| 单词 | phlogiston |
| 例句 | One day we may discover that some of our most cherished forms of knowledge are as obsolete as epicycles, phlogiston, caloric, the electromagnetic aether and, indeed, Newtonian physics. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z After over 30 years of “intellectual regress”, the study of booms and busts now reminds him of a lipstick-wearing pig or an obsolete scientific embarrassment like the phlogiston theory of fire. The emperor’s new paunch 2016-09-22T04:00:00Z In macroeconomics the problem is especially bad: we’re better than chemistry was when it was still considering phlogiston but not as advanced as physics is, say, with nuclear reactions and decay. The Fed's Major Problem Is The Simple Ignorance Of Economists 2015-02-22T05:00:00Z Characters are equipped with a “lilium orb”, a piece of applied phlogiston which arrays bonuses to their character statistics along a spider-web pattern. Tales of Xillia Review (PlayStation 3) - Big Swords, Big Hair, Big Ask 2013-08-07T16:10:00Z Stahl replied, phlogiston is a "principle of levity;" the presence of phlogiston in a substance causes that substance to weigh less than it did before it received this phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z When any substance containing phlogiston is heated in the vitriolic acid, another species of the acid, called sulphureous, is formed, of a pungent smell. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z If you’re a chemist and the scientific hypothesis you are testing is, say, that combustion is the result of a colorless, odorless substance called “phlogiston“, no amount of experimentation will help you. Lean Startups Pt 2: A Scientific Method For Creating Innovation 2011-06-25T15:22:11Z It is not that there are any very staggering arguments against the immortality of man, but, like electricity, phlogiston, &c., the subject is so involved in darkness that we want data to go upon.’ The Real Robert Burns 2011-02-18T03:00:20.253Z Oxygen was just discovered at that time, and Lavoisier gathered evidence from all sides that the theory of phlogiston had to be turned inside out to fit the new facts. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z When a substance burns, phlogiston, it was said, rushes out of it. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z It is less capable of concentration than the vitriolic or nitrous acids, perhaps from a more intimate union of phlogiston with it. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z “My thoughts about the unexpected generation of light and fire out of water, fine earth, and phlogiston I reserve to describe at a later time.” History of Phosphorus On this theory, all substances which could be burnt were composed of phlogiston and some other substance, and the operation of burning was simply equivalent to the liberation of the phlogiston. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 "Columbus" to "Condottiere" In this way the theory of “phlogiston” was developed by G.E. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 3 "Electrostatics" to "Engis" 2011-02-06T03:00:53.093Z Because, said Priestley, air has a great affinity for phlogiston, and draws it out of the burning substance. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z This acid is also procured in great purity by means of the nitrous or vitriolic acids, especially the former, which readily combines with the phlogiston of the phosphorus, and thus leaves the acid pure. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z It was obvious that phlogiston entered into the composition of the distillation product. History of Phosphorus For the rest of that century, and for the greater part of the next, philosophers stumbled about in darkness, misled for most of the time by the phantom conception which they called phlogiston. The Voice of Science in Nineteenth-Century Literature Representative Prose and Verse The violence or completeness of combustion was proportional to the amount of phlogiston present. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" What then becomes of this phlogiston? we next inquire. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z It is highly inflammable, and burns without smoke, or leaving any residuum; and in the act of burning its phlogiston so unites with dephlogisticated air as to make fixed air. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z This treats fully the subject of the phlogiston theory and its influence in the development of chemistry. A History of Science, Volume 5(of 5) Aspects Of Recent Science This experiment proves that some part of the phlogiston which escapes from the fuel, in contact with which the lime is burned, adheres to it. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Yet really the transition from the one theory to the other was simple, it being only necessary to change the “addition or loss of phlogiston” into the “loss or addition of oxygen.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 1 "Châtelet" to "Chicago" The antiphlogistic chemists regarded fixed air as composed of carbon and dephlogisticated air; the phlogisteans said it was a substance highly charged with phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z It consists of acid and water combined with phlogiston. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z A popular account of the development of the phlogiston theory from alchemy, giving explanations of the curious beliefs and methods of working of the alchemists. A History of Science, Volume 5(of 5) Aspects Of Recent Science And that water can be impregnated with phlogiston, is evident from many of my experiments, especially those in which metals were calcined over it. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Every metal deprived of this igneous principle is immediately reduced to a calx, and thus deprived of its splendour, fusibility, and other properties, until restored again by the readmission of its phlogiston. A Treatise on Foreign Teas Abstracted From An Ingenious Work, Lately Published, Entitled An Essay On the Nerves The experiment was tried: a gas was produced which had no action on limewater and which was very inflammable; what could this be but phlogiston, already recognized by this very property of extreme inflammability? Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z Metallizable earths, commonly called ores, when united to phlogiston, make the metals, distinguishable for their specific gravity, their opacity, shining appearance, and fusibility. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z James was one of the old school of chemistry, and held by phlogiston, but for no better reason than the endless trouble the new-fangled discoveries brought upon him in the way of apparatus. Spare Hours Lastly, Let it be considered that the proper nourishment of an animal body, from which the source and materials of all muscular motion must be derived, is probably some modification of phlogiston. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Every analysis of mineral waters in their perfect state has demonstrated that they possess a fixed air, a volatile alkali, a volatile vitriolic acid, and the phlogiston. A Treatise on Foreign Teas Abstracted From An Ingenious Work, Lately Published, Entitled An Essay On the Nerves The residual air now contained, according to Priestley, more phlogiston, and therefore relatively less dephlogisticated air than before the explosion. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z In consequence of its readily parting with its phlogiston, it is capable of burning, like wood or other fuel, in pure air. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z What theory was more clinging, more fascinating in its applications, than that of phlogiston? Essay on the Creative Imagination May not plants also restore air diminished by putrefaction by absorbing part of the phlogiston with which it is loaded? Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Others believe that earth and phlogiston are the things from which all material nature has derived its origin. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 We have seen that the upholders of phlogiston believed that in the inflammable air of Cavendish they had at last succeeded in obtaining the long-sought-for phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z In many other cases the same metal, in different states, contains more or less phlogiston, as cast iron, malleable iron, and steel. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z He did much to overthrow the phlogiston theory, which was universally accepted in his time; and his researches upon arsenic were of the highest importance. Prairie Farmer, Vol. 56: No. 3, January 19, 1884. A Weekly Journal for the Farm, Orchard and Fireside I found that dry wood, crusts of bread, and raw flesh, very readily imbibed this air, but did not part with any of their phlogiston to it. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air It is seen from these experiments that phlogiston, the simple inflammable principle, is present in each of them. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 And they answered as triumphantly, Because these metals lose phlogiston by this process, and we know that a calx is a metal deprived of its phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z If precipitate per se be revived in inflammable air, the air will be imbibed, so that running mercury may contain more or less phlogiston. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z One substance was thought to be more combustible than another because it contained more phlogiston. An Elementary Study of Chemistry To this hypothesis it may be objected, that, if diminished air be air saturated with phlogiston, it ought to be inflammable. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air I shall demonstrate the constituents of this inflammable air further on; for, although it seems to follow from these experiments that it is only phlogiston, still other experiments are contrary to this. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 Either the theory of phlogiston must be abandoned, or the properties of the thing called phlogiston must be very different from those of any known kind of matter. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z Thus we say that the union of phlogiston to a particular kind of earth is the cause of its becoming a metal. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z While studying the action of hydrochloric acid upon the mineral pyrolusite, in 1774, Scheele obtained a yellowish, gaseous substance to which he gave a name in keeping with the phlogiston theory then current. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Alkaline air, on the contrary, I was surprized to find, is slightly inflammable; which, however, seems to confirm the opinion of chemists, that the volatile alkali contains phlogiston. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air But since phlogiston is a substance, which always presupposes some weight, I much doubt whether such hypothesis has any foundation.... Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 He then states the phlogistic interpretation of these phenomena: that combustion is caused by the outrush from the burning body of a something called the principle of fire, or phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z Thus when phlogisticated alkali is poured into a solution of green vitriol, the acid of the vitriol unites with the alkali, while the phlogiston joining the calx of iron makes Prussian blue. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Coal, for example, was thought to be very rich in phlogiston. An Elementary Study of Chemistry This revivification of metals by electricity completes the proof of the electric matter being, or containing phlogiston. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air I am inclined to believe that fire-air consists of a subtle acid substance united with phlogiston, and it is probable that all acids derive their origin from fire-air. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 This reproduction is due, according to the phlogistic chemists, to the giving back, by carbon, of the phlogiston which had escaped during the burning. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z Pure inflammable air seems to consist of phlogiston and water, and the lambent kinds to be the same thing, with the addition of some oily vapour diffused through it. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z If the phlogiston could be restored in any way, the substance would then become combustible again. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Perhaps it may be air in such a state as common air loaded with phlogiston, and from which the fixed air has been precipitated. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Now, if this air penetrates into plants, these must attract the phlogiston, and consequently the acid, which manifests itself as aerial acid, must be produced. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 He always interprets his experimental results by the help of the theory of phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z And as nitrous acid is likewise formed by the union of inflammable and dephlogisticated air, one principal ingredient in nitrous air must be common to it and inflammable air, or phlogiston. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Being a believer in the phlogiston theory, however, he failed to interpret his results correctly. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Speculations arising from the consideration of the similarity of the electric matter and phlogiston. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air If plants abstract the phlogiston from the air, the aerial acid must be lighter. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 Priestley thought that "very pure air" would take away phlogiston from some metals without the help of heat or any acid, and thus cause these metals to rust. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z It dissolves many substances containing phlogiston, as iron, dry flesh, &c. and thereby forms a little inflammable air. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z What is the meaning of the following words? phlogiston, ozone, phosphorus. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Again, iron, by its fermentation with brimstone and water, is evidently reduced to a calx, so that phlogiston must have escaped from it. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Where this phlogiston has gone to during the circulation of the blood, I leave to others to ascertain. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 What is this but common air completely deprived of phlogiston? Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z Vitriolic acid air is procured by heating in hot acid of vitriol almost any substance containing phlogiston, especially the metals which are soluble in that acid, as copper, mercury, &c. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Previous to his time combustion was supposed to be due to the presence of a substance or principle called phlogiston. An Elementary Study of Chemistry Notwithstanding the affinity which this acid air appears to have with phlogiston, it is not capable of depriving all bodies of it. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air The experiments seem to prove that the transference of phlogiston to the air does not always diminish its bulk, which, however, the experiments mentioned in �� 8.16 shew distinctly. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 Now, if common air draws phlogiston out of substances, surely this dephlogisticated air will even more readily do the same. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z These facts shew that alkaline air consists chiefly of phlogiston. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Present day students would grow impatient in their perusal, because of the persistent emphasis placed on phlogiston, dephlogisticated air, phlogisticated air, and so forth. Priestley in America 1794-1804 Common air, I find, is diminished, and rendered noxious, by liver of sulphur, which the chemists say exhales phlogiston, and nothing else. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Experiments which prove that ordinary air, consisting of two kinds of elastic fluids, can be compounded again after these have been separated from each other by means of phlogiston. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 "Now," said Priestley, "when a metal burns phlogiston rushes out of it; if I restore this phlogiston to the metallic calx, I shall convert it back into the metal." Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z The nitrous acid unites with phlogiston, alkalis, metallic substances, and calcareous earth. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z And thus he proceeds, ever doing interesting things, but blind to the patent results because he had phlogiston constantly before him. Priestley in America 1794-1804 From these experiments it pretty clearly follows, that the electric matter either is, or contains phlogiston; since it does the very same thing that phlogiston does. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air This acid holds this small quantity of phlogiston so firmly that even the air, which so strongly attracts the inflammable substance, is not able to separate this from it. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 The antiphlogistic school said that calx of iron is composed of iron and dephlogisticated air; the phlogisteans said it was iron deprived of its phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z By means of its affinity with phlogiston it occasions that rapid accension called detonation, when any salt containing this acid, especially nitre, is applied to hot charcoal, or when charcoal is put to hot nitre. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z They thought of Joseph Priestley and involuntarily there arose the idea of phlogiston. Priestley in America 1794-1804 Lastly, since spirit of nitre is known to have a very remarkable affinity with phlogiston, it is far from being improbable that nitrous air may also produce the same effect by the same means. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air But that the blood really attracts the inflammable substance I have additional experiment to prove, since I have removed phlogiston by help of my lungs from inflammable air, and have converted this into vitiated air. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 Priestley regarded inflammable air as an air containing much phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z When pure, it is entirely free from colour and smell, owing, probably, to its being free from phlogiston, which is inseparable from the nitrous or marine acids. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z It was phlogiston and that only which occasioned the electric current. Priestley in America 1794-1804 In fact, it is phlogiston that is the test. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air It is also to be observed that fire-air, vitiated by the lungs, extinguishes fire; why does not the aerial acid attract the phlogiston again? why not also the vitiated air? Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 He thought that the air was in the first instance rendered noxious by being impregnated with phlogiston, and that the plant restored the air by removing this phlogiston. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z Perhaps chiefly from the strong affinity which this acid has with water, pyrophorus, consisting of a mixture of alum and several substances containing phlogiston, takes fire spontaneously on exposure to the air. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Their interpretation sadly enough is very false, all because of the persistent introduction of phlogiston where it was not essential. Priestley in America 1794-1804 The acid air seemed to make no impression upon a piece of Derbyshire spar, of a very dark colour, and which, therefore, seemed to contain a good deal of phlogiston. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air It seems that these creatures live only upon the phlogiston in fire-air, perhaps also upon the heat. Discovery of Oxygen, Part 2 Thus, about the year 1784-85, the theory of phlogiston appeared to be quite overthrown. Heroes of Science Chemists 2011-12-09T03:00:21.047Z This seizes upon the substance with which the acid was united, and especially the phlogiston adhering to it, and then the peculiar acid of sugar crystallizes. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Further he believed that when the phlogiston flew away, "the splendour, malleability, and ductility" of the metal disappeared with it, leaving behind a calx. Priestley in America 1794-1804 This experiment, however, seems to prove that acid air and phlogiston may form a permanent kind of air that is not inflammable. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air It teetered out of the hole and seemed to hover, spitting great gouts of flame as it encountered the phlogiston layer. The Sky Is Falling It is not that there are any very staggering arguments against the immortality of man; but like electricity, phlogiston, &c., the subject is so involved in darkness, that we want data to go upon. The Complete Works of Robert Burns: Containing his Poems, Songs, and Correspondence. With a New Life of the Poet, and Notices, Critical and Biographical by Allan Cunningham This metal readily parts with its phlogiston, so as to be very subject to calcine, or rust, by exposure to the air. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z Their one subject was phlogiston and its rôle in very simple chemical operations. Priestley in America 1794-1804 Acid air and phlogiston constitute an air which either extinguishes flame, or is itself inflammable, according, probably, to the quantity of phlogiston combined in it, or the mode of combination. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air It was spreading, apparently just under the phlogiston layer, reflecting back the glare. The Sky Is Falling These agents, then, the spheres and phlogiston, have been explained away, and instead of them we have the laws of motion and oxygen. Logic Deductive and Inductive Thus the phlogiston of charcoal or inflammable air becomes the phlogiston of any of the metals, when the calx is heated in contact with either of them. Heads of Lectures on a Course of Experimental Philosophy: Particularly Including Chemistry 2011-10-11T02:01:05.817Z As known, Woodhouse worked unceasingly to overthrow the doctrine of phlogiston, but was evidently irritated by Maclean, whom he reminds— You are not yet, Doctor, the conqueror of this veteran in Philosophy. Priestley in America 1794-1804 Perhaps the phlogiston may unite with the watery part of the atmosphere, in preference to any other part of it, and may by that means be more easily transferred to such salts as imbibe moisture. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air The sun must have been moving fast enough so that no single spot became too hot, or else the phlogiston layer somehow dissipated the heat. The Sky Is Falling Similarly, both Newton's theory of light and the chemical doctrine of phlogiston led to predictions which came true. Logic Deductive and Inductive In later ages they had spirits in which there was everything: volatile liquids, gases, and theoretical conceptions, such as phlogiston. Scientific American Supplement, No. 315, January 14, 1882 Stahl said that the phlogiston of a combustible thing escapes as the substance burns, and, becoming apparent to the senses, is named fire or flame. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry This is similar to the effect of the same mixture, and of phlogiston in other cases, on fixed air; for it so far changes its constitution, that it is afterwards incapable of mixing with water. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air For see you, the upper air is filled with phlogiston, which no man can breathe. The Sky Is Falling The absolute leviation of phlogiston, in contrast with the gravitation of all other forms of matter, discredited that supposed agent. Logic Deductive and Inductive The most simple kind is composed of two different substances, viz. phlogiston, with certain specific substances; from which result, on the one hand, sulphur, and, on the other, proper coal and metals. Theory of the Earth, Volume 1 (of 4) As escaping, or free, phlogiston was called fire, or flame, so the phlogiston in a combustible substance was sometimes called combined fire, or flame in the state of combination. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry Perhaps an accurate attention to the specific gravity of air procured from these different materials, and in these different states, may determine this matter, and assist us in investigating the nature of phlogiston. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Also, the phlogiston has negative weight, as every school child must know. The Sky Is Falling This experiment, then, decided against phlogiston, and led to an analysis of common air confirming Priestley's discovery of oxygen. Logic Deductive and Inductive Our author has written upon the subject of phlogiston; one would suppose that he should be well acquainted with inflammable bodies at least; let us see then what he has to observe upon that subject. Theory of the Earth, Volume 1 (of 4) Looking back, we cannot think of phlogiston as a substance, or as a thing, in the modern meanings of these terms as they are used in natural science. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry Nothing will nourish that does not contain phlogiston, and probably in such a state as to be easily separated from it by the animal functions. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Now suppose them to sweat in those confined quarters their fat away, their phlogiston, their caloric. Popular Science Monthly Oct, Nov, Dec, 1915 — Volume 86 Soot and sulphur were regarded as nearly pure phlogiston. The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary Section P and Q It is not that there are any very staggering arguments against the immortality of man; but, like electricity, phlogiston, etc., the subject is so involved in darkness, that we want data to go upon. The Letters of Robert Burns The theory of phlogiston was extraordinarily simple, compared with the alchemical vagaries which preceded it. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry These two states of phlogiston may be conceived to resemble, in some measure, the two states of fixed air, viz. elastic, or non-elastic; a solid, or a fluid. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air The dispute among philosophers about phlogiston is not concerning the existence of an inflammable principle, but rather whether there be one or more inflammable principles. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation "There is still a great deal of phlogiston in our philosophy," he used to say sometimes. Recollections of My Childhood and Youth Hence it appeared that common air consists, to the extent of four-fifths of its volume, of air which is already "phlogisticated"; while the other fifth is free from phlogiston, or "dephlogisticated." Science & Education But how is such a restoration of phlogiston to be accomplished? The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry But finding that, by the same process I could get inflammable air from the volatile spirit of sal ammoniac, I conclude that the phlogiston was in part supplied by the electric matter itself. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air The disciples of Lavoisier pay homage to a plurality of phlogistons under the various names of charcoal, sulphur, metals, &c. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation What had already been observed by a few others, though without being taken seriously by them, he found confirmed - that, contrary to the phlogiston - theory, matter does not lose weight through oxidation but gains weight. Man or Matter By the time this preface is in print the kaleidoscope may have had another shake; and opsonin may have gone the way of phlogiston at the hands of its own restless discoverer. The Doctor's Dilemma: Preface on Doctors A peculiarity of the strange thing called phlogiston was that it preferred to be concealed in something, hidden, imprisoned, combined; free phlogiston was supposed to be always ready to become combined phlogiston. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry It is probable, therefore, that electric light comes from the electric matter itself; and this being a modification of phlogiston, it is probable that all light is a modification of phlogiston also. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air And that as animals receive their nourishment from vegetables they also obtain in a secondary manner their phlogiston from the sun. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation He then examined the process of calcination, whereby the phlogiston of the metal was supposed to have been drawn off. A History of Science — Volume 4 Have not the natures of things been explained by imaginary entities, such as life or phlogiston, which exist in the mind only? Timaeus The protean principle of phlogiston was always at hand, and, by skilful management, was ready to adapt itself to any facts. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry And if light be also phlogiston, or some modification or subdivision of phlogiston, the same thing is capable of being exhibited alone in this other form also. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Blood gives out phlogiston and receives vital air. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation This was the final blow to the phlogiston theory, which, although it had been tottering for some time, had not been completely overthrown. A History of Science — Volume 4 Stahl, the author of this theory, asserted that there is a principle of inflammability, to which he gave the name phlogiston, having the quality of uniting with substances. History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science Moreover, the theory asserted that all combustible, or incinerable, things are composed of phlogiston, and another principle, or, as was often said, another element, which is different in different kinds of combustible substances. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry The most important of them is a confirmation of my conjecture, that fixed air is capable of forming an union with phlogiston, and thereby becoming a kind of air that is not miscible with water. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air The use of respiration by the blood parting with phlogiston, and imbibing dephlogisticated air. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation According to the phlogistic theory, the part remaining after a substance was burned was simply the original substance deprived of phlogiston. A History of Science — Volume 4 Now, if the phlogistic hypothesis be true, it would follow that a metal should be the heavier, its oxide the lighter body, for the former contains something—phlogiston—that has been added to the latter. History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science The metals, for instance, were said to be composed of phlogiston and an earthy principle or element, which was somewhat different in different metals. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry In fact, as will be seen hereafter, more phlogiston is expelled from these substances in the latter case than in the former. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air The disciples of Stahl, which till lately included the whole chemical world, believed in the identity of phlogiston in all bodies which would flame or calcine. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation To restore the original combustible substance, it was necessary to heat the residue of the combustion with something that burned easily, so that the freed phlogiston might again combine with the ashes. A History of Science — Volume 4 Thus, when what we now term a metallic oxide was united to it, a metal was produced; and, if the phlogiston were withdrawn, the metal passed back into its earthy or oxidized state. History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science Arguing thus, Priestley, of course, named the new aeriform substance dephlogisticated air, and thought of it as ordinary air deprived of some, or it might be all, of its phlogiston. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry It is probable, therefore, that burned air is air so far loaded with phlogiston, as to be able to extinguish a candle, which it may do long before it is fully saturated. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air Dr. Priestley has evinced by very ingenious experiments that the blood gives out phlogiston, and receives vital air, or oxygene-gas by the lungs. The Botanic Garden A Poem in Two Parts. Part 1: the Economy of Vegetation At first the phlogiston theory seemed to explain in an indisputable way all the known chemical phenomena. A History of Science — Volume 4 On this principle, then, the metals were compound bodies, earths combined with phlogiston. History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science The breathing of animals and the burning of substances were supposed to load the atmosphere with phlogiston. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry May not water impregnated with phlogiston from calcined metals, or by any other method, be of some use in medicine? Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air It not only discarded phlogiston altogether, but set forth that metals are simple elements, not compounds of "earth" and "phlogiston." A History of Science — Volume 4 In 1771 he gave the first blow to the phlogiston theory by his experiments on the calcination of metals. A History of Science — Volume 4 It is presented by the chemical theory of phlogiston. History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science It seemed necessary to suppose that not only was phlogiston expelled from mercury during calcination, but that the mercury also imbibed some portion, and that the purest portion, of the surrounding air. The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry Besides I think the term phlogiston preferable to that of fire, because it is not in common use, but confined to philosophy; so that the use of it may be more accurately ascertained. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air The great first step was the substitution of the one principle, phlogiston, for the three principles, salt, sulphur, and mercury. A History of Science — Volume 4 It will be recalled that one basis for the belief in phlogiston was the fact that when a metal was calcined it was converted into an ash, giving up its "phlogiston" in the process. A History of Science — Volume 4 This was an important step, and although Boyle is not directly responsible for the phlogiston theory, it is probable that his experiments on the atmosphere influenced considerably the real founders, Becker and Stahl. A History of Science — Volume 4 Most of the chemists, however, attempted to harmonize the new facts with the older theories—to explain all the phenomena on the basis of the phlogiston theory, which was still dominant. A History of Science — Volume 4 From this he argued that all combustible substances must contain a common principle, and this principle he named phlogiston. A History of Science — Volume 4 Still the phlogiston theory was firmly grounded in the minds of the philosophers, who can hardly be censured for adhering to it, at least until some satisfactory substitute was offered. A History of Science — Volume 4 Such expressions as "dephlogisticated" and "phlogisticated" would obviously have little meaning to a generation who were no longer to believe in the existence of phlogiston. A History of Science — Volume 4 His explanations of chemical phenomena were based on the phlogiston theory, in which, like Priestley, he always, believed. A History of Science — Volume 4 In the mind of its author it was little less than a paean of victory; but all the world beside knew that it was the swan-song of the doctrine of phlogiston. A History of Science — Volume 4 |
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