coming to the Proboscideans, we find that the Mastodons seem to have disappeared in Europe at the close of the Pliocene period, or at the very commencement of the Post-Pliocene. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science In the valley of the Arno, above Florence, are both Older and Newer Pliocene strata. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science By this course they may have made their way, at any epoch, Miocene, Pliocene, or Pleistocene, antecedently to the glacial epoch, to Mongolia, on the east coast of northern Asia. The Antiquity of Man The thickness of the more modern and unconformable beds is about 750 feet, of which the upper 200 feet consist of Newer Pliocene strata, while the lower are Older Pliocene. The Student's Elements of Geology The last part of the Tertiary, the Pliocene, opens with a slight return of the sea. The Story of Evolution There is probably no part of Europe where the Newer Pliocene formations enter so largely into the structure of the earth's crust, or rise to such heights above the level of the sea, as Sicily. The Student's Elements of Geology In Sicily, Newer Pliocene strata are probably more largely developed than anywhere else in the world, rising sometimes to a height of 3000 feet above the sea. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science There is no definite break, either stratigraphical or palaeontological, at the top of the Pliocene, and it is most natural to regard the Tertiary epoch as still in progress. The Antiquity of Man Organic remains also of the older chalk and Lias are met with, showing how great was the denudation of previous formations during the Pliocene period. The Student's Elements of Geology Crocodiles and alligators swarmed in the rivers of Europe until the chilly Pliocene bade them depart to Africa. The Story of Evolution M. Alcide d'Orbigny has shown that the foraminifera of the Vienna basin differ alike from the Eocene and Pliocene species, and agree with those of the faluns, so far as the latter are known. The Student's Elements of Geology In the second place, there is good evidence to show that the Pliocene period was one in which the climate of the northern hemisphere underwent a gradual refrigeration. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science It is now generally admitted that these shell-beds in Wexford are of Pliocene age, and they therefore have no bearing on the subject under discussion. The Antiquity of Man It is chiefly in the county of Suffolk that it is found, rarely exceeding twenty feet in thickness, and sometimes overlying another Pliocene deposit, the Coralline Crag, to be mentioned in the sequel. The Student's Elements of Geology In the Pliocene period the evolution of the main stem culminates in the appearance of the horse, and the collateral branches are destroyed. The Story of Evolution Though chiefly composed of Older Pliocene strata, it belongs, nevertheless, in part, both to older and newer members of the tertiary series. The Student's Elements of Geology It is found very abundantly in the Pliocene deposits of Italy and France, associated with the remains of the Elephant, Mastodon, and Rhinoceros, and it survived into the earlier portion of the Post-Pliocene period. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science Such a period of refrigeration is required by the conchologist to account for the prevalence of northern shells in the Sicilian seas about the close of the Pliocene or commencement of the Pleistocene period. The Antiquity of Man Among the English Pliocene beds the next in antiquity is the Red Crag, which often rests immediately on the London Clay, as in the county of Essex, illustrated in Figure 121. The Student's Elements of Geology In the Pliocene the one branch went southward, to develop into the llamas and vicunas, and the other branch crossed to Asia, to develop into the camels. The Story of Evolution There are authorities, such as Deniker, who hold that even the latest research shows these remains to be Pliocene, but it is disputed. The Story of Evolution Passing on to the Pliocene Proboscideans, we find that the great Deinotheria of the Miocene have now wholly disappeared, and the sole representatives of the order are Mastodons and Elephants. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science The most interesting subject for inquiry is the fortune of our human and prehuman forerunners during the Pliocene and Pleistocene periods. The Story of Evolution The mastodon, which is a species characteristic of the Pliocene strata of Italy and France, is the most abundant fossil, and one not found in the Cromer forest before mentioned. The Student's Elements of Geology These zones did not exist before the Pliocene period, and it is not at all clear that any redistribution of currents in earlier times could have had such remarkable consequences. The Story of Evolution To make this interesting fact clearer we must attempt to measure the progress made in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. The Story of Evolution It is not known to occur in Pliocene deposits, but it makes its first appearance in the Pre-Glacial deposits, surviving the Glacial period, and being found in abundance in Post-Glacial accumulations. The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science |
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