| 单词 | phratry |
| 例句 | Obviously no person can marry another of his or her own totem, because, in the phratry into which he or she must marry, no man or woman of his or her totem exists. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Very often the bitterest feuds existed between families within the tribe and of the same phratry, although if attacked by a stranger people all would unite for mutual protection. The Whale House of the Chilkat 2011-05-23T02:00:09.800Z The phratries have no social significance, there is no central clan house, no recognised head, no meeting, council or any organisation, nor does the clan as such ever act as a body. Man, Past and Present 2011-03-28T02:00:29.283Z Traces of this union of immigrants with older inhabitants have been detected in the combination of Zeus Herkeios with Apollo Patro�s as the ancient gods of the phratry. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 8 "Ethiopia" to "Evangelical Association" 2011-03-05T03:00:24.537Z Zeus, the god of social life, was worshipped by the phratry. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 8 "Chariot" to "Chatelaine" Each child inherits its mother’s phratry name and totem name, and also the name of that class of the two in the mother’s phratry to which the mother does not belong. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z The districts of the phratry and the tribe received inhabitants who did not belong to these bodies and, therefore, were strangers in their own homes, although they were countrymen. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State There were also "phratries," or religious brotherhoods, composed of smaller groups of the gentes; but these need not here be considered. Women of America Woman: In all ages and in all countries Vol. 10 (of 10) On the other hand, it is probable that when they emigrated to Attica the tribe remained separate and became associated with their place of residence ... at a later period the phratries were associated with localities.... The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations We take the former first, dealing with the clan-family and the phratry, which are together the self-maintaining unit of society, with the general relief of the poor, with hospitality, and with vagrancy. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 8 "Chariot" to "Chatelaine" Then the rules, where classes exist, would amount to this: no person may marry another who, by phratry, totem or generation, owns the same hereditary animal name as himself or herself. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z For during times of peace, every phratry and every tribe administered its own affairs without consulting the council of Athens or the basileus. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State So far as any principle of “greatest good” remained in evidence, it applied solely to the members of one’s own community, or even to one’s particular phratry or gens. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 4 "Cincinnatus" to "Cleruchy" Simultaneously the population was grouped into three main classes and twenty-seven phratries. The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations First of the family and brotherhood, or phratry. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 8 "Chariot" to "Chatelaine" In practice, where phratries exist, a man who knows a woman’s phratry name knows whether or not he may marry her. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z But inhabitants not belonging to the phratry or the tribe could not take part in the administration of these bodies. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The phratry among the Iroquois was organised partly for social and partly for religious objects. The Position of Woman in Primitive Society A Study of the Matriarchy The division in gentes, phratries and tribes constituted in Rome for centuries the foundation of the military organization, and also of the exercise of the rights of citizenship. Woman under socialism The phratry was, and became afterwards still more, “a natural gild.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 8 "Chariot" to "Chatelaine" The Arunta reckon kinship in the male line: their phratry names they have forgotten, in place of phratries eight matrimonial classes regulate marriage. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z In his new constitution, Kleisthenes ignored the four old tribes founded on the gentes and phratries. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State An Indian tribe was composed of several gentes or clans, united in what is known as a phratry or brotherhood. The Position of Woman in Primitive Society A Study of the Matriarchy Over and against these, the mother gens appears as phratry. Woman under socialism Outside the self-sustaining phratry was the stranger, including the wayfarer and the vagrant; and partly merged in these classes was the beggar, the recognized recipient of the alms of the community. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 8 "Chariot" to "Chatelaine" To avoid the clash of law, all Cats had to go into one phratry or the other, either into Eagle Hawk or into Crow. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Ten gentes, we said, formed a phratry, named curia. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State There were the gentes, tribes, and phratries, or brotherhoods, that still existed, and the individual entered the state in civil capacity through his family. History of Human Society Whether the clan or the phratry preceded in time it is hardly possible to determine—clans may have united to form a larger group, or an original group may have been divided into clans. Introduction to the History of Religions Handbooks on the History of Religions, Volume IV Here the senior clan in the phratry tends to keep the original clan-name, while the junior clans have been guided by a sense of kinship in choosing their new names. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest The Thlinkets have Raven phratry, with totem kins Raven, Frog, Goose, &c., and Wolf phratry, with 166 totem kins Wolf, Bear, Eagle, &c. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z As the tribe increased, every gens segmented into two or more new gentes, while the original gens comprising all the daughter gentes, lived on in the phratry. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Finally several gentes united into a brotherhood association called by the Greeks a phratry, by the Romans a curia. History of Human Society These clans were also incorporated into four phratries, or larger divisions. The Border Watch A Story of the Great Chief's Last Stand These captains were military chiefs of the phratries, and also magistrates charged with the duty of maintaining order and enforcing the decrees of the council in their respective quarters. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest People who, like the Arunta, have lost memory of the very names of the phratries, cannot conceivably remember the nature of the origin of exogamy. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z In electing a sachem the phratry council also came into action. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State He regarded them as the last arrivals of the Water-house phratry, while the Coyote people came from the north at nearly the same time. Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895 Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 519-744 They are divided into brotherhoods, or phratries, and each brotherhood has several large families. A Voice in the Wilderness The clans of the Aztecs, like those of many other Mexican tribes, were organized into four phratries; and this divided the city of Mexico, Aztec phratries. as the Spaniards at once remarked, into four quarters. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest The difficulty of accounting for exogamy does not seem to have been overcome, and no attempt is made to explain the animal names of totem kins and phratries. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Neither the phratry nor the gens of the Kamilaroi forms a distinct territorial community. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State This conclusion is further substantiated by the statements of one of the oldest members of the Kokop phratry who frequently visited me while the excavations were in progress. Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895 Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 519-744 A young Athenian was presented to the phratry by his father, who swore that the boy was his son. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) There were usually eight or ten, and these were usually grouped into two or three phratries. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest When the two “primary clans” made alliance and connubium, they became the phratries in the local tribe, and their colonies became the totem kins within the phratries. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Originally no Seneca was allowed to marry within his phratry, but this custom has long become obsolete and is now confined to the gens. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The former phratry is not regarded as one of the earliest arrivals in Tusayan, for when its members arrived at Walpi they found living there the Flute, Snake, and Water-house phratries. Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895 Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 519-744 It is desirable, therefore, to inquire what was the tie which united the members of the gens, the curia or phratry, and the city, and which distinguished the patricians from the plebeians. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) The phratry was not so much a governmental as a religious and social organization. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest On these lines the prohibition to infringe the totem taboo by marriage within the totem name is intelligible, but the system of phratries has yet to be accounted for. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z These held a phratry council which in a body addressed itself to the other phratry, in order to prevail on the latter to assemble in council and effect a condonation of the matter. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The Piba phratry is likewise said to have come to Walpi comparatively late in the history of the village, which fact points the same way. Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895 Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1895-1896, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1898, pages 519-744 Both in Athens and Rome there was a division known as phratry or curia. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) This origin of the phratry is further indicated by the fact that the phratry does not always occur; sometimes the clans are organized directly into the tribe. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest By phratry law, as being in opposite phratries, a Cat in Eagle Hawk’ phratry could marry a Cat in Crow phratry. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z In this case the phratry re-appears in its original gentile capacity, and with a better prospect of success than the weaker gens, its daughter. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The house masses do not appear to bear any relation to division by phratries. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 A victim was sacrificed and its flesh cooked on the altar, and divided among the members of the phratry, great care being taken that no stranger should be present. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) The clan, phratry, and tribe among the Iroquois help us in many respects to get back to the original conceptions of the gens, curia, and tribe among the Romans. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest The persons who were Eagle Hawks by descent could not be in Eagle Hawk local group, now phratry, as we have already shown. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z At the funeral of prominent persons the opposite phratry prepared the interment and the burial rites, while the phratry of the deceased attended the funeral as mourners. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The Hopituh certainly marry within phratries, and occasionally with the same gens. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 If they did not do this, but divided and partook of the flesh with the candidate, he was finally and irrevocably admitted to the phratry. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) The phratry had acquired more functions than it possessed in the lower status. The Discovery of America Vol. 1 (of 2) with some account of Ancient America and the Spanish Conquest They were in Crow phratry, they could not, by phratry law, marry in their own phratry, and to marry in Eagle Hawk was to break the old law, “no marriage within the local group name.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z If a sachem died, the opposite phratry notified the central council of the Iroquois that the office of the deceased had become vacant. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The foregoing is the Water or Rain phratry proper, but allied to them are the two following phratries, who also came to this region with the Water phratry. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 The bond which united the phratry or curia was precisely the same as that of the gens or clan and the city. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume I (of IV) Along with this advance, or perhaps preceding it, the social organization of the tribe, or its division into clans and phratries, would manifest itself, and those who "belong together" would build together. The Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894-95, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 73-198 This arrangement—the totem kin within the phratry of its own name—has long been known to exist in America. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z But once the gens was given as a social unit, we also see how the whole constitution of gentes, phratries and tribes developed with almost unavoidable necessity—because naturally—from the gens. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State In the older and more symmetrical examples there was doubtless some effort to distribute the various gentes, or at least the phratries, in definite quarters of the village, as stated traditionally. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 Other tribes are composed of phratries, and each subtribe or phratry comprises a number of gentes. Siouan Sociology The four generations, including the original pairs, formed phratries, which have no names. The North American Indian Each such division has a name, which, when it can be translated, is the name of an animal: in the majority of cases, however, the meaning of the phratry name is lost. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z According to Grote "all contemporaneous members of the phratry of Hekataeos were descendants in the sixteenth degree of one and the same divine ancestor." The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The tribe to-day seems to be made up of a collection or a confederacy of many enfeebled remnants of independent phratries and groups once more numerous and powerful. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 Among the Teton many groups which were originally sections have become gentes, for the marriage laws do not affect the original phratries, gentes, and subgentes. Siouan Sociology The social organisation is also similar to the Wiradyuri, comprising two phratries, each of which is subdivided into two sections, as exemplified in the following synopsis:— Phratry. The Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales The children invariably belong to the phratry of the mother, in this most primitive type. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Even the state of a later period, while ignoring the gens, left certain public functions to the phratry. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The gentes bracketed are said to “belong together,” but do not seem to have distinctive names—as phratries. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 Among the eastern Dakota the phratry was never a permanent organization, but it was resorted to on special occasions and for various purposes, such as war or the buffalo hunt. Siouan Sociology Each phratry has attached to it a group of totems, consisting of animals and inanimate objects. The Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales Thus a man, Eagle Hawk by phratry, Snipe by totem, marries a woman Crow by phratry, Black Duck by totem. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z These mysteries were celebrated among the Senecas by two religious societies that had a special form of initiation for new members; each phratry was represented by one of these societies. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The Horn House is so called because tradition connects this village with some of the people of the Horn phratry of the Hopituh or Tusayan. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 The Iowa camping circle was divided into two half-circles, occupied by two phratries of four gentes each. Siouan Sociology Passing over the classes, which are peculiar to Australia and will be fully dealt with below, we come to a more comprehensive form of kinship organisation in the phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia His children by her are of phratry Crow, of totem Black Duck. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z The phratry united several gentes, but rather loosely. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State There are very few representatives of this phratry existing now, and very little tradition extant concerning its early history. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 The first phratry regulated the hunt and other tribal affairs during the autumn and winter; the second phratry took the lead during the spring and summer. Siouan Sociology Exceptions to this rule are found among the Haida, where both eagle and raven are in the eagle phratry. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The same rules exist in the more primitive North American tribes, but as the phratry there has generally, though not always, decayed, the rule, where this has occurred, merely forbids marriage within the totem kin. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 10, Slice 2 "Fairbanks, Erastus" to "Fens" 2011-06-19T02:00:16.580Z Hence we find the gentes of the same name differently grouped in the phratries of the different tribes. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State At present there are really but four phratries recognized among the Hopituh, the Snake, Horn, Eagle, and Rain, which is indifferently designated as Water or Corn: 1. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 Since then the author has recorded the following list of gentes and subgentes, with the aid of a delegation of the Iowa who visited Washington: First phratry Gentes Subgentes 1. Siouan Sociology The kins of the former are arranged in three groups: wolf, turtle, and turkey; and the first phratry includes quadrupeds, the second turtles of various kinds and the yellow eel, and the third birds. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Then, in some of the Australian tribes, the phratry is subdivided into two, and, in others, into four portions, between which exogamy takes place according to a curious criss-cross scheme. Anthropology In the ball game one phratry plays against another. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State It is surprising that even the social division of the phratries 24 is preserved. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 In the Kansa tribe two gentes, the Large Hañga and the Small Hañga, form the phratry connected with war, though warriors did not necessarily belong to those gentes alone. Siouan Sociology As a rule, however, no classification of kins is found, nor are the phratry names specially significant. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The eleven gentes, as four phratries, constitute the tribe. Wyandot Government: A Short Study of Tribal Society Bureau of American Ethnology In the tribal council the sachems and chiefs of each phratry are seated opposite one another, every speaker addressing the representatives of each phratry as separate bodies. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State There is no doubt, however, that in the earlier villages each gens, and where practicable, the whole of the phratry, built their houses together. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 Any man can win a name and rank in the section, gens, phratry, tribe, or nation by bravery in war or by generosity in the bestowal of presents and the frequent giving of feasts. Siouan Sociology Customs of residence and descent affect the distribution of the phratries within the tribe, no less than the composition of the local group. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Each phratry has the right to certain religious ceremonies and the preparation of certain medicines. Wyandot Government: A Short Study of Tribal Society Bureau of American Ethnology When a murder had been committed in the tribe, the slayer and the slain belonging to different phratries, the injured gens often appealed to its brother gentes. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State At times tribes split up and separate, and again phratries or distant groups meet and band together. A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1886-1887, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 3-228 To the former belonged two phratries of two gentes each, i.e., numbers 1 to 4, inclusive, and to the latter two similar phratries, including gentes 5 to 8. Siouan Sociology It is certain that neither set of terms includes the other, for the totem kin extends beyond the tribe or may do so, and there is more than one in each phratry. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The four tribes consisted altogether of gentes and phratries, insomuch that no one could be included in any one of the tribes who was not also a member of some gens and phratry. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 Endorsement by the brother gentes was generally considered a matter of fact, but the gentes of the other phratry might oppose. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Hence fathers or kinsmen or teachers are phrators,—those who share in the same phratry. Dio's Rome, Volume 6 An Historical Narrative Originally Composed in Greek During The Reigns of Septimius Severus, Geta and Caracalla, Macrinus, Elagabalus And Alexander Severus Morgan's researches show that originally an Indian belonging to one phratry could marry a woman belonging to the other only. Primitive Love and Love-Stories The American tribes, where simple totemic exogamy is not the rule, are organised in two and sometimes three or more, up to ten, phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Now the new pro-bouleutic, or pre-considering, senate consisted of four hundred members,—one hundred from each of the tribes: persons not included in any gens or phratry could therefore have had no access to it. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 In such a case the council of this phratry met, and if it maintained its opposition, the election was null and void. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Scholars usually call this group by its Greek name, phratry or "brotherhood", for it was known long ago that in ancient Greece clans were grouped into brotherhoods and brotherhoods into tribes. Civil Government in the United States Considered with Some Reference to Its Origins It was only as a member of family, gens, curia, phratry, or deme, and tribe, that the ancient city-state knew the men and women which composed it. Unitarianism in America Either the eaglehawk-crow myths were told before the phratry names came into existence, or they were invented to explain the existence of the phratry names. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia It is not easy to make out distinctly what was the political position of the ancient gentes and phratries, as Solon left them. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 01 Just as several genres form a phratry so in the classical form several phratries form a tribe. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State It may be suggested as probable that the Mound-Builders were organized in gentes, phratries, and tribes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Sometimes the clans are grouped, two or more constituting a phratry, and then there are other officers or chiefs standing between the clan and tribal authority. Canyons of the Colorado To the theory that the Eaglehawk-Crow story was originally independent of the phratry names no such objections apply. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Accordingly, permission was granted to Pericles to legitimize, and to inscribe in his own gens and phratry, his natural son by Aspasia, who bore his own name. The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 02 (From the Rise of Greece to the Christian Era) In some cases the middle group, the phratry, is missing in strongly decimated tribes. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State As a rule, the name of the original gens out of which others had formed is not known; but in each of these cases it remains as the name of the phratry. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In addition to the chieftaincy of confederate tribes, phratries, and clans, there are councils; but these are not councils of legislation in the ordinary sense. Canyons of the Colorado The view has been taken that the phratry animals were originally totems, or animals that became totems at a later stage. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In each phratry are smaller sets of persons, each set distinguished by the name of some animal or other natural object, their 'totem.' The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The phratry was, as among the Americans, a mother-gens comprising several daughter gentes, and often traced them all to the same ancestor. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The phratry also appears among the Thlinkits of the Northwest coast upon the surface of their organization into gentes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Crow reappears in West Australia under the name of Wartung, with white cockatoo, also a Victorian phratry name, as its fellow. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia But, as is shown by the map, in some cases the phratries are split into two or more segments106, more or less remote from one another, geographically speaking. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia But among the Euahlayi the phratry names mean 'light blood' and 'dark blood.' The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia In the epics of Homer we generally find the Greek tribes combined into small nations, but so that their gentes, phratries and tribes retained their full independence. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State They have two phratries, as follows: I. Wolf Phratry. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The prominent part, however, played by the Eaglehawk among phratry names raises some questions which can be discussed on their merits. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia But to the relative age of classes and phratries we return at another point of our argument. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia But we need more information as to the meanings of other phratry names which have defied translation. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The debtor's receipt and the pawning of the property—for the mortgage was also invented by the Athenians—cared neither for the gens nor for the phratry. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State From the foregoing facts the existence of the phratry is established in several linguistic stocks of the American aborigines. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines One of these is the age of phratry names. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia It is perhaps simpler to suppose that the cases of selection of phratry names cited above are those in which the organisation has been borrowed with full knowledge of its meaning. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The first and chief division in our tribe, as regards customary marriage law, is the partition of all tribes-folk into these 'phratries,' or 'exogamous moieties.' The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia It was endowed with more important functions than the Grecian phratry. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State There was no chief of the phratry as such, and no religious functionaries belonging to it as distinguished from the gene and tribe. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In West Australia this bird is the demiurge, and the progenitors of the phratries, of which crow is one, are his nephews. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The four Victorian groups appear to have borrowed the phratry names, but the centre from which they took them must remain uncertain. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia A child belongs to the same phratry as its mother. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia But every one of these groups was composed of people from different gentes, phratries, and tribes; they included even strangers. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State With the gens tribe and confederacy in existence the presence of the phratry was substantially assured. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines These myths he interprets as echoes of a long-past conflict between the aboriginal Negrito race and the invading Papuans, and traces the origin of the phratries to the same racial strife. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The important point about the class, as distinguished from the phratry systems, is the great extent covered by the former. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia They reckon descent in the female line: they have 'phratries' and four matrimonial classes, with totems within the phratries. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The gentes, phratries and tribes, the members of which now were dispersed all over Attica and completely intermixed, had thus become unavailable as political groups. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State It also extends to the phratry and tribe. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines As an explanation of exogamy the hypothesis is clearly insufficient, but it is evident that no theory of the origin of the phratries can leave exogamy out of the question. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In dealing with the origin of the classes it is important to bear in mind that they are undoubtedly later than the phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The phratries have thus no presiding animals, and in the phratries there are no totem kins of the phratriac names. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The phratry might be missing, as e. g. among the Dorians; the league of tribes might not be fully developed in every case; but the gens was everywhere the unit. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The members of each phratry, from their opposite stations, watch the game with eagerness, and cheer their respective players at every successful turn of the game. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In either case we are left without any explanation of the two cockatoo phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The former labour under the same disadvantages, so far as they assume that particular marriages were regarded as immoral or objectionable, as do the similar hypotheses of the origin of phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia First we have tribes in which each person is born into one or other of two social divisions usually called 'phratries.' The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The gens was wholly comprised in the phratry, the phratry in the tribe. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Each new gens took a new name, the original retaining its own, which became by seniority that of the phratry. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines This does not, it is true, explain the geographical remoteness of different parts of the same system or of allied systems, shown to be so by the identity of phratry animal or name. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia What is the effect of dividing a phratry into two classes? Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Say that the names of the phratries mean Eagle Hawk and Crow. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia "Whatever we may learn about the oldest Attic laws is founded on the organization in gentes and phratries." The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State It shows also that the phratry is founded upon the kinship of the gentes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Perhaps Mr Lang's theory hardly accounts for the fact that eaglehawk and crow figure not only as phratry names but also in the myths and rites. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In the Wotjoballuk tribe there are sub-totems, grouped with certain totems, which again seem to be collected into aggregates intermediate between the phratry and the simple totem kin. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The same totem is never found in both phratries. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The connecting link, the phratry, contained ten gentes and was called curia. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The name of but one of the twelve Athenian phratries has come down to us in history. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines If, as he conceives, conceptional totemism was transformed in the central tribes into patrilineal totemism, I fail to see why the phratries or classes should descend in the female line. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia We are told that there are four totems in this tribe, though this does not agree with other reports, and that they are found in both phratries indiscriminately. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Thus a person marrying out of his or her phratry, as all must do, necessarily marries out of his or her totem. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia Through the increase of the population, these original gentes again divided into several daughter gentes, making the mother gens a phratry. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State This prohibition tends to show that the gentes of each phratry were subdivisions of an original gens and therefore the prohibition against marrying into a person's own gens had followed to its subdivisions. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines An additional reason against the reformation theory is found in the fact that phratries, on this theory, would never exceed two in number, but in practice there are, as shown in Chapter II, wide variations. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In the eight-class tribes this seems to be the case in some tribes also; in others, like the Arunta, abnormalities of development cause the totems to fall in both phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The same arrangements exist among tribes which derive phratry and totem names through the father. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia All the gentes of this phratry were therefore literally brother gentes. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The same gentes are not constant in a phratry indefinitely, as appears from the composition of the phratries in the remaining Iroquois tribes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The priority of phratries over classes is commonly admitted and it is unnecessary to argue the question at length. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Finally some of the tribes have not even the dichotomous arrangement of totems but distribute them in both phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In each of their intermarrying phratries are two 'Matrimonial Classes,' each with its name, and these are so constituted that a member of the elder generation can never marry a member of the succeeding generation. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The phratry is mentioned by Homer as a military unit in that famous passage where Nestor advises Agamemnon: "Arrange the men by phratries and tribes so that phratry may assist phratry, and tribe the tribe." The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Transfers of particular gentes from one phratry to the other must have occurred when the equilibrium in their respective numbers was disturbed. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines It is possible that the encroachments of an alien class system have in some cases helped on the extinction of the phratry names. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Of these the phratry is demonstrably older than the class. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The people, that is to say, have not only the division into two 'phratries,' or 'exogamous moieties,' intermarrying, but also the four 'Matrimonial Classes' further regulating marriage. The Euahlayi Tribe; a study of aboriginal life in Australia The phratry has the right and the duty to prosecute the death of a phrator, hence in former times the duty of blood revenge. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The gentes in the same phratry are brother gentes to each other and cousin gentes to those of the other phratry. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines This state of things clearly points to a time when the phratries were recognised by the tribes in question. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Comparison of "blood" and phratry names 50 Table IV. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The spatial relations of the phratries and classes are sufficiently clear from the map; and a table shows how far cross divisions are found. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia As a matter of fact, the development of the entire Grecian mythology from the traditional old Aryan cult of nature was essentially due to the gentes and phratries and took place within them. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State But a tradition of their former unity would remain and become the basis of their reorganization in a phratry. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In four cases therefore the phratry is found outside the limits of the class usually associated with it, or, in other words, it is associated with a strange class system. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia This dual or other grouping of the kins is widely found in North America, the number of phratries ranging from two among the Tlinkits, Cayugas, Choctaws, and others, to ten among the Moquis of Arizona. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In the other three cases the facts seem to point to a change in the intertribal relationships in the period intervening between the adoption of phratry names and the introduction of the class system. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In Attica there were four tribes of three phratries each; the number of gentes in each phratry was thirty. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The Iroquois tribes had a total of thirty-eight gentes, and in four of the tribes a total of eight phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines It seems clear that the first and third of these are really phratry names; possibly the second is a dialectical form for Utheroo. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia As in Australia, the totem kins bearing the same eponymous animal as the phratry are usually, e.g. among the Tlinkits, found in the phratry in question. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia To explain the origin of the classes, as of the phratries, two kinds of theories have been put forward, which are in this case also classifiable as reformatory and developmental respectively. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Even the twelve phratries composing them seem to have had separate seats in the twelve different towns of Cecrops. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State The phratry among the Iroquois was partly for social and partly for religious objects. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines If we start with two exogamous local groups in which the determinant spouse removes, the result is two groups in which both phratries are found, as is evident from the following graphic representation. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia With patrilineal descent they tend to occupy the tribal territory in such a way that each phratry becomes a local group. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia By the simple phratry law that A can only marry B, and may marry any B, local group mates are marriageable. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The population was now divided according to occupations into rather well defined groups, everyone of which had separate interests not guarded by the gens or phratry and therefore necessitating the creation of new offices. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State A very complete illustration of the manner in which phratries are formed by natural growth through the subdivision of gentes is presented by the organization of the Mohegan tribe. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The law however which forbids the marriage of phratry mates is on Mr Lang's original theory founded on the prohibition to marry group mates. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The parent from whom the phratry and class name are thus derived is said to be the determinant spouse. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia But it is an insuperable objection to this theory that it makes the four-class system originate simultaneously with, or at any rate shortly after, the rise of the phratries. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Thus the Senecas have two phratries, the first comprising gentes one to four, the second gentes five to eight. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State It is rare among the American Indian tribes to find such plain evidence of the segmentation of gentes in their external organization, followed by the formation into phratries of their respective subdivisions. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In the Urabunna the choice of a man of one totem is said to be limited to women of the right status in a single totem of the opposite phratry. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia It is forbidden to marry within one's own phratry. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Beyond the Urabunna custom in intertribal marriages, however, which is hardly decisive evidence, there does not appear to be any proof that the transference from one phratry to the other ever took place. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Closer investigation shows that these phratries generally represent the original gentes that formed the tribe in the beginning. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Intermarriage in the phratry is prohibited, which shows of itself that the gentes of each phratry were derived from an original gens. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines It will be seen that a man applies to all the women in the other phratry on the level of his generation the same term as he applies to his actual wife. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia He distinguishes in certain tribes of New South Wales kinship organisations running across the phratries; these are of two kinds, according to the author, but they do not seem to differ in function. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia On this basis it has been argued that at one time all the men in one phratry were united in marriage with all the women in the other within the limits of the generation. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia "The phratry, among the Iroquois, was partly for social and partly for religious objects." The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State After political society was instituted this ancient and time-honored organization, with the phratry and tribe developed from it, gradually yielded up their existence. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines This did not of course violate totem or phratry regulations. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Wales, with two phratries, four classes and various totem kins. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In this, it may be noted, these organisations follow the parallel of the phratries and classes. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Greeks, Pelasgians and other nations of the same tribal origin were constituted since prehistoric times on the same systematic plan as the Americans: gens, phratry, tribe, league of tribes. The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Unlike the Grecian phratry and the Roman curia, it had no official head. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In a previous work I have considered the organization of the American aborigines in gentes, phratries, and tribes, with the functions of each in their social system. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Every member of the tribe has his own phratry, class and totem; these all come to him by descent. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Whether these tribes at this time were organized in gentes and phratries is not known. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines These estufas, like those in the other pueblos, suggest the probability that they were places for holding the councils of the gentes and phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In some of the tribes the phratries stand out prominently upon the face of their organization. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines If this were the case, the phratries would need separate places for holding their councils and for performing their religious observances. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines From the fact that the totems are divided between the phratries it is clear that the local group may also have members of all the six totem kins mentioned above, among its members. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia He also regards the four "brotherhoods" who occupied the four quarters of the pueblo as probably phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines It was the basis of the phratry, of the tribe, and of the confederacy of tribes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The first chapter is a condensation of four in "Ancient Society," namely, those on the gens, phratry, tribe, and confederacy of tribes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Thus the Chocta gentes are united in two phratries which must be mentioned first in order to show the relation of the gentes to each other. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In the eight-class tribes, and in parts of Victoria, the phratries, elsewhere the totem kins, tend to be or are actually limited to certain portions of the tribal area. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The Chickasas are organized in two phratries, of which one contains four and the other eight gentes, as follows: I. Panther Phratry. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines A knowledge of the Indian phratry is necessary to an intelligent understanding of the Grecian and the Roman. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The Grecian gens, phratry, and tribe, the Roman gens, curia, and tribe find their analogues in the gens, phratry, and tribe of the American aborigines. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Originally marriage was not allowed between the members of the same phratry but the members of either could marry into any gens of the other. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The phratries were discovered in South Australia by the Rev. C. W. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia It is thus seen that the phratry had a natural foundation in the kinship of the gentes of which it was composed. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines These phratries form a tribe and its members speak the same dialect. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines From the differences in the composition of the phratries in the several tribes it seems probable that the phratries are modified in their gentes at intervals of time to meet changes of condition. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Our primary institutions root themselves in a prior gentile society in which the gens, phratry, and tribe were the organic series, and in which the council of chiefs was the instrument of government. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In order to facilitate reference and to diminish the necessity for footnotes a survey of classes and phratries is here given. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia The four "lineages" of the Tlascalans who occupied the four quarters of the pueblo of Tlascalan were, in all probability, so many phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The first phratry is called "Divided People," and contains four gentes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In any view of the matter it is small, tending to illustrate the permanence of the phratry as well as the gens. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines This separation of the people into two divisions by gentes created two phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In the two-phratry system the rule of intermarriage is clear; a man of phratry A marries a woman of phratry B and vice versa. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia Some knowledge of the functions of these phratries is of course desirable, but without it, the fact of their existence is established by the divisions themselves. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Thus the gens increases in the number of its members and divides into two these again subdivide and in time reunite in two or more phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In the ball game, for example, among the Senecas, they play by phratries, one against the other, and they bet against each other upon the result of the game. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Such a confederacy is a growth, through the tribe and phratry, from a pair of gentes. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Tribes with conterminous territories usually know what phratries and classes are equivalent in their systems. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia In all alike the gens, phratry and tribe were the first three stages of organization. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines They constituted a phratry of tribes and of sachems, by an extension of the principle which united gentes in a phratry. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines Before it commences, articles of personal property are hazarded upon the result by members of the opposite phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines In Indian ethnography the subjects of primary importance are the gens, phratry, tribe, and confederacy. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The areas covered by the different class and phratry names are not co-extensive, that is to say a class is associated with more than one phratry and vice versâ. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia But this influence of the woman did not reach outward to the affairs of the gens phratry, or tribe, but seems to have commenced and ended with the household. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines It is singular that this industrious investigator did not notice, what is now known to be the fact, that all these tribes were organized in gentes and phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines The members of any gens in the Wolf phratry could marry into any gens of the opposite phratry, and vice versa. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines All these tribes were organized in gentes or clans, and the gentes of each tribe were usually reintegrated in two or more phratries. Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines On the other hand it is not uncommon to find classes without the corresponding phratry names; this is the case in the eight class area, among the tribes of N. S. Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia |
| 随便看 |
英语例句辞典收录了117811条英语例句在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词及词组的例句翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。