| 单词 | phenotypic |
| 例句 | I think it’s a common conversation in dance that maybe Black dancers and Black body types have certain phenotypic traits that deem them better suited to certain roles or positions. Kandis Williams Envisions Dancing Bodies Without Borders 2021-10-28T04:00:00Z If a person’s phenotypic age is greater than their chronological age, they are ageing faster than average, and vice versa. Is the end nigh?: new blood tests can reveal your life expectancy 2018-07-09T04:00:00Z The test calculates what the scientists call a ‘phenotypic age’, which reflects the biological rather than chronological age of a person’s body. Is the end nigh?: new blood tests can reveal your life expectancy 2018-07-09T04:00:00Z It evaluated phenotypic effects by deleterious off-target sites based on the evidence provided by gene expression changes. Researchers develop DANGER analysis tool for the safer design of gene editing 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z This study paints a dynamic picture of how species adapt to changing environments through a combination of genetic changes of large phenotypic effects that are sometimes transferred between species. Genome study reveals 30 years of Darwin's finch evolution 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z Understanding the sources of a phenotypic variation in a population is important for determining how a population will evolve in response to different evolutionary pressures. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Given an inheritance pattern of dominant–recessive, the genotypic and phenotypic ratios can then be determined. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “It’s called phenotypic plasticity,” said Gouker, a research geneticist and woody ornamental plant breeder. Perspective | The time of the season: Pondering autumn and Autumns 2022-11-02T04:00:00Z It quantified the phenotypic risk at the gene ontology term level, without a reference genome. Researchers develop DANGER analysis tool for the safer design of gene editing 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z The author comes to this subject from evolutionary biology, where he is an expert in phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to adapt to better fit into its environment. Review | Self-help philosophy, inspired by Socrates, that avoids hard questions 2022-10-13T04:00:00Z Most of the common diseases, such as heart disease, are multi-factored or polygenic, which is a phenotypic characteristic that involves two or more genes, and also involve environmental factors such as diet. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Most of the common diseases, such as heart disease, are multifactorial or polygenic, which refers to a phenotypic characteristic that is determined by two or more genes, and also environmental factors such as diet. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z He was able to identify a 3:1 phenotypic ratio in second-generation offspring because his large sample size overcame the influence of variability resulting from chance. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Finally, the software quantifies the phenotypic risk using the gene ontology of the deleterious off-targets. Researchers develop DANGER analysis tool for the safer design of gene editing 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z In addition, very little phenotypic information is available about infants to guide interpretation of results. Should We Sequence the Genome of Every Newborn? 2020-01-03T05:00:00Z What prediction can you make about the genetic and phenotypic variation of future populations for this group of voles? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Until now, we have defined evolution as a change in the characteristics of a population of organisms, but behind that phenotypic change is genetic change. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Eerily, they were given a precise phenotypic marker, a blemish above the left eyebrow, and were given, too, the ill temper associated with age. Can We Live Longer but Stay Younger? 2019-05-13T04:00:00Z "We will apply the software to various genome editing samples from patients and crops to clarify the phenotypic effect and establish safer strategies for genome editing," said Nakamae. Researchers develop DANGER analysis tool for the safer design of gene editing 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z This is due to their phenotypic plasticity - the capacity of an individual organism to alter its physiology or gene expression in response to changing environmental conditions. Tassie devils 'adapting to coexist with cancer' 2019-03-29T04:00:00Z There will be neither phenotypic nor genotypic changes in the population. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Alternately, reverse genetics can be used to cause a gene to overexpress itself to determine what phenotypic effects may occur. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “Genomic DNA from single cells recovered from the evidence was amplified, and the phenotypic information acquired matched the only witness statement regarded as reliable,” said Louhelainen and Miller, in the abstract. Jack the Ripper revealed? DNA research may finally unravel mystery 2019-03-18T04:00:00Z The research team set out to devise a method to deal with the issues of the phenotypic effects and the dependence on a reference genome. Researchers develop DANGER analysis tool for the safer design of gene editing 2023-10-23T04:00:00Z Now we are going to use this approach to dissect large genomic regions that are known to be important in discerning disease susceptibility, or that underlie other phenotypic traits. Technologies to watch in 2019 2019-01-22T05:00:00Z Understanding the sources of phenotypic variation is important for determining how a population will evolve in response to different evolutionary pressures. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The phenotypic ratios are the ratios of visible characteristics. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z When the lava first cooled 20,000 years ago, the researchers suggest, phenotypic plasticity enabled lizards that wandered onto the newly cooled lava to darken for concealment and survive in the new environment. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in metabolism and rate of growth: rapid adaptation to a novel environment. Ghalambor et al. reply 2018-03-27T04:00:00Z Here we report a multi-tissue gene expression resource that represents the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of modern inbred maize, and includes transcriptomes in an average of 255 lines in seven tissues. Dysregulation of expression correlates with rare-allele burden and fitness loss in maize 2018-03-13T04:00:00Z Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Out of these crosses, all of the F1 offspring had the phenotype of one parent, and the F2 offspring had a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The toads display phenotypic plasticity, the ability to change how they look and act, and how their tissues function, in response to their environment. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Evolutionary adaptations to new environments generally reverse plastic phenotypic changes. Ghalambor et al. reply 2018-03-27T04:00:00Z Structure of linkage disequilibrium and phenotypic associations in the maize genome. Dysregulation of expression correlates with rare-allele burden and fitness loss in maize 2018-03-13T04:00:00Z The appearance of new mutations is the most common way to introduce novel genotypic and phenotypic variance. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This explains why the results of Mendel’s F2 generation occurred in a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “Since computer vision technology is being utilized in high-stakes sectors such as healthcare and law enforcement, more work needs to be done in benchmarking vision algorithms for various demographic and phenotypic groups,” Buolamwini wrote. Facial recognition software is biased towards white men, researcher finds 2018-02-11T05:00:00Z Miller, F. R., Miller, B. E. & Heppner, G. H. Characterization of metastatic heterogeneity among subpopulations of a single mouse mammary tumor: heterogeneity in phenotypic stability. Asparagine bioavailability governs metastasis in a model of breast cancer 2018-02-06T05:00:00Z The relationship between parental genetic or phenotypic divergence and progeny variation in the maize nested association mapping population. Dysregulation of expression correlates with rare-allele burden and fitness loss in maize 2018-03-13T04:00:00Z Geographic separation between populations can lead to differences in the phenotypic variation between those populations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Here we show that the pervasive presence of multiple enhancers with similar activities near the same gene confers phenotypic robustness to loss-of-function mutations in individual enhancers. Enhancer redundancy provides phenotypic robustness in mammalian development 2018-01-30T05:00:00Z Elucidation of the phenotypic, functional, and molecular topography of a myeloerythroid progenitor cell hierarchy. From haematopoietic stem cells to complex differentiation landscapes 2018-01-23T05:00:00Z We show that the primary cause of this variation is the age of an individual’s mother, with the progeny of young mothers exhibiting several phenotypic impairments. Maternal age generates phenotypic variation in Caenorhabditis elegans 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z Rare diseases were once considered medical curiosities of inscrutable phenotypic complexity and negligible public-health impact. Medical research: Next decade's goals for rare diseases : Nature : Nature Research 2017-08-08T04:00:00Z Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Together, our data indicate that enhancer redundancy is a remarkably widespread feature of mammalian genomes that provides an effective regulatory buffer to prevent deleterious phenotypic consequences upon the loss of individual enhancers. Enhancer redundancy provides phenotypic robustness in mammalian development 2018-01-30T05:00:00Z Hundreds of thousands of human genomes are now being sequenced to characterize genetic variation and use this information to augment association mapping studies of complex disorders and other phenotypic traits1, 2, 3, 4. Sequencing and de novo assembly of 150 genomes from Denmark as a population reference : Nature : Nature Research 2017-07-25T04:00:00Z Further high-quality assemblies will in turn extend our understanding of the genetic diversity that forms the basis of the phenotypic diversity in maize and other economically important plants. Improved maize reference genome with single-molecule technologies : Nature : Nature Research 2017-06-11T04:00:00Z “Of greater concern, in some cases, there exists the misconception that these unusual color morphs, or other phenotypic aberrations, may represent a separate endangered species in need of conservation.” Ligers and tigons: activists aim to outlaw 'inhumane' breeding of frankencats 2017-05-19T04:00:00Z It is simply the sum of the various forces described in this chapter and how they influence the genetic and phenotypic variance of a population. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “We can grow these things up, apply phenotypic screening, isolate a compound, put that compound into an animal and get the effect we're looking for,” Stein says. Therapeutic developments: Masters of medicine : Nature : Nature Research 2017-05-16T04:00:00Z Interestingly, we are unaware of any phenotypic trait in the winter gene pool that would result in strong selection for a single pericentromeric haplotype on chromosome 5H. A chromosome conformation capture ordered sequence of the barley genome : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z We next evaluated the effect of genotype on phenotypic attributes of CSCs. A distinct role for Lgr5+ stem cells in primary and metastatic colon cancer : Nature : Nature Research 2017-03-28T04:00:00Z We also sought phenotypic data for a subset of ExAC participants homozygous for reported severe recessive disease variants, again enabling reclassification of some variants as benign. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans : Nature : Nature Research 2016-08-16T04:00:00Z Form a conclusion: Were the results close to the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z And it will allow researchers to create apps to collect phenotypic data, like weight, eating habits, and symptoms, which complement the genetic data. 23andMe wants researchers to use its kits, in a bid to expand its collection of genetic data 2016-07-13T04:00:00Z Here we describe a novel workflow based on targeted phenotypic culturing linked to large-scale whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and computational modelling that demonstrates that a substantial proportion of the intestinal bacteria are culturable. Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-03T04:00:00Z This knowledge arose from an improved understanding and phenotypic characterization of T-cell differentiation pathways, and the identification of the cells that are responsible for the sustained generation of effector activity in vivo59. Gene therapy returns to centre stage : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-13T04:00:00Z However, because phenotypic data are often limited, making informative use of the information is difficult. Building the foundation for genomics in precision medicine : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-13T04:00:00Z The forked line representation described in the text allows the entire phenotypic distribution to be displayed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z She draws a phenotypic loophole through which a sympathetic impostor or a straight-up cynic can pass. The Year We Obsessed Over Identity 2015-10-06T04:00:00Z Unique taxa were then archived as frozen stocks for future phenotypic analysis. Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-03T04:00:00Z Drifted variants within such populations may reveal phenotypic associations that would be hard to identify in much larger global samples15. A global reference for human genetic variation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-29T04:00:00Z To determine phenotypic similarities we calculated the mean difference between the residualized phenotypes. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z Because of X inactivation, aberrations in sex chromosomes typically have milder phenotypic effects. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is the first-known example of a vertebrate species developing pesticide resistance through a process called phenotypic plasticity, in which the expression of some genes changes in response to environmental pressure1. Frogs mount speedy defence against pesticide threat 2015-08-17T04:00:00Z This boils down to “personalized” genetic and phenotypic information, along with . The Informed Patient 2.0 2015-08-04T04:00:00Z We expect that improved characterization of the clinical and phenotypic consequences of non-European alleles will enable better interpretation of genomes from all individuals and populations. A global reference for human genetic variation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-29T04:00:00Z To determine phenotypic similarities we calculated the mean difference between the residualized phenotypes. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z Both of these aberrations can result in problematic phenotypic effects. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Still, the team’s results support the phenotypic compensation hypothesis, and, at least for the aquatic snail, lend some credence to the old cliché. Bold snails have better shells 2015-04-21T04:00:00Z As a result of this work, we are beginning to better understand the molecular developmental basis of phenotypic plasticity—the ability of an individual to cope with environmental changes by altering its morphology accordingly. The Remarkable Throat Jaws of Cichlid Fish 2015-04-09T04:00:00Z Although these enhancers frequently reside within extended clusters, their distinct regulatory patterns and phenotypic associations suggest they represent independent functional units. Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-10-28T04:00:00Z Each GRM was individually tested against the 31 traits with phenotypic values present in both cohort studies, producing a beta, s.e. and P value for total trait variance explained by the given SNV set. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z Until now we have discussed evolution as a change in the characteristics of a population of organisms, but behind that phenotypic change is genetic change. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They are characterized by phenotypic, aetiological, biological and clinical heterogeneity. Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-01-27T05:00:00Z In response to Tremper: In the early 1800s Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed the theory that environmental factors promoted phenotypic changes that affect evolution, and Lysenko derived his theories from that earlier work. Readers Respond to "ClimeApocalype" 2014-11-24T05:00:00Z More generally, our findings are consistent with the view that changes in transcriptional regulatory sequences are a source for phenotypic differences in species evolution. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Earlier studies of individual regulatory elements in Drosophila7 and zebrafish8 indicate a potential for functional conservation without sequence conservation, and the maintenance of regulatory activity with different phenotypic outcomes. Conservation of trans-acting circuitry during mammalian regulatory evolution : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z As a result, males and females experience different selective pressures, which can often lead to the evolution of phenotypic differences, or sexual dimorphisms, between the two. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z More specifically, they contend that four phenomena are important evolutionary processes: phenotypic plasticity, niche construction, inclusive inheritance and developmental bias. Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z Cichlid phenotypic diversity encompasses variation in behaviour, body shape, coloration and ecological specialization. The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-02T04:00:00Z We then examined the phenotypic sequelae of some key genomic events in the tumours in which they occurred. Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z Genome-enabled derivation of an integrative data framework based on large-scale genotypic and phenotypic data sets will offer increasingly valuable insights into the complex connections between individual genomic elements and the extraordinary phenotypic variation in Eucalyptus. The genome of Eucalyptus grandis : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-06-10T04:00:00Z The genetic engineering of a human child, the production of "designer babies" with desirable phenotypic characteristics, was once a topic restricted to science fiction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Another process, phenotypic plasticity, has drawn considerable attention from evolutionary biologists. Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z These data suggest contrasting genomic mechanisms underlying phenotypic evolution depending on whether speciation is driven primarily by divergence of coloration and associated traits or by divergence of morphology associated with feeding ecology. The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-02T04:00:00Z So far, the main cue hypothesised to account for paternity assessment is facial phenotypic resemblance between a father and his child. Does Daddy Love You More if You Look Like Him? 2014-06-15T04:00:00Z DNA sequences show a high level of similarities between humans and ancient hominids but the degree to which there are differences between methylated regions in their genomes that may explain phenotypic differences is unclear. [Report] Reconstructing the DNA Methylation Maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan 2014-05-01T18:26:47.496Z Many phenotypic choices for offspring are already available, with many more likely to be possible in the not too distant future. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In the case of human breast cancer, recent studies highlight the phenotypic and genetic diversity present locally within individual tumours, but whether this heterogeneity is a cause or a consequence of tumour progression remains unclear. Tumour cell heterogeneity maintained by cooperating subclones in Wnt-driven mammary cancers 2014-04-04T18:28:38.990Z Epigenetics is the study of heritable phenotypic variation that is not due to changes in the DNA sequence. [Perspective] The Secret Garden—Epigenetic Alleles Underlie Complex Traits 2014-03-06T20:25:26.237Z Thus, while mutational robustness and evolvability are antagonistic at the genotypic level, they are synergistic at the phenotypic level. [Report] The Robustness and Evolvability of Transcription Factor Binding Sites 2014-02-20T19:25:54.624Z Such stochasticity in transcription increases the heterogeneity among cells and likely contributes to the phenotypic variance among individuals of identical genotype. [Report] Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Dynamic, Random Monoallelic Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells 2014-01-09T18:56:54.368Z Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Raising surface fish under conditions found in caves taxes the HSP90 system, unmasking the same phenotypic variation as does direct inhibition of HSP90. [Report] Cryptic Variation in Morphological Evolution: HSP90 as a Capacitor for Loss of Eyes in Cavefish 2013-12-12T19:26:55.319Z However, largely absent are efforts aimed at examining the possible contribution of natural epigenetic variation to heritable phenotypic diversity. [Perspective] The Secret Garden—Epigenetic Alleles Underlie Complex Traits 2014-03-06T20:25:26.237Z Dense phenotypic data – often representing the integrated expression of complex physiological processes — will enable the personalization of care and treatment decisions, while also providing rich new insights into the basic pathophysiology of disease. Key Principles Of Digital Health 2013-11-28T07:49:00Z The important but largely unanswered question raised by the availability of digital health technologies is whether these will afford the opportunity to segment patients, and personalize treatment, based on novel phenotypic assessments as well. Phenomarkers Could Transform Personalized Medicine; Can Digital Health Deliver? 2013-11-25T00:27:00Z In the real world, phenotypic variation among individuals within a population means that some individuals will be better adapted to their environment than others. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Using such data, we may eventually be able to understand the totality of biological perturbations that, acting together, result in the phenotypic diversity of human cancer. Genomics: Comparisons across cancers 2013-10-16T17:21:47.753Z Sequence convergence in loci related to shared phenotypic traits provides compelling but indirect evidence that genome-wide examples of convergence reported here are likely to be due to adaptive selection rather than neutral evolution. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z Additional layers of diversity are generated by clonal expansion, microevolution and phenotypic plasticity. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z How does the genetic and phenotypic variation that exists within tumours, or intratumoral heterogeneity, influence tumour growth? Influence of tumour micro-environment heterogeneity on therapeutic response 2013-09-18T17:22:26.223Z As you work through genetics problems, keep in mind that any single characteristic that results in a phenotypic ratio that totals 16 is typical of a two-gene interaction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similar to that observed between different tumours, some degree of phenotypic convergence may also occur between genetically distinct tumour subclones. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution 2013-09-18T17:22:16.487Z The cancer stem-cell model provides one explanation for the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity among cancer cells in some tumours. Tumour heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity 2013-09-18T17:21:13.347Z Cells that survive multiple rounds may display high phenotypic plasticity for growth throughout the body. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z This type of strong response to a seemingly small event is known as phenotypic resonance and is probably more common in early life, Dr. Massot said. Observatory: For Some Lizards, First Meal Can Be Life-Altering 2013-07-08T21:19:32Z Recall the phenotypic inheritance pattern for Mendel’s dihybrid cross, which considered two non-interacting genes—9:3:3:1. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Subclonal driver mutations result directly in phenotypic variation, for example in alterations to signal transduction pathways. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution 2013-09-18T17:22:16.487Z In these circumstances it is not necessarily clear which phenotypic and functional differences among cells arise from which sources of heterogeneity. Tumour heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity 2013-09-18T17:21:13.347Z Cells that survive multiple rounds may display high phenotypic plasticity for growth throughout the body. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z Our work and the study of Bilican highlight the need for complementary assays to detect subtle phenotypic differences between control and mutant induced pluripotent stem cell lines. [Letters] Response to Comment on "Drug Screening for ALS Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells" 2013-06-05T19:55:03.170Z What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, it is important to note that phenotypic heterogeneity is not only mediated through genetic diversity. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution 2013-09-18T17:22:16.487Z As we develop a more complete understanding of genetic heterogeneity within tumours, there may be some cancers in which genetic heterogeneity is the main driver of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. Tumour heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity 2013-09-18T17:21:13.347Z Cells with M1/PT-like genomes, once they have undergone several rounds of selection, seem to develop high phenotypic plasticity, enabling them to resist various types of selection pressure. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z Their study and our work highlight the need for complementary assays to detect small, but potentially important, phenotypic differences between control iPSC lines and those carrying disease mutations. [Letters] Comment on "Drug Screening for ALS Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells" 2013-06-05T19:55:01.290Z These aberrations can result in problematic phenotypic effects. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In this Review we summarize the evidence for genetic and phenotypic variation both within and between tumours, and discuss how this might affect tumour biology, drug response and patient outcome. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution 2013-09-18T17:22:16.487Z Indeed, a general question concerns the extent to which the phenotypic and functional properties of cancer cells undergo reversible changes. Tumour heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity 2013-09-18T17:21:13.347Z Additional layers of diversity are generated by clonal expansion, microevolution and phenotypic plasticity. c, Relative stability of M1/PT-like genomes after manifestation of metastasis. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z Present thinking examines glucose or lipids; future thinking will abandon the sectarian boundaries of academic specialties to achieve a more integrated view of phenotypic development. No Such Thing As Type 2 Diabetes? Why Old Notions Of 'Disease' Need Revamping 2013-05-31T00:34:21Z Because of independent assortment and dominance, the 9:3:3:1 dihybrid phenotypic ratio can be collapsed into two 3:1 ratios, characteristic of any monohybrid cross that follows a dominant and recessive pattern. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This heterogeneity affects key cancer pathways, driving phenotypic variation, and poses a significant challenge to personalized cancer medicine. The causes and consequences of genetic heterogeneity in cancer evolution 2013-09-18T17:22:16.487Z If you talk now to the people in the pharmaceutical industry, what they will say is they’re moving massively away from target-based medicine to phenotypic assays. Harvard s Whitesides Gives Brilliant Critique of Mammoth U.S. Brain Project 2013-05-29T20:45:00.450Z Tumor progression, oncogenes and the evolution of metastatic phenotypic diversity. Scicurious Guest Writer! Beyond the code: addressing complexity in cancer genetics 2013-05-29T13:45:05.300Z Perhaps unexpected insights will emerge from big data and the integration of phenotypic and genotypic information, in the framework of system biology; maybe a new therapeutic modality will arrive on the scene. What's Holding Back Cures? Our Collective Ignorance (And No, Not A Pharma Conspiracy) 2013-05-10T06:58:18Z Although genetic differences between species and between individuals within a species are often responsible for phenotypic differences, another mechanism that can create phenotypic differences is differences in gene expression. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The systematic application of genetic screens led to the phenotypic characterization of a large collection of mutations. The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome 2013-04-24T17:21:53.517Z Natural epigenetic variation provides a source for the generation of phenotypic diversity, but to understand its contribution to such diversity, its interaction with genetic variation requires further investigation. Patterns of population epigenomic diversity 2013-03-13T18:21:41.540Z And they want those descriptions in a form that computers can read — the better to see how such phenotypic traits might relate to genomes. Big biology: The ’omes puzzle 2013-02-27T18:20:44.453Z They revealed nothing about the quality of the differences—the phenotypic differences—between the archaebacteria and the true bacteria. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z Early geneticists relied on the observation of phenotypic changes to understand the genotype of an organism. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Emergent features of polyploids may be related to processes that render them no longer the sum of their progenitors and permit them to explore transgressive phenotypic innovations. Repeated polyploidization of Gossypium genomes and the evolution of spinnable cotton fibres 2012-12-19T18:21:26.970Z Of these, 1,513 sites were located within protein-coding regions and it is realistic that a proportion of these positions represent the genetic basis for key phenotypic differences between the two species. The genomic landscape of species divergence in Ficedula flycatchers 2012-12-05T15:23:01.900Z Many research and disease communities already have their own long-standing informatics tools and vocabularies to describe fine phenotypic details of various disorders. Big biology: The ’omes puzzle 2013-02-27T18:20:44.453Z This was possible because the dynamics of both individual organisms and their communities are governed by phenotypic, not genotypic, interactions with environmental selection forces. Perspective: Finding cancer's first principles 2012-11-23T15:20:53.617Z Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The accessions were selected on the basis of the germplasm database records of phenotypic data and sampling localities to maximize genetic and geographic diversity. A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice 2012-10-24T17:21:24.910Z Stratifying future studies depending on which community class an individual belongs to may be important for identifying correlations with phenotypic data. Genomic approaches to studying the human microbiota 2012-09-13T11:21:35.367Z The major aim of the meeting was to make the exchange of phenotypic data easier. Big biology: The ’omes puzzle 2013-02-27T18:20:44.453Z The data may also allow researchers to begin to identify sequence alterations occurring simultaneously in multiple genomic regions, which, when added together, drive phenotypic change — a process called polygenic adaptation. Genomics: ENCODE explained 2012-09-05T17:21:10.890Z Furthermore, because the YY and Yy offspring have yellow seeds and are phenotypically identical, applying the sum rule of probability, we expect the offspring to exhibit a phenotypic ratio of 3 yellow:1 green. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We’re going to continue to try to correlate genetic variants with different phenotypic traits. Out of Africa: Startling New Genetics of Human Origins 2012-07-26T22:45:23.583Z A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of phenotypic tolerance may reveal new drug targets in the infecting organisms. [State of the Art Review] Fresh Approaches to Anti-Infective Therapies 2012-06-27T18:55:07.953Z Such regions of ILS may influence phenotypic similarities that humans share with one of the apes but not the other. The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes 2012-06-27T17:51:28.383Z Mechanistic studies on the phenotypic traits associated with each of the identified amino acid substitutions should provide insights into the key determinants of airborne virus transmission. [Special Issue Report] Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets 2012-06-21T18:26:51.147Z Cross white WwYy heterozygotes to demonstrate the phenotypic ratio of 12 white : 3 yellow : 1 green that was given in the text. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Microbial associations were assessed by similarity measures accounting for compositionality, and phenotypic association testing was performed in R. All data and additional protocol details are available at . Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome 2012-06-13T17:20:54.030Z Heritable antibiotic resistance emerges in bacteria from nonheritable resistance, also called phenotypic tolerance. [State of the Art Review] Fresh Approaches to Anti-Infective Therapies 2012-06-27T18:55:07.953Z This means that functions formerly in the domain of higher-level organization or the domain of phenotypic plasticity, are now under control of genes. Clocks, metabolism, evolution - toward an integrative chronobiology 2012-05-30T12:45:00.197Z Such phenotypic changes might include weight gain and the development of metabolic syndrome — a precursor to diabetes. Microbiome: The critters within 2012-05-22T15:21:14.643Z Females who are heterozygous for these diseases are said to be carriers and may not exhibit any phenotypic effects. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Many variants in novel genes, most at low frequency, are associated with quantitative traits and explain a large fraction of the phenotypic variance. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z These devastating mitochondrial disorders are characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, with more than 100 causal genes identified to date. [Research Articles] Molecular Diagnosis of Infantile Mitochondrial Disease with Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing 2012-01-25T20:25:04.410Z Sufficient time probably has not elapsed to allow for formation of more distinctive phenotypic patterns. Speciation and Evolution of the Pygmy Mice, Genus Baiomys 2011-12-15T03:00:11.933Z Open science apps A website where people can upload their genetic and phenotypic information has come first in a contest to build applications to make science more open. Seven days: 2?8 December 2011 2011-12-07T18:20:16.440Z Earlier, we examined the phenotypic proportions for a trihybrid cross using the forked-line method; now we will use the probability method to examine the genotypic proportions for a cross with even more genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Understanding how molecular variation maps to phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is central for understanding evolution, animal and plant breeding, and personalized medicine. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Despite their phenotypic markers of terminal differentiation, T17 cells mediated and promoted long-term antitumor immunity in in vivo adoptive transfer experiments. [Research Articles] Human TH17 Cells Are Long-Lived Effector Memory Cells 2011-10-12T19:25:05.093Z When combined with Rajagopalan's model system and expertise, the three teams will address the communication processes involved in optimizing phenotypic function in the liver. Cells Talk to One Another, but How? 2011-06-14T13:55:00Z Genetic mutations generate phenotypic variation for selection forces to act upon. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on ?Positive Selection of Tyrosine Loss in Metazoan Evolution? 2011-05-19T18:25:18.573Z Natural selection acts on phenotypic variations in populations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Sadly, the genetic architecture of neuropsychiatric disorders is fiendishly complex, but unlike other areas of medicine wrestling with genetic complexity, psychiatry lacks objective phenotypic markers. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: The Meaning of the Human Genome Project for Neuropsychiatric Disorders 2011-02-24T19:26:18.217Z Public fascination alone will keep it alive, as will the realization that genetics is unlikely to revolutionize medicine until we develop a better understanding of normal phenotypic variation. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: What Does a ?Normal? Human Genome Look Like? 2011-02-17T19:26:21.660Z "Their phenotypic effect, ie. changing body color, is also transmitted to the next generations," he said. Experts find bacteria that help pests change color 2010-11-18T19:07:00Z Evolution has no purpose; it is simply the sum of various forces that influence the genetic and phenotypic variation of a population. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The greater the hereditability of a population’s phenotypic variation, the more susceptible it is to the evolutionary forces that act on heritable variation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Diversifying selection can also occur when environmental changes favor individuals on either end of the phenotypic spectrum. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is not the right place to revisit the nature-nurture wars or to reflect on the extent to which our impression of high phenotypic variability in humans is a narcissistic illusion. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: What Does a ?Normal? Human Genome Look Like? 2011-02-17T19:26:21.660Z |
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