| 单词 | phospholipid |
| 例句 | Take phospholipid molecules with one water-loving end and one oil-loving and a sheet of them will automatically roll up into a hollow spherical ball, aka a cell. Creation: The Origin of Life/The Future of Life by Adam Rutherford – review 2013-03-27T08:25:00Z Both phospholipid molecules and embedded proteins are able to diffuse rapidly and laterally in the membrane. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The hydrophilic head groups of the phospholipids face the aqueous solution. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phosphorus is used to make nucleic acids and the phospholipids that comprise biological membranes. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z The phospholipids are tightly packed together, and the membrane has a hydrophobic interior. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In these mutants, phospholipids migrate into the external surface of the outer membrane to create mixed membranes containing patches of phospholipid bilayer scattered among the zones of LPS–phospholipid membrane. Structure of a lipopolysaccharide regulator reveals a road to new antibiotics 2020-08-11T04:00:00Z Figure 3.18 The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane structure describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Cells are bounded by membranes composed of phospholipids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z However, water-soluble materials—like glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes—need some assistance to cross the membrane because they are repelled by the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The phospholipid bilayer patches allow greasy antibiotics and detergents to enter the cell, and transient defects at the boundaries between the two different lipid phases allow leakage of large soluble molecules7. Structure of a lipopolysaccharide regulator reveals a road to new antibiotics 2020-08-11T04:00:00Z A phospholipid has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The surface is also composed of the hydrophilic phosphate "heads" of phospholipids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is a major component of nucleic acids and phospholipids, and, as calcium phosphate, it makes up the supportive components of our bones. Environmental Biology 2018-09-06T00:00:00Z The smooth ER synthesizes phospholipids, the main component of biological membranes, as well as steroid hormones. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Cheng’s team, for example, used a commercially available phospholipid reagent to slip a peptide known to home to heart cells into exosome membranes. How extracellular vesicles can enhance drug delivery 2020-06-16T04:00:00Z Cells are surrounded by a membrane, which has a bilayer of phospholipids. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that works to reduce the surface tension that exists between the alveoli tissue and the air found within the alveoli. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This activated phospholipase then degraded phospholipid molecules in the bacterial cell membrane, killing the infected bacterium. Bacterial twist to an antiviral defence 2019-10-07T04:00:00Z It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophobic internal lipid “tails” and hydrophilic external phosphate “heads.” Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z LPS molecules in the external leaflet of the outer membrane are shown schematically; phospholipids line the interior leaflet. Ratcheting up lipopolysaccharide transport 2019-03-19T04:00:00Z The fatty acids omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid are essential fatty acids needed to make some membrane phospholipids. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins, acts like a detergent in the airways to reduce surface tension and allow for opening of the alveoli. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Electron microscopy and computer modelling revealed that analogue 2 probably binds to phospholipid molecules in the bacterial membrane, resulting in membrane distortion that might help to kill the bacteria. Bacterial persister cells tackled 2018-03-27T04:00:00Z The lipids are essentially the phospholipids of the glial cell membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Anesthesia may even mess with the actions of proteins lashed together into complexes called “lipid rafts” that drift within the phospholipid sea. Plants, Like People, Succumb to Anesthesia [Video] 2018-01-28T05:00:00Z A virion consists of a nucleic-acid core, an outer protein coating, and sometimes an outer envelope made of protein and phospholipid membranes derived from the host cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Among the hydrophilic functional groups is the carboxyl group found in amino acids, some amino acid side chains, and the fatty acids that form triglycerides and phospholipids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is in agreement with numerous reports showing that the overall phospholipid levels of cells, including those of PS, are very tightly regulated41, 42. LACTB is a tumour suppressor that modulates lipid metabolism and cell state : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-21T04:00:00Z The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, so only substances that can pass directly through the hydrophobic core can diffuse through unaided. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The phospholipid layers form mirror image oceans in which membrane proteins float like wayward islands. Plants, Like People, Succumb to Anesthesia [Video] 2018-01-28T05:00:00Z Peripheral proteins are found on the exterior or interior surfaces of membranes, attached either to integral proteins or to phospholipid molecules. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z And the affinity of α-synuclein for phospholipids, which are enriched on vesicle membranes51, 52, probably facilitates its role as a regulator of vesicle trafficking. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Hydrophobic amino acids are found in the domains that are apposed to the hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipids. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z And each droplet is surrounded by a membrane composed of a substance called a phospholipid which, unlike oil, is attractive to water. It’s the pits 2016-06-16T04:00:00Z Figure 2.18 Lipids include fats, such as triglycerides, which are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, phospholipids, and steroids. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z As a result, phospholipids are considered amphipathic because they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid nutritional supplement that stops hyperactive production of cortisol in the body, allowing unhealthy, elevated cortisol levels to decrease, and consequently, more restful sleep to occur. How Sleep Disorders Affect Us – and How to Lay Them to Rest 2015-10-07T04:00:00Z This still holds for the fatty acid portion of a phospholipid compound. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The droplets’ phospholipid membranes proved no barrier to the passage of dioxins, which accumulated satisfactorily in the oil. It’s the pits 2016-06-16T04:00:00Z The fatty acids of phospholipids face inside, away from water, whereas the phosphate group can face either the outside environment or the inside of the cell, which are both aqueous. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Although the molecular structures of steroids differ from that of triglycerides and phospholipids, steroids are classified as lipids based on their hydrophobic properties. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Aspirin eats away at that lining, so Lichtenberger has combined aspirin with lecithin — a natural phospholipid that helps to protect the mucous membrane without interfering with drug absorption. Prevention: Tending the gut : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-05-12T04:00:00Z Therefore, phospholipids are said to have hydrophobic tails, containing the neutral fatty acids, and hydrophilic heads, containing the charged phosphate groups and nitrogen atom. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In addition, the inside of a cell membrane is very hydrophobic, consisting primarily of the tails of the phospholipid bilayer. Tackle Chemistry on the MCAT With a Sample Question 2015-03-17T04:00:00Z A phospholipid is a lipid molecule composed of two fatty acid chains, a glycerol backbone, and a phosphate group. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Figure 3.20 A phospholipid is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Its internal electrical charge distribution would allow it to self-assemble into membranes, just like phospholipids do here on Earth. Titan Could Host Life "Not As We Know It" 2015-03-03T05:00:00Z Finally, like phospholipids, cholesterol molecules are found in the cell membrane, where their hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions help regulate the flow of substances into and out of the cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The same group of researchers later showed that the amount of cholesterol found in the “phospholipid” cell membrane is also much lower in Alaskan frogs. Out of the Deep Freeze: Captain America, the Winter Soldier and the Wood Frog 2014-04-08T15:52:26Z There are other components, such as cholesterol and carbohydrates, which can be found in the membrane in addition to phospholipids and protein. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic part. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are all phospholipids, which are components of cell membranes. Diagnosing dementia: This is not spinal tap 2014-03-13T16:00:44Z In fact, phospholipids are similar in structure to triglycerides. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The major component of cell membranes is a molecule called a phospholipid; an inorganic phosphate molecule joined onto lipid tails. The bacteria that use cholesterol to get into cells. 2013-01-27T23:15:05.490Z Gram-negative bacteria have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, while Gram-positive bacteria have a cell wall made of phospholipids. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z It is a component of the plasma membrane of animal cells and is found within the phospholipid bilayer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Why Alzheimer’s should reduce phospholipid levels in the blood is unclear, but those levels might easily reflect problems in the membranes of the affected brain cells. Diagnosing dementia: This is not spinal tap 2014-03-13T16:00:44Z However, the head of a phospholipid contains charges on the phosphate groups, as well as on the nitrogen atom. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Lots of these phospholipids all line up to form the cell membrane. The bacteria that use cholesterol to get into cells. 2013-01-27T23:15:05.490Z These constitute only a fraction of the total lipid content of an algal cell, which also includes polar lipids, such as phospholipids, sulpholipids and glycolipids. Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels 2012-08-15T17:22:27.080Z A phospholipid is a lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The cell’s outer membrane is made of molecules called phospholipids, which are similar to those in the membrane of a natural cell. Drug delivery: Made to order 2012-07-12T15:01:25Z Figure 3.2 Phospholipid Structure A phospholipid molecule consists of a polar phosphate “head,” which is hydrophilic and a non-polar lipid “tail,” which is hydrophobic. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The yellow blobs within the phospholipid layer are cholesterol. The bacteria that use cholesterol to get into cells. 2013-01-27T23:15:05.490Z The photosynthetic and cellular membranes of algae also contain polar lipids, such as glycolipids, phospholipids and sterols. Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels 2012-08-15T17:22:27.080Z Both the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are phospholipid bilayers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the right conditions, an emulsion of these molecules will organise itself into small spheres, known as vesicles, that contain part of the liquid the phospholipids were suspended in. Drug delivery: Made to order 2012-07-12T15:01:25Z The cell membrane consists of two adjacent layers of phospholipids. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z On the other hand, if phospholipid hydrocarbon tails were primarily unsaturated, the membrane would be too fluid. Cholesterol: Friend Before Foe 2011-09-14T14:15:00.253Z Have arsenate esters replaced phosphate esters to any appreciable extent, for example, in adenosine triphosphate, DNA, RNA, vitamins, phosphoproteins, or phospholipids? [Technical Comment] Comment on ?A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus? 2011-06-02T18:25:19.773Z In order to interact with the phospholipid fatty acid tails that form the center of the plasma membrane, many of the amino acids in the membrane-spanning region are hydrophobic in nature. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z For example, vesicles with phospholipids in their membranes--a key component of actual cell membranes--grow faster than those without. Oil droplets mimic early life 2011-02-23T19:15:02.307Z Figure 3.4 Cell Membrane The cell membrane of the cell is a phospholipid bilayer containing many different molecular components, including proteins and cholesterol, some with carbohydrate groups attached. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To clearly illustrate how cholesterol affects cell membranes, knowing a little bit more about phospholipids would be helpful. Cholesterol: Friend Before Foe 2011-09-14T14:15:00.253Z There was also twice as much "phospholipid," a type of compound in cell membranes. Study: Petroleum-eating microbes significantly reduced gulf oil plume 2010-08-24T17:44:00Z Present in small concentrations in the plasma membrane, inositol phospholipids are lipids that can also be converted into second messengers. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with each other. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Large polar or ionic molecules, which are hydrophilic, cannot easily cross the phospholipid bilayer. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z However, the integrity of this phospholipid frame is largely determined by the amount of cholesterol it contains. Cholesterol: Friend Before Foe 2011-09-14T14:15:00.253Z Recall that the general structure of a cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer composed of two layers of lipid molecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z How do phospholipids contribute to cell membrane structure? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phosphorus is required by all organisms for the synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Charged atoms or molecules of any size cannot cross the cell membrane via simple diffusion as the charges are repelled by the hydrophobic tails in the interior of the phospholipid bilayer. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid and the omega-6 linoleic acid are essential fatty acids needed to make some membrane phospholipids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Because both gases are small, nonpolar molecules, they freely travel across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma cell membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The similar arrangement of phospholipids and proteins points to common ancestry. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Peripheral proteins are found on the exterior and interior surfaces of membranes, attached either to integral proteins or to phospholipids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phosphate is found in phospholipids, such as those that make up the cell membrane, and in ATP, nucleotides, and buffers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In their saturated form, the fatty acids in phospholipid tails are saturated with bound hydrogen atoms. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cholesterol, which lies alongside the phospholipids in the membrane, tends to dampen the effects of temperature on the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 5.2 The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane describes the plasma membrane as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In fact, there is a considerable difference between the array of phospholipids and proteins between the two leaflets that form a membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A type II alveolar cell is interspersed among the type I cells and secretes pulmonary surfactant, a substance composed of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Some of these integral proteins are collections of beta pleated sheets that form a pore or channel through the phospholipid bilayer. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Recall that many ions cannot diffuse through the nonpolar regions of phospholipid membranes without the aid of ion channels. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Figure 5.3 This phospholipid molecule is composed of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Small amounts of dietary cholesterol and phospholipids are also consumed. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Phosphatidylcholine that is a phospholipid with a choline head group, which serves the functions. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most cell membranes comprise two phospholipid layers with the hydrophilic phosphate ends of each molecule in the outer and inner surfaces. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This characteristic is vital to the structure of a plasma membrane because, in water, phospholipids tend to become arranged with their hydrophobic tails facing each other and their hydrophilic heads facing out. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many organelles are bound by membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers embedded with proteins to compartmentalize functions such as the storage of hydrolytic enzymes and the synthesis of proteins. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The triglycerides are mixed with phospholipids and cholesterol, and surrounded with a protein coat. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The membrane of the ER, which is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, is continuous with the nuclear envelope. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z One factor is the nature of the phospholipids themselves. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The RER modifies proteins and synthesizes phospholipids used in cell membranes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Bile contains bile salts and phospholipids, which emulsify large lipid globules into tiny lipid droplets, a necessary step in lipid digestion and absorption. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The RER modifies proteins and synthesizes phospholipids used in cell membranes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If unsaturated fatty acids are compressed, the “kinks” in their tails elbow adjacent phospholipid molecules away, maintaining some space between the phospholipid molecules. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A phospholipid is a molecule consisting of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-linked head group. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Cholesterol, another lipid composed of four fused carbon rings, is found alongside the phospholipids in the core of the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The hydrophilic regions of the phospholipids tend to form hydrogen bonds with water and other polar molecules on both the exterior and interior of the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This “elbow room” helps to maintain fluidity in the membrane at temperatures at which membranes with saturated fatty acid tails in their phospholipids would “freeze” or solidify. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Therefore, phospholipids form an excellent two-layer cell membrane that separates fluid within the cell from the fluid outside of the cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The proportion of phosphate within the phospholipids will vary. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Which characteristic of a phospholipid increases the fluidity of the membrane? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A virion consists of a nucleic acid core, an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope made of protein and phospholipid membranes derived from the host cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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