| 单词 | phenotype |
| 例句 | Galton had proposed using physical and mental traits—human phenotype—to select the best specimens for breeding. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z First, Dobzhansky noted, genotypes were not the sole determinants of phenotypes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If Dobzhansky had capriciously trimmed the wings of all the flies in one box, he would have affected their phenotypes—the shape of their wings—without ever touching their genes. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z A phenotype, in contrast, refers to an organism’s physical or biological attributes and characteristics—the color of an eye, the shape of a wing, or resistance to hot or cold temperatures. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z To explain the intersection of genetics, natural selection, and evolution in formal terms, Dobzhansky resurrected two important words—genotype and phenotype. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z How was the set of genetic instructions, the genotype, translated into the actual physical manifestations, the phenotype, of an organism? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But a phenotype was not determined by one gene in a one-to-one manner. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The title was rambling, but the message was succinct: if you mixed the effects of three to five variant genes on any trait, you could generate nearly perfect continuity in phenotype. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The way a word is used this year is its phenotype, but it has a deeply seated, immutable meaning, often hidden, which is the genotype. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Selecting phenotypes was going to be a flawed mechanism to guarantee genetic selection. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Dobzhansky could now restate the essential truth of Mendel’s discovery—a gene determines a physical feature—by generalizing that idea across multiple genes and multiple features: a genotype determines a phenotype. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Genes that produce fitness become gradually overrepresented in populations through the selection of phenotypes, thereby allowing organisms to become more and more adapted to their environments. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z When a severe selection pressure is applied—a rise in temperature or a sharp restriction of nutrients—organisms with the “fittest” phenotype are selected. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Genes, phenotypes, selection, and evolution were bound together by cords of relatively basic laws—but it was easy to imagine that these laws could be misunderstood and distorted. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Eugenicists such as Galton had hoped to select complex phenotypes—intelligence, height, beauty, and moral rectitude—as a biological shortcut to enrich genes for intelligence, height, beauty, and morality. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In terms of treating rosacea, the experts agree it depends on the phenotypes present and the severity. The combination of sun, heat and masks can worsen rosacea. Here’s what else you need to know. 2021-09-05T04:00:00Z But friends who diminish their assumption of my capacity because of phenotype — that was the most depressing and saddening part. Stacey Abrams: Being a black woman in politics isn’t ‘some fatal diagnosis’ 2019-05-10T04:00:00Z In the absence of a diagnostic phenotype, major phenotypes also can be used to diagnose rosacea, if two or more are present. The combination of sun, heat and masks can worsen rosacea. Here’s what else you need to know. 2021-09-05T04:00:00Z Secondary phenotypes, which aren’t necessary for diagnosis but may appear with rosacea, include burning or stinging, swelling and dryness. The combination of sun, heat and masks can worsen rosacea. Here’s what else you need to know. 2021-09-05T04:00:00Z It’s more likely that there is one phenotype for comic actors over 65: the irascible but endearing sidekick. The TV Watch: Old Boys? Network? Hardly. How About Lots of Tired Geezer Channels? 2011-01-27T23:14:39Z Serial killers may be more rare than television pretends, but they do exist, and every now and then a Ted Bundy emerges who almost fits the television phenotype of brilliant, charismatic psychopath. Television Review: ‘The Following,’ Starring Kevin Bacon, on Fox 2013-01-20T20:35:11Z He adds that genetic background plays a role too, but “changing the composition of gut bacteria shifted the behavior phenotype in one or the other direction.” Gut check: Microbes in our stomachs may be making us miserable 2014-04-28T00:00:00Z Nerds have ruled the television world for a while, but the phenotype keeps evolving. The TV Watch: Nerds Get Their Due on ‘Silicon Valley’ and ‘Veep’ 2014-04-04T00:00:25Z Mitragotri and his team looked at how each of the three different phenotypes could move through a complex hydrogel and into a tumor in a petri dish. Shape-shifting immune cells offer new insights into cancer immunotherapy 2023-11-16T05:00:00Z By identifying the minute changes in the genetic code that have caused these high-iron phenotypes, the research has unlocked new opportunities for biofortification -- enhancing the nutritional value of food. Genetic discovery promises high-iron vegetables and cereals 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z With the new data and powerful computational classification methods developed by Zhang and the computational analysis team, the researchers were able to quantitatively classify RA types into what they call "cell-type abundance phenotypes," or CTAPs. Toward new targeted treatments for rheumatoid arthritis 2023-11-08T05:00:00Z "The observed phenotype leads us to think of a possible adaptation to the cold," Vicente asserts. The genetic heritage of the Denisovans may have left its mark on our mental health 2023-10-30T04:00:00Z The rest of the people are growers, and they get what’s called an odd phenotype, and they think they’ve got a new pepper. How Hot Is ‘Pepper X’? Its Creator Spent 6 Hours Recovering from Eating It 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z "We found that the M1 phenotype, anti-tumor microphage, seem to have trouble finding their targets, almost like their GPS wasn't working. But the M0 phenotype seemed to have a really good map." Shape-shifting immune cells offer new insights into cancer immunotherapy 2023-11-16T05:00:00Z "It is that receptor sequence -- the proteins on the T cell that bind to foreign antigens -- that determines what this cell's phenotype is, and thus determines what its function is going to be." Breakthrough T cell discovery has huge potential for engineering custom immune responses 2023-10-25T04:00:00Z "Since none of the Human Microbiome Project pairs had the full 19 genes, we do not know whether any of the pairs would have an early colonizing phenotype in fecal microbe transplants," Morrow said. Fecal microbe transplants: B. vulgatus genes that correlate with early colonization 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z "People often think about different phenotypes being the result of differences in gene sequences or the environment," he said. Honey bees may inherit altruistic behavior from their mothers 2023-10-12T04:00:00Z Aptamers are single-stranded pieces of DNA that bind to target proteins and are able to modulate signaling cascades during cell differentiation when a stem cell commits to a specific functional role or phenotype. DNA aptamer finds novel application in regulating cell differentiation 2023-10-10T04:00:00Z It's well known that macrophages exist in various shapes and some phenotypes are really good at changing their shape. Shape-shifting immune cells offer new insights into cancer immunotherapy 2023-11-16T05:00:00Z In all tumor types, however, their phenotypes -- or physical traits and functional states -- differ significantly from those of neutrophils in the circulation and in healthy brain tissues. Study shows how brain tumors make certain immune cells turn traitor 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z "Loss of the gene shows a foraging root phenotype even when the nitrate supply is plentiful." Gene required for root hair growth, nitrate foraging found in grasses 2023-09-19T04:00:00Z “Understanding biodiversity and the diversity of adaptations, especially these extreme phenotypes,” she says, “can give us really great ideas for medicine, for agriculture and for understanding how animals adapt to pollution.” Two New Toxic Birds Discovered 2023-09-01T04:00:00Z A mutation affects the phenotype of the organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness—lower likelihood of survival or fewer offspring. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A mutation may affect the phenotype of the organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness—lower likelihood of survival, resulting in fewer offspring. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Balto’s variants suggest he had a phenotype, or set of physical traits, that was optimal for Arctic survival. The Lifesaving Sled Dog Balto Had Genes unlike Those of Dog Breeds Today 2023-04-27T04:00:00Z Other animals, too, saw similar phenotype changes through the process of domestication. Scientists once thought they understood how domestication worked. Now, they're not so sure 2023-04-26T04:00:00Z Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As these influence the allele frequencies in a population, individuals can either become more or less related, and the phenotypes displayed can become more similar or more disparate. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z A mutation may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z “It was striking in a good way. It was great to be able to see that phenotype that we predicted from his genotype is sort of consistent with what we knew about Balto already.” The Lifesaving Sled Dog Balto Had Genes unlike Those of Dog Breeds Today 2023-04-27T04:00:00Z The physical traits are called the phenotype, and the genetic makeup is called the genotype. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Individuals of a population often display different phenotypes, or express different alleles of a particular gene, referred to as polymorphisms. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z In reverse genetics methods, a gene is mutated or removed in some way to identify its effect on the phenotype of the whole organism as a way to determine its function. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The characteristics that the genes express, whether they are physical, behavioral, or biochemical, are a person’s phenotype. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z This means that the recessive phenotype of a sex-linked genetic disorder tends to be much more common among males than among females. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The result of this type of selection is a shift in the population’s genetic variance toward the new, fit phenotype. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z For example, the phenotypes that Mendel observed in his crosses between pea plants with differing traits are connected to the diploid genotypes of the plants in the P, F1, and F2 generations. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This body of knowledge can help scientists and medical professionals to predict, or at least estimate, some of the features that an offspring will inherit by examining the genotypes or phenotypes of the parents. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Changes in a gene’s DNA sequence can change proteins by altering their amino acid sequences, which may directly affect an individual’s phenotype. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, if a phenotype is favored by natural selection, allele frequencies can change. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Each plant, about three feet tall, had its own pot, with a masking-tape label that identified its strain — Cherry Lime Runt or Joker’s Candy, for instance — and phenotype. New York’s Weed Rush Is Here. They Came to Cash In. 2022-06-01T04:00:00Z The genotypic ratios are the ratios of gene combinations in the offspring, and these are not always distinguishable in the phenotypes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In the language of genetics, Mendel’s theory applied to humans says that if an individual receives two dominant alleles, one from each parent, the individual’s phenotype will express the dominant trait. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The phenotype encompasses all of the physical aspects of the organism. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z If the phenotype is observed, only the genotype of the homozygous recessive alleles can be known; the calculations provide an estimate of the remaining genotypes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z What they found was that the presentation of phenotypes, displayed traits, from genetic code, resembled the selectivity of a computer algorithm. The weird reason symmetry abounds in nature may have to do with our genes striving for efficiency 2022-03-20T04:00:00Z Out of these crosses, all of the F1 offspring had the phenotype of one parent, and the F2 offspring had a 3:1 phenotypic ratio. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z If an individual receives two recessive alleles, then the recessive trait will be expressed in the phenotype. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Evolution only acts on the phenotype, not the genotype. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Individuals of a population often display different phenotypes, or express different alleles of a particular gene. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Groups of animals tend to be most robust when they contain a broad range of behavioral phenotypes. Would dogs be better off without us? 2022-01-22T05:00:00Z When counting all four possible outcomes, there is a 3 in 4 probability of offspring having the yellow phenotype and a 1 in 4 probability of offspring having the green phenotype. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Because of the random segregation of gametes, the laws of chance and probability come into play when predicting the likelihood of a given phenotype. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Individuals with genes that produce phenotypes that increase their survival and the number of their offspring in a particular environment will pass the genes for those traits on to their more numerous offspring. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Some can have a dramatic effect on a gene and the resulting phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “It doesn’t necessarily need to be that people are somehow elite and special, but, rather, we might be able to induce this same phenotype in other people,” she says. Mapping where HIV hides its genes suggests cure strategy 2022-01-12T05:00:00Z The number of possible phenotypes depends on the dominance relationships between the three alleles. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, which may or may not manifest in a phenotype, is called a mutation. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z When a preferred phenotype at one end of the distribution curve of phenotypes is favored, this type of selection is directional selection. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z If there is gene flow between the populations, the individuals will likely show gradual differences in phenotype along the cline. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The one clue revealed by the suspect’s genome was the unusual phenotype of brown eyes combined with bright red hair. Your DNA Test Could Send a Relative to Jail 2021-12-27T05:00:00Z Genes may function in complementary or synergistic fashions, such that two or more genes expressed simultaneously affect a phenotype. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z The recessive phenotype, which is masked in the second generation, has a 1 in 4, or 25 percent, chance of reappearing in the third generation. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Thus the phenotype at both extremes become more successful, increasing the population diversity. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z If the fit phenotypes are evolving in a stable environment, natural selection results in stabilizing selection, resulting in an overall decrease in the population’s variation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Since 2014, the company has offered a service called Snapshot that produces phenotype mug shots of unknown suspects, predicting hair and eye and skin color as well as facial structure. Your DNA Test Could Send a Relative to Jail 2021-12-27T05:00:00Z Coat color depends on the A gene, which shows dominance, with the recessive homozygote showing a different phenotype than the heterozygote or dominant homozygote. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z However, a genetic abnormality may be dominant to the normal phenotype. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Punnett squares use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, if environmental conditions change, directional selection shifts a population’s variance toward a new and more favorable phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Dr. Villalba-Mouco is also sending the phenotype data from her study to Ms. Bruno, so she can add eye, skin and hair color to her gray reconstructions. You Should See Her in a Crown. Now You Can See Her Face. 2021-11-17T05:00:00Z Depending on the environmental conditions, the phenotype confers an advantage or disadvantage to the individual with the phenotype relative to the other phenotypes in the population. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z X-linked recessive inheritance is much more common because females can be carriers of the disease yet still have a normal phenotype. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Genes are made of DNA and interact with the environment to produce an individual organism’s characteristics, or phenotype. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z But remember that the intermediate phenotype, a medium-colored coat, is very bad for the mice—they cannot blend in with either the sand or the grass and are more likely to be eaten by predators. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z "Veterinarians all over the world argue that there is widespread evidence of a link between extreme brachycephalic phenotypes and chronic disease, which compromises canine welfare," van Hagen said. Our smushed-faced dogs are quietly suffering for us 2021-09-26T04:00:00Z A changed environment results in some individuals in the population, those with particular phenotypes, benefiting and, therefore, producing proportionately more offspring than other phenotypes. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z In incomplete dominance, the offspring express a heterozygous phenotype that is intermediate between one parent’s homozygous dominant trait and the other parent’s homozygous recessive trait. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The connection between molecule and trait, and between genotype and phenotype, is often simple and direct. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z However, the heterozygote phenotype occasionally does appear to be intermediate between the two parents. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Our ancestral caste system is created by a recognition of race that is so obsessed with blood quantum and phenotype that it becomes eugenicist. Opinion | The Spectacle of Latinx Colorism 2021-07-30T04:00:00Z This pattern of inheritance is described as incomplete dominance, meaning that one of the alleles appears in the phenotype in the heterozygote, but not to the exclusion of the other, which can also be seen. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z Their phenotype is the expression of that genotype, based on the interaction of the paired alleles, as well as how environmental conditions affect that expression. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These were phenotypes that were not found in either parent. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z All other phenotypes or genotypes are considered variants of this standard, meaning that they deviate from the wild type. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “My goal is to produce beautiful, perfect, healthy geckos. And it doesn’t appear that it’s possible to separate the lemon frost gene from this tumor phenotype.” Cancer Clues Found in Gene behind ‘Lemon Frost’ Gecko Color 2021-06-24T04:00:00Z In particular, a person’s phenotype, how someone physically presents, may not hold meaningful clues for their genotype, someone’s genetic make-up. A Tool Doctors Use Every Day Can Perpetuate Medical Racism 2021-06-07T04:00:00Z It is now considered a syndrome with many different characteristics, or phenotypes, that result from the interaction between a person’s genetics and environment. There’s No ‘One Size Fits All’ Treatment for Asthma 2021-02-15T05:00:00Z In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype lies somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Finally, the albino, or “colorless” phenotype, cc, is expressed as white fur. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Among the central messages during the last two decades of genomic science is that the relationship between genotype and phenotype does not function like the pieces of a puzzle. The Human Genome and the Making of a Skeptical Biologist 2021-02-12T05:00:00Z “The not-so-good news is that the rapid evolution of these variants suggests that if it is possible for the virus to evolve into a vaccine-resistant phenotype, this may happen sooner than we like,” he adds. New coronavirus variants could cause more reinfections, require updated vaccines 2021-01-15T05:00:00Z They said that attractiveness could be accompanied by genetic or hormonal markers and that women with “the most feminine phenotype” might be more at risk for endometriosis. ‘This is not a Miss America contest’: Sexism in science, research is challenged 2020-10-23T04:00:00Z The number of phenotypes produced for a trait depends on how many genes control the trait. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Interestingly, the Himalayan phenotype is the result of an allele that produces a temperature- sensitive gene product that only produces pigment in the cooler extremities of the rabbit’s body. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Left unchecked, the cells will secrete molecules that promote inflammation and bring about degradation of extracellular matrices — behaviour that is referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, or SASP. Zombie cells hold clues to COPD progression 2020-05-12T04:00:00Z He described himself in The Christian Chronicle as a member of a Native American tribe with a “white racial phenotype.” Oklahoma College Recruiter Lined Up High School Students by Skin Color and Hair Type 2020-03-03T05:00:00Z I’m excited about complementing these inferential approaches with direct measurements of tumour lineage and phenotype using emerging barcoding and recording methods. Technologies to watch in 2020 2020-01-20T05:00:00Z Natural selection on single-gene traits can produce changes in allele frequencies that may be reflected by simple changes in phenotype frequencies. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Alternatively, one mutant allele can be dominant over all other phenotypes, including the wild type. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “Her phenotype is only beneficial in an environment where there is no danger,” Hill asserted. A World Without Pain 2020-01-06T05:00:00Z Cappellini said the evidence they discovered doesn't provide them any information "about appearance, phenotype or biology." Missing link found? 'Original Bigfoot' was close relative of orangutan, study says 2019-11-14T05:00:00Z “But they were able to put together a list of scientists who fit our phenotype and who we might want to look at in more detail.” NIH reveals its formula for tracking foreign influences 2019-09-27T04:00:00Z Natural selection on polygenic traits can affect the relative fitness of phenotypes in directional selection, stabilizing selection, or disruptive selection. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Because the T and I alleles are dominant, any individual having one or two of those alleles will express the tall or inflated phenotypes, respectively, regardless if they also have a t or i allele. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The phenotype of our candidates is going to continue to expand. Stacey Abrams on Voter Suppression, the 2020 Race and the Vice Presidency 2019-08-14T04:00:00Z "If you do the same RNA changes, you produce offspring with the same phenotype," Bale says. Parents’ emotional trauma may change their children’s biology. Studies in mice show how 2019-07-18T04:00:00Z I wished I known the word “phenotype” then. Bullies told me to 'go home'. Now, Trump is making me relive those moments | Marie Myung-OK 2019-07-16T04:00:00Z If an intermediate phenotype comes under selection, then a stabilizing selection will take place. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Genes may function in complementary or synergistic fashions, such that two or more genes need to be expressed simultaneously to affect a phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z They worked with all kinds of data to answer questions in the life sciences, including DNA & RNA sequence data, images, phenotype information and even data collected from microscopic examination of samples. Computing Biology's Future 2019-07-04T04:00:00Z One of its biggest initial revelations was that the taxonomic composition of the microbiota in the human body was not a reliable predictor of host phenotype, such as disease susceptibility. After the Integrative Human Microbiome Project, what’s next for the microbiome community? 2019-05-28T04:00:00Z If I’m working on a specific phenotype, I will look for scientists with similar data sets. Lili Milani banks Estonia’s genomic potential 2019-05-14T04:00:00Z The term “white” can refer to an ethnic majority group like white American, or it can refer to a racial category, which is a piece of the color spectrum or the phenotype spectrum. A Political Scientist Defends White Identity Politics 2019-04-30T04:00:00Z Describe the distribution of genotypes and phenotypes when F1 is crossed with the ab parent. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Obesity, Lyme disease and lead poisoning were among the phenotypes that were most closely associated with environmental factors. Daily briefing: What 100,000 twins can tell us about nature versus nurture 2019-01-14T05:00:00Z Investigators sampled their blood and urine, surveyed their habits, and examined them for more than 2400 different traits or phenotypes, including data on their social lives, cognitive state, lifestyle, and physical health. Huge trove of British biodata is unlocking secrets of depression, sexual orientation, and more 2019-01-03T05:00:00Z Pfennig considers this a classic example of what he and others call plasticity-first evolution: Natural selection favored carnivory so strongly in this population of plains toad that this once-inducible phenotype somehow became genetically assimilated. Cannibalistic tadpoles and matricidal worms point to a powerful new helper for evolution 2018-11-28T05:00:00Z Jean Polfus, an artist and ecologist at Trent University in Ontario, used drawings to document Dene First Nation traditional ecological knowledge about caribou phenotypes. Drawn to science 2018-10-02T04:00:00Z The phenotypes are labeled A, a, B, b and C, c. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “My take for autism—you are in a growth spurt in recognizing phenotypes; you won’t want to mess around yet,” Mayberg says. Can brain-stimulating implants treat some severe cases of autism? 2018-09-14T04:00:00Z Tracing how the phenotype emerges from interactions of genes with each other and with their environment is the key puzzle of modern genomics. Schrödinger’s cat among biology’s pigeons: 75 years of What Is Life? 2018-08-28T04:00:00Z Some researchers even suggest that not only is the Olduvai involved in diseases like autism and schizophrenia, but these two disorders may in fact be related with strikingly opposing phenotypes. Scientists are untangling our bodies’ genetic “double-edged swords” 2018-06-09T04:00:00Z Ultimately, these genetic analyses accorded with the phenotypes recognized by tribal elders. Drawn to science 2018-10-02T04:00:00Z Expression of each phenotype is controlled by a separate Mendelian gene. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “In other studies of genes involved in human evolution, it’s been very difficult to draw a line from the genetic difference to the phenotype to a biochemical mechanism that’s responsible.” Trio of genes supercharged human brain evolution 2018-05-31T04:00:00Z How, in that case, can a specific macroscopic outcome — a phenotype, an organism’s observable inherited traits — arise from an individual genetic mutation at the molecular level? Schrödinger’s cat among biology’s pigeons: 75 years of What Is Life? 2018-08-28T04:00:00Z And anything pertaining to history of human migrations, or things that play into traditional classifications of racial phenotypes like facial morphology or skin color. ‘It’s a toxic place.’ How the online world of white nationalists distorts population genetics 2018-05-22T04:00:00Z The visible-light spectrum limits most experiments to no more than a dozen or so protein markers — too few for analyses that involve small numbers of cells or complex phenotypes. Single-cell approaches to immune profiling 2018-05-21T04:00:00Z Once a polypeptide is synthesized, its role as a protein is established, such as determining a physical phenotype of an organism. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Red lines indicate cell death and loss of yolk sac vascularization phenotype. LUBAC is essential for embryogenesis by preventing cell death and enabling haematopoiesis 2018-04-24T04:00:00Z It made the cover of Neuron because the phenotype was so striking. Infinitesimal Odds: A Scientist Finds Her Child’s Rare Illness Stems From the Gene She Studies 2018-04-23T04:00:00Z Each set of panels is from the brain of a different littermate, showing the high penetrance of the neural progenitor cell basal displacement phenotype. Aspm knockout ferret reveals an evolutionary mechanism governing cerebral cortical size 2018-04-10T04:00:00Z Novel skin phenotypes revealed by a genome-wide mouse reverse genetic screen. An evolutionarily conserved ribosome-rescue pathway maintains epidermal homeostasis 2018-04-10T04:00:00Z Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Green line indicates mild cell death phenotype without loss of yolk sac vascularization. LUBAC is essential for embryogenesis by preventing cell death and enabling haematopoiesis 2018-04-24T04:00:00Z Using induced pluripotent stem cells to investigate cardiac phenotypes in Timothy syndrome. Advanced maturation of human cardiac tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells 2018-04-03T04:00:00Z An individual’s phenotype is the collection of his or her characteristics, including height, eye color and earwax wetness. Tiny skeleton from Chile looks alien but Ata’s DNA tells tragic human story 2018-03-22T04:00:00Z One genotype can produce a diversity of phenotypes, the outward physical appearance. The Hidden Dogs of Dog Cloning 2018-03-10T05:00:00Z A mutation can affect the phenotype of the organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness—lower likelihood of survival or fewer offspring. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Response to treatment was associated with CD8+ T-effector cell phenotype and, to an even greater extent, high neoantigen or tumour mutation burden. TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells 2018-02-13T05:00:00Z Loblolly pines have 20 gbp... genome size doesn't seem to track well with phenotype complexity. The Smiling Axolotl Hides a Secret: A Giant Genome 2018-02-01T05:00:00Z Genes, as well as the environment, influence a phenotype. Tiny skeleton from Chile looks alien but Ata’s DNA tells tragic human story 2018-03-22T04:00:00Z But we don’t live in a binary world where chromosomes and phenotypes can determine moral propensities. What happened when the infosec community outed its own sexual predators 2017-12-21T05:00:00Z Alternatively, a mutation may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The longevity phenotype is associated with amelioration of age-related gut pathology and functional decline, dampened protein synthesis and increased tolerance of proteostatic stress. RNA polymerase III limits longevity downstream of TORC1 2017-11-28T05:00:00Z Here we demonstrate that triangulation of microbe–phenotype relationships is an effective method for reducing the noise inherent in microbiota studies and enabling identification of causal microbes. Moving beyond microbiome-wide associations to causal microbe identification 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z In planarians, positional information has been identified from study of phenotypes caused by RNA interference in which the wrong tissues are regenerated. Orthogonal muscle fibres have different instructive roles in planarian regeneration 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z This tandem duplicator phenotype may be a general signature of BRCA1-deficient cancer. Mechanism of tandem duplication formation in BRCA1-mutant cells 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z And, many mutations will also have no effect on the fitness of the phenotype; these are called neutral mutations. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “But ultimately that target contributes only 5–10% of the overall phenotype.” Drug development: Sprint finish Mapping of microbe–phenotype relationships in parental mouse strains and in mice with hybrid microbiotas identified the bacterial family Lachnospiraceae as a correlate for protection from disease. Moving beyond microbiome-wide associations to causal microbe identification 2017-12-05T05:00:00Z We show how microbial abundances underpin both microbiota variation between individuals and covariation with host phenotype. Quantitative microbiome profiling links gut community variation to microbial load 2017-11-14T05:00:00Z The tandem duplicator phenotype as a distinct genomic configuration in cancer. Mechanism of tandem duplication formation in BRCA1-mutant cells 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Mutations may also have a whole range of effect sizes on the fitness of the organism that expresses them in their phenotype, from a small effect to a great effect. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “This is what we call an ‘extreme phenotype,’ ” said Dr. Church, who ultimately arranged for the genomes to be sequenced so that Mr. Clement could release them through a nonprofit. The Secret to Long Life? It May Lurk in the DNA of the Oldest Among Us 2017-11-13T05:00:00Z Interestingly, the same phenotype is caused by mutations in TET and IDH genes that are also found in leukaemia patients. BCAT1 restricts αKG levels in AML stem cells leading to IDHmut-like DNA hypermethylation 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation. Inflammation-induced IgA+ cells dismantle anti-liver cancer immunity 2017-11-07T05:00:00Z Mice lacking Kctd13 did not show many behavioural phenotypes that are signs of autism, such as social deficits or repetitive grooming. Kctd13 deletion reduces synaptic transmission via increased RhoA 2017-10-31T04:00:00Z Natural selection can alter the population’s genetic makeup; for example, if a given allele confers a phenotype that allows an individual to better survive or have more offspring. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The individuals, being heterozygous for these variants, lacked the disease phenotype. The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z They start with a particular gene that known drugs target, and then look for the diseases or health traits — the phenotypes — that are associated most strongly with different variants in the gene. The rise and fall and rise again of 23andMe 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z “This adds to mounting evidence that Neanderthal ancestry influences disease risk in present-day humans, particularly with respect to neurological, psychiatric, immunological, and dermatological phenotypes,” the authors conclude. Researchers shed light on Neanderthals’ legacy in humans 2017-10-05T04:00:00Z These studies search for differences in people’s genetic makeup—their “genotypes”—that correlate with differences in their observable traits—their “phenotypes.” Intelligence and the DNA Revolution 2017-08-22T04:00:00Z If the fit phenotypes are those that are similar, natural selection will result in stabilizing selection, and an overall decrease in the population’s variation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The individuals, being heterozygous for these variants, lacked the disease phenotype. The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-10T04:00:00Z "It's going to be really cool to see what a full 5,000-year-old maize phenotype looks like." Ancient genomes shows how maize adapted to life at high altitudes 2017-08-02T04:00:00Z “I would encourage others to put phenotype aside and reject this new formulation,” he wrote. A Campus Argument Goes Viral. Now the College Is Under Siege. 2017-06-16T04:00:00Z But improvements in technology that allows photosynthetic phenotypes to be measured in the field have shown that this isn't true. Bioengineering: Solar upgrade : Nature : Nature Research 2017-04-25T04:00:00Z Directional selection works to shift a population’s variance toward a new, fit phenotype, as environmental conditions change. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Correlations between experiences and genetic phenotypes are conflated with evidence for molecular pathways that prove the existence of distinct disorders. Is mental illness real? You asked Google – here’s the answer | Jay Watts 2017-04-12T04:00:00Z But, he added, “It’s not like 100% Bavarian phenotype” is required. White nationalists' latest tactic to recruit college students: paper fliers and tape 2017-04-05T04:00:00Z His lab is currently exploring how these moral phenotypes react to experimental mockups of economic inequality. Why are we altruistic? Guilt may play a role 2017-02-18T05:00:00Z In particular, two exonic insertions in TSARL1 in the sweet progeny probably inactivate the gene and result in a sweet phenotype. The genome of Chenopodium quinoa : Nature : Nature Research 2017-02-07T05:00:00Z Population variation is the distribution of phenotypes in a population. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Such traits are known as an organism’s phenotype, and researchers are looking for faster and more comprehensive ways of characterizing it. Plant biologists welcome their robot overlords 2017-01-24T05:00:00Z We identified the statistically significant gene ontology biological process terms, molecular function terms and zebrafish phenotype descriptions of the genes that are associated with CNEs. The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-13T05:00:00Z Prion strains are distinguished by several phenotypes, including the length of incubation, the ability to cross a species barrier and the area of the brain in which PrP is deposited. The activities of amyloids from a structural perspective : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Genetic variants that enhance susceptibility to ALS or that modify the clinical phenotype are of immense interest, even if the variants themselves do not cause ALS. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z This is an example of positive frequency- dependent selection, which is selection that favors phenotypes that are either common or rare. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In that way, says Parker, his institute represents a new brand of philanthropy—that of his fellow tech moguls, who approach problems with a “hacker phenotype.” Sean Parker: The Tech Billionaires that Wants to Hack Cancer 2016-11-03T04:00:00Z Altered expression patterns of these genes can potentially lead to altered morphological phenotypes. The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-13T05:00:00Z Genotype and phenotype information from diverse populations is available. Genomics is failing on diversity 2016-10-11T04:00:00Z In parallel, enhanced scoring and recording of quantifiable clinical parameters will permit the definition of variants that modify the phenotype of ALS. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z Genetic changes that affect phenotypes are subject to selection. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Over the next few years, results should be available from studies examining the selection of therapy based on the tumour phenotype. Targeted therapy: An elusive cancer target : Nature : Nature Research 2016-09-13T04:00:00Z Three groups of participants were given personalized dietary advice, with variations based on their regular diet; their phenotype, including blood biomarkers such as cholesterol; and genetic variants. Test Your Genes to Find Your Best Diet 2016-08-22T04:00:00Z However, smaller changes in the expression of these genes, through weaker eQTLs or functional variants, are more likely to contribute to medically relevant phenotypes. Analysis of protein-coding genetic variation in 60,706 humans : Nature : Nature Research 2016-08-16T04:00:00Z Improving clinical genetics will need continued investment in such databases, more contributions from clinical labs, researchers and clinicians, expanding human genetic-reference panels and work to link these to phenotype data. ExAC project pins down rare gene variants 2016-08-16T04:00:00Z The variety of phenotypes and large number of genes that have been implicated in this disorder have led researchers to refer to the characteristics as autisms described by a spectrum of disorders, ASD. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To pin down phenotypes, Nielsen adds, researchers will need to screen study participants much more rigorously — a difficult task in the large groups required to do genome-wide association studies well. Genetics: An incomplete mosaic : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-12T04:00:00Z “It didn’t seem to matter whether you personalized based on current diet, phenotype or genotype,” Dr. Mathers says. Test Your Genes to Find Your Best Diet 2016-08-22T04:00:00Z Microglia, the macrophages of the central nervous system, display an altered morphology in germ-free mice — a phenotype that is, in part, due to a paucity of SCFAs48. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z Because the gut microbiota is known to contribute to the obese phenotype, at least in mice, it might also contribute to increased adipose inflammation. Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z To your representation also add annotation that connects the phenotype to the environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This approach represents one way to identify relationships between microbial community development, development of the immune system, breast milk HMO content and host growth phenotypes. A microbial perspective of human developmental biology : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z I share similar heritage with the shooter, therefore a similar phenotype. The Scope of the Orlando Carnage 2016-06-12T04:00:00Z Three concurrent themes of interactions between the microbiome and the innate immune system are emerging as important contributors to microbiome-mediated disease phenotypes. The microbiome and innate immunity : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z The identification of these new and unexpected spore-formers highlights the broad taxonomic distribution of this phenotype among the enteric species of the Firmicutes. Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-03T04:00:00Z The A, B, A/B, and O blood types are designations of the phenotypes expressed by the alleles that code for these cell surface carbohydrates. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The germ-free rodents that have produced such striking data, for example, have an extreme phenotype that is never seen in humans. Microbiome: Bacterial broadband : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-17T04:00:00Z He had tracked 19 other cases of children with the phenotype; three years after the diagnosis, only two were still alive and healthy. When Do You Give Up on Treating a Child With Cancer? 2016-05-12T04:00:00Z In 2003, the Human Genome Project was completed and promised the possibility for identifying genes associated with each individual person and his or her phenotypes. Is Scoliosis Preventable? Considering Genetics’ Impact 2016-03-17T04:00:00Z However, owing to the prevailing perception that our indigenous bacteria are largely recalcitrant to culture, many of their functions and phenotypes remain unknown3. Culturing of ‘unculturable’ human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-05-03T04:00:00Z Explain how the blood group phenotype does not display non-Mendelian inheritance and the simplest alternative model that explains this deviation. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We used whole-exome sequencing of these mice to determine whether loss of a different gene accounted for the observed phenotype. Corrigendum: NLRP10 is a NOD-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-24T05:00:00Z He hopes, too, to refine the identification of desirable phenotypes. Cassava-nova 2016-02-18T05:00:00Z "And more importantly, how will we treat each other based on these phenotypes?" 'Blaxicans of L.A.' Instagram project comes to life as an exhibit in Highland Park 2016-02-12T05:00:00Z In the United States, identity is disproportionately linked to phenotype, and in ethnic-minority groups is associated with levels of self-confidence, performance, and overall positive life outcomes and behaviours. Genomics: DNA and diasporas : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-01-19T05:00:00Z Body plans are very noticeable aspects of the phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, some aspects of the phenotype originally reported were maintained. Corrigendum: NLRP10 is a NOD-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-24T05:00:00Z But many phenotypes require chemical analysis to detect—ideally, involving plants just plucked from a farmer’s field. Cassava-nova 2016-02-18T05:00:00Z By investigating the changes caused by precise edits, they hope to gain a better understanding of the role of epigenetics in gene expression, and hence phenotype. Genome editing: 4 big questions : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-12-01T05:00:00Z Nevertheless, combining genotype and phenotype information is proving fruitful from a research perspective. Big data: The power of petabytes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-03T05:00:00Z In this case “light” is the single environmental factor, and they two phenotypes are ebony and wild type that result from different genotypes within the population of flies. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The original mouse phenotype reported in our Letter is correct and highly reproducible, but the conclusions must be reinterpreted in light of this new finding. Corrigendum: NLRP10 is a NOD-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-24T05:00:00Z Examining and testing full-grown plants from the collection for desirable characteristics, known as phenotypes, permitted Dr Egesi and his team to find correlations between particular patterns of SNPs and particular phenotypes. Cassava-nova 2016-02-18T05:00:00Z And the link between gene and phenotype is particularly precarious in neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism. Deep phenotyping: The details of disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-03T05:00:00Z Today, it is no longer a problem to find the mutations that cause these phenotypes, which certainly used to be the bottleneck in the whole process. Q&A: Chance encounters : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z The dominant lethal inheritance pattern is one in which an allele is lethal both in the homozygote and the heterozygote; this allele can only be transmitted if the lethality phenotype occurs after reproductive age. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In fact, current technologies for genome interrogation are sufficiently robust that defining the drug-response phenotype has become the more difficult component of pharmacogenomics research. Pharmacogenomics in the clinic : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-13T04:00:00Z Gene-therapy trials often address rare diseases for which little is known about the natural history and genotype–phenotype relationships. Gene therapy returns to centre stage : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-13T04:00:00Z Precision medicine requires an understanding of the precise relationship between gene and phenotype, and the stratification of diseases into subtypes according to their underlying biological mechanisms. Deep phenotyping: The details of disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-03T05:00:00Z Now it takes us about one hour from first seeing a phenotype to finding the causative mutation, and in my lab we usually solve about two phenotypes per day. Q&A: Chance encounters : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z Given that axial is dominant to terminal, list all of the possible F1 and F2 genotypes and phenotypes from a cross involving parents that are homozygous for each trait. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This shortened the timeline for discovery and enabled agnostic genome-wide studies of populations of patients with specific drug-effect phenotypes, often leading to the identification of unanticipated genetic variants that were statistically associated with drug effects. Pharmacogenomics in the clinic : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-13T04:00:00Z Thus, we predict that the samples will accumulate many types of data that will allow connections to be drawn between variants and both molecular and disease phenotypes. A global reference for human genetic variation : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-29T04:00:00Z But measuring different phenotypes in diabetes, for instance, still requires someone to comb medical records for data on metrics such as weight, blood pressure and blood glucose levels — a tedious and expensive exercise. Deep phenotyping: The details of disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-03T05:00:00Z I get excited by phenotypes that mimic human disease. Q&A: Chance encounters : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z Describe the distribution of genotypes and phenotypes when F1 is crossed with the AB parent. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Summary of phenotype–genotype association testing strategies employed in the UK10K-cohorts study. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z To exploit the gathered genetic information, more projects need to link and cross-reference it to clinical information and well-characterized phenotype data sets. Variety of life 2015-09-29T04:00:00Z Furthermore, descriptions of disease phenotypes often fail to capture the diverse manifestations of common diseases or to define subclasses of those diseases that predict the outcome or response to treatment. Deep phenotyping: The details of disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-03T05:00:00Z “Once we have bred the plants that meet our needs,” he says, “we can control the chemical phenotype by fixing the genotype.” Drug development: The treasure chest : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-22T04:00:00Z Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To determine phenotypic similarities we calculated the mean difference between the residualized phenotypes. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z With terms such as selfish genes, memes and the extended phenotype, he has provided much of the vocabulary of modern evolutionary biology. Genetics: Dawkins, redux : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-08T04:00:00Z Overcoming these difficulties requires an exhaustive examination of the discrete components of a phenotype that goes beyond what is typically recorded in medical charts. Deep phenotyping: The details of disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-03T05:00:00Z These will run or devise algorithms that look for relationships between genes, lifestyle and environmental factors, and predict phenotypes. Exclusive: Genomics pioneer Jun Wang on his new AI venture 2015-07-27T04:00:00Z Duplications are usually retained, and the organism remains viable without a change in phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Summary of phenotype–genotype association testing strategies employed in the UK10K-cohorts study. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z First, the physical and behavioral characteristics that define an individual—that individual’s phenotype—are determined by the sequence of the individual’s genome—its genotype—and the interaction of that genotype with the environment. How to create an auroch 2015-05-24T04:00:00Z “There are many steps between causal gene and phenotype at the level of body weight and blood sugar,” says Alan Attie, a biochemist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who collaborates with Churchill. Deep phenotyping: The details of disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-11-03T05:00:00Z “It immediately struck me that facial images might be a potential good phenotype to include in our study to quantify the extent of aging,” she says. You May Lie About Your Age, But Your Face Can't 2015-03-31T04:00:00Z Translocations are usually lethal or significantly alter phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To determine phenotypic similarities we calculated the mean difference between the residualized phenotypes. The UK10K project identifies rare variants in health and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-09-13T04:00:00Z In the wild, phenotypes that are better adapted to the environment in which the organism lives will become more common than phenotypes that are less well adapted to the same environment. How to create an auroch 2015-05-24T04:00:00Z A large number of metabolic trait variants are enriched in liver enhancer marks, including LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, lipid metabolism phenotypes, and metabolite levels83, 84. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z But though Peele’s phenotype is less obviously malleable—you might not guess that he’s biracial at all—he is so convincing in voice and gesture that he makes you see what isn’t really there. Brother from Another Mother 2015-02-16T05:00:00Z But how do genes located on a chromosome ultimately produce a polypeptide that can result in a physical phenotype such as hair or eye color—or a disease like cystic fibrosis or hemophilia? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z History shows us that the rise of capitalism accompanied the global slave trade and the global subordination of non-European phenotypes. Economic Freedom Does Not Necessarily Lead to Greater Tolerance 2015-01-24T05:00:00Z First, are datasets comprised of rich phenotype plus genotype information actually valuable – will they lead to the insight and cures the optimists imagine, and the deal dollars anticipate? Does 23andMe Deal Mean Medical Centers Are Sitting On Data Worth Millions? 2015-01-08T05:00:00Z We found that enhancers showing coordinated differences in multiple marks were enriched near genes showing common tissue-specific expression, and common knockout phenotypes based on their mouse orthologues. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-02-17T05:00:00Z The dramatic phenotype was highly reminiscent of that of patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia. Immunology: Fifty years of B lymphocytes 2015-01-05T05:00:00Z For the same tetrahybrid cross, what is the expected proportion of offspring that have the dominant phenotype at all four loci? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Two-sided Fisher’s exact tests were conduct to calculate the enrichment of conservation in each given phenotype compared with the distribution of all dbSNPs, and P values were further adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. Principles of regulatory information conservation between mouse and human : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-11-18T05:00:00Z Cooper’s team will study genotypes, an organism’s genetic code, and phenotypes, expressed traits of an organism. UNH scientists taking part in NASA research 2014-10-19T04:00:00Z There are two key issues around real world phenotype: how do you actually capture data, and how do you derive meaning from these data? Next Hurdle For Medical Research: Capture And Integration Of Phenotype At Scale 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z “The plaque removal phenotype was the only contentious issue and has now been shown to be due to drug formulation used by those who could not repeat the study,” she explains. Could A Skin Cancer Drug Cure Alzheimer's? 2014-10-07T04:00:00Z The genetic changes caused by mutation can have one of three outcomes on the phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, how cichlids evolve in this exceptionally highly dimensional phenotype space remains unexplained. The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-02T04:00:00Z It originated long before the science of genetics, as sets of phenotypes and stereotypes. Genetics: Under the skin : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-09-16T04:00:00Z Gene fusions, splice site mutations or mutations in genes encoding splicing factors promote or sustain the malignant phenotype by generating aberrant RNA transcripts. Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-08T04:00:00Z “Absurd. The genome must be expressed through a phenotype for the Colony to live.” Cargo cult : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-07-01T04:00:00Z In other cases, similar phenotypes evolve independently in distantly related species. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Besides noting the presence and number of tumor cells in the blood, researchers may be able to study their genetic characteristics, or phenotype, to personalize treatment, Rack said. Could a Blood Test Predict Breast Cancer's Return? 2014-05-15T04:00:00Z Our investigations reveal that the tissue macrophage phenotype is under discrete tissue-selective transcriptional control and that this is fundamentally linked to the regulation of their proliferation renewal. [Report] The Transcription Factor Gata6 Links Tissue Macrophage Phenotype and Proliferative Renewal 2014-05-08T18:26:56.216Z “What's the likelihood these genes will give a particular phenotype in a particular organism?” Microbiology: Resistance fighters 2014-04-30T17:20:56.945Z Application of multiscale unsupervised structure learning methods to the behavioral data enabled us to identify 29 discrete, statistically distinguishable, observer-unbiased behavioral phenotypes. [Research Article] Discovery of Brainwide Neural-Behavioral Maps via Multiscale Unsupervised Structure Learning 2014-04-29T14:56:29.507Z A changed environment results in some individuals in the population, those with particular phenotypes, benefiting and therefore producing proportionately more offspring than other phenotypes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Assembling the squamate tree of life: perspectives from the phenotype and the fossil record. Worm Lizards: Lifestyles of the Limbless 2014-04-26T02:36:56Z Finally, we emphasize the value of sharing sequence and phenotype data from clinical and research samples to the fullest possible extent. Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease 2014-04-23T17:21:03.147Z “Single genes give single phenotypes,” says Dantas, referring to the observable characteristics and traits of an organism. Microbiology: Resistance fighters 2014-04-30T17:20:56.945Z Thus, although distinct clonal configurations evolved, they converged towards analogous malignant phenotypes. Tumour cell heterogeneity maintained by cooperating subclones in Wnt-driven mammary cancers 2014-04-04T18:28:38.990Z Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Thus, a series of specific mutations conferred the invasion phenotype and allowed the use of novel resources only when all mutations were present. [Report] Epistasis and Allele Specificity in the Emergence of a Stable Polymorphism in Escherichia coli 2014-03-20T18:26:48.911Z In many cases, particularly for extremely rare phenotypes, individual laboratories that are not actively recruiting subjects will evaluate only a handful of samples. Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease 2014-04-23T17:21:03.147Z Our results also link disease-associated variants to specific immune pathways in DCs, which provides greater insight into mechanisms underlying complex human phenotypes. [Research Article] Common Genetic Variants Modulate Pathogen-Sensing Responses in Human Dendritic Cells 2014-03-06T20:26:11.418Z Some Neandertal-derived sequences appear to be under positive selection in humans, including several genes associated with skin phenotypes. [Report] Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes 2014-02-27T19:26:43.421Z Which best describes the usefulness of the yellow-leaved phenotype as a variation subject to natural selection? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Mutations that affect gene function and, ultimately, the phenotype of an organism are grist to the mill of evolution. [Report] Epistasis and Allele Specificity in the Emergence of a Stable Polymorphism in Escherichia coli 2014-03-20T18:26:48.911Z For presumed monogenic diseases, the availability of multiple families with very similar clinical phenotypes substantially increases power for gene discovery. Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease 2014-04-23T17:21:03.147Z The findings raise the possibility of preventing the autistic phenotype in offspring by predelivery pharmacological treatment. [Perspective] Could Autism Be Treated Prenatally? 2014-02-06T19:26:03.061Z The key starting point – not surprisingly – is phenotype, ideally, an extreme phenotype of obvious medical interest. Drug Developers Seek Extreme Clinical Phenotypes To Ignite Medical Discovery 2014-01-23T01:50:00Z Figure 12.4 In the P generation, pea plants that are true-breeding for the dominant yellow phenotype are crossed with plants with the recessive green phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Identifying a scalable, unbiased method for discovering which members of the human gut microbiota influence specific physiologic, metabolic, and immunologic phenotypes remains a challenge. [Research Articles] Identifying Gut Microbe-Host Phenotype Relationships Using Combinatorial Communities in Gnotobiotic Mice 2014-01-22T22:55:06.580Z Although such consortium approaches are desirable, investigators should be mindful of systematic differences among cohorts stemming from technical biases, population stratification, and genetic and phenotype heterogeneity. Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease 2014-04-23T17:21:03.147Z The variations in the extent of bone reduction are presumably due to somatic chimaerism with regard to disruption. e, Proportions of mild and strong bone phenotypes induced by disruption of by sgRNA/Cas9. Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution 2014-01-08T18:21:42.027Z IPEX-derived CD4 T cells mirrored T cells from healthy donors in terms of cellular markers, anergic phenotype, cytokine production, and suppressive function. [Research Articles] CD4+ T Cells from IPEX Patients Convert into Functional and Stable Regulatory T Cells by FOXP3 Gene Transfer 2013-12-11T21:25:08.624Z The Himalayan phenotype, chch, has black fur on the extremities and white fur elsewhere. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z We describe a method in which a clonally arrayed collection of cultured, sequenced bacteria was generated from one of several human fecal microbiota samples found to transmit a particular phenotype to recipient germ-free mice. [Research Articles] Identifying Gut Microbe-Host Phenotype Relationships Using Combinatorial Communities in Gnotobiotic Mice 2014-01-22T22:55:06.580Z However protein expression levels may better reflect selection on divergent and constrained phenotypes. [Report] Primate Transcript and Protein Expression Levels Evolve Under Compensatory Selection Pressures 2013-12-04T22:56:48.112Z The variations in the extent of bone reduction are presumably due to somatic chimaerism with regard to disruption. e, Proportions of mild and strong bone phenotypes induced by disruption of by sgRNA/Cas9. Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution 2014-01-08T18:21:42.027Z It simply means that, under our current knowledge, there is often a tenuous relationship, at best, between selected genes and phenotypes. 23andMe: A Fumbling Gene In Its Corporate DNA? 2013-11-29T15:19:00Z This hierarchy, or allelic series, was revealed by observing the phenotypes of each possible heterozygote offspring. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This study represents the first systematic attempt to provide a framework for the genomic analysis of sequence convergence associated with independently shared phenotypes. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z To close this gap, Araus and his team are exploring high-tech methods of gathering in-depth phenotype information from entire fields of experimental crops under different environmental conditions. Plant breeding: Discovery in a dry spell 2013-09-25T21:50:44.027Z However, in doing so, it comes with important caveats, the most relevant being the paucity of information about the phenotypes and early interactions of cancer cells that spread to distant sites. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z Traditional clinical research faces severe limitations and is ill-suited to help us understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype. 23andMe: A Fumbling Gene In Its Corporate DNA? 2013-11-29T15:19:00Z This may occur when the mutant allele somehow interferes with the genetic message so that even a heterozygote with one wild-type allele copy expresses the mutant phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Evolution is typically thought to proceed through divergence of genes, proteins and ultimately phenotypes. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals 2013-10-09T17:21:23.207Z Nonetheless, if the genetic heterogeneity involves mutations that influence cancer cell phenotype or function, the genetic heterogeneity will contribute to tumour heterogeneity through mechanisms independent of cancer stem cell differentiation. Tumour heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity 2013-09-18T17:21:13.347Z This Perspective summarizes what can be deduced from currently available, mostly genomic, data and may stimulate research into the emergence of cellular cancer phenotypes that cause lethal disease. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z Here, we consider the heterogeneity in development and phenotype of memory B cells and whether particular functions are partitioned into distinct subsets. [Special Issue Review] Diversity Among Memory B Cells: Origin, Consequences, and Utility 2013-09-12T17:56:44.660Z In some cases, several genes can contribute to aspects of a common phenotype without their gene products ever directly interacting. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The Ts65Dn mouse recapitulates some major brain structural and behavioral phenotypes of DS, including reduced size and cellularity of the cerebellum and learning deficits associated with the hippocampus. [Research Articles] Hedgehog Agonist Therapy Corrects Structural and Cognitive Deficits in a Down Syndrome Mouse Model 2013-09-04T18:25:08Z Nonetheless, if the genetic heterogeneity involves mutations that influence cancer cell phenotype or function, the genetic heterogeneity will contribute to tumour heterogeneity through mechanisms independent of cancer stem cell differentiation. Tumour heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity 2013-09-18T17:21:13.347Z If this is so, we have not yet identified the underlying rules, suggesting that these are either too subtle or complex, or that dissemination is linked to a specific phenotype, not genotype. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z If this is true, why the massive variation in phenotype? The Tet Zoo Guide to Pacific Rim 2013-07-25T15:45:07.803Z If the traits are inherited as dominant and recessive, the F1 offspring will all exhibit the same phenotype as the parent homozygous for the dominant trait. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Although genetic manipulation of the TGFβ pathway modulates immune tolerance in mouse models, the contribution of this pathway to human allergic phenotypes is not well understood. [Research Articles] TGF{beta} Receptor Mutations Impose a Strong Predisposition for Human Allergic Disease 2013-07-24T19:25:06.297Z In contrast to Chen's team, they emphasize "that additional virus adaptation in mammals would be required to reach the high-transmissible phenotypes observed by the respiratory droplet route with pandemic and seasonal influenza A viruses." Can Dangerous Bird Flu Virus Fly Between Humans? 2013-07-18T23:30:00Z Note, however, that we are lacking sufficient data about the phenotype of DCCs. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z Even though the dog, photographed August 2012, had the phenotype, or the physical ‘look’, of a NGSD, science always requires definitive proof. Expedition to Find the New Guinea Singing Dog: The Rarest Dog in the World 2013-07-05T15:15:02.427Z Incomplete dominance describes situations in which the heterozygote exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Idiopathic hyperglycaemia will no longer be considered as a disease in its own right, but as an outcome of networked processes contributing to the affluent phenotype of adiposity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and cancer.” No Such Thing As Type 2 Diabetes? Why Old Notions Of 'Disease' Need Revamping 2013-05-31T00:34:21Z Richard Dawkins proposed the idea of “extended phenotypes”—a phenotype is the subset of an organism’s genetic traits that develop— to describe environmental changes caused by organisms. We Fit Nature to Us: Evolution's 2-Way Street 2013-05-22T17:15:06.387Z Basic research will be needed to address the phenotype of cancer cells adapting to different selective conditions before and after the cancer cells have induced their own tumour-like environment. Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression 2013-09-18T17:22:42.817Z One consequence of this complex genotype–phenotype relationship is that it may impose constraints on natural selection. DNA at 60: Still Much to Learn 2013-04-28T12:15:00.207Z For crosses involving more than two genes, use the forked line or probability methods to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes rather than a Punnett square. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The obesity rankings to some extent "ignore the differences in phenotype or physical body type." Island Where Obesity May Not Be All It Seems 2013-04-12T23:12:20Z The dramatic phenotype of the French families told Hobbs that “this is an important gene”. Genetics: A gene of rare effect 2013-04-10T17:20:29.100Z When multiple genes interact with each other and with external factors to create a spectrum of phenotypes, finding a one-to-one correspondence between sequence and physiognomy becomes statistically unlikely. Identity Theft: Nature and Nurture in Art and Science 2013-03-12T16:15:00.390Z For example, many differently structured gene networks might result in the same trait or phenotype. DNA at 60: Still Much to Learn 2013-04-28T12:15:00.207Z How many phenotypes are expected if the traits behave in a dominant and recessive pattern? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Here, we observed a similar DC inflammatory phenotype in vitiligo patients. [Research Articles] Mutant HSP70 Reverses Autoimmune Depigmentation in Vitiligo 2013-02-27T19:25:08.233Z To find these rare variants, the pair needed to compile detailed physiological profiles, or phenotypes, of a large general population. Genetics: A gene of rare effect 2013-04-10T17:20:29.100Z Other researchers are trying to unlock the often idiosyncratic information in electronic medical records so that computer algorithms can comb them and classify common phenotypes automatically. Big biology: The ’omes puzzle 2013-02-27T18:20:44.453Z Also, new phenotypes that are viable and potentially superior may be more likely to emerge through tweaks to regulatory networks than through more risky alterations to protein-coding sequences. DNA at 60: Still Much to Learn 2013-04-28T12:15:00.207Z What are the phenotypes of the offspring and in what proportions? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z In addition, ex vivo treatment of human skin averted the disease-related shift from quiescent to effector T cell phenotype. [Research Articles] Mutant HSP70 Reverses Autoimmune Depigmentation in Vitiligo 2013-02-27T19:25:08.233Z Published in 2004, the results confirmed that rare, medically important mutations could be found in a population subdivided into extreme phenotypes. Genetics: A gene of rare effect 2013-04-10T17:20:29.100Z Our mathematical theorem predicts that despite the high dimensionality of trait space, trade-offs between tasks leads to phenotypes in low-dimensional regions in trait space, such as lines and triangles. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on "Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space" 2013-02-14T19:25:23.927Z Subsequently randomizing male and female values independently is incorrect, because it is unlikely that male and female phenotypes will ever evolve fully independently within a population, even in the absence of performance trade-offs. [Technical Comment] Comment on "Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space" 2013-02-14T19:25:20.847Z The observable traits of an organism are referred to as its phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z He will use them to equip and operate a Greek node of the Infrafrontier project, which aims to systematically phenotype, or characterize, mutant mice. Europe scales back research plans 2013-02-13T18:20:33.680Z Efforts to connect sequences with symptoms — or in genetic parlance, genotype with phenotype — have taken on increased urgency as clinical sequencing gains traction and funders put more money towards rare diseases. Data barriers limit genetic diagnosis 2013-02-13T18:20:29.123Z Two and three tasks lead to best-compromise phenotypes that fall on a line and triangle, respectively. [Technical Response] Response to Comment on "Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space" 2013-02-14T19:25:23.927Z For example, a trade-off between two tasks is identified by phenotypes falling along a line in x-y space, whereas phenotypes trading off three functions would fall within a triangle. [Technical Comment] Comment on "Evolutionary Trade-Offs, Pareto Optimality, and the Geometry of Phenotype Space" 2013-02-14T19:25:20.847Z Some alleles can also be lethal, so their phenotype will never be observed. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “It is surely helpful to have access to a cohort’s unredacted phenotypes before its members die.” Genetic privacy needs a more nuanced approach 2013-02-06T18:20:11.547Z Another problem is that even if database owners are willing to share data, they lack a common language for describing phenotypes, says Robinson. Data barriers limit genetic diagnosis 2013-02-13T18:20:29.123Z Normal cells on the left, cells treated with TcdB in the middle showing the rounded phenotype. Toxic Little Molecules 2013-01-13T19:45:08.540Z This indicates that the cortical neurons underwent transformation to a more primitive phenotype. Dedifferentiation Turning Back the Cellular Clock 2013-01-11T17:45:05.063Z The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The methanogenic phenotype seems to cover a phylogenetic span as great as or greater than the span covered by any other comparable bacterial phenotype. Archaebacteria: The Third Domain of Life Missed by Biologists for Decades 2013-01-01T00:45:00.170Z He is working on ways to standardize phenotype definitions for large-scale analysis. Data barriers limit genetic diagnosis 2013-02-13T18:20:29.123Z The transplantation of corrected motor neurons derived from SMA-iPSCs into an SMA mouse model extended the life span of the animals and improved the disease phenotype. [Research Articles] Genetic Correction of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy 2012-12-19T19:55:09.697Z When you use drugs that target specific mutations, Anderson says, “our models tell us that you're destined to see drug resistance because there's another route to the same phenotype”. Mathematical modelling: Forecasting cancer 2012-11-23T15:21:12.853Z Mendel’s hybridization experiments demonstrate the difference between phenotype and genotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When we observe the relationship between genotype, stress, life history and phenotype in several environments, it makes it possible for us to develop predictions about these relationships, their causality, and their meaning. Bone Mineral Density Status: It s Complicated 2012-11-17T01:15:00.180Z Instead, the worm mutant screen challenges students to think about observable mutant phenotypes and biological processes. [Essay] IBI* Series Winner: A Mutant Search—Caenorhabditis elegans and Gene Discovery 2012-10-28T19:56:01.997Z The simultaneous advances in human genetics and genomics offer opportunities for combining studies of host genotype with microbiome phenotype. Genomic approaches to studying the human microbiota 2012-09-13T11:21:35.367Z A change in diet clearly alters the gut microbiota, and these alterations may contribute to the host's metabolic phenotype. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism 2012-09-13T11:21:18.130Z An inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form and in which the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered non-lethal phenotype is referred to as recessive lethal. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Indeed, we believe that a significant goal would be to use functional data such as that derived from this project to assign every genomic variant to its possible impact on human phenotypes. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome 2012-09-05T17:21:22.380Z If the mutant is not identified, students are then encouraged to think about why the phenotype was not observed within their mutagenized population and to describe the mutants observed during the screening process. [Essay] IBI* Series Winner: A Mutant Search—Caenorhabditis elegans and Gene Discovery 2012-10-28T19:56:01.997Z One of the great challenges in evolutionary biology is to understand how differences in DNA sequence between species determine differences in their phenotypes. Genomics: ENCODE explained 2012-09-05T17:21:10.890Z Exactly how this happens is not clear, but a shift in the composition of the faecal microbiota of humans suggests the gut microbiota contributes to the improved metabolic phenotype after a gastric bypass. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism 2012-09-13T11:21:18.130Z However, just as the recessive lethal allele might not immediately manifest the phenotype of death, dominant lethal alleles also might not be expressed until adulthood. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The observation that a considerable number of homozygous mutant horses are considered four-gaited may reflect phenotype misclassifications, but more likely incomplete penetrance due to other genetic factors, maturity and environmental effects, in particular training. Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice 2012-08-29T17:51:50.993Z Students conduct a “forward” genetic screen, by starting with a predicted phenotype resulting from disruption of specific biological processes, and seek to identify, from a mutagenized population, a mutant with that phenotype. [Essay] IBI* Series Winner: A Mutant Search—Caenorhabditis elegans and Gene Discovery 2012-10-28T19:56:01.997Z Predicting phenotypes - outward traits such as hair colour or eye colour - from DNA information is an emerging field in forensics. Test predicts hair and eye colour 2012-08-24T12:42:42Z These phenotypes were corrected by antibiotic treatment, suggesting a reciprocal interaction between microbiota, altered epithelial permeability and host metabolism. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism 2012-09-13T11:21:18.130Z Punnett squares can be used to predict genotypes and phenotypes of offspring involving one or two genes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This is the essence of evolution: genetic change over time that affects the phenotype, thereby offering fodder for natural selection. Like a Game of Clue, Genomics Tracks Outbreak, Revealing Evolution in Action 2012-08-22T18:45:00.203Z As a team of four, students devise a plan to identify a mutant worm with a phenotype potentially owing to a mutation in a gene involved with the biological process of interest to them. [Essay] IBI* Series Winner: A Mutant Search—Caenorhabditis elegans and Gene Discovery 2012-10-28T19:56:01.997Z In the study, the authors used Hirisplex to predict hair colour phenotypes in a sample drawn from three European populations. Test predicts hair and eye colour 2012-08-24T12:42:42Z "I was constantly trying to understand the phenotypes of other people," he says, and thought, "why not try myself?" Keeping It in the Family 2012-08-13T18:52:00Z Rather than both alleles contributing to a phenotype, the dominant allele will be expressed exclusively. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z No matter what the goal, the crux of the approach is to understand what your phenotype is and what that means for how your body responds to specific training. Could DNA Dictate Your Best Workout? 2012-07-17T14:55:00Z Although isolation of a genetic mutant provides a path to many levels of further investigation, student experiments are limited to a general phenotype analysis because of resource constraints. [Essay] IBI* Series Winner: A Mutant Search—Caenorhabditis elegans and Gene Discovery 2012-10-28T19:56:01.997Z In addition, many of the regions that overlap genes may eventually help us understand the genetic basis of phenotypes that humans share with one of the two apes to the exclusion of the other. The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes 2012-06-27T17:51:28.383Z Distinct phenotypes in oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer are associated with specific patterns of somatic mutations that map into cellular pathways linked to tumour biology, but most recurrent mutations are relatively infrequent. Whole-genome analysis informs breast cancer response to aromatase inhibition 2012-06-20T17:22:05.433Z Round, green and wrinkled, yellow offspring can also be calculated using the product rule, as each of these genotypes includes one dominant and one recessive phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Using a sparse multivariate model, 960 microbial, enzymatic or pathway abundances were significantly associated with one or more of 15 subject phenotype and sample metadata features. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome 2012-06-13T17:20:54.030Z Team Power-Point presentations describe their experimental approach, phenotype they screened for, results, and potential significance. [Essay] IBI* Series Winner: A Mutant Search—Caenorhabditis elegans and Gene Discovery 2012-10-28T19:56:01.997Z What evolution can work on are phenotypes – composites of anatomical, physiological and behavioral traits as they change during the development and lifetime of an organism. Clocks, metabolism, evolution - toward an integrative chronobiology 2012-05-30T12:45:00.197Z The problem of the thrifty phenotype begins before the child is born. Public Health: India's diabetes time bomb 2012-05-22T15:21:16.523Z This illustrates evolution as an ongoing process because natural selection favored one phenotype over another. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The rich collection of tissues and behavioural data — a comprehensive phenotype for each of thousands of participants — makes the study unique and invaluable, say its leaders. Children of the 90s: Coming of age 2012-04-11T17:20:42.063Z At two of these key loci, distinctive haplotypes were found to be reused when similar phenotypes evolve in different populations, a pattern that was later found at additional loci. The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks 2012-04-04T17:21:30.320Z Genes are selected for, indirectly, inasmuch as they contribute to the phenotype. Clocks, metabolism, evolution - toward an integrative chronobiology 2012-05-30T12:45:00.197Z Why variants that appear to cause disease in humans might be associated with a normal phenotype in gorillas is unknown; possible explanations are compensatory molecular changes elsewhere, or differing environmental conditions. Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence 2012-03-07T18:21:00.777Z In this case, natural selection will select for the less-fit phenotype and spread it in the population. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Don't be afraid to write on top of a cell, 'This is the typical phenotype'. Presentations: Billboard science 2012-02-29T18:21:02.430Z Recurrent evolution of similar phenotypes in similar environments indicates that these traits evolve by natural selection. The genomic basis of adaptive evolution in threespine sticklebacks 2012-04-04T17:21:30.320Z Figure 4: Genotype–phenotype associations for starvation resistance. a, Genome-wide association results for significant SNPs. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Moult is one of the co-organizers of the Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation, a contest in which bioinformatics teams compete to predict a phenotype — an organism's characteristics — from genetic data. Functional genomics: The changes that count 2012-02-08T18:51:01.997Z In this directed evolution study, the selection pressure imposed by the investigators led to a new phenotype. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “However, it is widely believed that such phenotypes result from emergent behavior, one that is better observed as an interacting sub-unit, rather than individually differentiated markers,’’ says Ananth Grama, professor of computer science at Purdue. Quantitative Approach to Information Processing 2011-12-21T21:14:00Z “All myeloma plasma cells have the potential to proliferate under certain conditions,” Epstein says, “and when they do proliferate they change their phenotype to something that other people consider a stem cell.” Tumorigenesis: Testing ground for cancer stem cells 2011-12-14T18:21:04.423Z The blue dots represent the predicted and observed phenotypes of lines that were not included in the initial study. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Unless the link between a gene and a disease or phenotype is a very strong one, researchers who try to follow up on initial studies often get different results the second or third time around. Gray Area: Does a "Longevity" Gene Increase Alzheimer's Risk? 2011-12-13T13:15:05.567Z Because many of those offspring will also carry the beneficial allele, and often the corresponding phenotype, they will have more offspring of their own that also carry the allele, thus, perpetuating the cycle. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Conventional research in computational biology often largely focuses on identifying single markers associated with disease and phenotype, that is, the observable characteristics of an organism. Quantitative Approach to Information Processing 2011-12-21T21:14:00Z “Bulldogs could be as outbred as mongrel dogs in the streets of Calcutta, but if they keep that phenotype, they are not going very far.” Can the Bulldog Be Saved? 2011-11-23T06:55:18Z Methods for quantitative genetic analyses include phenotype measures, quantitative genetic analyses of phenotypes, statistical analyses of genotype–phenotype associations and predictive models, and a web-based association analysis pipeline. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z These are the three phenotypes we find in the wild populations. Spotted Horses in Cave Art Weren?t Just a Figment, DNA Shows 2011-11-07T22:29:22Z But what ultimately interests most biologists is not the frequencies of different alleles, but the frequencies of the resulting genotypes, known as the population’s genetic structure, from which scientists can surmise the distribution of phenotypes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Similar examples of candidate causal variants are found for diverse phenotypes such as height or multiple sclerosis, and similar analyses could be applied to case–control resequencing data. A high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals 2011-10-26T17:21:43.610Z We need to have definitive phenotypes for purposes of comparison. Craig Venter Sets X-Prize for Human Genome Sequencing 2011-10-26T14:15:00.227Z This relationship determines our ability to predict phenotypes from genotypes and to understand how evolutionary forces shape variation within and between species. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z And then we realized these phenotypes are exactly the ones you see in cave paintings.” Spotted Horses in Cave Art Weren?t Just a Figment, DNA Shows 2011-11-07T22:29:22Z As a result, the only way to determine the exact distribution of phenotypes in a population is to go out and count them. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Perhaps this is a phenotype that universities would do well to recognize and reward. Finding (and supporting) rare talent: a challenge for biopharma -- and universities 2011-10-19T00:39:02Z “The shortest telomere is the one that determines the phenotype.” Telomeres: All's well that ends well 2011-10-12T17:21:06.837Z Previous efforts to dissect the genotype–phenotype map were based on incomplete genotypic information. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z If all goes well, the consortium may move on to phenotype 12,000 more mouse lines. The Consortium That Will Launch 5000 Mice 2011-09-29T17:23:03Z As you learn in the chapter that discusses the evolution and origin of species, natural selection works by selecting for phenotypes—and the alleles that determine them—that confer beneficial traits or behaviors. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A second use of our catalogue is for exploring the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation 2011-09-14T17:21:52.063Z It is important to realise the ability to retain skeletal stem cell phenotype using surface topography offers a step change in current approaches for stem cell biology. 'Better way' to grow stem cells 2011-07-17T17:00:16Z Figure 4: Genotype–phenotype associations for starvation resistance. a, Genome-wide association results for significant SNPs. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Cells exchange signals to maintain their phenotypes and to optimize their functions. Cells Talk to One Another, but How? 2011-06-14T13:55:00Z Allele frequencies also can change due to mutation in DNA and when individuals do not randomly mate with others; when an individual selects a mate based on phenotype, the genotype is also selected. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Collectively, the sequence we describe here will help dissect the path from sequence variant to phenotype. Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation 2011-09-14T17:21:52.063Z Nevertheless, that mutations implicated in ASD would be linked to this sort of neuronal network "is logical by the phenotype," Vitkup says. Autism's Tangled Genetics Full of Rare and Varied Mutations 2011-06-08T23:15:03.487Z The blue dots represent the predicted and observed phenotypes of lines that were not included in the initial study. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Being an Arab does not ascribe one to any particular phenotype or physical look, because it is the use of the Arabic language that defines the Arab identity. Farai Sevenzo: The great escape 2011-05-24T07:45:02Z Heritability is the fraction of phenotype variation that can be attributed to genetic differences, or genetic variance, among individuals in a population. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Rather, low P content is a readily observed phenotype used by a broad range of phylogenetically diverse environmental bacteria to deal with extreme P limitation. [Technical Comment] Comment on ?A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus? 2011-06-02T18:25:22.320Z They include, for example, the power and limitations of our knowledge of the genotype with respect to our understanding of the phenotype, deep-space astronomy, quantum computation, and information science. Board the eurostar 2011-06-01T17:20:03.157Z Efforts to dissect the genotype–phenotype map in model organisms and humans have revealed unexpected complexities, implicating many, novel loci, pervasive pleiotropy, and context-dependent effects. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z "When we find such a cellular phenotype in culture, we know we can now start from there to understand other layers of complexity," Muotri says. Stem cells: The growing pains of pluripotency 2011-05-18T17:20:32.423Z Diversifying selection results in increased variance by selecting for two or more distinct phenotypes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z However, low P content is a common phenotype across a broad range of environmental bacteria that experience P limitation. [Technical Comment] Comment on ?A Bacterium That Can Grow by Using Arsenic Instead of Phosphorus? 2011-06-02T18:25:22.320Z "In some ways, the sleep phenotypes of cave fish are similar to those of humans with sleep disorders," explained Borowsky. Fishes That Don't Sleep Point to Genetic Basis for Slumber, NYU Biologists Find 2011-04-08T18:44:00Z We used regression models to predict trait phenotypes from SNP genotypes and estimate the total variance explained by SNPs. The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel 2012-02-08T18:51:32.053Z Our results indicate that genotype and biophysical phenotype analysis may be useful for risk stratification of LQT1 patients and suggest that slow channel activation is associated with an increased risk of cardiac events. [Research Articles] Use of Mutant-Specific Ion Channel Characteristics for Risk Stratification of Long QT Syndrome Patients 2011-03-30T18:55:20.243Z As natural selection influences the allele frequencies in a population, individuals can either become more or less genetically similar and the phenotypes displayed can become more similar or more disparate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Furthermore, knockdown of β-arrestin2 in fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis attenuated the invasive phenotype. [Research Articles] {beta}-Arrestin Deficiency Protects Against Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice and Prevents Fibroblast Invasion of Extracellular Matrix 2011-03-16T19:55:11.913Z With expert advice, I decided that the only rational approach was to amass large collections of patient DNAs with extensive phenotype information. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: The Meaning of the Human Genome Project for Neuropsychiatric Disorders 2011-02-24T19:26:18.217Z But perhaps most significantly, the identification of DNA sequence variation associated with phenotypes of interest, particularly with human disease, provides the starting point on another route to understanding biological function. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: Making Sense of the Data 2011-02-24T19:26:14.993Z In addition, molecular characterization of well-described phenotypes in large families from this region will also, it is hoped, reveal genes that underlie complex and heterogeneous conditions. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: Human Genome Sequencing: Celebrating 10 years 2011-02-17T19:26:26.983Z As a result, populations of side-blotched lizards cycle in the distribution of these phenotypes—in one generation, orange might be predominant, and then yellow males will begin to rise in frequency. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Understanding how ants modify the regulation of their gene expression to produce different phenotypes will help us understand how humans develop into different phenotypes. Ants: Clues to Human Development 2011-02-16T22:12:00Z However, our understanding of complex phenotypes is far from complete. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: First Steps on a Long Road 2011-02-11T22:25:50.493Z The accumulation of individual genomes with clearly documented phenotypes that are available for research significantly facilitates such breakthroughs and discoveries. [Essay] Genome-Sequencing Anniversary: Personal Genomes: For One and for All 2011-02-11T22:25:39.073Z They detected signals of ecological speciation in all three species, including the clear divergence in color phenotype, but also in body shape and size. Editors' Choice 2011-01-20T19:25:02.033Z Different alleles can confer different phenotypes, and different environments can also cause individuals to look or act differently. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Unfortunately, despite awareness of the metabolically health obese phenotype for close to 30 years, there currently exist no established criteria by which to define these individuals. Can you be both obese and healthy? 2011-01-19T16:45:37.607Z Unfortunately, despite awareness of the metabolically-health obese phenotype for close to 30 years, there currently exist no established criteria by which to define these individuals. Can you be obese and healthy? 2011-01-18T17:15:05.713Z The variable was included to provide additional information about body mass index–related phenotypes. [Errata] A Correction to the Research Article Titled: "Personalized Epigenomic Signatures That Are Stable Over Time and Covary with Body Mass Index" by A. P. Feinberg, R. A. Irizarry, D. Fradin, M. J. Aryee, P. Murakami, T. Aspelund, G. Eiriksdottir, T. B. Harris, L. Launer, V. Gudnason, M. D. Fallin 2011-01-12T23:55:12.973Z Predicting a person's outward traits - known to scientists as phenotypes - from genetic information is a newly emerging field in forensics. Frontier forensics 2011-01-06T02:50:21Z In contrast, diversifying selection results in increased genetic variance by selecting for two or more distinct phenotypes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z “The same phenotype is being selected, with different mutations causing that phenotype.” Diversity: Of beans and genes 2011-01-04T21:23:19.127Z As a gene or phenotype changes over time, so, too, the researchers propose, do cultural sensibilities. New Tool Tracks Culture through the Centuries via Google Books 2011-01-04T16:18:17.973Z Predicting human "phenotypes" - a person's outward traits such as hair colour or eye colour - from DNA information is a newly emerging field in forensics. Hair colour predicted from genes 2011-01-04T14:15:48Z “We are more complex than our phenotype,” said Mr. Gong, the past president of Mavin, an advocacy group for mixed-race families, and the co-founder of the Mixed Race Heritage Center, an information clearinghouse. News Analysis: Video From Angle Event Reopens Subject of Race 2010-10-20T02:45:00Z Population variation is the geographic distribution of different phenotypes in a population. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The phenotype is what Galton was measuring in his laboratory. The Human Phenome Project 2010-06-09T01:05:00Z "The fact that we're able to link convergence of the DNA with a phenotype I think is unique, and in such a complex phenotype as hearing as well," he told BBC News. 2010-01-26T13:41:00Z Practical experiences of human self-constitution extended the human phenotype beyond that of any other known species. The Civilization of Illiteracy But, as Galton well knew, there is more to the human phenotype than that. The Human Phenome Project 2010-06-09T01:05:00Z These transfers allow even distantly related species to share genes, influencing their phenotypes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z |
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