| 单词 | phylogenetic |
| 例句 | Beard left it to Rust to conduct the morphological analysis that tied Ekgmowechashala and its cousin Palaeohodites from China in a phylogenetic tree to establish their evolutionary relationships. Fossils tell tale of last primate to inhabit North America before humans 2023-11-06T05:00:00Z They then organized this genetic database into a phylogenetic tree, which is akin to an evolutionary family tree. We Finally Know Where Oranges and Lemons Come From 2023-10-11T04:00:00Z "Orange carrot could have resulted from white and yellow carrot crosses, as white and yellow carrots are at the base of the phylogenetic tree for the orange carrot." What makes a carrot orange? 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z However, another naming system called the PANGO, or pangolin – short for phylogenetic assignment of named global outbreak lineages – tracks variants and their offshoots by way of a lineage system. How evasive and transmissible is the newest omicron offshoot, BA.2.86? 4 questions answered 2023-09-14T04:00:00Z Head to this website to learn how maximum parsimony is used to create phylogenetic trees. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z "We collected a substantial amount of morphological data to create an evolutionary tree using a phylogenetic reconstruction software and algorithm," Rust said. Fossils tell tale of last primate to inhabit North America before humans 2023-11-06T05:00:00Z A phylogenetic tree is composed of branch points, or nodes, and branches. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Since then scientists have not been able to determine with certainty whether Tully’s Monster had something like a backbone or where the creature fits on the phylogenetic family tree. Was the Tully Monster a Fish, a Worm, a Giant Slug with Fangs? 2023-04-19T04:00:00Z Now it has a more established spot on the phylogenetic tree, which helps better explain its evolutionary history and position in the web of life. Microbial "lions" that nibble prey to death form an entirely new branch on the tree of life 2022-12-10T05:00:00Z As techniques in DNA analysis improve and new information on comparative genomics arises, the phylogenetic connections between species will change. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z To assess the evolutionary histories of humans and gut microbes, we created phylogenetic trees for each person and as well as for 59 strains of the most commonly shared microbial species. Humans evolved with their microbiomes 2022-09-30T04:00:00Z Many phylogenetic trees have a single branch point at the base representing a common ancestor of all the branches in the tree. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Recent genetic analysis and other advancements have found that some earlier phylogenetic classifications do not align with the evolutionary past; therefore, changes and updates must be made as new discoveries occur. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They also looked at phylogenetic diversity, a measure that reflects the evolutionary differences between species and can capture traits including behaviors like bird songs, migratory propensities and foraging and eating styles. The Most Fascinating Birds Will Be the First to Go Extinct 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z Tetrapod literally means “four-footed,” which refers to the phylogenetic history of various groups that evolved accordingly, even though some now possess fewer than two pairs of walking appendages. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Other researchers continued his work, developing what are known as phylogenetic trees. Classifying animals by anatomy might not be best system, study says 2022-06-11T04:00:00Z Figure 12.4 A phylogenetic tree is rooted and shows how different organisms, in this case the species and subspecies of living apes, evolved from a common ancestor. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The closer two species or groups are located to each on a phylogenetic tree or cladogram, they more recently they shared a common ancestor. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Then, they sequentially eliminated species, starting with the most threatened before moving to the least threatened, and measured the impact on anatomical and phylogenetic diversity along the way. The Most Fascinating Birds Will Be the First to Go Extinct 2022-07-21T04:00:00Z The classification of the group is currently under revision, however, as more phylogenetic evidence becomes available. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z By evening, she had created a phylogenetic tree, a diagram of viral evolution, showing how the virus closely resembled two other known bat coronaviruses. Opinion | As the pandemic exploded, a researcher saw the danger. China’s leaders kept silent. The branch points and the branches in phylogenetic tree structure also imply evolutionary change. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z With the influx of new information, scientists can revise phylogenetic trees; for example, computer programs, such as one called BLAST, which helps determine relatedness using DNA sequencing. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To determine the identity of the Cambrian creature, Dr. Pates teamed up with several researchers at Harvard University, where he was a postdoctoral researcher, to run the fossil through a variety of phylogenetic tests. One of Evolution’s Oddest Creatures Finds a Fossilized Family Member 2022-02-08T05:00:00Z Scientists use a tool called a phylogenetic tree to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z He’s long been interested in the mathematical and statistical aspects of inferring phylogenetic trees, a diagram that shows how different species evolve based on comparisons in their physical or genetic characteristics. These 3 Seattle scientists study the coronavirus. Now they’re getting millions to chase their ‘wildest scientific ideas’ 2021-09-23T04:00:00Z Figure 12.5 This phylogenetic tree is rooted by an organism that lacked a vertebral column. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A phylogenetic tree relates to the passing of time because species branch off from each other at regular time intervals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z But the researchers’ multiple lines of morphological and phylogenetic evidence offer strong support for their claims, according to Dr. Mah. These Brittle Stars Have Thousands of ‘Pig Snouts’ on Each Arm 2021-06-16T04:00:00Z The phylogenetic tree in part a is rooted and resembles a living tree, with a common ancestor indicated as the base of the trunk. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z "On a phylogenetic tree the virus looks totally normal and the close clustering with bats suggest that bats serve as the reservoir," Andersen wrote. Fauci fights back as right-wing attacks enter new, more dangerous phase: “It’s all nonsense” 2021-06-05T04:00:00Z Another aspect of phylogenetic trees is that, unless otherwise indicated, the branches do not show length of time, they show only the order in time of evolutionary events. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The phylogenetic tree only shows the order in which things took place. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the star’s singular lineage emerged in the Jurassic or late Triassic, approximately 160 million to 200 million years ago. These Brittle Stars Have Thousands of ‘Pig Snouts’ on Each Arm 2021-06-16T04:00:00Z Then, using the DNA to uncover phylogenetic relationships, the team could identify whether a newly discovered plant was in this family and assess its potential medicinal properties. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A researcher in the U.S. openly published the new virus’ phylogenetic tree. How COVID Changed Science 2021-05-25T04:00:00Z Remember that any phylogenetic tree is a part of the greater whole, and similar to a real tree, it does not grow in only one direction after a new branch develops. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z All the organisms within a clade stem from a single point on the phylogenetic tree. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Then, they used statistical methods to home in on DNA unique to Neanderthals and compare it with reference genomes from Neanderthals in a phylogenetic tree. DNA from cave dirt tells tale of how some Neanderthals disappeared 2021-04-15T04:00:00Z A few other angiosperm groups called basal angiosperms, are viewed as primitive because they branched off early from the phylogenetic tree. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A phylogenetic tree shows the new virus falls between virus samples from the 2013–16 epidemic. New Ebola outbreak likely sparked by a person infected 5 years ago 2021-03-12T05:00:00Z Biologists have argued that it is important to protect species throughout a phylogenetic tree rather than just those from one branch of the tree. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Because these repeat sequences can be used to infer phylogeny, a phylogenetic tree can be hypothesized based on the principle of parsimony—the simplest explanation is the best explanation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We’ve learned that resolving phylogenetic relationships between species and organisms can be a nightmare because biology doesn’t operate according to the categories that make it easy to understand. The Human Genome and the Making of a Skeptical Biologist 2021-02-12T05:00:00Z This phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships of plants. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Fieldwork finds new fossils, museum preparation gets specimens ready for study and phylogenetic work places those fossils in context of the tree of life. Earth’s Biodiversity Bursts Do Not Follow Expected Pattern 2021-01-14T05:00:00Z Presently, the most accepted method for constructing phylogenetic trees is a method called cladistics. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Today, however, phylogenetic trees provide more specific information about evolutionary history and relationships among organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In this case, researchers said the viral genomes of the woman’s diagnoses differed at 10 nucleotide positions, and the sequences did not cluster in the phylogenetic tree. Dutch woman dies after coronavirus reinfection, case report says 2020-10-13T04:00:00Z With the phylogenetic tree and the taxonomic classification system, scientists have grouped and organized organisms by domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z This phylogenetic tree includes six branches: mammals and five branches within a clade called sauropsids, which comprises reptiles and birds. Tuatara genome reveals diverse insights into a remarkable reptile 2020-08-04T04:00:00Z Scientists find these terms useful when distinguishing between clades during the building of phylogenetic trees, but it is important to remember that their meaning depends on context. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Scientists consider phylogenetic trees to be a hypothesis of the evolutionary past since one cannot go back to confirm the proposed relationships. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As the team examined the velvet ant’s phylogenetic history, they found that the wasps evolved their white fuzz around the same time as deserts formed in the southwest, further supporting their hypothesis. How a Velvet Ant (Which Is a Wasp) Got Its White Fluff 2020-07-14T04:00:00Z For example, the phylogenetic tree in Figure 3 shows that lizards and rabbits both have amniotic eggs, whereas frogs do not; yet lizards and frogs appear more similar than lizards and rabbits. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Working with Mike Lee of Flinders, a leading expert on methods for ascertaining relations among species, we ran a phylogenetic analysis of 202 characteristics across 43 species. How a 380-Million-Year-Old Fish Gave Us Fingers 2020-06-17T04:00:00Z Biologists map how organisms are related by constructing phylogenetic trees. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Notice in the rooted phylogenetic tree that the three domains— Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—diverge from a single point and branch off. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z BH: I build a lot of trees, but they are phylogenetic trees. You Can Help Break the Chain of Transmission 2020-03-19T04:00:00Z The trunk of the phylogenetic tree is a universal ancestor. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Viral genomes posted on a platform named GISAID, more than 200 so far, are analyzed instantaneously by a phalanx of evolutionary biologists who share their phylogenetic trees in preprints and on social media. ‘A completely new culture of doing research.’ Coronavirus outbreak changes how scientists communicate 2020-02-26T05:00:00Z Unlike with a taxonomic classification, a phylogenetic tree can be read like a map of evolutionary history, as shown in Figure 12.4. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Another aspect of phylogenetic trees is that, unless otherwise indicated, the branches do not account for length of time, only the evolutionary order. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Building on their previous work investigating mechanisms that generate island biodiversity9, the authors applied an innovative modelling approach that combined molecular phylogenetic data with information on the spatial distribution of birds. Biodiversity theory backed by island bird data 2020-02-18T05:00:00Z Each year, new evidence emerges that further alters the relationships described by a phylogenetic tree diagram. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Calvignac-Spencer's team drew up a new phylogenetic tree using the 1912 genome as well as a new one from 1960, pieced together from a sample in another collection, and other available genomes. Measles may have emerged when large cities rose, 1500 years earlier than thought 2019-12-30T05:00:00Z Shared characteristics are used to construct phylogenetic trees. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Remember that any phylogenetic tree is a part of the greater whole, and like a real tree, it does not grow in only one direction after a new branch develops. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z After combining their data with pre-existing data, the authors built phylogenetic trees showing the evolutionary relationships between species. Biodiversity theory backed by island bird data 2020-02-18T05:00:00Z Another change to former phylogenetic groupings because of molecular analyses includes the emergence of an entirely new phylum of worm called Acoelomorpha. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Dr. Nielsen replied that phylogenetic studies also involve subjective choice, and that the loss of a useful trait goes against natural selection. A Battle Is Raging in the Tree of Life 2019-08-02T04:00:00Z Scientists call such trees rooted, which means there is a single ancestral taxon at the base of a phylogenetic tree to which all organisms represented in the diagram descend from. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Recall that phylogenetic trees are hypotheses and are modified as data becomes available. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z "Later with the help of my good friend and co-author of other projects Jonathan Wagner, a new phylogenetic analysis was conducted that shows the relationships of Crittendenceratops to other ceratopsians." New horned dinosaur species discovered in Arizona wows paleontologists 2018-12-17T05:00:00Z Illustration shows a phylogenetic tree that starts at a root, indicating that all organisms on the tree share a common ancestor. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z If the current high rate of extinctions continues for 50 years, a further 1.8bn years of phylogenetic diversity will disappear, the scientists found. Humanity is ‘cutting down the tree of life’, warn scientists 2018-10-15T04:00:00Z However, today many scientists build phylogenetic trees to illustrate evolutionary relationships and the taxonomic classification system is expected to reflect evolutionary relationships. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z These terms help scientists distinguish between clades in the building of phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Researchers examined the original specimens and used molecular phylogenetic studies to identify the new species. New Tree Species Discovered--and Declared Extinct 2018-09-12T04:00:00Z The ladder-like phylogenetic tree starts with a trunk at the left. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z But phylogenetic studies confirmed that, despite appearances, termites are a kind of cockroach, and so Isoptera was reclassified under the cockroach order, Blattodea. What Termites Can Teach Us 2018-09-10T04:00:00Z To build phylogenetic trees, scientists must collect character information that allows them to make evolutionary connections between organisms. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Many phylogenetic trees have been shown as models of the evolutionary relationship among species. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z First, any system of classification should be strictly “natural,” as the title suggested — meaning phylogenetic, reflecting evolutionary relationships. The Scientist Who Scrambled Darwin’s Tree of Life 2018-08-13T04:00:00Z Illustrations show a phylogenetic tree that includes eukaryotic species. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z The marine fishes in the authors’ large phylogenetic trees were no exception, with speciation rates varying by more than 50-fold between lineages. Speciation far from the madding crowd 2018-07-03T04:00:00Z The phylogenetic tree in Figure 12.2 illustrates the pathway of evolutionary history. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Genes have been shown to be passed between species which are only distantly related using standard phylogeny, thus adding a layer of complexity to the understanding of phylogenetic relationships. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z And taxonomist Chris Lyal of the Natural History Museum in London calls the idea of negotiating with dozens of countries to build a phylogenetic tree from sequence data “nightmarishly extreme.” Plan to amend biopiracy rules would ‘smother research,’ biologists warn 2018-07-03T04:00:00Z Nucleic acid and protein analyses have greatly informed the modern phylogenetic animal tree. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z It contains phylogenetic data from 130 living and extinct lizard and snake species. World's Oldest Lizard Fossil Found—What You Need to Know 2018-05-31T04:00:00Z Scientists consider phylogenetic trees to be a hypothesis of the evolutionary past because one cannot go back through time to confirm the proposed relationships. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In 1999, W. Ford Doolittle proposed a phylogenetic model that resembles a web or a network more than a tree. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Yang, Z. PAML: a program package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Genome sequence of the progenitor of wheat A subgenome Triticum urartu 2018-05-08T04:00:00Z We will consider birds as a group distinct from reptiles for the purpose of this discussion with the understanding that this does not completely reflect phylogenetic history and relationships. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Shi et al. used this information to construct phylogenetic trees that describe the evolutionary relationships between viruses. Backbone of RNA viruses uncovered 2018-04-03T04:00:00Z Comparing phylogenetic trees using different sequences and finding them similar helps to build confidence in the inferred relationships. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Figure 20.18 According to the “ring of life” phylogenetic model, the three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We also found that diversity in root morphological traits is greatest in the tropics, where plant diversity is highest and many ancestral phylogenetic groups are preserved. Evolutionary history resolves global organization of root functional traits 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z The trunk of the amniote phylogenetic tree is the ancestral amniote. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z This phylogenetic tree is a simplified schematic to exemplify RNA-virus evolution as a whole, and does not reflect precise dates or cross-species transmission events found by the authors. Backbone of RNA viruses uncovered 2018-04-03T04:00:00Z In addition to enhancing our understanding of the evolutionary history of species, our own included, phylogenetic analysis has numerous practical applications. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This doesn’t mean a tree, web, or a ring will correlate completely to an accurate description of phylogenetic relationships of life. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Blomberg, S. P., Garland, T., Jr & Ives, A. R. Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data: behavioral traits are more labile. Evolutionary history resolves global organization of root functional traits 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z Using the genome sequences the research team were able to build a phylogenetic, or family, tree. Amazon fish challenges mutation idea 2018-02-13T05:00:00Z An exploratory phylogenetic analysis of the genera of the Accipitridae, with notes on the biogeography of the family. Raptors Once More (Raptors, Part 2) 2018-01-21T05:00:00Z A second area of usefulness for phylogenetic analysis is in conservation. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z However, today many scientists build phylogenetic trees to illustrate evolutionary relationships. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Indeed, a taxonomic system that recognises these major lizard groups as ‘families’ and separate from the super-inclusive Iguanidae of tradition probably best reflects their distinct nature, and phylogenetic history. The Tropidurine Treerunners 2017-12-09T05:00:00Z This file contains accession numbers for all proteins used for phylogenetic analyses. Orthogonal muscle fibres have different instructive roles in planarian regeneration 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Also indicated for each change is the branch of the grass phylogenetic tree in which the change had taken place and the type of change. Genome sequence of the progenitor of the wheat D genome Aegilops tauschii 2017-11-14T05:00:00Z While many criteria affect conservation decisions, preserving phylogenetic diversity provides an objective way to protect the full range of diversity generated by evolution. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The research team used DNA to uncover phylogenetic relationships in the legume family, and they found a compound in the plant that is effective in treating cancer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Seeking a more precise measure of the divergence at which a taxon is specific for environments, we next investigated how entropy changes as a function of phylogenetic distance. A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Inset, phylogenetic tree of the five primate species under consideration. Dynamic landscape and regulation of RNA editing in mammals : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z The phylogenetic tree shows the topology and divergence times for 15 plant species. The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids : Nature : Nature Research 2017-09-12T04:00:00Z A glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification: a phylogenetic approach. Mountain Beaver, Boomer, Sewellel 2017-08-12T04:00:00Z Phylogenetic trees are based on evolutionary connections, so scientists can use the homologous characteristics to build the phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z While entropy decreased gradually at finer phylogenetic resolution, it dropped sharply at the tips of the tree. A communal catalogue reveals Earth’s multiscale microbial diversity 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Inset, phylogenetic tree of the five primate species under consideration. Dynamic landscape and regulation of RNA editing in mammals : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z The phylogenetic tree shows the topology and divergence times for 15 plant species. The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids : Nature : Nature Research 2017-09-12T04:00:00Z The team combined the new fossil evidence with previously collected genetic data from living birds to update the phylogenetic tree of bird evolution. Tiny fossil reveals what happened to birds after dinosaurs went extinct 2017-07-10T04:00:00Z Phylogenetic trees are based on similar functions, so scientists can use the homologous characteristics to build the phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Incorporating ontogeny into the matrix: a phylogenetic evaluation of developmental evidence for the origin of modern amphibians. The Microsaurs of Yore 2017-07-08T04:00:00Z On “retrogression” in the evolution of the Phocinae and phylogenetic affinities of the monk seals. Incredible Elephant Seals, Part 2 2017-07-03T04:00:00Z To better understand how frogs evolved, scientists created a new phylogenetic tree—a branching diagram of evolutionary relationships—using data from hundreds of frog genomes. Extinction that killed the dinosaurs may have led to frog explosion 2017-07-03T04:00:00Z Animals and plants fall into phylogenetic trees, minerals into crystal groups, elements into the periodic table, stars into the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Planets come in different species 2017-06-22T04:00:00Z The ring of life model is a phylogenetic model where bacterial and archaeal cells fused to form eukaryotic cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Reevaluation of the largest published morphological data matrix for phylogenetic analysis of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates. The Microsaurs of Yore 2017-07-08T04:00:00Z Sample numbers in phylogenetic analyses are not the same as sample sizes in, for example, clinical trials. Epidemiology: Molecular mapping of Zika spread : Nature : Nature Research 2017-05-23T04:00:00Z Any phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis, subject to testing and change with additional analysis and discovery. Shaking the Dinosaur Family Tree 2017-05-28T04:00:00Z All sequences that contained 5 to 7 transmembrane helices were considered complete and were included in the phylogenetic analysis. The crown-of-thorns starfish genome as a guide for biocontrol of this coral reef pest : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-04T04:00:00Z The tree above shows the phylogenetic relationships between four species. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We then analysed the phylogenetic networks of these alleles and compared the branch lengths and the number of splits to networks of simulated populations. Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-15T05:00:00Z This phylogenetic tree was rooted with bacterial sequences. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-10T05:00:00Z Alignments of protein sequences used in phylogenetic analysis. Genome sequence and genetic diversity of European ash trees : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-25T05:00:00Z Zink’s concept - the phylogenetic species concept - looks for distinguishable differences among groups, either genetic or in appearance, internal or external, in determining whether birds are of different species. Professor thinks bird species is double what is believed 2017-01-07T05:00:00Z A phylogenetic tree is a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Haeckel developed his tree over almost 1,000 pages, basing it on palaeontological, embryological and systemic data — a precursor to modern biology's phylogenetic trees. Phylogeny: 'Tree of life' took root 150 years ago : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-29T05:00:00Z Taxonomic marker genes used for concatenated phylogenetic analyses were identified as described previously51, 78. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-10T05:00:00Z Bowern counters that the phylogenetic methods are actually ideal for investigating borrowing, because you can test models with different rates of borrowing and see how well the resulting trees match known facts. Why Australia is home to one of the largest language families in the world 2016-09-21T04:00:00Z It has been a fact of phylogenetic separation for more than 1.7 billion years, during which exceedingly long time the two kingdoms have followed their own paths. Dendrology: The community of trees : Nature : Nature Research 2016-09-13T04:00:00Z A phylogenetic tree is composed of nodes and branches. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Perhaps because the species lacked phylogenetic, cultural or ecological significance, responsible agencies seemed to treat it as inconsequential. Conservation practice: A very preventable mammal extinction : Nature : Nature Research 2016-07-26T04:00:00Z Subsequently, trimmed alignments were subjected to maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-10T05:00:00Z Here we describe a novel workflow based on targeted phenotypic culturing linked to large-scale whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and computational modelling that demonstrates that a substantial proportion of the intestinal bacteria are culturable. Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-03T04:00:00Z Parahucho is not included in the figure due to uncertainty of its phylogenetic position. The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-04-17T04:00:00Z A diagram called a phylogenetic tree can be used to show evolutionary relationships among organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z All it takes is one infected traveler: indeed phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses establish that Brazil’s cataclysmic outbreak stems from a single viral introduction event likely between May and December 2013. Zika Virus Means Brazil's 2016 Olympics Must Not Proceed 2016-05-10T04:00:00Z This phylogenetic tree was rooted with bacterial sequences. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity : Nature : Nature Research 2017-01-10T05:00:00Z It also allowed the researchers to use phylogenetic software to pinpoint when Palmophyllales branched off from related plant species. Strange seaweed rewrites history of green plants 2016-05-08T04:00:00Z Parahucho is not included in the figure due to uncertainty of its phylogenetic position. The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-04-17T04:00:00Z Scientists often construct phylogenetic trees based on evidence drawn from multiple disciplines to illustrate evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This strain appears to be the ancestor of the one that killed millions in 19th century China, based on phylogenetic clues. How Europe exported the Black Death 2016-04-26T04:00:00Z One way is to check whether your hypothesis matches the phylogenetic pattern. Evolution: Doing the locomotion : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-02-23T05:00:00Z These species were selected in order to provide a phylogenetic representation traversing green algae, basal plants, monocots, and dicots. The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-01-26T05:00:00Z Other analyses of these and other genes with the unusual phylogenetic distributions can be found in Supplementary Note 10. Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-17T05:00:00Z A phylogenetic tree is a diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The usual tool for such a task is a phylogenetic tree. Networks Untangle Malaria's Deadly Shuffle 2015-10-27T04:00:00Z About 40 years ago, evolutionary biologists such as Niles Eldredge and Joel Cracraft began to set hypotheses about the evolution of major features in phylogenetic context. Evolution: Doing the locomotion : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-02-23T05:00:00Z The phylogenetic profile and phylogenetic tree topology provided at PLAZA84 were used to reconstruct the most parsimonious series of gene gain and loss events. The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-01-26T05:00:00Z Other analyses of these and other genes with the unusual phylogenetic distributions can be found in Supplementary Note 10. Hemichordate genomes and deuterostome origins : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-17T05:00:00Z Unlike a taxonomic classification diagram, a phylogenetic tree can be read like a map of evolutionary history. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Surprisingly, our phylogenetic analyses suggest that the squid and octopus protocadherin arrays arose independently. The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-08-11T04:00:00Z In the panel, main roads and waterways are showed as yellow lines and black dash lines, respectively. b, A Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the 2014 EBOV. Genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z To further confirm correct orthology assignments, phylogenetic trees were built using a broader sampling of protein sequences from both the query species and the three target species. The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-01-26T05:00:00Z No recombinant sequences were identified, nor was there any evidence for phylogenetic incongruence among the sequences analysed here. Distinct lineages of Ebola virus in Guinea during the 2014 West African epidemic : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-06-23T04:00:00Z Many phylogenetic trees have a single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One of them set the precedent for the use of phylogenetic analysis in American courtrooms. Texas Scientist With a Thing for Longhorns 2015-07-06T04:00:00Z In the panel, main roads and waterways are showed as yellow lines and black dash lines, respectively. b, A Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the 2014 EBOV. Genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Based on phylogenetic analyses and critique of the various unusual features of this theropod, we argue that Balaur is likely not a dromaeosaurid, but a secondarily flightless bird. The Romanian Dinosaur Balaur Seems to be a Flightless Bird 2015-06-20T04:00:00Z "The story is becoming more complicated as more branches are added to the human phylogenetic tree," Melillo said. Ethiopian fossils represent new member of human family tree 2015-05-27T04:00:00Z Figure 20.3 The root of a phylogenetic tree indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Even if the uptick is real, “The direction of the research is exactly the way the public and scientists want it to go—i.e., using species lower on the phylogenetic scales,” NIH says. PETA study finds 'dramatic' rise in use of lab animals in United States 2015-02-25T05:00:00Z All of the seven sublineages were identified in Waterloo, indicating the highest phylogenetic diversity in this region. Genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of Ebola virus in Sierra Leone : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Usually, researchers either use phylogenetic trees — a method that allows researchers to count mutations between closely related species — or estimates of errors in DNA replication to determine mutation rates. Scientists sequenced the genome of a man who lived 45,000 years ago 2014-10-22T04:00:00Z The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The genome of Eucalyptus grandis : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-06-10T04:00:00Z Another point to mention on phylogenetic tree structure is that rotation at branch points does not change the information. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In order to reduce noise in the phylogenetic signal, we used strict criteria to exclude paralogues, highly derived sequences, mistranslated sequence regions, and ambiguously aligned positions in sequence alignments. The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-05-20T04:00:00Z The power of these methods also depends on the accuracy and phylogenetic scope of the underlying sequence alignments. Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease 2014-04-23T17:21:03.147Z The answers from phylogenetic forensics could mean sending an individual to prison or ostracizing a patient population. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The genome of Eucalyptus grandis : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-06-10T04:00:00Z For example, the phylogenetic tree in Figure 20.4 shows that lizards and rabbits both have amniotic eggs, whereas frogs do not; yet lizards and frogs appear more similar than lizards and rabbits. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A molecular phylogenetic study of ecological diversification in the Australian lizard genus Ctenophorus. Australia, land of dragons (part II) 2014-02-07T11:40:43Z The known sequences belonging to ‘Tectomicrobia’ comprise at least three discrete phylogenetic clades. An environmental bacterial taxon with a large and distinct metabolic repertoire 2014-02-05T18:21:56.312Z Because there were so many samples and a strong phylogenetic signal, the likelihood ratios the scientists got were high. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z The phylogenetic tree of the sugar beet accessions was constructed based on a set of 2,112 single copy genes shared between the five sugar beet accessions. The genome of the recently domesticated crop plant sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) 2014-01-22T18:21:48.441Z The concepts of phylogenetic modeling are constantly changing. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There are two main competing phylogenetic hypotheses regarding the position of water dragons relative to other amphibolurines: each implies a different biogeographical scenario for the group. Australia, land of dragons (by which I mean: agamids) (part I) 2014-01-17T21:45:11.082Z He identifies even more hierarchies: contextual hierarchies, spiritual hierarchies, phonetics hierarchies, stellar hierarchies, hierarchies of cultural worldviews, autopoietic hierarchies, technological hierarchies, economic hierarchies, phylogenetic hierarchies and so on. Making Sense Of Zappos And Holacracy 2014-01-15T14:26:00Z It is impossible to say how important the phylogenetic data would have been because the case never went to court. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z I’m not sure on that since I haven’t seen any phylogenetic studies that incorporate it. North America: land of obscure, freaky voles 2014-01-13T16:45:00.548Z A consequence of the new thinking about phylogenetic models is the idea that Darwin’s original conception of the phylogenetic tree is too simple, but made sense based on what was known at the time. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z And here where things are made more complicated, since phylogenetic studies done on these populations don’t find them to group together. Grassland earless dragons 2014-01-04T22:45:05.582Z Witton notes this and the arrangement he favours – in general, it’s the phylogenetic scheme recovered by Lü et al. Mark Witton s Pterosaurs: beautiful, lavish, scholarly and comprehensive 2013-12-27T14:45:05.235Z Where intent is apparent, phylogenetic forensics should be used carefully and with other supporting evidence, the document advises: the burden of proof must be high. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z There are differing views on where these voles fit in phylogenetic terms. North America: land of obscure, freaky voles 2014-01-13T16:45:00.548Z The research team used DNA to uncover phylogenetic relationships in the legume family, and then they identified a newly discovered plant as Dalbergia sissoo. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Our phylogenetic analyses suggest that ctenophores are the sister group to the rest of the extant animals. [Research Article] The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution 2013-12-12T19:26:12.817Z To investigate the prevalence of convergent evolution at a genome-wide level associated with the independent evolution of echolocation in bats and cetaceans, we used a method that builds on maximum-likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z “This will help the increasing number of phylogenetic experts that are called by court to provide their expertise in a forensic context,” she says. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z These conclusions are underpinned by phylogenetic analyses that fail to discriminate between common ancestry and convergent evolution and imply implausible rates of molecular evolution in mammalian genomes. [Technical Comment] Technical Comment on “The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals” 2013-08-08T17:55:19.813Z The research team used DNA to uncover phylogenetic relationships in the legume family, and they found a DNA marker that can be used to screen for plants with potential medicinal properties. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate extensive morphological convergence between the “yeti” and primates. Tales from the Cryptozoologicon: the Yeti 2013-08-04T16:45:03.477Z In order to avoid potential biases due to either sequencing or assembly errors, for all phylogenetic and molecular evolution analyses, we chose to focus on only a subset of the identified genes. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z Unlike DNA evidence, which is routinely used in legal settings around the world, the results of phylogenetic forensics are rarely definitive. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z This conclusion relies on phylogenetic analyses that fail to discriminate between homology and homoplasy and further implies virus-like rates of nucleotide substitution in early Paleocene placentals. [Technical Comment] Technical Comment on “The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals” 2013-08-08T17:55:19.813Z Phylogenetic trees are based on evolutionary connections, so scientists can use the analogous characteristics to build the phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Kreft and Jetz’s critique of our recent update of Wallace’s zoogeographical regions disregards the extensive sensitivity analyses we undertook, which demonstrate the robustness of our results to the choice of phylogenetic data and clustering algorithm. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on “An Update of Wallace’s Zoogeographic Regions of the World” 2013-07-25T18:25:33.787Z In the midst of such major phylogenetic advances for vertebrates, we support caution over a rush in updating Wallace’s regions. [Technical Comment] Comment on “An Update of Wallace’s Zoogeographic Regions of the World” 2013-07-25T18:25:15.503Z Vandamme laments the lack of guidance for researchers in phylogenetic forensics. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z The underlying phylogenetic inference configurations as well as detailed branch support values and monophyly scores are provided in . Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z Phylogenetic trees are based on similar functions, so scientists can use the homologous characteristics to build the phylogenetic trees. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because I tend to think of behaviours in a tree-based, phylogenetic context, I got wondering whether the same – or similar – postures are present in close relatives of owls, like mousebirds or the members of Picocoraciae. It s hot and sunny, so birds lie down and sunbathe 2013-07-23T01:45:00.727Z Interestingly, phylogenetic evidence indicates that genome evolution is highly dynamic in Lentibulariaceae, with nuclear DNA contents ranging from 60 Mb to 1.5Gb. Architecture and evolution of a minute plant genome 2013-06-05T17:21:05.400Z Although the Valencia case is several years old, publication of the data has renewed discussion about phylogenetic forensics, its potential uses and its pitfalls, not just in legal proceedings, but also in biodefence. Science in court: Disease detectives 2014-02-26T18:21:18.591Z Owing to the greater phylogenetic resolution afforded by the concatenated gene data sets, compared to rRNA phylogeny, we were able to identify a number of robust associations among phyla. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z The ring of life model is a phylogenetic model where the three domains of life started as distinct groups that could swap genes horizontally with each other in all directions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The major consequence of this phylogenetic re-assessment is that it restores one of the most famous fossils ever found to the bird line. Bird ancestor reshuffles fossil pack 2013-05-29T17:12:01Z This is not the case: the statement is based on old data from the 90s, which were based on outdated phylogenetic techniques. Giardia sucks! An anatomy of a sucker. 2013-05-28T00:45:01.133Z Our phylogenetic analysis confirms many details recovered in previous studies but does somewhat modify our understanding of parvipelvian evolution. Malawania from Iraq and the Cretaceous Ichthyosaur Revolution (part II) 2013-05-15T00:45:01.290Z SSU rRNA trees are known to be sound predictors of phylogenetic novelty despite the blurring of vertical descent by lateral gene transfer. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z The ring of life model is a phylogenetic model where all three domains of life are said to have developed from a pool of primitive prokaryotes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Previous phylogenetic investigations were based on maybe only 200 morphological characteristics. Bird ancestor reshuffles fossil pack 2013-05-29T17:12:01Z To determine the evolutionary history and relatedness of these viruses, they performed computer analyses to build what is called a phylogenetic tree. Hepatitis C: Closing in on its viral origins 2013-04-27T01:17:47Z Figure 1A phylogenetic tree of a broad selection of jawed vertebrates shows that lungfish, not coelacanth, is the closest relative of tetrapods. The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution 2013-04-17T17:21:37.460Z A major challenge in metagenomics is determining the phylogenetic origin of anonymous genome fragments, a process called binning or classification. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z The ring of life model is a phylogenetic model where there is only a single domain of life due to modern DNA analysis. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The improvement suggested is controlling for possible dependence of data points due to phylogenetic relationships. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on "Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space" 2013-02-14T19:25:23.927Z The lack of control for phylogenetic nonindependence likely affects the comparisons of bats, Darwin′s finches, and mice. [Technical Comment] Comment on "Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space" 2013-02-14T19:25:20.847Z Figure 1: A phylogenetic tree of a broad selection of jawed vertebrates shows that lungfish, not coelacanth, is the closest relative of tetrapods. The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution 2013-04-17T17:21:37.460Z However, concatenated alignments of multiple universally distributed single copy marker genes are generally considered to provide greater phylogenetic resolution than any individual gene for estimating a species tree. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z How does a phylogenetic tree relate to the passing of time? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z There’s also a post about the work of Niles Eldredge in using networks rather than trees to create phylogenetic diagrams. The Carnival of Evolution: World Travel Edition! 2013-02-01T14:45:00.187Z The bat data suggests that phylogenetic signal is present: Fig. [Technical Comment] Comment on "Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space" 2013-02-14T19:25:20.847Z Our new study includes an evaluation of these competing phylogenetic hypotheses. Plesiosaurs and the repeated invasion of freshwater habitats: late-surviving relicts or evolutionary novelties? 2013-01-10T01:15:00.203Z However, microbial genomes that are currently available are of limited phylogenetic breadth, owing to our historical inability to cultivate most microorganisms in the laboratory. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z A phylogenetic tree is not related to the passing of time because speciation is based on geographic changes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Although some bacterial characteristics are valid phylogenetic indicators, it is impossible to tell in advance which ones are and which are not. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z With a team of 14 international colleagues, Dr. Lessard helped compile and analyze the phylogenetic relationships of 21,037 species of amphibians, birds and mammals. Green Blog: A Biodiversity Map, Version 2.0 2012-12-21T20:12:07Z Pedal claw curvature in birds, lizards and Mesozoic dinosaurs – complicated categories and compensating for mass-specific and phylogenetic control. Did Velociraptor and Archaeopteryx climb trees? Claws and climbing in birds and other dinosaurs 2012-12-18T12:45:00.183Z The underlying phylogenetic inference configurations as well as detailed branch support values and monophyly scores are provided in . Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z A phylogenetic tree relates to the passing of time when the diagram also shows how long ago the divergence from the common ancestor occurred. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Comparisons of the respiratory protein cytochrome c prove to be particularly valuable for confirming and extending the phylogenetic tree of the higher organ isms. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z He was especially impressed by the phylogenetic tree, the taxonomic diagram that Darwin called the Tree of Life. Can a Jellyfish Unlock the Secret of Immortality? 2012-11-28T23:26:58Z Our results reveal a deep phylogenetic split between European and Asian wild boars ~1 million years ago, and a selective sweep analysis indicates selection on genes involved in RNA processing and regulation. Analyses of pig genomes provide insight into porcine demography and evolution 2012-11-14T18:22:24.580Z The phylogenetic trees are based on up to 38 marker genes and sequences are collapsed at the phylum level occluding subgroups such as the Geoarchaeota which clusters within the Crenarchaeota. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z Based on the phylogenetic tree below, is the Jungle cat likely closer related to a tiger or a cougar? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One might think that ease of characterization would make the small 5 RNA the most suitable one for phylogenetic studies. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z They upload DNA sequence data to GenBank, thus contributing directly to the scientific knowledge base, and then use their data to construct phylogenetic trees that reveal the relations of newly discovered endophytes to known relatives. [Essay] IBI* Series Winner: Student-Directed Discovery of the Plant Microbiome and Its Products 2012-10-28T19:55:58.967Z A wide range of genetic and archaeological studies have been carried out to examine the phylogenetic relationships of rice, and investigate the demographic history of rice domestication. A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice 2012-10-24T17:21:24.910Z The phylogenetic trees are based on up to 38 marker genes and sequences are collapsed at the phylum level occluding subgroups such as the Geoarchaeota which clusters within the Crenarchaeota. Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter 2013-07-24T17:20:57.027Z The scientists spend more time creating the phylogenetic table. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The ribosomal-RNA phylogenetic measurement, however, showed at least some of the idiosyncrasies might instead be general characteristics of a new group of organisms. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Combining genetic and anatomical data to build better phylogenetic trees. #2012SVP - what do Vertebrate Paleontologists talk about? 2012-10-22T01:45:00.230Z Here we sequenced and analysed the genomes of 446 O. rufipogon accessions to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between cultivated and wild rice and identify the signatures of selection in rice domestication. A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice 2012-10-24T17:21:24.910Z For now, disagreement remains on the phylogenetic position of thalattosuchians, and different studies are still producing contradictory results. Awesome sea-going crocodyliforms of the Mesozoic 2012-10-10T02:45:09.060Z A complex, detailed phylogenetic tree diagram is created. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The phylogenetic evidence suggests that the archaebacteria are at least as old as the other major groups. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Figure 3: Diversity of the human microbiota at different phylogenetic scales. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota 2012-09-13T11:20:47.313Z To determine which scenario was most likely, Dr Chakrabarty and his team used phylogenetic analysis - a study of the historical record held deep within their DNA sequences - to rebuild the goby family tree. Blind fish share common ancestor 2012-08-31T16:20:11Z Part 3, on key avian attributes, includes chapters on the evolution of the flight stroke, brain anatomy, the timing of avian evolution, and the functional and phylogenetic diversity of marine birds. Dyke & Kaiser s Living Dinosaurs: the Evolutionary History of Modern Birds 2012-08-27T00:45:02.620Z Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The urkaryote, then, would represent a line of descent distinct from that of the prokaryotes, in accordance with the basic phylogenetic dichotomy. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Figure 3: Diversity of the human microbiota at different phylogenetic scales. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota 2012-09-13T11:20:47.313Z To determine which competing theory was the most likely, from the University of Auckland and his team interrogated language evolution using phylogenetic analyses - more usually used to trace virus epidemics. English 'originated in Turkey' 2012-08-24T23:57:33Z Figure 1: Distribution, mimicry and phylogenetic relationships of sequenced taxa. a, Phylogenetic relationship of sequenced species and subspecies in the melpomene–silvaniform clade of Heliconius. Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species 2012-07-04T17:21:31.773Z Draw the phylogenetic tree for the species below. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The methanogenic phenotype seems to cover a phylogenetic span as great as or greater than the span covered by any other comparable bacterial phenotype. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Remember that this affects all of his work, since his character codings, and hence his phylogenetic hypotheses, are heavily dependent on information gleaned from DGS. Why the world has to ignore ReptileEvolution.com 2012-07-04T11:45:05.397Z Because of this shared ancestry, they cluster together on phylogenetic - or family - trees. English 'originated in Turkey' 2012-08-24T23:57:33Z Figure 1: Distribution, mimicry and phylogenetic relationships of sequenced taxa. Butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species 2012-07-04T17:21:31.773Z The phylogenetic relationships before vicariance are identical and repeated for each region. [Technical Response] Response to Comments on “Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality” 2012-06-28T18:25:24.157Z "We work out how much unique evolutionary history each species represent by essentially taking a family tree, a phylogenetic super tree for a particular group of species," says Carly Waterman, programme manager at Edge. Lonesome George: Dead but not quite gone 2012-06-27T23:43:14Z Based on his examination of photos of these four Triassic animals, Dave used several different phylogenetic analyses to show that they were close kin of pterosaurs. Why the world has to ignore ReptileEvolution.com 2012-07-04T11:45:05.397Z This pattern of inheritance leaves an easy-to-follow evolutionary trail for phylogenetic sleuths. Phylogeny: Rewriting evolution 2012-06-27T17:50:32.213Z The phylogenetic position of the Siamese crocodile is slightly controversial, but only because there are competing phylogenies for Crocodylus. The once far and wide Siamese crocodile 2012-06-15T18:15:07.963Z This phylogenetic distribution has led some authors to conclude that these organs were present in amniote common ancestors. Terrifying sex organs of male turtles 2012-06-09T14:45:00.217Z These XTH genes and many others are expressed in ripening fruits and are linked with the Solanum triplication, marked with a red circle on the phylogenetic tree. The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution 2012-05-30T17:51:43.433Z Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of Amniota: the importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling. Why the world has to ignore ReptileEvolution.com 2012-07-04T11:45:05.397Z Drawing upside down to make it easier for me to see, he maps out the standard phylogenetic tale for placental mammals. Phylogeny: Rewriting evolution 2012-06-27T17:50:32.213Z Highly simplified cladogram showing one phylogenetic hypothesis proposed for crocodiles. The once far and wide Siamese crocodile 2012-06-15T18:15:07.963Z Should we formally name distinct phylogenetic lineages, or do we go with the idea that lumping the lineages together is more practical and sensible? Dissecting a crocodile 2012-05-24T17:15:07.103Z These XTH genes and many others are expressed in ripening fruits and are linked with the Solanum triplication, marked with a red circle on the phylogenetic tree. The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution 2012-05-30T17:51:43.433Z All of Dave’s observations, ideas and phylogenetic hypotheses are discussed at length at his new website, ReptileEvolution.com, and at his blog site, The Pterosaur Heresies. Why the world has to ignore ReptileEvolution.com 2012-07-04T11:45:05.397Z A molecular palaeobiologist at nearby Dartmouth College, Peterson has been reshaping phylogenetic trees for the past few years, ever since he pioneered a technique that uses short molecules called microRNAs to work out evolutionary branchings. Phylogeny: Rewriting evolution 2012-06-27T17:50:32.213Z Several exclusively Mesozoic bird lineages, enantiornithines among them, fit within this phylogenetic bracket. A drowned nesting colony of Late Cretaceous birds 2012-05-15T16:15:03.013Z Braincase and phylogenetic relationships of Estesia mongoliensis from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert and the recognition of a new clade of lizards. Monstersauria vs Goannasauria 2012-05-03T14:45:00.227Z “These are great places for microbes,” says Mojzsis, who notes that some phylogenetic evidence suggests that the last common ancestors of all present-day life were heat-loving organisms. Ancient asteroids kept on coming 2012-04-25T17:20:28.573Z The specific details of phylogenetic hypotheses – that is, the specific positions of species relative to one another – will, in many cases, always fluctuate between studies. Why the world has to ignore ReptileEvolution.com 2012-07-04T11:45:05.397Z Still, not everyone is convinced that microRNA genes trump other types of phylogenetic data. Phylogeny: Rewriting evolution 2012-06-27T17:50:32.213Z I understand this might not sit well with philosophers and some other evolutionary biologists. Some of the phylogenetic species concepts recognize too many species, whereas some of reproductive isolationist concepts ignore asexual and allopatric species. Species Concepts 2012-04-20T14:15:03.823Z Molecular systematics of South American dolphins Sotalia: sister taxa determination and phylogenetic relationships, with insights into a multilocus phylogeny of the Delphinidae. Grampus griseus joins the globicephalines 2012-02-27T21:15:05.413Z It is not the only peculiar organism in phylogenetic limbo found in the Burgess Shale, however. ScienceShot: Tulip-Shaped Creature Found in Canadian Rockies 2012-01-24T15:52:48Z His interpretations are dependent on his digital tracing technique, and on the incorporation of the characters he finds via digital tracing into his phylogenetic analyses. Why the world has to ignore ReptileEvolution.com 2012-07-04T11:45:05.397Z The larval metamorphoses of the Crustacea have attracted much attention, and have been the subject of much discussion in view of their bearing on the phylogenetic history of the group. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Though many subsequent authors agree with Hennig in the use of a phylogenetic concept of species, several authors disagree on the particulars. Species Concepts 2012-04-20T14:15:03.823Z A study of the teiid lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships. A Distributional Study of the Amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico 2011-12-31T03:00:17.400Z A more elaborate phylogenetic analysis from a team led by Greg Towers of University College London, published in the Journal of Virology last October, argued the same thing. Authors Pull the Plug on Second Paper Supporting Viral Link to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2011-12-28T19:40:50Z Dave’s proposed phylogenetic position for this taxon would require a ghost lineage more than 100 million years long, but that’s hardly the only problem. Why the world has to ignore ReptileEvolution.com 2012-07-04T11:45:05.397Z On this view, the nauplius, while no longer regarded as reproducing an ancestral type, does not altogether lose its phylogenetic significance. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Those attempting to be generally applied, such as the phylogenetic, Hennigian and evolutionary species concepts, tend to inflate biodiversity by elevating subspecies, or perhaps even distinct populations to species status. Species Concepts 2012-04-20T14:15:03.823Z The Blue Line of DNA Subway allows students to analyze DNA barcodes and construct phylogenetic trees from DNA sequence data. [Essay] Spore* Series Winner: Lessons from a Science Education Portal 2011-12-22T19:25:49.763Z Furthermore, it is necessary to account for phylogenetic relatedness of test samples and training samples. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on ?Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology? 2011-12-22T19:25:34.843Z Normally, plants’ phylogenetic trees are constructed from a standard set of genes — or specific sections of DNA that contain instructions for building proteins — that are used to identify similarities between species. Green Blog: The Tree of Life Gets a Makeover 2011-12-19T21:11:21Z Although fossil remains of Crustacea are abundant, from the most ancient fossiliferous rocks down to the most recent, their study has hitherto contributed little to a precise knowledge of the phylogenetic history of the class. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 7 "Crocoite" to "Cuba" 2012-01-22T03:00:24.397Z Other authors have other interpretations of what a phylogenetic species concept is. Species Concepts 2012-04-20T14:15:03.823Z “Evolutionary change in any particular lineage is highly constrained by the lineage’s phylogenetic history,” Dr. Chapais said, referring to the evolutionary family tree. Genes Play Major Role in Primate Social Behavior, Study Finds 2011-12-19T20:25:27Z Here, we dispel these concerns and emphasize the strength of phylogenetic flexible discriminant analysis in paleobiology. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on ?Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology? 2011-12-22T19:25:34.843Z We must have knowledge to conceive ourselves as products of a phylogenetic history, and thus cannot deduce from it the fact, and, still less, the justification of knowledge. International Congress of Arts and Science, Volume I Philosophy and Metaphysics 2011-12-12T03:00:31.160Z With some necessary restrictions, we admit that among the contents of the phobias are some that are especially qualified to be objects of fear through phylogenetic inheritance, as Stanley Hall has emphasized. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z This file contains the known polymorphic positions used for phylogenetic reconstruction. A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death 2011-10-26T17:21:57.317Z Figure 1: Phylogeny and constrained elements from the 29 eutherian mammalian genome sequences. a, A phylogenetic tree of all 29 mammals used in this analysis based on the substitution rates in the MultiZ alignments. A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals 2011-10-26T17:21:43.610Z Identifiable hylid remains are known from the Miocene to the Recent, but these fossils are mostly fragmentary and provide little useful information regarding the phylogenetic relationships of living genera. Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca 2011-10-24T02:00:14.853Z We now know that such adaptations are of comparatively small importance, and cannot be utilized for establishing groups higher than genera in a natural or phylogenetic classification. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 2 "French Literature" to "Frost, William" 2011-10-14T02:00:26.280Z It is rather precisely just the topics that Wundt neglects that Freud makes his chief corner-stones, viz., the unconscious, the abnormal, sex, and affectivity generally, with many genetic, especially ontogenetic, but also phylogenetic factors. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z Genetic architecture and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the ancient organism is ancestral to most extant strains and sits very close to the ancestral node of all Y. pestis commonly associated with human infection. A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death 2011-10-26T17:21:57.317Z Figure 1: Phylogeny and constrained elements from the 29 eutherian mammalian genome sequences. a, A phylogenetic tree of all 29 mammals used in this analysis based on the substitution rates in the MultiZ alignments. A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals 2011-10-26T17:21:43.610Z Our concept of the phylogenetic relationships is shown graphically in Figure 17. Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca 2011-10-24T02:00:14.853Z One notable finding from this mapping exercise is that the strength of my allergic reaction seems to correlate with the plant’s position on the phylogenetic tree. Allergy Recapitulates Phylogeny 2011-09-19T02:45:00.320Z Viewed from a phylogenetic standpoint, this expresses a very significant regression. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z Despite its considerable divergence time from house mice, we also found phylogenetic discordance involving M. spretus: 12.1% of loci did not place this species as the outgroup to a M. musculus subspecies clade. Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation 2011-09-14T17:21:52.063Z The power to detect constrained elements depends largely on the total branch length of the phylogenetic tree connecting the species. A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals 2011-10-26T17:21:43.610Z The acquisition of tadpoles of all of the species of Smilisca has made possible the use of larval characters in erecting a classification and in estimating the phylogenetic relations of the several species. Neotropical Hylid Frogs, Genus Smilisca 2011-10-24T02:00:14.853Z These phylogenetic trees are usually made by comparing the similarity of gene sequences that are shared between all of the members, often a part of the ribosomal RNA. Allergy Recapitulates Phylogeny 2011-09-19T02:45:00.320Z I am of the opinion that these primal phantasies—so I should like to term these, and certainly some others also—are a phylogenetic possession. A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2011-12-06T03:00:21.763Z Widespread phylogenetic discordance indicates that polymorphisms are often shared among subspecies, challenging the assignment of subspecific ancestry across the genomes of the classical inbred strains. Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation 2011-09-14T17:21:52.063Z On the basis of the alignment data sets, phylogenetic trees were constructed by neighbour joining and/or maximum likelihood. Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change 2011-08-17T17:22:15.917Z The group drew up phylogenetic trees by comparing sequence information for seven proteins from Mimivirus with counterparts from organisms in the three domains. The challenge of microbial diversity: Out on a limb 2011-08-03T17:20:24.427Z Closely connected with it, and probably underlying many of the facts which have led to it, is a more definite group of ideas that may be brought together under the phrase “phylogenetic limitation of variation.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z Omission of the gel-removal step for these critical samples is surprising, because the authors did use it in preparing the rDNA fragments they sequenced for their phylogenetic analysis. [Technical Comment] Comment on ?A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus? 2011-06-02T18:25:36.450Z Our phylogenetic analyses both confirm that M. m. musculus and M. m. castaneus are sister subspecies and demonstrate that wild mouse genomes are complex mosaics of alternative evolutionary histories. Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation 2011-09-14T17:21:52.063Z In the case of complex multigene families, a third annotation method was used; sets of related sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analyses to determine more precisely orthology relationships. Using the Acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change 2011-08-17T17:22:15.917Z Last year, he published a paper that incorporated genetic data from the newly discovered giant viruses and from some other known large DNA viruses into phylogenetic trees. The challenge of microbial diversity: Out on a limb 2011-08-03T17:20:24.427Z Naturally very many other factors have to be considered, but this alone is a sufficient reason to restrain attempts to place existing forms in linear phylogenetic series. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 1 "Evangelical Church Conference" to "Fairbairn, Sir William" 2011-07-16T02:00:16.387Z We then characterized the phylogenetic variation across samples at the genus and phylum levels, and functional variation at gene and functional class levels. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome 2011-05-11T17:21:02.573Z Yet this species' distinguished phylogenetic placement is not the only exciting and unique aspect of this fossil discovery. Newly Discovered Plant Fossil Reveals More Than Age 2011-05-06T16:37:00Z At the heart of both studies is a method based on what are known as phylogenetic studies. 'Language universals' challenged 2011-04-14T22:24:40Z Another repository, , collects the phylogenetic trees that show evolutionary relationships between species. Fossil data enter the web period 2011-04-13T17:20:36.217Z The unique phylogenetic position of Pongo species also offered the opportunity to detect signals of positive selection with increased power. Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes 2011-01-26T18:22:58.603Z These phylogenetic and functional differences among enterotypes thus reflect different combinations of microbial trophic chains with a probable impact on synergistic interrelations with the human hosts. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome 2011-05-11T17:21:02.573Z Thus the whole classification becomes a rounded-off phylogenetic system, which, at least in its broad outlines, seems to approach the natural system, the ideal goal of the scientific ornithologist. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 3, Slice 7 "Bible" to "Bisectrix" 2010-12-20T17:12:05.780Z As a result of his work, Glenny offered several hypotheses concerning the phylogenetic, hence taxonomic, significance of differences in some of these vessels. Thoracic and Coracoid Arteries In Two Families of Birds, Columbidae and Hirundinidae Close scrutiny of the series of specimens at hand well representing the entire Rocky Mountain area reveals no variation in phylogenetic characters from the northernmost to the southernmost stations. The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee The above described phylogenetic perfecting process of the idoplasm, which operates through internal causes, is scarcely affected by differences of nutrition and by climatic conditions influencing nutrition. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution Once a fourth genus is recognized, certain phylogenetic problems disappear and a reasonable zoogeographic interpretation is possible for Middle American leptodactylid distribution. Genera of Leptodactylid Frogs in México Knowledge of the life histories of the other species of Phyllomedusa should aid in the interpretation of the phylogenetic relationships of the several groups of frogs now assigned to that genus. The Genera of Phyllomedusine Frogs (Anura Hylidae) Modifications of pattern in the aortic arch system of birds and their phylogenetic significance. Thoracic and Coracoid Arteries In Two Families of Birds, Columbidae and Hirundinidae The whole genus calls for careful and protracted study; and the present so-called species are like something new on the world; as full of vagaries as though but just entered upon their phylogenetic race. The North American Slime-Moulds A Descriptive List of All Species of Myxomycetes Hitherto Reported from the Continent of North America, with Notes on Some Extra-Limital Species From the fact that a phylogenetic race is thrown repeatedly among different external conditions, it may at last unite in its idioplasm a large number of developing, mature, and vanishing adaptation determinants. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution The origin of law is in moral conscience, a phylogenetic derivative of the sentiments of sympathy, i.e., sentiments of duty and justice, combined with the idea of the necessity for men to live in societies. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The wood-characters, therefore, however decisive they may be for establishing the phylogenetic relations of different genera, must be employed in the classification of the Pines with the same reservations that apply to external characters. The Genus Pinus Let us see what line we should have to take, on this hypothesis, to account for the resemblance of eye-structure in two series that are independent of each other from the phylogenetic point of view. Creative Evolution But in fact no single opponent of the ape-hypothesis has been able to combat it with any other phylogenetic hypothesis that has the faintest glimmer of probability. Freedom in Science and Teaching. from the German of Ernst Haeckel The evolution of the plant kingdom proceeds through the following regular processes, which continue to operate through the entire phylogenetic series. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution But a social organization can never violate with impunity the true laws of human nature which are deeply rooted in our phylogenetic instincts, without disastrous effects. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The answer is found in the fact that this is the order of change in the phylogenetic series. Darwin, and After Darwin (Vol. 1 and 3, of 3) An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions It is of importance to know that according to palaeontological investigation, empiric systematizing and phylogenetic classification do not always coincide, as, for instance, in the case of the ammonites. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers Animal series not continuous, but tree-like; graduated from monad to man; constructed the first phylogenetic tree. Lamarck, the Founder of Evolution His Life and Work By the further phylogenetic process of reduction the intermediate forms are suppressed. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution But those who believe that negroes are capable of acquiring a higher civilization without undergoing a phylogenetic cerebral transformation for a hundred thousand years, are Utopians. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study In his construction of phylogenetic trees he was so confident in the truth of his biogenetic law that he largely disregarded and consistently minimised the importance of the evidence from palæontology. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The phylogenetic school commits the capital mistake of presenting a transformation which can be realized only in logical concepts, as an actually occurring process, and of confounding an abstract operation with concrete fact. At the Deathbed of Darwinism A Series of Papers It remains to be considered to what extent the several natural groups of plants classed together in the Bryophyta can be placed in a phylogenetic relation to one another. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Part 3 "Brescia" to "Bulgaria" The phylogenetic significance of the alternation of generations consists in its representing a transition stage from the unicellular to the simpler multicellular and from the latter to the more complex multicellular plants. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution The positive æsthetic sentiment, or sentiment of beauty is very relative, and depends essentially on the phylogenetic adaptation of the human sentiments, as well as on individual habits and popular customs. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The criticisms passed by Cuvier and von Baer upon the transcendentalists and their recapitulation theory might with equal justice be applied to the phylogenetic speculations which were based on the biogenetic law. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology A certain succession of stages was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the constitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogenetic development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex As an attempt at a phylogenetic arrangement, Engler's system is now preferred by many botanists. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 2, Part 1, Slice 1 Consequently the phylogenetic line rises from time to time to higher stages of organization and division of labor, but dies of old age if the automatic perfecting process ceases. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution I have thus endeavored to acquaint the reader with the two sources of our sexual sensations and sentiments—the hereditary or phylogenetic source, and the source acquired and adapted by the individual. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study Their obstinate reappearance throughout long phylogenetic series would be hard to understand were they really no more than reminiscences of bygone and forgotten stages. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the ontogenetic process. Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex The phylogenetic significance of this fact, first emphasised by Huxley, is quite clear. Monism as Connecting Religion and Science A Man of Science He aptly says, that natural selection prunes the phylogenetic tree, but does not cause new branches to grow. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution Here again we must distinguish the phylogenetic disposition of woman from the effects of education during her ontogenetic development. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study Heterochronic processes are such as arise through the dislocation of the proper phylogenetic order of succession: heterotopic processes in the same way are caused by a wandering of cells from one germ-layer to another. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The best athletic sports and games a composed of these racially old elements, so that phylogenetic muscular history is of great importance. Youth: Its Education, Regimen, and Hygiene Increased movement produces hypertrophy, and according to the theory here maintained, not merely enlargement of parts existing, but phylogenetic increase in the number of such parts, here fin rays and their muscles. Hormones and Heredity Both causes acting together—the phylogenetic configuration of the idioplasm and the successive morphological stages of development of the individual conditioned on it—necessarily result in the ontogeny being the repetition of the phylogeny. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution Extension of communication on the surface of the earth causes the artificial development of social organization to advance much more rapidly than the natural phylogenetic development by evolution of the sentiments or social instincts. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The first may conveniently be the phylogenetic interpretation of the contrast between "membrane" and "cartilage" bones. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology The ontogenetic facts that we gather from this sole survivor of the Acrania are the more valuable for phylogenetic purposes, as paleontology, unfortunately, throws no light whatever on the origin of the Vertebrates. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 This "phylogenetic unity," which I developed in my General Morphology in 1866, is now generally admitted. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 There is manifested in this phylogenetic process the tendency of the plant to combine in the higher stages into one complex whole those parts which in the lower stages tend to be independent. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution The natural appetites are inherited instincts the roots of which lie far back in the phylogenetic history of our ancestors. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study It is thus in the long run functioning that brings about phylogenetic progression, absence of functional activity that causes phylogenetic regression. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology Within the vertebrate stem there is, as we have already seen, so complete an agreement in structure and embryology that it is impossible to doubt their phylogenetic unity. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 There can no longer be the slightest doubt about this fundamental fact, nor of the fact that all the vertebrates form a natural phylogenetic unity, a single stem. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Since the simplest plants are cells and the more complex ones are formed from cells, a whole phylogenetic line may be regarded as a series of cell generations following one after another. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution From the phylogenetic point of view we can only compare ourselves to the higher apes, by their analogies with primitive man. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study Upon the Gastræa theory or its implications were founded most of the phylogenetic speculations which subsequently appeared. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology We shall have the same experience in the study of the organs in detail, and I shall be compelled to give simultaneously their ontogenetic and phylogenetic origin. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 It is precisely in the study of these difficult features that we see the incalculable value of phylogenetic considerations in explaining complex ontogenetic facts, and the need of separating cenogenetic phenomena from palingenetic. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 A phylogenetic plant system does not exist in fact, but only in figure. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution If we are careful we shall immediately recognize that it is not only the sexual appetite itself, but also a large part of its correlatives and irradiations, in which the phylogenetic roots are deep. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study A few types are known which go a little way towards bridging over the gaps—the famous Archæopteryx, for example—but these do not always represent the actual phylogenetic links. Form and Function A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology In the phylogenetic explanation of them comparative anatomy and ontogeny achieve their greatest triumphs. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The first three of these are still retained, and may be conceived as natural phylogenetic unities, as stems or phyla in the sense of the theory of descent. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 A phylogenetic system of phanerogams is not to be hazarded in the roughest outline. A Mechanico-Physiological Theory of Organic Evolution Monogamy is no doubt an old and well-established phylogenetic heritage, while polygamy is on the whole rather an aberration produced by individual power and wealth. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study "The tragedy of modern men…is that they created conditions of existence for which, from the perspective of their phylogenetic development, they are not adjusted." The Civilization of Illiteracy The long series of animal forms which we must regard as the ancestors of our race has been confined within narrower and narrower circles as our phylogenetic inquiry has progressed. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 It is only by this phylogenetic explanation that we can understand the formation and development of the peculiar, and hitherto totally misunderstood, blastula of the mammal. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Every sexual differentiation in organisms, which occurred in the course of phylogenetic development, was followed by fertilisation and therefore by the creation of a diploid or double-chromosome product. Darwin and Modern Science Among the polyandrous people of Thibet jealousy appears to be completely absent: this may be the result of custom or may be due to phylogenetic instinct. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The recurrent phylogenetic and phylocultural structure, on which the artist-public interaction was built in the pragmatic framework fostering literacy, is questioned from within artistic practice. The Civilization of Illiteracy Opinions are particularly divided as to the place in classification and the phylogenetic significance of the remarkable Theromorpha. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 We shall speak further of the great phylogenetic significance of this fact in Chapter 2.19. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 The ludicrous discrepances which often appear between the phylogenetic "trees" of various writers have cast an undue discredit upon the science and have led many zoologists to ignore palaeontology altogether as unworthy of serious attention. Darwin and Modern Science Regarded from this point of view the sexual life of man is also based on phylogenetic conditions, determined by his ancestral lineage. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study People speak about works of art, write about art, and read writings about art as though art had no phylogenetic dimension, only a phylocultural reality. The Civilization of Illiteracy He first opened out the phylogenetic path which here, as in all morphological questions, leads most confidently to the goal. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 These twelve stems of the animal kingdom are, however, by no means co-ordinate and independent types, but have definite relations, partly of subordination, to each other, and a very different phylogenetic meaning. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Nevertheless, much has already been learned concerning the mutual relations of the carnivorous families, and several phylogenetic series, notably that of the dogs, are quite complete. Darwin and Modern Science Moreover, it presents an individual or ontogenetic evolution during the life of each person, which in its principal traits is predetermined in the germ, by the phylogenetic or hereditary energies of the species. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study If fear be a phylogenetic physical defense or escape which does not result in muscular action, then love is a phylogenetic conjugation without physical action. Origin and Nature of Emotions In both cases the "natural" system is phylogenetic. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 From it we can gather the most important phylogenetic conclusions. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 It is difficult to believe that all those likenesses should have been independently acquired and are without phylogenetic significance. Darwin and Modern Science The sexual advances made by women in civilized countries, show how easily we may be deceived in attributing to a phylogenetic or hereditary origin, certain details which are only due to external circumstances. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The quickened pulse, the leaping heart, the accelerated respiration, the sighing, the glowing eye, the crimson cheek, and many other phenomena are merely phylogenetic recapitulations of ancestral acts. Origin and Nature of Emotions It is a universal and natural procedure in phylogenetic development that the stem-forms themselves, with their specific peculiarities, have been extinct for some time. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 It is the more instructive as even cenogenetic structures may in certain circumstances have a high phylogenetic value. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 The long extinct class of crustacea known as the Trilobites are likewise very favourable subjects for phylogenetic studies. Darwin and Modern Science In man, the bearer of the active germ, the instinct of sexual advance has deep phylogenetic roots. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The phylogenetic origin of fear is injury, hence injury and fear cause the same phenomena. Origin and Nature of Emotions Phylogenetic comparative philology here yields a strong support to phylogenetic comparative zoology. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The phylogenetic method has met with so general a reception, and found so prolific a use in every branch of biology, that it seems superfluous to treat any further here of its validity and results. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 Very beautiful phylogenetic series have already been established among these most interesting and marvellously preserved fossils, but lack of space forbids a consideration of them. Darwin and Modern Science This is simply a question of natural phylogenetic adaptation. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study In like manner there have been implanted in the body other mechanisms of ancestral or phylogenetic origin whose purpose is the discharge of nervous energy for the good of the individual. Origin and Nature of Emotions Our phylogenetic interpretation of the ovum, and the reduction of it to some ancient amoeboid ancestral form, supply the answer to the old problem: "Which was first, the egg or the chick?" The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The study of man's evolution is one of the latest branches of natural science, whether you consider the embryological or the phylogenetic section of it. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 To appreciate this we need but remember that the mechanisms or the potentialities for the movements are inherited and have a phylogenetic significance. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 10 From the phylogenetic point of view, jealousy originates in the struggle for the possession of woman, at a period when right depended only on brute force. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study These acts in their infinite complexity are suggested by association— phylogenetic association. Origin and Nature of Emotions This displacement of the mouth from front to rear is very interesting, because it corresponds to a phylogenetic displacement of the mouth. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 This phylogenetic principle is as firmly established as the ontogenetic fact that every articulated animal-form develops from an unarticulated embryo. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 At a lower psychic level, far back in our phylogenetic racial history, all of these movements, perhaps then in a rudimentary form, had a single, original meaning. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 10 Hereditary or phylogenetic individual differences must also be distinguished from those of races or varieties. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The emotions, then, are the preparations for phylogenetic activities. Origin and Nature of Emotions The latter science teaches us that the whole Mammal class divides into three main groups or sub-classes, which correspond to three successive phylogenetic stages. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Articulation begins in all vertebrates at a very early embryonic stage, and this indicates the considerable phylogenetic age of the process. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 The original, phylogenetic significance attained at a low cultural or psychic level, relatively unconscious, may or may not later be consciously associated or dominate its subsequent functioning. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 10 But phylogenetic monogamy is by no means identical with the religious or other formality of our present legal monogamy. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study That is, the contact must arouse a phylogenetic association with a physical struggle or with physical exertion. Origin and Nature of Emotions Translated into phylogenetic language, this "pithecometra-law," formulated in such masterly fashion by Huxley, is quite equivalent to the popular saying: "Man is descended from the apes." The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 This is particularly clear as regards the comparative embryology of the vertebrates, because here the phylogenetic unity of the stem has been already established by the well-known facts of paleontology and comparative anatomy. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 But its primary, biological significance, its real raison d'etre is to be found in the phylogenetic, racial history of man. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Volume 10 In birds, the same bones are the phylogenetic derivatives of the limbs of reptiles. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The discharge of energy caused by an adequate mechanical stimulation of the nociceptors is best explained in accordance with the law of phylogenetic association. Origin and Nature of Emotions The actual ontogenetic development of the gastrula from the blastula furnishes sound evidence as to the phylogenetic origin of the Gastraea from the Blastaea. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The phylogenetic explanation of polymastism, as given in comparative anatomy, has lately found considerable support in ontogeny. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 But the vast empirical material that it has accumulated in its extensive literature is mere dead and sterile erudition until it is vivified and illumined by phylogenetic speculation. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 This denture is nothing else than a phylogenetic incident in the ontogeny of the whale. The Sexual Question A Scientific, psychological, hygienic and sociological study The integrative action of the nervous system and the discharge of nervous energy by phylogenetic association may be illustrated by their analogy to the action of an electric automobile. Origin and Nature of Emotions Hence in our phylogenetic inquiry and in the comparative study of the living, divergent descendants, there can only be a question of determining the greater or less remoteness of the latter from the ancestral form. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Interest and practice in embryological research have been remarkably stimulated during the past thirty years by this appreciation of phylogenetic methods. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 We can therefore only draw some general phylogenetic conclusions therefrom. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The use that we have hitherto made of our biogenetic law will give the reader an idea how far we may trust its guidance in phylogenetic investigation. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The wounding stone made an impression upon the nerve receptors in the foot similar to the innumerable injuries which gave origin to this nerve mechanism itself during the boy's vast phylogenetic or ancestral experience. Origin and Nature of Emotions We must try to piece together a fairly complete picture of the series of our ancestors from the various phylogenetic fragments that we find in the different groups of the animal kingdom. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 A further cause of congratulation for this solution of the great embryological controversy is that it brought with it a recognition of the need for phylogenetic study and explanation. The Evolution of Man — Volume 1 The further phylogenetic evolution of the vascular system is revealed to us by the comparative anatomy of the Craniotes. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 In both of them the ribs are formed from the middle germinal layer, and are, from the phylogenetic point of view, lower or ventral vertebral arches. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The stone supplied the phylogenetic association, and the appropriate discharge of nervous energy automatically followed. Origin and Nature of Emotions It is impossible to determine even approximately, in hundreds or even thousands of years, the real and absolute duration of the phylogenetic period. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Far more intricate are the processes of human embryology; in these are condensed and comprised thousands of the phylogenetic processes. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 As the human embryo passes through the gastrula-form like that of all the other Metazoa, we can trace its phylogenetic origin to the Gastraea. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 The brain, through its power of phylogenetic association, controls many processes that have wholly escaped from the notice of the "practical man." Origin and Nature of Emotions Anoci-association By the law of phylogenetic association, we are now prepared to make a practical application of the principles of the discharge of nervous energy. Origin and Nature of Emotions However, this direct application of ontogenetic facts to phylogenetic ideas is possible, without limitations, only in a very small section of the animal kingdom. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 Prognosis will become definite in proportion to the physician's knowledge not only of the ontogenetic history of the individual patient, but also of the phylogenetic history of the race. Origin and Nature of Emotions In other words, sights, sounds, and odors are symbols which awaken phylogenetic association. Origin and Nature of Emotions In discussing this subject I will raise only the question whether or not the specific character of the inaugural symptoms of some infectious diseases may be due to phylogenetic association. Origin and Nature of Emotions Because fear was created by trauma, fear causes a discharge of the energy of the nervous system by the law of phylogenetic association. Origin and Nature of Emotions In these it has only a phylogenetic interest as a rudimentary organ, with no actual physiological significance. The Evolution of Man — Volume 2 To explain these phenomena we have invoked the aid of the laws of natural selection and phylogenetic association. Origin and Nature of Emotions The administration of vaccines becomes the adequate stimulus which awakens phylogenetic association of a chemical nature as a result of which immune bodies are produced. Origin and Nature of Emotions We have now presented some of the reasons based largely on gross animal behavior why fear is to be regarded as a response to phylogenetic association with physical danger. Origin and Nature of Emotions The almost universal fear of snakes, of blood, and of death and dead bodies may have such a phylogenetic origin. Origin and Nature of Emotions |
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