| 单词 | phage |
| 例句 | Even more important, I did not want to be away during the forthcoming International Poliomyelitis Conference, which was to bring several phage workers to Copenhagen. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z No one could match the smooth erudition of Bawden or the assured nihilism of Pirie, who strongly disliked the notion that some phages have tails or that TMV is of fixed length. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Upon his return he gave up his previous research problem and was devoting full time to phage. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z If my organelles are really symbiotic bacteria, colonizing me, what’s to prevent them from catching a virus, or if they have such a thing as lysogeny, from conveying a phage to other organelles? The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Sometimes they live inside each other; the Bdellovibrio penetrate the walls of other bacteria, tuck themselves up inside, replicate, and burst out again as though they thought themselves phages. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Andre was very keen about the role of divalent metals in phage multiplication and so was receptive to my belief that ions were decisively important for nucleic-acid structure. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Then he was the only Dane working with phage and so was quite pleased that I and Gunther Stent, a phage worker from Delbriick’s lab, had come to do research with Herman. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The only new result we were likely to pick up before Christmas was the divalent metal content of the DNA- containing phage T4. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z In the train going to Royaumont, however, he looked off-color, giving no indication of wanting either to read The Times or to hear me gossip about the phage group. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The fact that I, a phage person, found what he was doing important was reassuring. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The news hit me in Geneva, where I had stopped for several days to talk with the Swiss phage worker Jean Weigle, who was just back from a winter of work at Cal Tech. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z Thinking all the time was too much even for Francis, and often when he was stumped by his equations he used to pump my reservoir of phage lore. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z But, alas, phages are by no means the end of that story. Before You Fill That Prescription, You May Want to Read These Books 2019-10-29T04:00:00Z The other reason is phages could become yet another tool of factory farming. 5 dangerous substances the food industry is pumping into your meat 2014-05-01T12:00:00Z Cattle and other livestock operators could use phages to make animals gain weight without risking antibiotic resistance, observed a recent documentary. 5 dangerous substances the food industry is pumping into your meat 2014-05-01T12:00:00Z While phages are certainly “greener” than antibiotics, there are two reasons many food activists do not laud the development. 5 dangerous substances the food industry is pumping into your meat 2014-05-01T12:00:00Z He homed in on a set of phages that were spotted by the defense system. How bacteria recognize viral invasion and activate immune defenses 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z "We see how coevolution between bacteria and phage drive the emergence of a highly complicated ecological network. Evolution doesn't have to be slow and gradual as Darwin thought." Bacteria-virus arms race provides rare window into rapid and complex evolution 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z Undergraduate phage hunters at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County isolated a satellite phage called MiniFlayer from the soil bacterium Streptomyces scabiei. Vampire viruses prey on other viruses to replicate themselves 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z The sample included one large sequence: the phage they expected. Observation of a virus attaching to another virus 2023-11-02T04:00:00Z Bacteriophages, also called phages, are viruses that infect and kill bacteria, their natural hosts. Mammalian cells may consume bacteria-killing viruses to promote cellular health 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z The experiment revealed that only RNA produced during phage infection was able to trigger an immune response. How bacteria recognize viral invasion and activate immune defenses 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z "So we can use phage and bacteria as a model system to understand general evolutionary principles and help show how life on Earth has evolved into such diverse and complex ecosystems from simple beginnings." Bacteria-virus arms race provides rare window into rapid and complex evolution 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z Borrowing from both “Dracula” and “Alien,” this satellite phage evolved a short appendage that allows it to latch onto its helper’s neck like a vampire. Vampire viruses prey on other viruses to replicate themselves 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z CRISPR-Cas are immune systems bacteria have that protect them from getting infected by bacterial viruses -- called phages. Scientists uncover new way viruses fight back against bacteria 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z But from a macromolecular viewpoint, phages can be viewed as nutritionally enriched packets of nucleotides wrapped in an amino acid shell. Mammalian cells may consume bacteria-killing viruses to promote cellular health 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z "Two big questions are how and why the phage generates cabRNA -- what is its role?" she says. How bacteria recognize viral invasion and activate immune defenses 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z In related work, Meyer and Weitz are using artificial intelligence to study how phage could be used in the growing antibiotic resistance crisis. Bacteria-virus arms race provides rare window into rapid and complex evolution 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z Recent work indicates that many antiviral systems thought to have evolved in bacteria, like the CRISPR-Cas9 molecular scissors used in gene editing, may have originated in phages and their satellites. Vampire viruses prey on other viruses to replicate themselves 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z Bacteria end up with a memory bank of past phage infections which it files like mugshots, using them to identify and degrade that specific phage when it attacks again. Scientists uncover new way viruses fight back against bacteria 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z Barr adds, "This work provides new insights into the additional benefits that bacteriophages may have on their mammalian hosts. This is of particular importance given the increased use of phage therapy to treat antibiotic-resistant infections." Mammalian cells may consume bacteria-killing viruses to promote cellular health 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Predatory viruses known as phages are among their most dire foes, infiltrating their cells to replicate and take over. How bacteria recognize viral invasion and activate immune defenses 2023-11-15T05:00:00Z The research includes analysis of evolutionary data to determine which mutations in phage and bacteria can lead to infection and resistance. Bacteria-virus arms race provides rare window into rapid and complex evolution 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z MiniFlayer is the first satellite phage known to have lost its ability to lie dormant. Vampire viruses prey on other viruses to replicate themselves 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z "Phages have components of bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems in their own genomes. They use these as molecular mimics for their own benefit to silence the immune system of bacteria and allow phage replication," he says. Scientists uncover new way viruses fight back against bacteria 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z The researchers found that T4 phages did not activate DNA-mediated inflammatory pathways, but triggered a sequence of signaling pathway events that promote cellular growth and survival. Mammalian cells may consume bacteria-killing viruses to promote cellular health 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z Called phage therapy, it uses bacteria-infecting viruses called bacteriophages, or simply "phages," which typically kill the germs by invading their cells and splitting them open from the inside. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z The research also highlights a new effort supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to study how "jumbo" phages could be used as new therapeutic agents. Bacteria-virus arms race provides rare window into rapid and complex evolution 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z Not being able to lie in wait for your helper to enter the cell poses an important challenge to a satellite phage. Vampire viruses prey on other viruses to replicate themselves 2023-11-09T05:00:00Z It works by taking pieces of phage DNA and adding it to the bacterium's genome. Scientists uncover new way viruses fight back against bacteria 2023-10-18T04:00:00Z Future studies are needed, however, to determine why cells use phage particles as resources, and whether they have specifically evolved via adaptation to benefit from this internalization. Mammalian cells may consume bacteria-killing viruses to promote cellular health 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z For example, a phage called U136B can have this effect on E. coli. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z Further studies are now planned to confirm phage therapy for topical use in atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis: Viruses discovered as new therapy option 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z "To our best knowledge, this is the deepest known isolated phage in the global ocean," said Wang. A newly identified virus emerges from the deep 2023-09-20T04:00:00Z And on Friday, MPs will question leading medical and health bodies about phages - "good" viruses that can target and kill harmful bacteria. Superbug study to invite 2,000 stool samples 2023-04-25T04:00:00Z According to the authors, "This preliminary study provides novel insights into the impact phages have on mammalian systems, with broader potential implications across the fields of immunology, phage therapy, microbiome, and human health." Mammalian cells may consume bacteria-killing viruses to promote cellular health 2023-10-26T04:00:00Z To infiltrate E. coli, the phage uses an efflux pump, a protein E. coli normally uses to pump antibiotics out of the cell. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z There are 1031 different phage species, which makes a number with 31 zeros. Atopic dermatitis: Viruses discovered as new therapy option 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z Like other viruses, phages cannot reproduce on their own. CRISPR is so popular even viruses may use it 2022-11-23T05:00:00Z My laboratory has been studying the molecular biology of bacteriophages, or phages for short, the viruses that infect bacteria, for over two decades. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z In the lytic cycle, new phages are produced; immediately in the lysogenic cycle phage DNA is merged into the host genome. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z If the E. coli tries to change this pump to escape the phage, it reduces the bacterium's ability to pump out antibiotics. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z While that makes it a challenge for scientists to identify the type of phage needed for a particular purpose, it also enables them to use them in a targeted manner. Atopic dermatitis: Viruses discovered as new therapy option 2023-09-29T04:00:00Z It includes repetitive stretches of DNA that match sequences of previously encountered phages. CRISPR is so popular even viruses may use it 2022-11-23T05:00:00Z Recently, my colleagues and I have shown that phages can listen for key cellular signals to help them in their decision-making. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z The phages move on to infect other cells in the lysogenic phase. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z And unlike with antibiotics, bacteria are unlikely to gain widespread resistance to phage therapy, said Paul Turner, director of the Center for Phage Biology and Therapy at Yale University. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z She found an obscure treatment that offered a glimmer of hope — fighting superbugs with phages, which are viruses that eat bacteria. Effort to Recall Los Angeles District Attorney George Gascón Fails 2022-08-16T04:00:00Z They also examined phage genome sequences that had been posted to online databases and found even more instances of the CRISPR-carrying viruses. CRISPR is so popular even viruses may use it 2022-11-23T05:00:00Z If the enemy of your enemy is your friend, phages are certainly your friends. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z The phage DNA makes multiple copies of itself using the host machinery, and eventually the host cell bursts, releasing a large number of bacteriophages. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The target bacterium can still evolve resistance to an individual phage — but by picking the right combination of phages, scientists can make it so that the bacterium's evolution comes at a cost, Turner said. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z Three weeks later, Strathdee watched doctors intravenously inject an unproven phage cocktail into her husband’s body — and save his life. Effort to Recall Los Angeles District Attorney George Gascón Fails 2022-08-16T04:00:00Z Why would phages acquire a system that evolved to thwart them? CRISPR is so popular even viruses may use it 2022-11-23T05:00:00Z The best studied phage, lambda, works a bit like HIV. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z Hershey and Chase labeled one batch of phage with radioactive sulfur, 35S, to label the protein coat. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z To date, phage therapy has mostly been tested through a regulatory framework known as "compassionate use" in patients like the Brussels Airport bombing victim, whose infections had no other treatment options. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z Now, a team of researchers based in Germany offers a potentially faster and better way to create these bacteriophages, or simply phages. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Multiple viruses can attack a bacterium at the same time, leading to "phage wars" inside an infected cell, she says. CRISPR is so popular even viruses may use it 2022-11-23T05:00:00Z This video shows a lambda phage infecting E. coli. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z In the tube that contained phage labeled with 35S, the supernatant contained the radioactively labeled phage, whereas no radioactivity was detected in the pellet. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Phage therapy has shown success in these settings, and in a recent observational study of 100 patients who received phages alongside antibiotics. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z Their method, which they dub a “phactory,” produces phages without having to culture the bacteria they are directed against, and allows tweaking of the viruses to tailor them to specific antibiotic-resistant infections. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z For instance, some phages seem to have lost the capacity to generate certain molecules that can kill bacteria, possibly to preserve their hosts to produce more phages. CRISPR is so popular even viruses may use it 2022-11-23T05:00:00Z If the bacterium's DNA gets compromised, that's bad news for the lambda phage nested within it. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z In the tube that contained the phage labeled with 32P, the radioactivity was detected in the pellet that contained the heavier bacterial cells, and no radioactivity was detected in the supernatant. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z So far in clinical trials, though, phage therapy generally hasn't worked better than standard antibiotics or a placebo. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z The advance comes as a major U.S. phage initiative is about to launch its first clinical trial, in cystic fibrosis patients plagued by chronic bacterial lung infections. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z But as the season progressed, DNA belonging to bacterial viruses, known as phages, that infect the picocyanobacteria rose steeply. To tame lake-fouling algal blooms, try an ecosystem approach 2022-07-05T04:00:00Z Damaged DNA leads straight to evolution's landfill because it's useless for the phage that needs it to reproduce. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z Although phage therapy is in use in the Republic of Georgia to treat antibiotic-resistant bacteria, its use to treat human diseases has not been approved in most countries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Success in future trials will be key to getting phages into the clinic, Turner said. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z To obtain sufficient numbers of phages, pathogenic bacteria are typically first cultured in the lab. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Krausfeldt suspects the phages lie dormant until some unknown environmental cue activates them. To tame lake-fouling algal blooms, try an ecosystem approach 2022-07-05T04:00:00Z Some phages like Coliphage 186 have figured out that they don't need their own viral CI protein if they have a short DNA sequence in their chromosomes that bacterial LexA can bind to. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z As more and more antibiotic- resistant strains of bacteria evolve, the use of bacteriophages might be a potential solution to the problem, and the development of phage therapy is of much interest to researchers worldwide. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Those trials will have to show the therapy works for multiple types of infections, determine dosage and confirm phage therapies don't hurt helpful bacteria in the body, he added. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z They are then exposed to phages that were previously isolated from the same pathogens. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z The phages’ destruction of its hosts’ cells may release even more nutrients, playing a key role in enabling algal blooms, she concludes. To tame lake-fouling algal blooms, try an ecosystem approach 2022-07-05T04:00:00Z Upon detecting DNA damage, LexA will activate the phage's replicate-and-kill genes, essentially double-crossing the cell into committing suicide while allowing the phage to escape. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z Each batch of phage was allowed to infect the cells separately. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The key components of this immune system include molecular scissors, known as Cas proteins, and a memory bank of DNA snippets that a bacterium has collected from phages that once infected it. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z After these phages start to multiply in the bacteria, they are harvested and purified. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Sheik, who says he had not considered phages as a factor in blooms but now wants to explore such viral dynamics, embraces Krausfeldt’s ecosystem mindset. To tame lake-fouling algal blooms, try an ecosystem approach 2022-07-05T04:00:00Z Since then, there have been a few other reports of phages tapping bacterial communication systems. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z After infection, the phage bacterial suspension was put in a blender, which caused the phage coat to be detached from the host cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z By tapping its memory bank, CRISPR-Cas can guide its lethal scissors to a precise point in an invading phage's DNA and snip it like a piece of ribbon. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z One problem is that bacterial cell walls often contain toxic compounds named endotoxins that need to be removed during the purification of phages, Ceyssens notes. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Members of the bacteriophage viral group, close relatives of these “huge phages,” were detected in sequences from vastly different organisms. New dangers? Computers uncover 100,000 novel viruses in old genetic data 2022-01-26T05:00:00Z One example is phage phi29, which exploits its host's transcription factor to detect when the bacterium is getting ready to generate a spore, or a kind of bacterial egg capable of surviving extreme environments. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z The phage and bacterial suspension was spun down in a centrifuge. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z On occasion, though, rather than attacking phages, CRISPR-Cas can accidentally go after the bacterial cell's own DNA, triggering a lethal autoimmune reaction. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z In the new report, they show these E. coli extracts can produce viruses directed against other harmful bacteria, such as those that cause pneumonia or plague, if given the right phage DNA. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z One group of huge phages was found in a person in Bangladesh and also in cats and dogs in the United Kingdom, for example. New dangers? Computers uncover 100,000 novel viruses in old genetic data 2022-01-26T05:00:00Z In our recently published research, my colleagues and I show that several groups of phages have independently evolved the ability to tap into yet another bacterial communication system: the CtrA protein. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z The heavier bacterial cells settled down and formed a pellet, whereas the lighter phage particles stayed in the supernatant. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As with CRISPR-less phage therapies, clinical trials are needed to determine the treatment's safety profile and appropriate dosing. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z “It is basically an entire pipeline for personalized phage treatment,” Westmeyer says. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z In fact, phages were discovered at least a decade before penicillin, the first antibiotic to be identified. Most viruses around us are benign; some are even lifesaving 2021-03-12T05:00:00Z Turns out, these phages attach themselves to the pili and flagella of bacteria in order to infect them. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z When the phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell genome, it is called a prophage. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Beyond phages and CRISPR, scientists are developing antibiotic alternatives that harness bacteria-slaying peptides — short chains of protein building blocks— and enzymes, specialized proteins that jump-start chemical reactions. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z “The only thing we did not manage to do was actually treat the patient we isolated the pathogen from, for regulatory reasons. But we did ‘treat’ the particular bacteria with the phage in the lab.” There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Dosing was also challenging since phages continue to replicate, so their quantity is not constant. Most viruses around us are benign; some are even lifesaving 2021-03-12T05:00:00Z Our leading hypothesis is that phages use CtrA to guesstimate when there will be enough bacteria nearby sporting pili and flagella that they can readily infect. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z Some ocean phages float from host to host carrying genes for photosynthesis. Opinion | The Secret Life of a Coronavirus 2021-02-26T05:00:00Z Lysins are used in nature by phages to split bacteria open from the inside. Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them? 2023-10-13T04:00:00Z A startup founded by some of the TUM team members aims to expand the library of phages that phactory can assemble. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Given these hurdles, it’s understandable that doctors in most places abandoned phage therapy when penicillin and other chemical antibiotics became widely available. Most viruses around us are benign; some are even lifesaving 2021-03-12T05:00:00Z These are not the only phages that make elaborate decisions — all without the benefit of even having a brain. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z In the ocean, phages invade microbe hosts 100 billion trillion times a second. Opinion | The Secret Life of a Coronavirus 2021-02-26T05:00:00Z Bacteria gather on and inside these threads, concentrating at the tops of the lollipop surfaces, and phages and some of their DNA coat this film. This complex microbial warfare is taking place in a single drop of water 2021-02-25T05:00:00Z “The phages described in the paper are relatively small, contrary to most of the phages directed against important multiresistant pathogens,” Ceyssens says. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z But one of the least explored parts of our microbiome is our virome — the viruses we harbor, including phages, that are the most plentiful type of virus and organism within us. Most viruses around us are benign; some are even lifesaving 2021-03-12T05:00:00Z Some phages that infect Bacillus bacteria produce a small molecule each time they infect a cell. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z So far, scientists have identified 21,000 species of phages residing in our guts. Opinion | The Secret Life of a Coronavirus 2021-02-26T05:00:00Z Biology didn’t operate further from the spectacle of human biology than the vagaries of E. coli and phage genetics. The Human Genome and the Making of a Skeptical Biologist 2021-02-12T05:00:00Z Assembling the larger viruses might prove a challenge, he says, because some phages anchor themselves to the bacterial cell membrane in order to assemble copies. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z There is also evidence that our resident phages influence our health in ways that do not involve bacteria. Most viruses around us are benign; some are even lifesaving 2021-03-12T05:00:00Z The phages can sense this molecule and use it to count the number of phage infections taking place around them. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z Only in times of stress will the phages break free again. Opinion | The Secret Life of a Coronavirus 2021-02-26T05:00:00Z In laboratory experiments, phages worked through membranes that line the intestine, lung, liver, kidney, even the brain. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z Another advantage of the team’s approach is the ability to engineer the assembled phages and study the results in detail. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z If rising sea levels, hurricanes, fires and fear of the next pandemic are not sufficient motivation to change our relationship with nature, then perhaps preserving phages for our individual health will be. Most viruses around us are benign; some are even lifesaving 2021-03-12T05:00:00Z This way, the phages make sure that they never run out of hosts to infect and guarantee their own long-term survival. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z There are even viruses that infect only bacteria, called phages. Opinion | The Secret Life of a Coronavirus 2021-02-26T05:00:00Z When some phages infect a bacterium, they integrate their genome into the bacterium's genome. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z They don’t do this by changing the phage genome itself, but by adding to the soup DNA loops called plasmids that are independently translated to create modified phage proteins. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Now, biology is catching up, as two groups report evidence that, like CRISPR, retrons are part of the bacterial immune arsenal, protecting the microbes from viruses called phages. Microbes’ mystery DNA helps defeat viruses—and has genome-editing potential 2020-11-11T05:00:00Z Pretty much every single trick played by phages has later been shown to be used by human viruses. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z He later showed that similar sequences were widespread in prokaryotes and matched genetic material in phages, viruses that infect bacteria. Pioneers of revolutionary CRISPR gene editing win chemistry Nobel 2020-10-06T04:00:00Z Although certain viruses reproduce immediately, killing their host bacteria, other phages just persist inside their host, as if in quiet hibernation. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z It gives researchers and clinicians the ability to tweak the phages, Schooley says, for instance to boost their power to destroy bacteria or the biofilms they produce. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z The team decided to test its hunch that the cluster of sequences represented a new phage defense. Microbes’ mystery DNA helps defeat viruses—and has genome-editing potential 2020-11-11T05:00:00Z If a phage can tap bacterial communication lines, why wouldn't a human virus tap yours? Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z One unresolved question is how the bacterial cGAS–STING pathway is activated by phage infection. Bacteria sting viral invaders 2020-09-27T04:00:00Z This is probably a survival strategy; when the host bacterium divides, creating a copy of its genome, it copies the phage genome as well. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z National Institutes of Health, using phages grown the traditional way to attack bacterial populations in the lungs of patients. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z The team discovered the retron normally keeps the toxin under wraps, but activates it in the presence of phage proteins. Microbes’ mystery DNA helps defeat viruses—and has genome-editing potential 2020-11-11T05:00:00Z I believe that, like phages, human viruses could potentially be able to count their numbers to strategize, detect cell growth and tissue formation and even monitor immune responses. Viruses may be ‘watching’ you 2022-09-21T04:00:00Z Therefore, it is possible that the active protein is normally inhibited and is released from inhibition only on phage infection. Bacteria sting viral invaders 2020-09-27T04:00:00Z When the opportunity arises, hibernating phages may awaken and produce many progeny, killing their host cells. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z “There is still so much to learn about phages,” he says. There’s now a cleaner, better way to create viruses that kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2022-07-19T04:00:00Z Unlike antibiotics, phages must be used in a highly targeted way, because each phage is effective against only a limited number of bacteria. Phages: the tiny viruses that could help beat superbugs 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z Many microbiology textbooks contain a nod to the importance of predators like phages and protists, a group of mostly single-celled microbes whose cells resemble those of animals. How Bacteria-Eating Bacteria Could Help Win the War Against Germs 2020-08-25T04:00:00Z These highly diverse systems are composed of cGAS-like enzymes and downstream proteins called effectors that either kill bacteria or inhibit bacterial growth on infection by a phage, thereby stopping the phage from spreading. Bacteria sting viral invaders 2020-09-27T04:00:00Z Some phages even carry genes that help bacteria resist antibiotics. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z Their latest study shows that Pf phage is common in people with cystic fibrosis and that it contributes to sustained infections and poor outcomes. Research round-up: Cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Research in phage therapy, relaunched over the past 10 years in Europe and the US, is still in its infancy in developing countries. Phages: the tiny viruses that could help beat superbugs 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z And scientists are identifying more of these predators each year — a striking parallel to the world’s diversity of phages. How Bacteria-Eating Bacteria Could Help Win the War Against Germs 2020-08-25T04:00:00Z In the meantime, laboratories and providers continue to deliver custom phage blends to people with cystic fibrosis-related infections. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z As phages move around the body looking for bacteria, some of them bind to cells on the surface of mucosal membranes, such as those that line the nose, throat, stomach and intestines. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z Also, P. aeruginosa isolated from people with the phage was resistant to three commonly used antibiotics. Research round-up: Cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z There are downsides – phages are slower than antibiotics. Phages: the tiny viruses that could help beat superbugs 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z But phages and predatory bacteria are very different beasts. How Bacteria-Eating Bacteria Could Help Win the War Against Germs 2020-08-25T04:00:00Z Because each phage attacks a specific strain of bacteria, the treatment does not damage surrounding tissue. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z In this way, phages may serve as a de facto immune system that protects us against disease. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z In most cases, it involves making custom cocktails of several phages shown to be active in vitro against an individual patient's bug. The Virtuous Side of Viruses 2020-06-22T04:00:00Z Part of the learning material will be soon available on the website phage.directory thanks to a grant from the Mozilla Foundation. Phages: the tiny viruses that could help beat superbugs 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z And whereas phages work quickly, massacring entire populations within hours, predatory bacteria are plodding, sometimes taking weeks to grow in the lab. How Bacteria-Eating Bacteria Could Help Win the War Against Germs 2020-08-25T04:00:00Z Research on the use of phages in people with cystic fibrosis is promising. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Physicians are especially interested in phages that might counteract the aggressive rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z In Patterson's case, nine different phages were used in various cocktails injected into his bloodstream multiple times a day over 18 weeks. The Virtuous Side of Viruses 2020-06-22T04:00:00Z The second project aims to test cholera phages in Bangladesh and then apply this treatment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Phages: the tiny viruses that could help beat superbugs 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z And using phages as well, Glanville’s group created a still larger library of antibodies that might work. The race is on for antibodies that stop the new coronavirus 2020-05-05T04:00:00Z Worst-case scenarios flitted through her mind: what if the phage treatment caused her airways to swell and tighten? Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z In the 1940s antibiotics replaced phages in most of the world because the drugs were much more effective and much easier to use. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z Strathdee envisions creating a library “with tens of thousands of phages, already purified, characterized and sequenced,” for medical mixologists to draw on. The Virtuous Side of Viruses 2020-06-22T04:00:00Z While producing phage-based drugs for food decontamination is already possible in some countries, the development of phage therapy for human health faces bigger hurdles. Phages: the tiny viruses that could help beat superbugs 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z AstraZeneca, in addition to screening blood from recovered patients and spike-injected mice, is sifting through a massive library of essentially random antibodies created with a method involving viruses called phages. The race is on for antibodies that stop the new coronavirus 2020-05-05T04:00:00Z To streamline the process of patient–phage matching, some researchers are building standardized phage libraries. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Now some medical researchers, such as the Rockefeller University investigators who used a phage enzyme to fight methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus infection, are taking a new look at phages. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z Researchers are also developing premixed phage cocktails for some of the more common superbug strains. The Virtuous Side of Viruses 2020-06-22T04:00:00Z The lack of clinical trials meeting international standards means that – outside the former Soviet bloc – access to phages is either nonexistent or restricted to compassionate use. Phages: the tiny viruses that could help beat superbugs 2020-09-21T04:00:00Z Or perhaps a phage therapy that takes advantage of bacteria-infecting viruses to precisely eliminate the nefarious microbe. Fighting cancer with microbes 2020-01-28T05:00:00Z In March, the US Food and Drug Administration approved APT’s application to create a comprehensive phage library called PhageBank. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z What really limits the use of phages to treat infectious disease is that effective viruses are hard to find. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z The effort that is furthest along, however, relies on a phage enzyme called a lysin rather than on whole phages. The Virtuous Side of Viruses 2020-06-22T04:00:00Z They also raise questions about how the arms race between bacteria and phages caused CRISPRs and anti-CRISPRs to evolve in the first place. Daily briefing: Firefighters saved the last remaining grove of a rare Australian tree 2020-01-14T05:00:00Z The expansive roster opens up many questions about the archaic arms race between bacteria and the phages that prey on them. The kill-switch for CRISPR that could make gene-editing safer 2020-01-14T05:00:00Z Sourcing phages in random labs or in nature “takes time”, Strathdee says. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z A few such phages are already being used for experimental treatments. Viruses Can Help Us as Well as Harm Us 2020-12-01T05:00:00Z After multiplying inside a bacterium, phages use lysins to break through the cell wall of their host, instantly killing it. The Virtuous Side of Viruses 2020-06-22T04:00:00Z In the university's sewage plant—a ready-made buffet for organisms that live off fecal bacteria—the team found phages that targeted cytolytic E. faecalis. Toxic gut bacteria make alcohol-triggered liver disease more deadly 2019-11-13T05:00:00Z Furthermore, phages are being developed for use in the food industry to remove E. faecalis from cheese cultures to prevent the production of toxic waste products17. Microbial clues to a liver disease 2019-11-12T05:00:00Z Another obstacle is that phage therapy doesn’t always fit into a standard clinical-trial framework. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z He mentioned practicing stewardship and using antibiotics only when absolutely necessary, relying on nonantibiotic treatments — such as vaccines, phage therapy and monoclonal antibodies — and addressing the market challenges of antibiotic development as potential solutions. Superbugs on track to outpace cancer deaths by 2050 2019-11-07T05:00:00Z Microbiologists discovered phages in the 1910s, and physicians first used them therapeutically after World War I to treat patients with typhoid, dysentery, cholera and other bacterial illnesses. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Bajaj calls the mouse studies "exquisitely done," adding that although the phage therapy is far from ready for use clinically, this work pushes research on alcoholic liver disease in "an encouraging direction." Toxic gut bacteria make alcohol-triggered liver disease more deadly 2019-11-13T05:00:00Z This study demonstrates the advantages of using phages in detective work to investigate the contributions of microbes to disease. Microbial clues to a liver disease 2019-11-12T05:00:00Z In cystic fibrosis, many people’s drug-resistant infections are highly unusual, requiring physicians to create custom phage preparations. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Steffanie turned back to the internet and contacted researchers in North America she hoped would be able to help - though none were using phages as a medical treatment. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z They also accused companies that manufactured medicinal phages of deceiving the public. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z "Now is a good time for performing clinical trials" with phages, he says. Toxic gut bacteria make alcohol-triggered liver disease more deadly 2019-11-13T05:00:00Z Further tests, including clinical trials, would be required to assess whether a phage approach would be useful in a human context. Microbial clues to a liver disease 2019-11-12T05:00:00Z As phage research and trials proceed, she hopes others with cystic fibrosis will be able to say the same. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z Within three weeks, thanks partly to a PhD student who slept in the lab to do vital work around the clock, a cocktail of four phages was ready. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z Yet despite the historical skepticism, phage therapy is making a comeback. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Using a technique called phage display, each fragment was inserted into a bacteriophage, a type of virus that sticks to bacteria. What Causes a Mysterious Paralysis in Children? Researchers Find Viral Clues 2019-10-21T04:00:00Z For example, phage treatment might help to target E. faecalis in the gut before a person receives a liver transplant. Microbial clues to a liver disease 2019-11-12T05:00:00Z Then Balasa, who lives in Richmond, Virginia, was interviewed for a documentary about bacteriophages, or phages for short. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z The first phage cocktail was injected into tubes in Tom's abdomen, closest to the infection. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z The phage then plunges a kind of syringe through the wall and injects its own genetic material, which co-opts the bacterium into making more phage copies. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Both cGAS systems conferred a resistance to infection by diverse phages. Bacterial twist to an antiviral defence 2019-10-07T04:00:00Z Although much phage research focuses on the use of these viruses to treat diseases associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the work by Duan et al. raises the possibility of a much wider clinical role for them. Microbial clues to a liver disease 2019-11-12T05:00:00Z The company will draw on its own library to create personalized phage cocktails for participants, and the trial will evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z This was a real innovation, as even in places where phage therapy is still used, it's not usually administered intravenously. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z Other types of phages, not used medically, enter the same way but live dormantly, reproducing only when the cell divides. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z The selective pressure from antiphage systems that phages encounter would inevitably lead to the evolution of countermeasures in these viruses. Bacterial twist to an antiviral defence 2019-10-07T04:00:00Z Given the limited treatment options for alcoholic hepatitis, the authors investigated whether steps might be taken to develop a therapy that exploits bacterium-targeting viruses called bacteriophages, or phages for short. Microbial clues to a liver disease 2019-11-12T05:00:00Z Before approval, researchers will continue to assess phages’ long-term effects in early recipients — monitoring whether the viruses shift the overall bacterial balance in the lungs, for instance, and whether they cause swelling in infected airways. Bacteria-eating viruses could provide a route to stability in cystic fibrosis 2020-07-28T04:00:00Z But three days after the phages were administered, Tom woke up from his coma. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z The few facilities that are technically able to provide phage therapy, under strict regulatory protocols, are being overwhelmed with requests. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z “This raises the possibility that phage might be used to treat NASH,” Haslam says. Microbe that got man drunk could help explain common liver disease 2019-09-19T04:00:00Z Furthermore, because the surface of a human cell differs substantially from that of a bacterial cell, phages aren’t thought to infect animal or human cells9. Microbial clues to a liver disease 2019-11-12T05:00:00Z An exciting area of growth is a technology known as phage therapy. Moving Away from Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture 2019-08-22T04:00:00Z A number of phages were used as his treatment continued, and the bacteria developed resistance to some of them. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z Clinical trials underway are beginning to generate the high-quality data needed to convince regulators that phage therapy is viable, but considerable questions remain. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z This kind of “silver bullet” thinking is misplaced, says Hatfull, though he does think phage therapy will likely be the solution to some types of highly resistant infections. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z The cases are the most dramatic moments yet in a Western renaissance for phage therapy. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z As such, phage therapies won't kill the so-called "good bacteria" that inhabit an animal's gut, unlike some currently available antibiotics. Moving Away from Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture 2019-08-22T04:00:00Z It's not completely clear which phages worked and which didn't. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z Also problematic is a shortage of regulatory guidelines governing the production, testing and use of phage therapy. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z The story of Carnell-Holdaway’s treatment is a case study into the difficulties facing widespread clinical implementation of phage therapy and a potential roadmap to solving them. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z Just a few decades ago, phages were mostly forgotten in the West — but were still used frequently by doctors in the Eastern bloc. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z It is therefore thought that it is highly improbable for bacteria to evolve resistance against a phage "cocktail" of multiple strains. Moving Away from Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture 2019-08-22T04:00:00Z Tom was the first person in North America to receive intravenous phage therapy to treat a systematic superbug infection. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z “The antibiotic-resistance crisis is too dire to not embrace phage therapy now.” Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z And once these massive libraries are established, there needs to be infrastructure in place for quickly and cheaply determining the few relevant phages for any specific infection. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z Just a few decades ago, phages were mostly forgotten in the West “It was one of those moments in life when it really hit me,” Sulakvelidze says by phone. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z But researchers long thought these processes were passive; the phages seemed to just sit back and listen in, waiting for bacterial distress signals to reach fever pitch before taking action. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z Dr Chip Schooley, the doctor who presided over Tom's phage treatment, then worked with the Pittsburgh and London teams to gain approval for the therapeutic use of the cocktail. 'If you want to live, squeeze my hand' 2019-11-03T04:00:00Z Burgholzer learned about phages by talking to other people with cystic fibrosis around the country. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Carnell-Holdaway will soon reach a milestone, too: One year of continuous phage treatment. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z In 2010, Texas A&M University opened the Center for Phage Technology; the US Naval Medical Research Center began studying phages in earnest a year later. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z As the phages infect more cells, the message gets louder, signalling that uninfected hosts are becoming scarce. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z CRISPR–Cas systems are classified into six types termed I to VI. Most such systems capture and store short sequences of viral DNA as genetic ‘memories’ of phage invasion. Bacterial dormancy curbs phage epidemics 2019-05-28T04:00:00Z By taking the phages and antibiotics together, Khodadoust gradually recovered in just a few weeks. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Hatfull says there is no telling how long Carnell-Holdaway will remain on treatment, nor whether the phages will keep the infection at bay permanently. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z The continued research and usage of phages in Eastern bloc countries like Poland and Georgia helped put the nail in the coffin; geopolitical bias made phage research for the Communists. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z The researchers are now exploring whether the phage’s peptide language alters the activity of key genes in its victim, too. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z Her doctors turned to phage therapy, in which viruses are engineered to kill disease-causing bacteria. Daily briefing: First ever genetically engineered phage treatment halts life-threatening infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z After that first case, Chan supplied phages for nearly a dozen more experimental treatments at Yale, most involving cystic fibrosis patients with P. aeruginosa lung infections. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Carnell-Holdaway started to show improvement within weeks of beginning intravenous treatment with the phages every 12 hours — skin lesions caused by the infection started to clear up, her lung function improved and she gained weight. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z The specificity which made phages once seem less desirable is now their greatest appeal. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z Notably, says Sorek, “each phage seems to speak in a different language and only understands its own one”. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z And the family are waiting for a fourth phage to be added to the mix in an attempt to clear her of the infection completely. 'Viral cocktail saved my daughter's life' 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z In the best scenario, he said, a succession of phages would shift the bacterial population toward short-chain strains that might be more easily controlled by drugs and Burgholzer's own immune defenses. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Still, since her treatment was not conducted like an experiment, it is impossible to be 100% certain that the phage therapy caused her recovery. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z The typical phage depicted in science books and as phage centers’ mascots are from the family Myoviridae. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z “The phages are eavesdropping, and they’re hijacking host information for their own purposes — in this case, to kill the host,” Bassler explains. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z But to use phage more widely would require careful matching of phages to a patient's infection. 'Viral cocktail saved my daughter's life' 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z “After large numbers of one species are suddenly killed by phage, in many cases, others move in.” Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Nevertheless, future work to engineer and refine phage technology offers great promise for the treatment of disease. When antibiotics stopped working, these viruses saved a girl’s life 2019-08-04T04:00:00Z “Many of us don’t think that phage are ever going to replace antibiotics. We think they’re going to be an adjunct to antibiotics.” These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z This molecular snooping occurs naturally in phages that infect the bacterium responsible for cholera, Vibrio cholerae. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z But doctors at Great Ormond Street Hospital attempted an untested "phage therapy", which uses viruses to infect and kill bacteria. 'Viral cocktail saved my daughter's life' 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z Then he raised a nebulizer over his mouth and nose and began inhaling a vaporized phage solution into his lungs. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z After 6 months of the tailor-made phage infusions, Isabelle's wounds healed and her condition improved with no serious side effects, the authors report today in Nature Medicine. Viruses genetically engineered to kill bacteria rescue girl with antibiotic-resistant infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z Locus’ genetically modified phages help alleviate one of the challenges of phage therapy, which is that lytic phages do not always kill every bacteria. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z Two independent groups reported last year that some phages act selflessly to overcome the viral countermeasures of Pseudomonas bacteria10,11. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z Experts said the case was "enormously exciting" and showed the potential for treating other dangerous infections with phage. 'Viral cocktail saved my daughter's life' 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z Ideally, each phage in a cocktail will glom on to a different receptor, so if bacteria evolve resistance to one virus in the mixture, other viruses will keep up the attack. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, individual phages typically kill a single bacterial strain, which means a treatment that works against one person's infection might fail in another person infected with a variant of the same bacterium. Viruses genetically engineered to kill bacteria rescue girl with antibiotic-resistant infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z There’s also potential in using phages as biological, targeted syringes. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z “It’s very important to keep the ecology of these phages in mind.” The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z The virus, known as a phage, exists in a symbiotic relationship with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium. Daily briefing: How to build a better scientific poster 2019-03-31T04:00:00Z Biswas, who developed the assay and created the center's phage bank, says the assay allows new viruses to be easily swapped in to counter the onset of resistance. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Drug-resistant TB strains are an especially tempting target for phage therapy. Viruses genetically engineered to kill bacteria rescue girl with antibiotic-resistant infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z Diagnosing the correct pathogen becomes absolutely critical, as phages not designed to attack the bacteria being treated are useless in said treatment. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z These examples of communication and cooperation in phages are probably just the tip of the social spear, says Lanying Zeng, a biophysicist at Texas A&M University’s Center for Phage Technology in College Station. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z The phage prompts the immune system into going after it instead of its microbe host. Daily briefing: How to build a better scientific poster 2019-03-31T04:00:00Z “Our best guess is that phage treatment lowered his infectious load to a level where his immune system took over.” Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Hatfull's group wanted to combine the phages into a cocktail to reduce the chances of M. abscessus developing resistance, but there was a catch. Viruses genetically engineered to kill bacteria rescue girl with antibiotic-resistant infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z Strathdee believes that a giant, open-source phage library is key to making phage therapy valuable. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z Last month, for instance, researchers described the first successful clinical use of genetically engineered phages to tackle a drug-resistant bacterial infection18. The secret social lives of viruses 2019-06-17T04:00:00Z The virus, known as a phage, infects the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium, which frequently resists antibiotic treatment. Virus tricks the immune system into ignoring bacterial infections 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z Given the vagary of cocktails, some researchers say phages should be genetically engineered to bind to specific receptors and also to kill bacteria in novel ways. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z To turn those two into reliable bacteria killers, Hatfull removed the repressor genes with a gene-editing technique his lab developed to study phage genetics. Viruses genetically engineered to kill bacteria rescue girl with antibiotic-resistant infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z With enough genomic information about bacteria and phages — and a large enough training set — Hatfull imagines a world where machine learning enhances therapies. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z She turned to phage therapy: using a virus to kill the bacteria. Science Couple Phages Out Superbug 2019-03-13T04:00:00Z The phage prompts the immune system into going after it instead of its microbe host, researchers report1 on 28 March in Science. Virus tricks the immune system into ignoring bacterial infections 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z Yet this year, in a first for the field, researchers from several institutions successfully treated the girl with an engineered cocktail of three phages. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Other phages in Hatfull's library infect and kill M. tuberculosis in test tubes, and he thinks they might prove useful weapons against drug-resistant strains. Viruses genetically engineered to kill bacteria rescue girl with antibiotic-resistant infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z A system for producing custom-made iterations of natural phages would mean quick tailoring to particular pathogens and would remove the expense of storing massive stocks of phage. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z The original phage therapy story That alternative was something called phage therapy, which uses viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages, to kill disease-causing bacteria. Are viruses the best weapon for fighting superbugs? 2019-03-10T05:00:00Z The bacterium and the phage, called Pf, exist in a symbiotic relationship that scientists suspect is more widespread in the microbial world than previously believed. Virus tricks the immune system into ignoring bacterial infections 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z So the team, led by Graham Hatfull, a professor of biological sciences at the University of Pittsburgh, deleted a single gene from each of those two phages, turning them into engineered assassins. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z "TB lives inside cells and I don't think the phages are able to get inside," Jacobs says. Viruses genetically engineered to kill bacteria rescue girl with antibiotic-resistant infection 2019-05-08T04:00:00Z Johnson & Johnson is in a partnership worth hundreds of millions with Locus Biosciences, a North Carolina-based company which specializes in using boutique phages to inject CRISPR-Cas3 into bacteria. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z We physicians may be able to treat just about any disease-causing bacterium; it is just a matter of finding a suitable phage. Are viruses the best weapon for fighting superbugs? 2019-03-10T05:00:00Z Although some phages kill their bacterial hosts, others live happily inside the microbes without killing them. Virus tricks the immune system into ignoring bacterial infections 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z The cocktail of three phages cleared Carnell's infection within six months. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z “Why? A physician might be considered a ‘quack’ just for mentioning phage therapy.” Daily briefing: Why science needs philosophy 2019-03-06T05:00:00Z Nixon envisions phages being used to pinpoint cancer targets and — what he deems the “holy grail” — central nervous system targets. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z You might think that with all the phage hunting and landmark cases that we would start using phage therapy all the time, but we don’t. Are viruses the best weapon for fighting superbugs? 2019-03-10T05:00:00Z To study whether phages affect how bacteria interact with their hosts, immunologist Paul Bollyky of Stanford University in California collected swabs from chronic wounds, such as infected burns, in 111 people. Virus tricks the immune system into ignoring bacterial infections 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z Developing a phage therapy that is commercially viable will not be easy. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z “People’s frustration with antibiotic resistance boiled over,” said Yale biologist Benjamin Chan, who travels the world collecting phages and receives calls from desperate patients asking to try them. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z A doctor prepares a phage solution in France. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z “People’s frustration with antibiotic resistance boiled over,” said Yale biologist Benjamin Chan, who travels the world collecting phages and receives calls from desperate patients asking to try them. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z The researchers think that the phages mimic human viruses by making double-stranded RNA, which triggers the immune system to attack. Virus tricks the immune system into ignoring bacterial infections 2019-03-27T04:00:00Z Companies are now testing different ways to bring phages to broader markets. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z In Virginia, Balasa learned of another cystic fibrosis patient helped by Yale’s phage experiments and asked to try, hoping to postpone the last option for CF, a lung transplant. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z And while all this is promising, there are real challenges facing phage research. These superbug-fighting viruses are making a comeback 2019-07-05T04:00:00Z Nature’s bacterial predator, each phage variety targets a different bacterial strain. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z “That was a clear indication the phage was killing them.” "Spy" Virus Eavesdrops on Bacteria, Then Obliterates Them 2018-12-14T05:00:00Z Other companies reject this personalized strategy in favor of fixed phage products more akin to commercial antibiotics. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z Because each phage only recognizes certain bacteria, it shouldn’t kill off “good bugs” in the digestive tract like antibiotics do. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z The dual ability of these molecules to target cancer cells and phages raises the question of whether they act by recognizing modified DNA. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z In Virginia, Balasa learned of another cystic fibrosis patient helped by Yale’s phage experiments and asked to try, hoping to postpone the last option for CF, a lung transplant. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z “It allows the phage to optimally find its next victim.” "Spy" Virus Eavesdrops on Bacteria, Then Obliterates Them 2018-12-14T05:00:00Z Armata Pharmaceuticals' lead product is a cocktail of three natural phages targeted at Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the cause of common staph infections often contracted at hospitals. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z For example, some phages recognize bacteria by a pump on their surface that deflects antibiotics. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z Kronheim et al. sought to establish how the molecules they identified act to block phage infection. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z Because each phage only recognizes certain bacteria, it shouldn’t kill off “good bugs” in the digestive tract like antibiotics do. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z “It evokes this phage spy that is really listening to its bacteria and choosing the opportune time to strike.” "Spy" Virus Eavesdrops on Bacteria, Then Obliterates Them 2018-12-14T05:00:00Z Alan Davidson, a biochemist at the University of Toronto, speculates that within a decade phage therapy might be cheaper, easier and faster than it is today. Phage Therapy Could Beat Drug-Resistant Illnesses 2019-11-05T05:00:00Z As the phages kill those bugs, the bacteria rapidly evolve to get rid of that surface pump - meaning survivors should be susceptible to antibiotics again. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z Certain aspects of how bacteria defend themselves against phage attack are also mysterious. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z For example, some phages recognize bacteria by a pump on their surface that deflects antibiotics. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z For one thing, most phages attack only one kind of bacteria. "Spy" Virus Eavesdrops on Bacteria, Then Obliterates Them 2018-12-14T05:00:00Z Surprisingly, the TarP-encoding sequence is of viral origin, and is found in S. aureus as a result of infection by a bacterial virus called a phage. A bacterium’s enemy isn’t your friend 2018-11-20T05:00:00Z Chan purified a phage from a Connecticut lake that he’d matched to the patient’s germs, and with emergency permission from the Food and Drug Administration, doctors squirted it into the wound. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z One such common bacterial defence is modification of the microbial cell surface to prevent phage attachment. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z As the phages kill those bugs, the bacteria rapidly evolve to get rid of that surface pump — meaning survivors should be susceptible to antibiotics again. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z “To get around that, people use cocktails of different phages. But manufacturing cocktails and adhering to drug regulations is too expensive.” "Spy" Virus Eavesdrops on Bacteria, Then Obliterates Them 2018-12-14T05:00:00Z Winter applied the phage display technique to create antibodies that could be used to treat disease. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Doctors and families began calling both centers seeking emergency care, even as formal studies are being planned to try to prove phages’ value. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z The authors showed that Streptomyces produce many anthracycline-like compounds, some of which prevent the infection of bacteria by specific phages, whereas others prevent infection by a range of phages. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z Chan purified a phage from a Connecticut lake that he’d matched to the patient’s germs, and with emergency permission from the Food and Drug Administration, doctors squirted it into the wound. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z He embedded a variety of candidate genes within the phages’ DNA. Use of Evolution to Design Molecules Nets Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 3 Scientists 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Sir Gregory Winter, awarded the #NobelPrize in Chemistry, has used phage display to produce new pharmaceuticals. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Last month, Balasa became Yale’s eighth patient, inhaling billions of phages over seven days. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z This was confirmed by adding the medium from several-day-old cultures of Streptomyces to fresh cultures of Streptomyces to which phages were added. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z Doctors and families began calling both centers seeking emergency care, even as formal studies are being planned to try to prove phages’ value. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z The phages then added those proteins to their outer coating. Use of Evolution to Design Molecules Nets Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 3 Scientists 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Today phage display has produced antibodies that can neutralise toxins, counteract autoimmune diseases and cure metastatic cancer. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z She didn’t notice additional improvement after a second round of phages, aimed at different strains. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z By expanding the concept of phage defence from the individual cell to the masses, Kronheim and colleagues’ study suggests that phage defence is not as targeted to particular phages as was previously thought. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z Last month, Balasa became Yale’s eighth patient, inhaling billions of phages over seven days. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z The academy described this approach, known as phage display, as “brilliant in its simplicity.” Use of Evolution to Design Molecules Nets Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 3 Scientists 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z The big pharmaceutical breakthrough with phage display came in 1990, when Winter and his colleagues reported they had developed a fully functional antibody on a bacteriophage. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Nature’s bacterial predator, each phage variety targets a different bacterial strain. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-26T05:00:00Z Are they continually produced, or made only in response to phage infection? Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z She didn’t notice additional improvement after a second round of phages, aimed at different strains. Using 1 germ to fight another when today’s antibiotics fail 2019-02-25T05:00:00Z Dr. Winter inserted the gene for producing an antibody into the phages and then examined variants of the antibodies, selecting the ones that bound most effectively to the desired targets. Use of Evolution to Design Molecules Nets Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 3 Scientists 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z By introducing a gene into the phage, Smith could evolve new types of proteins on that virus capsule. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Smith pioneered a method known as phage display that Winter used to evolve antibodies adapted for use as human therapeutics. Daily briefing: Why Nobel-winner Donna Strickland’s Wikipedia page matters 2018-10-02T04:00:00Z Kronheim and colleagues’ work also adds to the growing body of evidence revealing the complexity of interactions between phages and bacteria. Bacterial defence molecules target viral DNA 2018-12-04T05:00:00Z Genes code for proteins, and Smith got his phages to display those proteins on their outer coats. Revolution in Evolution Wins 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z That method, known as phage display, was used by Mr. Winter, of the University of Cambridge, for the directed evolution of antibodies, with the aim of producing new pharmaceuticals. Nobel Chemistry Prize Is Awarded to Three Evolutionary Scientists 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Smith, at the University of Missouri, and Winter, at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge in Britain, shared the other half of the prize “for the phage display of peptides and antibodies.” Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z A phage is a virus that can infect bacteria, “tricking” bacteria to reproduce it. Frances H Arnold, George P Smith and Gregory P Winter win Nobel prize in chemistry 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z They were honored for “phage display of peptides and antibodies.” The Latest: 3 scientists awarded chemistry Nobel Prize 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Our planet is home to trillions and trillions of bacteriophages — phages for short — making them the most abundant biological form in the world. Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are getting deadlier, but they can be defeated — with viruses 2018-09-09T04:00:00Z To do so, they and their colleagues generated a population of CRISPR-armed bacteria and another of phages with anti-CRISPR traits, and monitored exactly what happened when they introduced the one to the other. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z In 1985, Smith developed a method called phage display, based on a kind of virus known as a bacteriophage that infects bacteria. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Smith genetically engineered phages so that they would include a certain molecule on their outer capsule which allowed him to that encompasses out particular proteins crop up on the outer. Frances H Arnold, George P Smith and Gregory P Winter win Nobel prize in chemistry 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Bacteria and the viruses that infect them, known as phages, are engaged in a constant arms race. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z Each phage evolves to attack a specific bacterium. Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are getting deadlier, but they can be defeated — with viruses 2018-09-09T04:00:00Z After this initial fall in viral numbers, if the culture was left long enough—and if there were enough phages in the first place—things eventually turned round. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z Because the phages produce, or display, proteins on the outside of their shells, scientists can easily screen and harvest the molecules called peptides. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z The other half of the award goes to Winter and Smith, for their work on “phage display of peptides and antibodies.” Frances H Arnold, George P Smith and Gregory P Winter win Nobel prize in chemistry 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z Bacteria continually evolve new mechanisms of resistance against viruses, while phages evolve countermeasures to overcome these defence mechanisms. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z But phages are already working wonders in some parts of the world. Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are getting deadlier, but they can be defeated — with viruses 2018-09-09T04:00:00Z As the number of bacteria with weakened defences increased, more and more of them were subject to subsequent, lethal attacks, resulting in the creation of more phages. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z Smith predicted that phage display of peptides could help develop new vaccines. Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to three scientists who harnessed ‘the power of evolution’ 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z "The fact that a major American medical center is going to set up an ongoing enterprise around phage therapy … that's kind of a game changer for the field, at least in the United States." Can bacteria-slaying viruses defeat antibiotic-resistant infections? A new U.S. clinical center aims to find out 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z Although an initial viral attempt at infection fails, this enables a subsequent phage infection to be successful. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z One Texas woman with a debilitating infection recently decided to fly 6,500 miles to Georgia to try phage therapy. Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are getting deadlier, but they can be defeated — with viruses 2018-09-09T04:00:00Z Below a certain threshold of phage abundance at the beginning, the bacteria prevailed; above it, the viruses did. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z The bacteria were then exposed to a range of phages belonging to four distinct phage families known to infect them. A stockpile of antiviral defences 2018-04-15T04:00:00Z Because each of the millions of phage strains in nature targets a specific bacterium, putting them to use means finding the specific phages that attack the menace at hand. Can bacteria-slaying viruses defeat antibiotic-resistant infections? A new U.S. clinical center aims to find out 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z This example of ‘cooperation’ between genetically identical individuals of a viral population illuminates a previously unknown group strategy of phages, and provides an interesting example of viral ‘altruism’. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z And just a third of it went to phage therapy. Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are getting deadlier, but they can be defeated — with viruses 2018-09-09T04:00:00Z Intriguingly, the evolutionary success of the phages’ approach depends on a second phenomenon—also first studied in social animals—as well. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z Remarkably, nine of the 26 systems offered protection against at least one phage. A stockpile of antiviral defences 2018-04-15T04:00:00Z After treatment with a variety of phages donated by San Diego–based biotech AmpliPhi Biosciences, Texas A&M University, and the U.S. Can bacteria-slaying viruses defeat antibiotic-resistant infections? A new U.S. clinical center aims to find out 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z The two groups followed different strategies to determine why the initial ratio of phages to bacteria is important for the success of phage propagation. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z It's also making it difficult for private companies and non-profits to develop phage therapies. Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are getting deadlier, but they can be defeated — with viruses 2018-09-09T04:00:00Z In the case of the phages, the anti-CRISPR mechanism is exactly such a trait. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z This was not surprising, because they were tested under specific laboratory conditions and were expressed in hosts that do not normally express these genes: defence mechanisms are often effective only against specific phage groups. A stockpile of antiviral defences 2018-04-15T04:00:00Z How well do phages target the site of infection? Can bacteria-slaying viruses defeat antibiotic-resistant infections? A new U.S. clinical center aims to find out 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z Borges and colleagues used a genetic approach to test whether the inactivation of bacterial defences was due to the presence of anti-CRISPR proteins from more than one phage in the same host cell. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z Right now, the FDA only approves phages for use on a case-by-case basis. Antibiotic-resistant superbugs are getting deadlier, but they can be defeated — with viruses 2018-09-09T04:00:00Z Understanding this interaction between phages and bacteria is important, though, for reasons beyond its evolutionary elegance. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z Indeed, only three of the six known defence systems used as controls provided protection against phages in the experiments. A stockpile of antiviral defences 2018-04-15T04:00:00Z That made it hard to test the effects of a phage therapy aimed at just one species. Can bacteria-slaying viruses defeat antibiotic-resistant infections? A new U.S. clinical center aims to find out 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z The authors engineered a phage that was incapable of replication but did express anti-CRISPR proteins. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z Bacterial plasmids, Escherichia coli sequences, and phage ΦX174 sequences were also removed. Genome sequence of the progenitor of the wheat D genome Aegilops tauschii 2017-11-14T05:00:00Z One such is that phages are under consideration as alternatives to chemical antibiotics, particularly in situations where bugs are immune to those antibiotics. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z For example, some systems prevent phage binding to bacterial cells, whereas others block entry of the viral genome into the cell3. A stockpile of antiviral defences 2018-04-15T04:00:00Z But he admits it will still be tricky to design trials that isolate the effect of phages without withholding other potentially beneficial treatments, including antibiotics. Can bacteria-slaying viruses defeat antibiotic-resistant infections? A new U.S. clinical center aims to find out 2018-06-21T04:00:00Z This initial attack paves the way for a second wave of phages to successfully infect the now-defenceless bacterium. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z The new study “nicely” shows how phages might get into the body, says molecular biologist Krystyna Da˛browska of the Polish Academy of Sciences’s Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy in Wrocław. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z A second is that phages are a crucial, though ill-understood, part of the gut microbiome, the importance of which to human life is becoming clearer by the day. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z EpiBiome is trying to isolate the phages which are most effective in killing harmful bacteria. Enhanced understanding of the microbiome is helping medicine 2017-11-09T05:00:00Z Students in the program learn to isolate and characterize bacteriophages, annotate the phage genomes, and then submit the sequences to a national database. Competition helps college students find a place in science 2017-07-12T04:00:00Z Having a high MOI increases the probability that a second wave of phage infection will occur. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z But he, too, is cautious, noting that “phage biology is an inch wide and a mile deep.” Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z A third is that the interactions of phages and their hosts may be analogous to those of other viruses and other hosts, including human beings. Viruses that attack bacteria have evolved to collaborate 2018-07-19T04:00:00Z EpiBiome, in San Francisco, and Eligo Biosciences, in Paris, are both hoping to deploy phages selectively against specific bacteria—something that would create an extremely refined form of antibiotic. Enhanced understanding of the microbiome is helping medicine 2017-11-09T05:00:00Z “There is no question that without these phages, I wouldn’t be alive today,” he says. This man should have died, but unusual infusions saved his life 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z Landsberger and colleagues infected a bacterial population with phages encoding anti-CRISPR proteins and then introduced a type of circular DNA called a plasmid into the bacteria. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z Yet Barr’s earlier research showed that phages might naturally help protect us from pathogens. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z He also noted that until recently, “bacteriophage” and “phage” were pluralized in the English-language scientific literature with an “s.” There’s more than one way to spell the plural of ‘bacteriophage’ 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z As a result, scientists are taking a fresh look at what is called phage therapy. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z Patterson’s physicians used combinations of nine different phages to treat him, all targeted to his specific bacterium; they were provided by Texas A&M, the Navy and AmpliPhi Biosciences, a San Diego biotech company. This man should have died, but unusual infusions saved his life 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z Plasmid DNA would normally be targeted by the bacterial immune system, but the earlier phage infection limited this targeting of plasmid DNA, demonstrating that the bacterial cells were in an immunosuppressed state. Viruses cooperate to defeat bacteria 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z From the rate at which the epithelial cells took up phages in the lab, the researchers estimated that a person might absorb up to 30 billion in a day. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Lu adds that bacteria may still develop resistance even to the engineered phages. Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2017-06-20T04:00:00Z The agency is aware of the growing interest in phages among researchers and “recognizes the potential importance of bacteriophages for therapy,” she says. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z The first phages arrived from Texas about 48 hours ahead of the Navy samples. This man should have died, but unusual infusions saved his life 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z There are many phages, each of which is specific to different infectious bugs. Therapy could stop superbugs on farms - BBC News 2017-06-08T04:00:00Z For decades, most medical research on phages focused on turning these bacterial parasites into antibiotics. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z But eventually, they want to develop phages that let them precisely engineer the human microbiome by removing naturally occurring bacteria associated with conditions such as obesity, autism and some cancers. Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2017-06-20T04:00:00Z But phages are bacteria-specific, attacking only a single species of bacteria. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z It's been estimated there are more than 10 million trillion trillion phages around, which is more than every other organism on Earth, combined. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z The phages home in on these agents like a guided missile. Therapy could stop superbugs on farms - BBC News 2017-06-08T04:00:00Z Sticking to mucus enables the phages to encounter more of their bacterial prey. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z But as antibiotic resistance spreads, Kutter says, there will be plenty of space for both engineered phages and natural phage therapies, which are also growing in popularity. Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2017-06-20T04:00:00Z It is possible that people will develop antibodies to the viruses, but this should not diminish the phages’ efficacy, according to Merril. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z There's a clinic in Poland where they use phage therapy on patients who have infections that are resistant to every known antibiotic. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z This is an important step because it enables the researchers to add the phage to pig feed and see if it works in practice. Therapy could stop superbugs on farms - BBC News 2017-06-08T04:00:00Z If phages do get into our tissues, what—if anything—do they do there? Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z “I see some irony now in using phages to kill bacteria,” says Barrangou. Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2017-06-20T04:00:00Z Most phage researchers see none of these challenges as insurmountable. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z There have been no proper clinical trials of phage therapy in the UK yet, so they won't be seen outside of the lab any time soon. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z Then, students took their liquid and incubated them with cells on an Petri dish, with hopes of finding plaque formations, or holes in the bacteria, which signifies a phage. University of Mary student discovers bacteria-killing virus 2017-05-01T04:00:00Z Now, a study suggests that people absorb up to 30 billion phages every day through their intestines. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z Once the phage infects a bacterium, the guide RNA latches on to the resistance gene. Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2017-06-20T04:00:00Z Lysogenic phages would not be used in humans, he says. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z The viruses that infect and kill bacteria are known as bacteriophages or phages. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z Keller, a 21-year-old senior, discovered a bacteriophage species through a year-long program being offered at the University of Mary in Bismarck, where students study bacteriophages, or phages, in local soil samples. University of Mary student discovers bacteria-killing virus 2017-05-01T04:00:00Z What’s more, the cells consistently took up phages on the side that in the body faces outward, for example toward the gut lumen, and released them on the opposite, inward-facing side. Does a sea of viruses inside our body help keep us healthy? 2017-11-21T05:00:00Z That prompts an enzyme called Cas3, which the bacterium normally produces to kill phages, to destroy that genetic sequence instead. Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2017-06-20T04:00:00Z “We are very excited about phage therapy. It shakes up the old paradigms, but we believe in it.” Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z Faced with the choice of trying phages or having her leg amputated, she put her faith in the phages and, so far, that faith seems to be justified. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z The students isolated the phages and grew them to large numbers and then took them to North Dakota State University to view under an electron microscope. University of Mary student discovers bacteria-killing virus 2017-05-01T04:00:00Z Instead, the team found, to its surprise, that a viral invader of Bacillus bacteria — a phage called phi3T — makes a chemical that influences the behaviour of other viruses. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z Other companies are working to get phages to perform different tasks. Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2017-06-20T04:00:00Z Naval researchers collect phage specimens all over the world, from places most people avoid. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z "And phages can certainly be used alongside antibiotics." Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z Just as Star Wars’ Obi-Wan “Ben” Kenobi was the only hope for the Republic, Keller suitably named his phage Old Ben. University of Mary student discovers bacteria-killing virus 2017-05-01T04:00:00Z Sometimes, however, phages insert their own genetic material into a host’s genome, then lie dormant until a trigger causes them to reawaken and multiply later. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z These proteins likely emerged first in phages as a way for those viruses to counter the Cas9-based immune defense of bacteria. Stopping CRISPR’s genome editing scissors from snipping out of control 2016-12-09T05:00:00Z The key is matching the right phage to the right bacterium. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z As well as phages, we also tried infecting and then treating my body double with a novel antibiotic derived from ants, discovered by Prof Matt Hutchings and his team at the University of East Anglia. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z Reeves says that a phage—a virus that infects bacteria—picked up the “classic” form of the cholera toxin gene from the sixth strain and then infected the El Tor strain, transferring the toxin gene. How today’s cholera pandemic was born 2016-11-18T05:00:00Z Then they filtered the contents of this flask to remove bacteria and viruses — but keeping small proteins — and fed this ‘conditioned medium’ to a fresh culture of bacteria and phages. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z Elucidation of the role of viruses and phages might provide further approaches for targeting components of the microbiota or host cells for therapeutic purposes. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-07-05T04:00:00Z Viruses with this quality are called lysogenic phages. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z All the rest of the face had been colonised by pseudomonas, apart from the small patch where he had put the phage bandage. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z Bacteria infected with the Red Sea and English Channel phages fixed 4.8 and 2.3 times less carbon, respectively, than uninfected hosts. Ocean viruses may have impact on Earth’s climate 2016-06-17T04:00:00Z That changed what the phage did: it was now more likely to slip its genome into the bacteria, rather than kill it. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z When they sent their samples off for transmission electron microscopy - a method of imaging such small life - at IU’s Electron Microscopy Center, they got an image back of the new phage, OHR. IU Southeast student, professor discover virus in Ohio River 2016-03-27T04:00:00Z Once identified, the phages are plucked, grown in large batches and purified. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z He swabbed my agar face with a multi-drug resistant strain of pseudomonas and then covered part of it with a small bandage, impregnated with phages. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z You often need a cocktail of different types of phages to properly target a bacterial species. Q&A: Cocktail maker : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-12-01T05:00:00Z When levels of arbitrium build up — after a large number of cells have died — phages stop killing off the remaining bacteria and retreat to lie dormant in bacterial genomes instead. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z Because of that, she said there’s potential for using these viruses in something called phage therapy. IU Southeast student, professor discover virus in Ohio River 2016-03-27T04:00:00Z Also, a phage will bind quickly to the bacteria, “whereas it takes longer for antibodies to develop and act,” he adds. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z As Dr Betts explained, one of the great advantages of phage therapy is there is less risk of bacteria developing resistance. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z The tiny viruses work by using their long tails as syringes to inject their DNA into a bacterial cell, destroying it and releasing thousands of new phage particles in return. Son takes up fight against bacteria that took father’s leg 2015-09-19T04:00:00Z “If the phage is running out of hosts, it would try and limit its destruction, and sit quiet and wait for the host to re-establish growth.” Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z “Basically, any phage we find is going to be a new phage,” Connerly said. IU Southeast student, professor discover virus in Ohio River 2016-03-27T04:00:00Z But it’s possible to screen for such phages by “sequencing the viruses we identify and analyzing them,” Merril says. Scientists are dusting off a long-forgotten weapon to cope with modern bacteria 2017-06-30T04:00:00Z Some time later, when we examined my infected face under ultraviolet light, it was clear that the phages had done their work. Could ants tackle the 'antibiotic apocalypse'? - BBC News 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z Scientists in the Soviet Union began developing phage therapies in the 1920s, and former Soviet countries continue the tradition. Antibiotic alternatives rev up bacterial arms race 2015-05-26T04:00:00Z Sorek’s team was looking for evidence that a bacterium called Bacillus subtilis might alert other bacteria to phages. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z These data let them design a new generation of phages and try again—producing ever more efficacious viruses. Strange medicine 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z Instead something like phage therapy deserves a serious look. How to Develop New Antibiotics 2015-02-24T05:00:00Z This is partly because they are large biological agents, and delivering the phage to the appropriate target is not as straightforward as administering a small-molecule antibiotic. How to Solve the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance 2015-01-28T05:00:00Z The US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland, now lists phages as a research priority for addressing the antibiotic crisis. Antibiotic alternatives rev up bacterial arms race 2015-05-26T04:00:00Z Some phages can infect cells in two different ways. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z They sequenced the genomes of all the bugs and all the phages and tested how well each phage did against each bug. Strange medicine 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z “The name of the phage is derived from the cross-assembly used to piece it together, not the site” where it was found, but he agreed in a later tweet that the name was clever PR. Furore over genome function : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2014-08-05T04:00:00Z However, it is possible that future research may pave the way for greater use of phages to treat bacterial infections. How to Solve the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance 2015-01-28T05:00:00Z A clinical trial of a phage treatment for infections associated with burns is planned by a consortium of European centres to start this summer. Antibiotic alternatives rev up bacterial arms race 2015-05-26T04:00:00Z She also expects other phage biologists will discover other communication systems. Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages 2017-01-17T05:00:00Z Some Western researchers are therefore looking afresh at phages, hoping, with modern methods, to turn them into tailored treatments for infection. Strange medicine 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z Now, faced with the looming spectre of antibiotic resistance, Western researchers and governments are giving phages a serious look. Phage therapy gets revitalized 2014-06-02T04:00:00Z Long before human engineers, the bacterial virus phage λ evolved to stay undetected in its host for as long as possible. Synthetic biology: How best to build a cell 2014-05-06T04:00:00Z Normally, the bacteria detect and destroy invaders such as phages by generating a short RNA sequence that matches a specific genetic sequence in the foreign body. Antibiotic alternatives rev up bacterial arms race 2015-05-26T04:00:00Z But as the problem of antibiotic resistance increases, more countries are revisiting phage therapy. Perspective: The age of the phage 2014-04-30T17:21:04.935Z Even though phages are harmless to people, the immune system still recognises them as alien and attacks them. Strange medicine 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z Finding a phage for a bacterial target is relatively easy, Young says. Phage therapy gets revitalized 2014-06-02T04:00:00Z One heavily studied virus, phage T4, which infects the cells of E. coli bacteria, retained 90 percent of its infectivity for almost a month. Global Health: Preserving Vaccines 2013-12-23T21:35:53Z "This is a natural phenomenon; we are just helping push the balance in favour of the phage." Can we restore the world’s coral reefs? 2013-08-21T09:23:03Z But recent advances in phage therapy suggest that such regulatory efforts would bring big rewards in treating bacterial infections. Perspective: The age of the phage 2014-04-30T17:21:04.935Z His team is developing phages for use against antibiotic-resistant strains of Pseudomonas, a bug that causes skin infections, sepsis and—particularly in those with cystic fibrosis—potentially fatal pneumonia. Strange medicine 2015-02-26T05:00:00Z To lower the chance that resistance will develop, the patients will receive a cocktail of more than a dozen phages that enter bacterial cells in different ways. Phage therapy gets revitalized 2014-06-02T04:00:00Z A recent paper looking at the bacterial phage shock response uses all of these approaches to build up a picture of the complete signalling system. Clever microbes: bacterial sensors and signals 2013-06-30T19:15:06.220Z |
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