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单词 axon
例句 axon
The giant axon of the Woods Hole squid became the apparatus for the creation of today's astonishing neurobiology. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z
In other words, how does a three-pound lump of dendrites and axons and sodium channels create a loving, sorrowing, self-knowing self? Tom Stoppard, Always Tackling ‘The Hard Problem’ 2018-10-16T04:00:00Z
Dendrites, used by those neurons to get signals from axons, grow more twiggy extensions to strengthen communication. Motherlode Blog: The Evolving Teenage Brain 2012-05-03T19:19:31Z
They also looked at the fly equivalent of microglia, called ensheathing glia, whose primary function is to remove neural debris, such as degenerating axons. Obesity linked to neurodegeneration through insulin resistance 2023-11-07T05:00:00Z
However, among the genes, those associated with neuronal axons stood out as a group. New clues to early development of schizophrenia 2023-10-24T04:00:00Z
After injury, these neurons are among the least likely to regenerate axons -- the long, thin structures that neurons use to communicate with one another. New biomarker predicts whether neurons will regenerate 2023-10-16T04:00:00Z
In addition, the axons of retinal ganglion cells secrete molecular factors that are received by cells in the central brain and induce developmental changes. Vision in the brain: Hardwired for action 2023-09-28T04:00:00Z
Microglia monitor signal transmission among neurons and nibble away excess synaptic spines, the connection sites between axons and dendrites, to keep communication at an ideal level. Saturated fat may interfere with creating memories in aged brain 2023-09-27T04:00:00Z
Finally, they showed that after actually damaging olfactory neurons, the ensheathing glia could not remove the degenerating axons in the flies on the high sugar diet because their Draper levels did not increase. Obesity linked to neurodegeneration through insulin resistance 2023-11-07T05:00:00Z
But even as that approach successfully led to the regeneration of axons across severe spinal cord lesions, achieving functional recovery remained a significant challenge. Scientists regenerate neurons that restore walking in mice after paralysis from spinal cord injury 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z
Among neurons, in contrast, the fusion happened farther away from the cell body, at long, thin extensions known as dendrites and axons, which are critical for cell-cell communication. Could fused neurons explain COVID-19’s ‘brain fog’? 2023-06-06T04:00:00Z
The axon is a finer, cable-like projection which can extend tens, hundreds, or even tens of thousands of times the diameter of the soma in length. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Transmission of a signal between neurons is generally carried by a chemical, called a neurotransmitter, which diffuses from the axon of one neuron to the dendrite of a second neuron. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
The design could help scientists achieve high enough magnification to study tiny structures such as the long, skinny axons that connect neurons in the brain or individual proteins or RNA molecules inside cells. Inspired by the sea and the sky, a biologist invents a new kind of microscope 2023-04-13T04:00:00Z
The researchers then found that merely regenerating axons from these nerve cells across the spinal cord lesion without specific guidance had no impact on functional recovery. Scientists regenerate neurons that restore walking in mice after paralysis from spinal cord injury 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z
Tessier-Lavigne is best known for his work in the 1990s on identifying axon guidance molecules, proteins that direct nerve fiber growth in the embryonic brain and spinal cord. No evidence that Stanford president Marc Tessier-Lavigne hid fraud at Genentech, company says 2023-04-06T04:00:00Z
Many neurons have only one axon, but this axon may—and usually will—undergo extensive branching, enabling communication with many target cells. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
They also have more specialized structures, including dendrites and axons. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
Prof Holt's work revealed each neuron sends out a long "wire" - called an axon - that navigates to its own target in the brain. Cambridge University: Neuroscientist Christine Holt wins 'Brain Prize' 2023-03-23T04:00:00Z
"It highlights the necessity of not only regenerating axons across lesions but also of actively guiding them to reach their natural target regions to achieve meaningful neurological restoration." Scientists regenerate neurons that restore walking in mice after paralysis from spinal cord injury 2023-09-21T04:00:00Z
Most saliently, many of the gene variants associated with the sheepdog lineage were involved in axon guidance—that is, the process by which neurons connect to each other. Deep Dive Ties Together Dog Genetics, Brain Physiology and Behavior to Explain Why Collies Are Different from Terriers 2022-12-08T05:00:00Z
The part of the axon where it emerges from the soma is called the axon hillock. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Neurotransmitters released at axon terminals allow signals to be communicated to these other cells, and the process begins again. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
She also found that proteins are continuously made in the axons every day which is a process enabling developing, and adult, brains to be shaped by experience. Cambridge University: Neuroscientist Christine Holt wins 'Brain Prize' 2023-03-23T04:00:00Z
For example, the sheep herding breeds were characterized by genetic variants associated with a neurodevelopmental process known as axon guidance, which helps ensure that neurons are wired together correctly. Brains, Brawn or Both: What Drove the Creation of Modern Dog Breeds? 2022-12-08T05:00:00Z
He and others showed the molecules govern the growth of nerve fibers called axons in the developing spinal cord, work for which he and two colleagues won the prestigious 2020 Gruber Prize in Neuroscience. Stanford misconduct probe of president stumbles as new journal launches inquiry 2022-12-06T05:00:00Z
Besides being an anatomical structure, the axon hillock is also the part of the neuron that has the greatest density of voltage-dependent sodium channels. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Neurons usually have one or two axons, but some neurons do not contain any axons. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
Laboratories around the world are looking at how mutations in these proteins affect the growth and survival of axons. Cambridge University: Neuroscientist Christine Holt wins 'Brain Prize' 2023-03-23T04:00:00Z
Once the target is reached, this well-studied first phase of axon growth culminates with formation of a junction with another neuron, known as a synapse. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Signals arrive at the cell body across synapses or through dendrites, stimulating the neuron to generate its own signal, sent along its long axon to other nerve or muscle cells. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
This makes it the most easily-excited part of the neuron and the spike initiation zone for the axon: in neurological terms it has the greatest hyperpolarized action potential threshold. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Some axons are covered with a special structure called a myelin sheath, which acts as an insulator to keep the electrical signal from dissipating as it travels down the axon. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
The cell body contains a specialized structure, the axon hillock that integrates signals from multiple synapses and serves as a junction between the cell body and an axon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
But the growth and elongation of axons does not stop there. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Signals in the form of electric currents reach the cell body through dendrites and across synapses, stimulating the neuron to generate its own signal sent down the axon. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
While the axon and axon hillock are generally involved in information outflow, this region can also receive input from other neurons as well. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Neurons communicate between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites, and sometimes the cell body, of another neuron across the gap between them, known as the synaptic cleft. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
Neurons usually have one or two axons, but some neurons, like amacrine cells in the retina, do not contain any axons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
As a creature grows, axons engage in a tug-of-war contest. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
This arrangement gives the axon a number of interesting properties. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
The axon terminal is a specialized structure at the end of the axon that is used to release neurotransmitter chemicals and communicate with target neurons. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
This will cause voltage dependent Na+ channels further down the axon to open and more positive ions to enter the cell. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
Some axons are covered with myelin, which acts as an insulator to minimize dissipation of the electrical signal as it travels down the axon, greatly increasing the speed on conduction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Tension from pulling on the rope-like axons threatens to rupture the fibers because they only stretch so far. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
So a myelinated axon transmits a nerve impulse faster, with less energy consumption, and is better protected from cross talk than an unmyelinated one. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
Although the canonical view of the neuron attributes dedicated functions to its various anatomical components, dendrites and axons often act in ways contrary to their so-called main function. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
An axon is a tube-like structure that propagates the signal from the cell body to specialized endings called axon terminals. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
This insulation is important as the axon from a human motor neuron can be as long as a meter—from the base of the spine to the toes. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Tautness is relieved by stretch growth that continuously adds length to axons. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Not all axons are myelinated, so that cross talk and slow signal transmission are a characteristic of the normal operation of these axons, another variable in the nervous system. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
The longest axon of a human motor neuron can be over a meter long, reaching from the base of the spine to the toes. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, this causes the release of neurotransmitter onto the dendrite of another neuron. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
Along the axon there are periodic gaps in the myelin sheath. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Still, many mysteries remain about this process, and just how fast and far axons stretch in both terrestrial and aquatic megafauna has yet to be settled. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Figure 20.34 Propagation of a nerve impulse down a myelinated axon, from left to right. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
Sensory neurons have axons that run from the toes to the dorsal columns, over 1.5 meters in adults. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
A large enough signal from neurotransmitters will reach the axon. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
These gaps are called nodes of Ranvier and are sites where the signal is “recharged” as it travels along the axon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Using recorded measurements of the whale’s body length at different times during development, we previously calculated the peak stretch growth rate of axons that span the spinal cord as an astonishing 3.4 centimeters per day. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The signal moves faster than in unmyelinated axons and is insulated from signals in other nerves, limiting cross talk. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
Giraffes have single axons several meters in length running along the entire length of their necks. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
In the axon, this “signal” will become a self-propagating brief reversal of the resting membrane potential called an action potential. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
An example of a multipolar neuron is a Purkinje cell in the cerebellum, which has many branching dendrites but only one axon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Indeed, a crucial axon building block called neurofilament protein moves down these nerve fibers at only up to a few millimeters each day. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Neurons are usually described as having one, and only one, axon—a fiber that emerges from the cell body and projects to target cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Any deformation in the corpuscle causes action potentials to be generated, by opening pressure-sensitive sodium ion channels in the axon membrane. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
The depolarization of the membrane proceeds in a wave down the length of the axon. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z
Most sensory neurons are pseudounipolar and have an axon that branches into two extensions: one connected to dendrites that receive sensory information and another that transmits this information to the spinal cord. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
This approximately matches the extension rates of axons sprouting in culture and regenerating from injury, both of which add to cell volume at the ends of extending axons. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
That single axon can branch repeatedly to communicate with many target cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
A cell called an oligodendrocyte grows alongside the axon. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Neurons have this unique property: They can send a part of themselves, their axon, a very long distance. Mapping the Brain to Understand the Mind 2022-04-28T04:00:00Z
Information flow along a neuron is usually from dendrite to axon and from neuron to neuron or from neuron to a cell of a target organ. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Even at this speed, it would still take years for proteins to complete the journey down the longest axons in maturing whales. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
It is the axon that propagates the nerve impulse, which is communicated to one or more cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Another cell called an astrocyte sits alongside the axon. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
You can’t understand the function of that cell if you can’t trace where it is sending its axon and whom it is talking to. Mapping the Brain to Understand the Mind 2022-04-28T04:00:00Z
The speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon is influenced by both the diameter of the axon and the axon’s resistance to current leak. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Even here, the pace of axon building in the blue whale seems impossible to maintain. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The upper motor neuron is in this region, called the precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex, which has an axon that extends all the way down the spinal cord. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
A long, thin axon extends from the fourth side. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Younger axons without thick sheaths more fully absorb the stain. The Father of Modern Neuroscience Discovered the Basic Unit of the Nervous System 2022-04-09T04:00:00Z
Myelin acts as an insulator that prevents current from leaving the axon; this increases the speed of action potential conduction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Indeed, every 3-cm increase in axon length is calculated to add more than double the volume of the neuronal cell body to the axon each day. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
At the level of the spinal cord at which this axon makes a synapse, a graded potential occurs in the cell membrane of a lower motor neuron. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Projections from the oligodendrocyte wrap around the axon, forming a myelin sheath. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
In addition, mature axons, which sometimes grow to be a few feet long, are more likely to get chopped off during sectioning. The Father of Modern Neuroscience Discovered the Basic Unit of the Nervous System 2022-04-09T04:00:00Z
In demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis, action potential conduction slows because current leaks from previously insulated axon areas. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
In the blue whale, this process reaches astonishing proportions—spinal cord axons can extend 24 meters in length from brain stem to tail. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The action potential travels down the axon as voltage-gated ion channels are opened by the spreading depolarization. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
These cells are bipolar neurons with a dendrite facing the interior space of the nasal cavity and an axon that travels along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
The axon curved, running alongside the layer of cells below it until it started to branch. The Father of Modern Neuroscience Discovered the Basic Unit of the Nervous System 2022-04-09T04:00:00Z
The nodes of Ranvier, illustrated in Figure 26.13 are gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Although axons are quite thin in diameter, such a long extension ultimately results in their volume being more than 1,000-fold greater than that of their cell bodies. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
In myelinated axons, propagation is described as saltatory because voltage-gated channels are only found at the nodes of Ranvier and the electrical events seem to “jump” from one node to the next. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The axons of olfactory receptor cells of the same type converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Fundamentals of Biology 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
He observed branchlets of axons “in the manner of moss or brambles on a wall,” oftentimes supported by “a short, delicate stem like a flower”; a year later he settled on the term “mossy fibers.” The Father of Modern Neuroscience Discovered the Basic Unit of the Nervous System 2022-04-09T04:00:00Z
Flow of ions through these channels, particularly the Na+ channels, regenerates the action potential over and over again along the axon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
This bizarre geometry of neurons with very long axons potentially represents one of the largest cells by volume for any mammal. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Saltatory conduction is faster than continuous conduction, meaning that myelinated axons propagate their signals faster. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
There are anatomical differences between male and female axons, too. The Hidden Epidemic of Brain Injuries From Domestic Violence 2022-03-01T05:00:00Z
In addition, white matter, the insulation on axons – long cables that carry electrical impulses between nerve cells — is also less intact in older adults. Preliminary research finds that even mild cases of COVID-19 leave a mark on the brain 2021-10-03T04:00:00Z
Figure 26.13 Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin coverage along axons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
It has been suggested that protein synthesis might occur along axons themselves to overcome the challenges in production and distribution, but we still have much to learn about this unusual cellular process. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The basis of the electrical signal within a neuron is the action potential that propagates down the axon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Women’s axons — nerve fibers that unfurl between neurons to form communication networks — have a generally leaner architecture that could shear more easily during trauma. The Hidden Epidemic of Brain Injuries From Domestic Violence 2022-03-01T05:00:00Z
In addition, white matter, the insulation on axons – long cables that carry electrical impulses between nerve cells – is also less intact in older adults. Even Mild Cases of COVID May Leave a Mark on the Brain 2021-09-25T04:00:00Z
Action potentials travel down the axon by jumping from one node to the next. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Despite the many mysteries of its mechanisms, extreme axon stretch growth obviously works well for the immense blue whale. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
White matter is made up of axons, long neuronal projections that transmit impulses. Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z
Some tau also turns up adjacent to amyloid plaques in swollen, damaged axons, the long protrusions from the main bodies of neurons. Immune Cells Suggest New Alzheimer’s Treatment Possibilities 2021-07-26T04:00:00Z
Synapses usually form between axon terminals and dendritic spines, but this is not universally true. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Assuming its spinal axons grew at the same speed as well, that falls far short of the blue whale’s peak axonal growth rate. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Why would this be the case based on propagation of the axon potential? Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
To pull that off, axons are insulated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds transmission. Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z
In addition, work by Jaime Grutzendler’s group at Yale University showed that the fewer microglia that surrounded a plaque, the more damaged the nearby axons were. Immune Cells Suggest New Alzheimer’s Treatment Possibilities 2021-07-26T04:00:00Z
Most neurons contain dendrites, which receive these signals, and axons that send signals to other neurons or tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Moving from examining full body length growth to a focus on axon growth in a rapidly extending neck could bring a new mammalian player into the competition. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The fibers that cause contraction of skeletal muscles are the axons of these neurons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Well-myelinated axons in tracts usually run in the same direction, like the fibers in stalks of celery. Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z
If microglia protect axons from amyloid plaque damage, might they also safeguard against tau pathology? Immune Cells Suggest New Alzheimer’s Treatment Possibilities 2021-07-26T04:00:00Z
The action potential is then propagated along a myelinated axon to the axon terminals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
This suggests a similar rate of growth for their cervical spinal cord axons, which falls short of the blue whale and Rapetosaurus peak spinal axon growth rate. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The axon that has to reach all the way to the belly of that muscle may be a meter in length. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
But a kind of brain scan called diffusion-weighted imaging reveals that in people who stutter, the axons most likely crisscross. Stuttering Stems from Problems in Brain Wiring, Not Personalities 2021-08-09T04:00:00Z
Lee’s team found that tau in swollen axons near amyloid plaques became disengaged from microtubules, leaving it potentially more prone to contortion. Immune Cells Suggest New Alzheimer’s Treatment Possibilities 2021-07-26T04:00:00Z
What happens at the axon terminals to facilitate signal transmission to another neuron? Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Still, a potential evolutionary mishap in the trajectory of a nerve in the neck may help the giraffe surge past the blue whale in the race for the most extreme axon stretch growth. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Between the two anterior horns, and bounded by the axons of motor neurons emerging from that gray matter area, are the anterior columns. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Meanwhile — and this may motivate you to get those steps in — the control group actually showed a decline in white matter, "with greater thinning and tattering of their axons and falling cognitive scores." This is your brain on walking 2021-07-24T04:00:00Z
Made up mostly of fat-wrapped nerve fibers known as axons, white matter connects neurons and is essential for brain health. How Walking Can Build Up the Brain 2021-07-14T04:00:00Z
Chemicals released at the axon terminals transmit signals through synapses into other neurons via the second neuron’s dendrites. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
During development, the axons in the animal’s left vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve must grow roughly twice as fast as its neck does. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The white matter on either side of the spinal cord, between the posterior horn and the axons of the anterior horn neurons, are the lateral columns. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Some studies indicate that only 10 percent of transected axons may ever successfully navigate to their targets. Readers Respond to the January 2021 Issue 2021-05-23T04:00:00Z
They discovered in human stem cell models of MND, the axon - the long part of the motor neuron cell that connects to the muscle - was shorter than in healthy cells. Motor neurone disease: Edinburgh scientists reveal breakthrough 2021-01-19T05:00:00Z
Chemicals released at the axon terminals transmit signals through synapses into other neurons via the second neuron’s axons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
This brings the growth rate of these axons to approximately 5 cm each day. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
The posterior columns are composed of axons of ascending tracts. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The injection prevented some damaged retinal ganglion cells from dying and even prompted some to grow new axons reaching back to the brain, the team reports today in Nature. Researchers restore lost sight in mice, offering clues to reversing aging 2020-12-02T05:00:00Z
The scientists showed that this was caused by a defective energy supply from the mitochondria and that by boosting the mitochondria, the axon reverted back to normal. Motor neurone disease: Edinburgh scientists reveal breakthrough 2021-01-19T05:00:00Z
Chemicals released at the axon terminals transmit signals directly into other neurons via the second neuron’s axons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Other sauropod species were much larger than Rapetosaurus, and if they developed along the same time line, much more spectacular rates of axon growth may have occurred. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
For example, the enteric plexus is the extensive network of axons and neurons in the wall of the small and large intestines. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The authors also observed marked differences in gene expression, including for genes linked to axon formation, in brain cells from the two types of embryo. Maternal microbes support fetal brain wiring 2020-09-22T04:00:00Z
Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that support and insulate long neuronal axons. The Beautiful Things inside Your Head: Winners of the 10th Annual Art of Neuroscience Contest 2020-07-23T04:00:00Z
Multiple signals from multiple synapses are integrated at the axon hillock, which then passes the signal into the axon, where the signal is transferred to another cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Humans may also soon enter the competition for the most extreme axon stretch growth. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Within the nerve, axons are further bundled into fascicles, which are each surrounded by their own layer of fibrous connective tissue called perineurium. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Vuong et al.1 report that these metabolites aid normal wiring by neuronal projections called axons that connect brain regions called the thalamus and the cortex. Maternal microbes support fetal brain wiring 2020-09-22T04:00:00Z
The cells’ lipid membrane wraps around the axons to strengthen the structure, as well as to help neurons to send signals quickly. The Beautiful Things inside Your Head: Winners of the 10th Annual Art of Neuroscience Contest 2020-07-23T04:00:00Z
A signal is released from an axon and passes through the axon terminal, which synapses with dendrites. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
No, not by having people rapidly grow supersized necks and bodies, but by pushing the limits of axon growth in the laboratory. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Sensory axons enter the brain to synapse in a nucleus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Such connections are needed for sensory processing. a, During normal development, these axons form a thick bundle at a structure called the internal capsule. Maternal microbes support fetal brain wiring 2020-09-22T04:00:00Z
Dr. Phil Harris, chairman of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Brookdale Hospital in Brooklyn, NY, told Fox News Guillain-Barre syndrome is “an autoimmune process affecting the nerves and potentially the nerve’s axon.” Is there a link between coronavirus and Guillain-Barre syndrome? 2020-07-22T04:00:00Z
Multiple signals from multiple synapses are integrated at the axon hillock, which then passes the signal into the axon, where the signal is transferred to another cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Indeed, extreme axon stretch growth of 1 cm a day has already been achieved in a lab dish using bioreactors that mimic nature by mechanically elongating axon tracts spanning two populations of neurons. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Motor axons connect to skeletal muscles of the head or neck. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
“That starts to happen as you lose axons and cells.” Oxford Brain Diagnostics: turning MRI into a diagnosis tool for dementia 2020-06-29T04:00:00Z
In neurons, these systems are co-opted to control the composition of cell-signaling connections—formed by anatomical structures known as axons, dendrites and synapses—as they are strengthened or weakened during learning. Five Types of Research, Underexplored until Recently, Could Produce Alzheimer’s Treatments 2020-04-22T04:00:00Z
Multiple signals from a single synapse are integrated at the axon hillock, which then passes the signal into the axon, where the signal is transferred to another cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Much faster rates of growth are thought to be possible as mechanisms of this otherwise mysterious form of axon growth are experimentally revealed. Giraffes vs. Blue Whales vs. Dinosaurs: Contest Reveals Which One Builds Its Nervous System Fastest to Evade Predators 2022-09-29T04:00:00Z
Sensory fibers are axons of sensory ganglia that carry sensory information into the brain and target sensory nuclei. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Myelin insulation is formed by layers of cell membrane wrapped around axons like electrical tape. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Electrical stimulation is notoriously imprecise, following the path of least resistance through brain tissue and stimulating neurons from distant regions of the brain that extend axons past the electrode. Mind Reading and Mind Control Technologies Are Coming 2020-03-11T04:00:00Z
For example, auditory receptors transmit signals over their own dedicated system, and electrical activity in the axons of the auditory receptors will be interpreted by the brain as an auditory stimulus—a sound. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Access to these images allows researchers to more closely examine the shape and structure of the axons that carry electrical messages from neurons. US-China science weathers political ill wind 2019-11-19T05:00:00Z
Motor fibers are axons of motor neurons in motor nuclei of the brain stem and target skeletal muscles of the head and neck. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Many oligodendrocytes grip an axon and wrap layers of myelin around it in segments, like the stacked hands of baseball players gripping a bat to determine which team bats first. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Through its readers, it controls the precise timing of new neuron formation during development in mice and enables axons to regenerate after nerve injury. Hidden layer of gene control influences everything from cancer to memory 2019-07-01T04:00:00Z
Within the nerves, different axons carry different qualities of the visual signal. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
The long axons of these neurons extend to other parts of the brain, including the nucleus accumbens, the dorsal striatum and the prefrontal cortex. Closing in on what motivates motivation 2019-05-21T04:00:00Z
That neuron sends a signal along its axon to excite the biceps brachii, causing contraction of the muscle and flexion of the forearm at the elbow to withdraw the hand from the hot stove. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
These spaces, known as the nodes of Ranvier, act like bioelectric repeaters to relay an electrical impulse from node to node down the axon. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
The long projections, or axons, of those cells form the optic nerve, along which signals from the retina are carried to the brain’s visual cortex, where they are interpreted as images. Four technologies that could transform the treatment of blindness 2019-04-09T04:00:00Z
Visual signals travel from the eye over the axons of retinal ganglion cells, which make up the optic nerves. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Within these target sites, the axons branch extensively2 to form a structure known as an arbor. Closing in on what motivates motivation 2019-05-21T04:00:00Z
A collateral branch of the sensory axon would inhibit another ventral horn motor neuron so that the triceps brachii do not contract and slow the withdrawal down. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
These fiber bundles are white because the axons are coated with a fatty substance called myelin, which acts as electrical insulation and boosts the speed of transmission by 50 to 100 times. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
These DNA fragments affect the expression of two genes: UBR4, which regulates the development of neurons, and PHLPP1, which affects the development of myelin sheaths that insulate axons, or projections of neurons. Why modern humans have round heads 2018-12-13T05:00:00Z
It is a part of the brain, extending down from the hypothalamus, and contains mostly nerve fibers and neuroglial cells, which support axons that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Bilingualism also affects white matter, a fatty substance that covers axons, which are the main projections coming out from neurons to connect them to other neurons. Speaking two languages may help the aging brain 2018-12-07T05:00:00Z
The cross extensor reflex provides a counterbalancing movement on the other side of the body, which requires another collateral of the sensory axon to activate contraction of the extensor muscles in the contralateral limb. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The tiny gap between two myelin segments exposes a one-micron section of bare axon where ion channels that generate electrical impulses become concentrated. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
The Neanderthal variants may lower URB4 expression in the basal ganglia and also lead to less myelination of axons in the cerebellum, a structure at the back of the brain. Why modern humans have round heads 2018-12-13T05:00:00Z
Nerve impulses traveling down motor neurons cause the release of the acetylcholine from vesicles in the axon terminus into the synapse between the neuron and the muscle fiber. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
“How these axons find these different targets is completely unknown.” Transparent tissues bring cells into focus for microscopy 2018-12-03T05:00:00Z
Also, the head and neck axons running from the trigeminal nuclei to the thalamus run adjacent to the upper body fibers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The speed of impulse transmission increases as more layers of myelin are wrapped around the axon, protecting it better against voltage loss. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
White matter — made up of neurons’ long axons — connects different brain regions, similar to how a highway connects two cities, and helps process information efficiently and quickly.” How can we improve a teen’s brain? One sleep study may have a simple answer — good pillows. 2018-11-23T05:00:00Z
The end of the neuron’s axon is called the synaptic terminal, and it does not actually contact the motor end plate. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
The hunger for tissue-clearing techniques originated with neuroscientists, who were frustrated by their limited ability to trace the snaking routes of axons and dendrites in the brain. Transparent tissues bring cells into focus for microscopy 2018-12-03T05:00:00Z
The axons of the corticobulbar tract are ipsilateral, meaning they project from the cortex to the motor nucleus on the same side of the nervous system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
If oligodendrocytes sense and respond to the information traffic flowing through neural circuits, then myelin formation and the way it adjusts impulse-transmission speed could be controlled by feedback from the axon. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
His investigations, now more than 100 years old, revealed intricate details of nerve cells in many different animals, including humans—rootlike dendrites attached to bulbous cell bodies, from which extend long, slender axons. What makes human brain cells unique? 2018-10-27T04:00:00Z
Electrical signals travel along the neuron’s axon, which branches through the muscle and connects to individual muscle fibers at a neuromuscular junction. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Cell and organelle membranes are made mainly of lipids, as are the myelin sheaths enveloping axons. Transparent tissues bring cells into focus for microscopy 2018-12-03T05:00:00Z
The axons cross over from the anterior position of the pyramids in the medulla to the lateral column of the spinal cord. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
But how can myelinating glia detect neural impulses flowing through axons? The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
The cells also create a protein that binds to these RNA bar codes and drags them the length of each neuron’s output wire, or axon. "Bar Codes" Could Trace Errant Brain Wiring in Autism and Schizophrenia 2018-10-03T04:00:00Z
For example, myelin, an outgrowth of the membrane of specialized cells that insulates the axons of the peripheral nerves, contains only 18 percent protein and 76 percent lipid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Oligodendrocytes form a fatty sheath called myelin that insulate axons, the long protrusions your neurons use to communicate to other neurons. Growing Brains in Lab 2018-09-25T04:00:00Z
These axons are responsible for controlling appendicular muscles. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Vascular changes and the sprouting and pruning of axons and dendrites that extend from the main body of a neuron could also do the same. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Retinal ganglion cell Relays signals from bipolar and amacrine cells to the brain through long projections called axons that form the optic nerve. Reconstructing the retina 2018-09-04T04:00:00Z
Projections from the cell body are either dendrites specialized in receiving input or a single axon specialized in transmitting impulses. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
The electrical messages traveling along axons need myelin to both maintain an electrical charge and to transmit the message quickly. Growing Brains in Lab 2018-09-25T04:00:00Z
These axons do not decussate in the medulla. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
We know that electrical signals shuffle along at the pace of a slow walk in some axons but blaze away at the speed of a race car in others. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
So they tried to get these cells to extend their electrical conduction fibers, the axons, into the spinal breach. Growth Cocktail Helps Restore Spinal Connections in the Most Severe Injuries 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z
Astrocytes regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cell, and oligodendrocytes insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
By adding a few steps to the standard brain spheroid method, the authors made spheroids that contain both neurons and oligodendrocytes that ensheath the neurons’ axons, just like in the brain. Growing Brains in Lab 2018-09-25T04:00:00Z
The same molecule, such as norepinephrine, could be considered either a neurotransmitter or a hormone on the basis of whether it is released from a postganglionic sympathetic axon or from the adrenal gland. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Our experiments have shown that when a neuron fires, neurotransmitters are released not only at synapses but also all along the axon. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
The axons, moreover, were fully capable of passing electrical signals the researchers introduced across the divide. Growth Cocktail Helps Restore Spinal Connections in the Most Severe Injuries 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z
Figure 24.19 The neuron has projections called dendrites that receive signals and projections called axons that send signals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Among them are how Heimburg's model accounts, quantitatively, for the increased velocity of conduction in myelinated axons and the mechanism by which it leads to transmission across a chemical synapse. Readers Respond to the April 2018 Issue 2018-08-03T04:00:00Z
The axons from these neurons grow back into the CNS by following the existing axons—representing one of the few examples of such growth in the mature nervous system. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The oligodendrocyte begins to synthesize myelin at that spot and wrap it around the axon. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
“Now we understand what it takes,” he says, referring to the trifecta of axon growth factors, laminin and chemical bait placed along the path to lure the axon. Growth Cocktail Helps Restore Spinal Connections in the Most Severe Injuries 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z
Also shown are two types of glial cells: astrocytes regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cell, and oligodendrocytes insulate the axon so the electrical nerve impulse is transferred more efficiently. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
These projections, called translaminar axons, cross different layers of the cortex. Developing neurons are innately inclined to learn on the job 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z
Those fibers are axons that project from the gray matter of the pons into the contralateral cerebellar cortex. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
But until recently, myelin biologists tended to ignore the unique type of astrocyte that contacts an axon at a node of Ranvier. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
The researchers suggest the way to restore that flow is via rehabilitation targeted at the new axons generated by exposure to their protocol. Growth Cocktail Helps Restore Spinal Connections in the Most Severe Injuries 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z
A typical neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon to detect, generate, transmit, and integrate signal information. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
This finding led the researchers to propose that migration through the marginal zone influences the growth and branching of axons through some general mechanism. Developing neurons are innately inclined to learn on the job 2018-07-22T04:00:00Z
In addition, every muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle is supplied by the axon branch of a somatic motor neuron, which signals the fiber to contract. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The myelin sheath is attached to the axon by a spiral junction flanking the node of Ranvier. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Rehabilitation entails training freshly regenerated axons to execute their new duties. Growth Cocktail Helps Restore Spinal Connections in the Most Severe Injuries 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z
An axon is a tube-like structure that propagates the integrated signal to specialized endings called axon terminals. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Mutant huntingtin forms clumps inside the cell that seem to interfere with communication along the axons of neurons. Huntington’s disease: 4 big questions 2018-05-29T04:00:00Z
There are thousands of muscle fibers in each muscle, but every six or so fibers are supplied by a single motor neuron, as the axons branch to form synaptic connections at their individual NMJs. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
As the myelin lifts off the axon, the amount of bare axon at the node of Ranvier increases. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
As with achieving those first toddler steps, rehabilitation “requires training, it requires repetition, it requires engaging these regenerating axons.” Growth Cocktail Helps Restore Spinal Connections in the Most Severe Injuries 2018-08-30T04:00:00Z
Chemicals released at axon terminals allow signals to be communicated to these other cells. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
One set of axons projected to the periacqueductal gray in the midbrain, an area involved in motor behaviors. A Command Center in the Mammalian Brain Orchestrates Parenting Behaviors [Video] 2018-04-11T04:00:00Z
One is the axon and one the dendrite. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Because myelin is the most effective means of speeding impulse transmission, axon myelination promotes optimal information transmission through a network. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
This protein is engineered to bind to the RNA bar code so that the tag, too, is dragged along the axon. "Bar Codes" Could Map Errant Brain Wiring in Autism and Schizophrenia 2018-03-30T04:00:00Z
A bipolar neuron has one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
But when the researchers looked at what these genes did, they noticed a pattern: Six of the variants were in genes related in some way to the development of connections between neurons known as axons. Synesthesia’s mysterious ‘mingling of the senses’ may result from hyperconnected neurons 2018-03-05T05:00:00Z
Some cutting edge research suggests that certain neurons in the CNS do not conform to the standard model of “one, and only one” axon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
We found that the “tentacles” of the octopuslike oligodendrocytes probe bare sections of axons in search of neurotransmitters being released from axons firing. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Long-range orbitofrontal and amygdala axons show divergent patterns of maturation in the frontal cortex across adolescence. Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z
Glia guide developing neurons to their destinations, buffer ions and chemicals that would otherwise harm neurons, and provide myelin sheaths around axons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
While what happens to the concussed brain remains murky, researchers say the brain’s network of connections often appears perturbed, perhaps due to temporary damage to the axons that connect nerve cells. U.S. diplomats in Cuba have unusual brain syndrome, but no there’s no clear proof they were attacked, study says 2018-02-15T05:00:00Z
Any of those processes can function as an axon depending on the conditions at any given time. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
When a single tentacle touches an axon that is firing, it forms a “spot weld” contact, which enables communication between the axon and the oligodendrocyte. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Anderson, S. A., Classey, J. D., Condé, F., Lund, J. S. & Lewis, D. A. Synchronous development of pyramidal neuron dendritic spines and parvalbumin-immunoreactive chandelier neuron axon terminals in layer III of monkey prefrontal cortex. Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z
Oligodendrocytes, shown in Figure 26.8b form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
It typically maintains long, branching structures of nerve cells called axons. Woodpeckers show possible brain damage like that in football players 2018-02-02T05:00:00Z
Nevertheless, even if they cannot be easily seen, and one specific process is definitively the axon, these neurons have multiple processes and are therefore multipolar. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Under an electron microscope these junctions appear as spirals of stitches between the axon and the myelin, and the threads that form each stitch are composed of a complex of three cell adhesion molecules. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Paus, T. Growth of white matter in the adolescent brain: myelin or axon? Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective 2018-02-20T05:00:00Z
One axon can be myelinated by several oligodendrocytes, and one oligodendrocyte can provide myelin for multiple neurons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
The action potential is passed down the axon -- basically, the wire -- of a neuron in a wave as successive ion portals open and close. Plants, Like People, Succumb to Anesthesia [Video] 2018-01-28T05:00:00Z
Also found in CNS tissue is the oligodendrocyte, sometimes called just “oligo,” which is the glial cell type that insulates axons in the CNS. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Instead new insulation is affixed through the construction of a new inner layer that spirals around the axon like a snake below the overlying myelin. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes. Evolutionary routes and KRAS dosage define pancreatic cancer phenotypes 2018-01-23T05:00:00Z
This is distinctive from the PNS where a single Schwann cell provides myelin for only one axon as the entire Schwann cell surrounds the axon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
To test this idea, the team first used a cell-culture model in which two populations of neurons are separated by tiny channels, along which axons grow. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The thickness of the myelin sheath is not fixed; instead it reflects a dynamic balance between the addition of layers next to the axon and removal of the outer layer under control of the astrocyte. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
The 2-millimeter organoids survived for at least two months, Chen said in an interview, and showed “extensive” growth of human axons into the rat brain. Tiny Human Brain Organoids Implanted in Rodents 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z
When an axon is at rest, the membrane is said to be polarized; that is, there is an electrochemical gradient across it, with the inside of the membrane being more negatively charged than the outside. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Their cargo then spills and builds up in the axon, causing swelling. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
One oligodendrocyte will provide the myelin for multiple axon segments, either for the same axon or for separate axons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Several labs have recently verified that action potentials, signals coursing the length of axons, stimulate myelination of these exposed areas of neural wiring. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Some of the axons grew as much as 1.5 millimeters, connecting to the corpus callosum, a bundle of neurons connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres. Tiny Human Brain Organoids Implanted in Rodents 2017-11-06T05:00:00Z
Synaptic vesicles at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters into the junction; neurotransmitters then bind to receptors embedded in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
The excess sodium also causes calcium to flood in, activating enzymes that destroy structures inside axons. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
The second type of glial cell is the Schwann cell, which insulate axons with myelin in the periphery. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
When the myelin is detached from the axon, the outer layer withdraws into an oligodendrocyte, thinning the sheath. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Another is an abnormality in the axons of motor neurons — the cellular extensions through which nerve signals are transmitted to muscles. Non-Familial ALS: A tangled web : Nature : Nature Research 2017-10-17T04:00:00Z
Nodes of Ranvier also save energy for the neuron since the channels only need to be present at the nodes and not along the entire axon. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
The researchers next examined the axons with electron microscopy. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
Schwann cells are different than oligodendrocytes, in that a Schwann cell wraps around a portion of only one axon segment and no others. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
We found that the enzyme’s snipping of these threads that stitch myelin to the axon can be controlled by the perinodal astrocyte’s release of an inhibitor of thrombin. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Visual, tactile or other inputs from another part of the mouse’s brain passed through long neuron fibers called axons, crossing over to a target cell in an area called the hippocampus. A Challenge to the Textbooks on How We Learn about Our Surroundings 2017-09-20T04:00:00Z
This process is called summation and occurs at the axon hillock, as illustrated in Figure 26.16. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
And if axons are stretched too rapidly, these proteins pull on microtubules and break them, Smith says. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Additional layers of myelin are not added to axons as one would wrap tape around a wire, because this would tie the legs of the oligodendrocytes in knots. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
As the brain develops, myelin wraps itself around nerve cells’ axons—long, thin tendrils that extend from the cell and transmit information—like insulation on an electrical wire. Why Teenage Brains Are So Hard to Understand 2017-09-08T04:00:00Z
All these inputs are added together at the axon hillock. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
“We're realizing we see these axon proteins in the blood after injury, which are only there if the axon degenerates,” Smith says. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
Whereas the manner in which either cell is associated with the axon segment, or segments, that it insulates is different, the means of myelinating an axon segment is mostly the same in the two situations. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Myelin, long considered inert insulation on axons, is now seen as making a contribution to learning by controlling the speed at which signals travel along neural wiring. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
One of the grand strategies nature uses to construct nervous systems is to overproduce neural elements, such as neurons, axons and synapses, and then prune the excess. Why Is Synaptic Pruning Important for the Developing Brain? 2017-05-29T04:00:00Z
Myelinated axons make up the “white matter” and neuron and glial cell bodies make up the “gray matter.” Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Now, however, a study led by Douglas Smith, director of the Center for Brain Injury and Repair at the University of Pennsylvania, adds a new candidate: differences in axons—the output “wires” of neurons. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
Myelin is a lipid-rich sheath that surrounds the axon and by doing so creates a myelin sheath that facilitates the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The myelin that has already formed on axons has to be thickened or thinned in a controlled way to speed or slow signal transmission. The Brain Learns in Unexpected Ways 2020-03-12T04:00:00Z
Researchers at Harvard Medical School showed that in genetically engineered mice with A.L.S., a substance called necrostatin-1 not only restored the myelin sheath and stopped axon damage but also prevented limb weakness. A New Drug for A.L.S., but the Diagnosis Remains Dire 2017-05-29T04:00:00Z
The axons of the preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine on the postganglionic neurons, which are generally located very near the target organs. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Smith and his colleagues discovered differences in the size and structure of male and female axons, and found the female structure was more susceptible to damage. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
The glial cell is wrapped around the axon several times with little to no cytoplasm between the glial cell layers. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The fruit fly, for example, with its rapid reproduction, helped scientists understand genetics; the squid, with its peculiarly gigantic axon fibers, allowed scientists to examine the workings of a single nerve cell. When the Lab Rat Is a Snake 2017-05-17T04:00:00Z
The neurons in the images, their dendrites and axons emanating from their somas, look like spiders with dozens of legs stretched to the breaking point in all directions. Video Games Help Model Brain’s Neurons 2017-04-24T04:00:00Z
Chemicals released at the dendrites transmit signals through synapses into other neurons via the second neuron’s axon terminal. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Along with transmitting the electrical signals underlying cognition, axons transport cargo of various kinds—including proteins that are used mainly for repair and maintenance. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
Going down the length of the axon, the action potential is propagated because more voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened as the depolarization spreads. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Calling axons “the most vulnerable parts of the neurons,” Zetterberg said that “the most important injury mechanism in the concussion is” when they “break” and release contents into the brain, spinal fluid and, eventually, blood. How a protein called ‘NFL’ could help the NFL with brain injuries 2017-03-27T04:00:00Z
Neurons were individual units that talked to one another directionally, sending information from long appendages called axons to branchlike dendrites, over the gaps between them. Hunched Over a Microscope, He Sketched the Secrets of How the Brain Works 2017-02-17T05:00:00Z
A signal is released from an axon, passes through the axon terminal, and synapses with dendrites. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
A major sign of concussion is damaged axons. Do Brain-Wiring Differences Make Women More Vulnerable to Concussions? 2017-12-15T05:00:00Z
Propagation, as described above, applies to unmyelinated axons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
They help form parts of axons, the long, slender arms that protrude from neurons and transmit information, performing countless essential functions. How a protein called ‘NFL’ could help the NFL with brain injuries 2017-03-27T04:00:00Z
The researchers created structures with 72% of the axons oriented radially, compared with only 11% of those cultured in 2D on a plate. Technology: The promise of printing : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-06T05:00:00Z
Multiple signals from a single synapse are integrated at the axon hillock, which then passes the signal into the axon, where the signal is transferred to another cell. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
No matter what the animal model is, he says, the axons don't always grow into the right places. Neuroscience: New nerves for old : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-06T05:00:00Z
Sodium ions that enter the cell at the initial segment start to spread along the length of the axon segment, but there are no voltage-gated Na+ channels until the first node of Ranvier. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The accumulation of altered proteins and damaged mitochondria, particularly at axon terminals, ultimately might overwhelm the capacity of intracellular disposal mechanisms. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z
“We want their axons to point and grow in a particular direction because we want to get them to the right target,” Goldberg says. Technology: The promise of printing : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-06T05:00:00Z
A signal is released from axon terminal, passes through the axon, and synapse with dendrites. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
They have long, highly branched axons that have lots of synapses, and so probably contain high levels of α-synuclein. Pathology: The prion principle : Nature : Nature Research 2016-10-25T04:00:00Z
Signals are received at the dendrites, are passed along the cell body, and propagate along the axon towards the target, which may be another neuron, muscle tissue, or a gland. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The onset of PD pathology therefore might be a consequence of ineffective proteostasis at axon terminals as the result of limited endosome–lysosome pathway functions. Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics : Nature : Nature Research 2016-11-08T05:00:00Z
The axons need to reach along the optic nerve to connect the retina to the brain. Technology: The promise of printing : Nature : Nature Research 2016-12-06T05:00:00Z
A signal is released from the axon terminal, passes through the axon, and synapse with dendrites. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
There were a lot of axons — the part of the neuron that sends information to other neurons — sending information from the lateral amygdala to the auditory cortex. Turning off this newly discovered brain pathway could help us block fearful memories 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z
In the PNS, satellite cells are supporting cells for the neurons, and Schwann cells insulate peripheral axons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
This molecule helps cells called glia wrap the wirelike neuronal projections known as axons in layers of fatty insulation, or myelin. Stevens spent hours in the lab trying to model the process in a dish. This woman may know a secret to saving the brain’s synapses 2016-08-18T04:00:00Z
I may be leaving a few details out — such as the role of neurons and axon terminals — but really it’s a case of his lone brain cell being impermeable. 13 years later, our beagle is a jumbo-sized bundle of mirth, mayhem and methane 2016-07-27T04:00:00Z
Thus, action potentials transmitted over a sensory receptor’s afferent axons encode one type of stimulus, and this segregation of the senses is preserved in other sensory circuits. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
When a memory is formed, connections between axons and dendrites grow. Turning off this newly discovered brain pathway could help us block fearful memories 2016-09-05T04:00:00Z
The lower motor neuron is that cell in the gray matter of the spinal cord and its axon extends into the periphery where it synapses with a skeletal muscle in a neuromuscular junction. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Mice with similar damage to the nerve that didn’t receive the treatment did not show much regrowth of the axons. Researchers Help Blind Mice to See for First Time 2016-07-11T04:00:00Z
He had peered through his microscope at countless malformed proteins and twisted axons. What If PTSD Is More Physical Than Psychological? 2016-06-10T04:00:00Z
Below the epidermis and dermis is the subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis, the fatty layer that contains blood vessels, connective tissue, and the axons of sensory neurons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Muscles consist of fibers, each attached to a motor neuron in our spinal column by long, skinny nerve threads called axons. Exercise Makes Our Muscles Work Better With Age 1461-08-01T05:00:00Z
Whether those areas are close or very far apart, the signal must travel along an axon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Not only that, but the axons are able to find their appropriate connections to the correct sight-dedicated parts of the brain to restore vision. Researchers Help Blind Mice to See for First Time 2016-07-11T04:00:00Z
Mostly, this relates to the release of certain chemicals when axons, the filamentous connections between nerve cells, are damaged. Bang to rights 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z
Some ganglion cell axons carry information on form, movement, depth, and brightness, while other axons carry information on color and fine detail. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
At the other ends of neurons are dendrites, which connect to axon terminals of other neurons by dendritic spines. Ageing: Restoration project : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2016-03-01T05:00:00Z
In unmyelinated axons, this happens in a continuous fashion because there are voltage-gated channels throughout the membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Thousands of thin coloured wires, like spaghetti, show the cabling of the human brain - with each wire representing a bundle of axons or nerve fibres. Why brains are beautiful - BBC News 2016-02-16T05:00:00Z
It also causes abnormal inflows of sodium and calcium ions in unsevered but damaged axons. Bang to rights 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z
Describe how the steps of sensory perception would be affected if a person sustains damage to axons that lead from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Neurons communicate by forming and breaking electrochemical connections called synapses, passing information from one cell’s axon to the next cell’s dendrites, which are a bit like tiny branches. A Bright Approach to Brain Implants 2016-01-22T05:00:00Z
The diameter of the axon also makes a difference as ions diffusing within the cell have less resistance in a wider space. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Other neurons, sensing that the central nervous system has been breached, commit suicide; still others sprout new axons that struggle to reëstablish severed connections. Can an Unorthodox Operation Cure Paraplegia? 2016-01-25T05:00:00Z
These, in turn, trigger a process which releases protein-breaking enzymes that destroy the axon, further disrupting the brain’s internal communications. Bang to rights 2016-03-03T05:00:00Z
The hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ, synthesizing hormones and transporting them along axons to the posterior pituitary gland. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
Although neurons’ long tails, called axons, carry nerve impulses all around the body, their bodies, or soma, are primarily found in the brain and spinal cord. Using a deadly virus to kill cancer: Scientists experiment with new treatment 2015-12-07T05:00:00Z
The sensory axons enter the spinal cord as the dorsal nerve root. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
He had theorized that new axons—spidery extensions that carry the neuron’s impulses—would sprout enthusiastically, and this proved correct. Can an Unorthodox Operation Cure Paraplegia? 2016-01-25T05:00:00Z
The 'axonal skeleton' helps axons to maintain their mechanical stability and conduct impulses. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains axons of the hypothalamic neurons. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
But an extraordinarily deep level of detail would be required, not only to characterize the connectome but also to understand how the neurons, dendrites, axons and synapses would dynamically operate, change and adapt themselves. Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain? 2015-10-10T04:00:00Z
The nerves in the periphery are not straight continuations of the spinal nerves, but rather the reorganization of the axons in those nerves to follow different courses. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The problem was that the axons did not find receptor cells for the electrical impulses that they were trying to relay. Can an Unorthodox Operation Cure Paraplegia? 2016-01-25T05:00:00Z
All along the axons, the team saw regularly spaced rings of actin. Cell imaging: Beyond the limits : Nature : Nature Publishing Group 2015-10-20T04:00:00Z
Neurotransmitter release occurs when an action potential travels down the motor neuron’s axon, resulting in altered permeability of the synaptic terminal membrane and an influx of calcium. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z
The neurons at each injection site accumulate GFP along their axons, and so point to the other neurons that they communicate with. A Massive Global Effort Maps How the Brain is Wired 2015-10-02T04:00:00Z
Those are axons of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia that enter the spinal cord through the dorsal nerve root. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
This process involves adding myelin around the axons, which conduct electrical impulses. Why Teen-Agers Are the Worst 2015-08-31T04:00:00Z
Most synapses are forged between the finger-like dendrites that branch from one end of a neuron and the long thin axons that separate dendrites from the neuron’s cell body. Crumb of mouse brain reconstructed in full detail 2015-07-29T04:00:00Z
As he observed and drew, he eventually deduced that neurons were not just elements of a mesh-like network, but rather discrete cells, and that each conducted impulses in a single direction—from dendrite to axon. Ramón y Cajal and the Case for Drawing in Science 2015-06-23T04:00:00Z
For example, Helmstaedter developed a game, called Brainflight, in which players 'fly' through the brain's nerves and software captures those movements to the define the borders of the axons. A Massive Global Effort Maps How the Brain is Wired 2015-10-02T04:00:00Z
The group of axons called the olfactory tract connect to the olfactory bulb on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
As summarized by the foremost contributor to the science of excitable membranes, Bertil Hille, the perceptual significance of cation influx is unlikely to be strong in, for example, the giant motor axon of the squid. Exclusive: Oliver Sacks, Antonio Damasio and Others Debate Christof Koch on the Nature of Consciousness 2015-06-17T04:00:00Z
The strong synapses, axons and dendrites are preserved, the weak culled. The Great Pot Experiment 0002-11-29T05:00:00Z
Removing the fats and the water was considered impossible, since they make up the “aspic” that holds the delicate network of neurons and axons in place. Goodbye, fMRI 2015-05-11T04:00:00Z
This approach, called macroscale by some, shows how bundles of axon fibres connect large regions together. A Massive Global Effort Maps How the Brain is Wired 2015-10-02T04:00:00Z
From there, the axons split to travel to several brain regions. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Myelin sheaths insulate and support axons, the fibres that transmit signals between nerve cells. Drug that boosts nerve signals offers hope for multiple sclerosis 2015-04-21T04:00:00Z
“He made her hit her head. She had multiple abrasions and contusions, 17 on her head, and she had damage to the axons and neurons in her brain consistent with massive brain damage.” Stepfather Charged With Murder in 2-Year-Old’s Death in Brooklyn 2015-03-26T04:00:00Z
The brain is made up of grey matter, which comprises densely packed cell bodies, and white matter, the long-reach axons of cells that connect different brain regions. Neuroscience: The brain, interrupted 2015-02-02T05:00:00Z
The microscope yields 2D sections of 3D axons that are tangled together. A Massive Global Effort Maps How the Brain is Wired 2015-10-02T04:00:00Z
Therefore, the olfactory neurons are regularly replaced within the nasal epithelium, after which the axons of the new neurons must find their appropriate connections in the olfactory bulb. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Stripped of this protective coating, the axons gradually wither away, causing the numbness and muscle spasms that are characteristic of the disease. Drug that boosts nerve signals offers hope for multiple sclerosis 2015-04-21T04:00:00Z
The netting, which represents our neural pathways, lets you experience your brain on a microscopic level: from the perspective of a neurotransmitter passing from a neuron's axon to its dendrite. Review: Your Brain 2015-01-31T05:00:00Z
These axons are covered in a protective coating called myelin during development, in a precise sequence that begins in the womb and continues for the first decade or so after birth. Neuroscience: The brain, interrupted 2015-02-02T05:00:00Z
Scientists—or rather, their computer algorithms—must examine each section, tracking the axons through more than 100 images. A Massive Global Effort Maps How the Brain is Wired 2015-10-02T04:00:00Z
Because these axons pass through the retina, there are no photoreceptors at the very back of the eye, where the optic nerve begins. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The researchers used a molecular marker to track a protein called APP that normally travels from one nerve cell to another via a long nerve fiber, or axon. IED Blasts Leave Distinct Scars 2015-01-29T05:00:00Z
The scientists searched for amyloid precursor protein, which is transmitted between neurons along a fiber known as an axon. Wounds of war that never heal 2015-01-16T05:00:00Z
The long spindly part of the nerve - the axon - gets trapped in the glue if it tries to cross the site of the injury. Drug 'repairs spinal cord injuries' 2014-12-03T05:00:00Z
HCP researchers image the basic structure of the brain and bundles of axon fibres. A Massive Global Effort Maps How the Brain is Wired 2015-10-02T04:00:00Z
These axons then travel to the spinal cord level at which they synapse with a lower motor neuron. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
When axons are broken by an injury, APP and other proteins accumulate at the breaks, causing swelling. IED Blasts Leave Distinct Scars 2015-01-29T05:00:00Z
TBIs cause those axons to break, and the protein coalesces at those breaks, causing swelling. Wounds of war that never heal 2015-01-16T05:00:00Z
The prognosis for such an injury depends on what portions of the brain are involved, and  the severity of the injury to the axons–the structures that pass messages within the brain. Shaken F1 Drivers Show Support For Still 'Critical' Jules Bianchi, As Lewis Hamilton Wins Inaugural Russian GP 2014-10-12T04:00:00Z
The brain-like tissue’s 3D design allows for compartmentalization of grey and white matter — grey matter consisting mostly of the cell bodies of neurons, and white matter which is made of axons. Scientists created the most true to life, functional artificial brain tissue ever 2014-08-12T04:00:00Z
Upon reaching the appropriate level, the axons decussate, entering the ventral horn on the opposite side of the spinal cord from which they entered. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
By itself, though, the silk material did not encourage neurons to produce axons, branches that transmit electrical pulses to other neurons. Scientists Create 3D Model That Mimics Brain Function 2014-08-11T04:00:00Z
"Too much axon growth into the wrong places would be a bad thing," Tuszynski said. Scientists Inch Closer Toward Using Stem Cells for Spinal Injuries 2014-08-07T04:00:00Z
These players showed greater loss of “white matter” — the axons and other communicative infrastructure of the brain — than those who headed less often. Pa. school bans soccer headers
These spikes are carried along an axon to reach the synapses it forms with the dendrites of other neurons. Which AI Model Is The Right One? 2014-05-28T04:00:00Z
In the ventral horn, these axons synapse with their corresponding lower motor neurons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
When the glowing protein diffuses throughout the neurons and their axons, the circuits show up under a microscope after the mouse is killed and its brain is sliced. Researchers report that they have created a diagram of a mouse’s brain 2014-04-07T18:00:18Z
Over several months, the animals showed new, mature neurons and extensive growth in the cells' axons. Scientists Inch Closer Toward Using Stem Cells for Spinal Injuries 2014-08-07T04:00:00Z
The brain contains grey matter, comprising neurons, and white matter, made up of axons — the cellular projections that transmit signals between neurons. Ageing: Live faster, die younger 2014-04-02T17:21:08.997Z
White matter is made up of the myelinated axons of neurons that connect different brain regions and provides highways for communication between those regions. Can a Mnemonic Slow Memory Loss with Age? 2014-03-20T21:17:18Z
These coordinating axons in the anterior corticospinal tract are often considered bilateral, as they are both ipsilateral and contralateral. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
These axons connect neurons in the cortex that handle bodily movement to those in the thalamus that integrate sensory information. New Views of the Brain [Slide Show] 2014-04-01T04:00:00Z
Some axons even reached the animals' brains, according to the team led by Dr. Mark Tuszynski, a professor of neurosciences at the University of California, San Diego. Scientists Inch Closer Toward Using Stem Cells for Spinal Injuries 2014-08-07T04:00:00Z
The pathways highlighted by these mutations link HSP to cellular transport, nucleotide metabolism, and synapse and axon development. [Research Article] Exome Sequencing Links Corticospinal Motor Neuron Disease to Common Neurodegenerative Disorders 2014-01-30T19:25:57.025Z
The white colour results from fatty sheaths around the axons - which are extensions of the nerve cell bodies and help the cells to communicate. Five mysteries of the brain 2013-12-22T02:50:09Z
The axon is relatively long because it needs to reach muscles in the periphery of the body. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The Bizarre and Brilliant World of Knitted Science: From crocheted axons to knitted frog spleens. Physics Week in Review: December 14, 2013 2013-12-15T13:45:04.619Z
OSNs are the first cells in the olfactory system, physically contacting the odor molecules in the nose and projecting their axons to the brain’s olfactory bulb. [Report] Fear Learning Enhances Neural Responses to Threat-Predictive Sensory Stimuli 2013-12-12T19:27:07.031Z
In developing mouse somatosensory cortex, endogenous Btbd3 translocated to the cell nucleus in response to neuronal activity and oriented primary dendrites toward active axons in the barrel hollow. [Report] BTBD3 Controls Dendrite Orientation Toward Active Axons in Mammalian Neocortex 2013-12-04T22:56:58.093Z
And if the accumulating voltage passed a certain threshold, the silicon neuron 'fired', producing a series of voltage spikes that traveled along a wire playing the part of an axon, the neuron's communication cable. Neuroelectronics Make Smarter Computer Chips 2013-11-06T22:45:00.497Z
Motor neuron axons connect to muscle fibers at a neuromuscular junction. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Neuronal activity typically requires sensory input—for example, a taste or smell—that gets received by neurons' dendrites and then transmitted as an electrochemical message to other cells via long axons. Neurons Fire Backward in Sleep 2013-10-12T16:15:00.523Z
White matter consists of bundles of axons covered in myelin, a white insulating fatty layer. Focus Shifts to Gray Matter in Search for the Cause of Multiple Sclerosis 2013-09-19T16:45:00.723Z
Oligodendrocytes produce the myelin sheath, the insulating material that surrounds nerve fibres called axons. Neuroscience: Map the other brain 2013-09-05T20:20:29.767Z
Growth of the axons, which are long nerve fibers that transmit information to the body, was disrupted. Fish on Prozac Prove Anxious, Anti-Social, Aggressive 2013-06-12T15:45:00.487Z
The interneuron receives a synapse from the axon of the sensory neuron that detects that the hand is being burned. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Dietz disagrees noting that the “five to ten centimeters of bleeding and crushed neurons” that result from a spinal cord injury make it very unlikely for axons to survive. Rewiring a Damaged Spinal Cord [Video] 2013-04-04T11:45:02.857Z
The spiking electrical pulses move up instead of down the long extensions of nerve cells known as  axons. Sleep Hits the Reset Button for Individual Neurons 2013-03-22T22:45:03.507Z
In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths around axons become damaged, and in HIV-associated neurological conditions, the virus infects astrocytes and microglia, not neurons. Neuroscience: Map the other brain 2013-09-05T20:20:29.767Z
In these tadpoles, the eyes' axons almost universally connected with either the spinal cord or the gut. 'Franken-Tadpoles' See With Eyes on Their Backs 2013-02-27T23:00:00Z
A long “tail,” the axon, extends from the neuron body and can be wrapped in an insulating layer known as myelin, which is formed by accessory cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Courtine found that after training, the lesion site became home to new axons. Rewiring a Damaged Spinal Cord [Video] 2013-04-04T11:45:02.857Z
Reverse transmission up the axon, known as antidromic firing, occurs as part of a larger set of events in the hippocampus in which experiences of the previous day replay like a sportscaster’s video tape. Sleep Hits the Reset Button for Individual Neurons 2013-03-22T22:45:03.507Z
Unfortunately, this natural pro-regenerative environment degrades after several months without the presence of axons, thus depriving regenerating axons of their “road map” to an end target. Researchers Build New Bridges for Nerve Injury 2013-01-14T17:15:00.237Z
Unlike wires, however, the axons are fluid-filled cylindrical structures that not only transmit electrical signals but also ferry nutrients and other essential substances to and from the cell body. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z
There is one important process that every neuron has called an axon, which is the fiber that connects a neuron with its target. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
It recovered about 45 percent of the number of pre-lesion connections, a growth explosion considering the initial cut left so few axons. Rewiring a Damaged Spinal Cord [Video] 2013-04-04T11:45:02.857Z
When the researchers then turned around and sent electrical signals in the opposite direction, from dendrites to axons, the tuned-up neurons produced stronger signals. Sleep Hits the Reset Button for Individual Neurons 2013-03-22T22:45:03.507Z
As a unique mechanism of action, transplanted TENGs recapitulate one of the most favorable environments for robust and long-distance axon growth: other axons. Researchers Build New Bridges for Nerve Injury 2013-01-14T17:15:00.237Z
In order to communicate with one another and with non-neuronal cells the neurons rely on the long extensions called axons, which are somewhat analogous to electrically conducting wires. The Nerve-Growth Factor: A New Tool for Manipulating Neurons 2013-01-03T11:15:00.190Z
Looking at nervous tissue, there are regions that predominantly contain cell bodies and regions that are largely composed of just axons. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Bulking up brain input by getting new axons—wirelike extensions of brain cells—to grow through the damaged part of the spinal cord is the holy grail of regeneration research. Rewiring a Damaged Spinal Cord [Video] 2013-04-04T11:45:02.857Z
Diffusion tensor imaging will visualize the integrity of white matter — the long bands of neuronal axons that transmit signals between different brain regions. Cognition: The brain's decline 2012-12-06T12:20:59.970Z
During stretch growth, individual axons gradually coalesce with neighboring axons to form large axonal tracts, called fascicles, taking on a highly organized parallel orientation resembling harp strings. Researchers Build New Bridges for Nerve Injury 2013-01-14T17:15:00.237Z
The dendrites on one end are connected to the axon on the other end via a cell body. What is a Neural Network? 2012-11-14T14:15:00.217Z
But white matter is white because axons are insulated by a lipid-rich substance called myelin. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Neurosurgeons inject human neural stem cells into bundles of nerve axons, hoping the cells will become myelinating oligodendrocytes. Stem Cells Safe for Rare Brain Disorder 2012-10-10T21:15:00Z
Dopamine depletion induced a rapid sprouting of FSI axons and a doubling of their synaptic contacts selectively onto indirect pathway neurons. [Essay] Eppendorf Finalist: Striatal Interneurons: Causes of or Cures for Movement Disorders? 2012-10-04T17:56:00.157Z
Cullen and Smith hope to begin testing their stretch-grown axons soon in a few U.S. soldiers who were injured while fighting overseas. Researchers Build New Bridges for Nerve Injury 2013-01-14T17:15:00.237Z
Neurons are very complicated and aren’t completely understood yet, but the simple explanation is that when the neuron receives strong enough signals through its dendrites, it releases neurotransmitters from its axon. What is a Neural Network? 2012-11-14T14:15:00.217Z
Information flows through a neuron from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Dots represent the cell bodies of neurons; long lines represent the neurons' axons and dendrites. The Connectome Debate: Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It? 2012-10-02T17:15:05.237Z
The main function of white matter, composed of glial cells and myelinated axons, is to pass messages between different grey matter areas. The story of a lonely brain 2012-10-01T23:15:06.163Z
Therefore, beyond creating a suitable environment for axon regeneration, TENGs maintain the efficacy of the distal pathway to provide a complete guide for regenerating host axons to reach long-distance targets. Researchers Build New Bridges for Nerve Injury 2013-01-14T17:15:00.237Z
The nerve fibers, or axons, that connect neurons are usually protected by myelin, which enhances the neural relay of information throughout the brain. Compared With Chimps, Humans Slow to Insulate Nerve Fibers 2012-09-24T21:20:45Z
Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the axon hillock. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
NRG1 plays a role in fostering an oligodendrocyte's full development of long, complex branches that reach out to neurons and wrap neuronal axons in thick, protective myelin sheaths. Early Isolation Impairs Brain Connections 2012-09-13T22:17:00Z
So if the chance of a neuron firing depends on a number of impulses arriving simultaneously, transmission along those different length axons will need to be precisely timed. The story of a lonely brain 2012-10-01T23:15:06.163Z
Of those, eight were in genes associated with the wiring of the nervous system, including those involved in the growth of axons and dendrites and a gene implicated in autism. Genome Brings Ancient Girl to Life 2012-08-30T20:02:00Z
Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging taken 18 months later indicated the formation of new myelin around axons and clinical observations of the treated patients indicated that their motor functions remained stable or enjoyed modest gains. Stem Cells Move Into Prime Time 2012-06-18T19:50:06Z
Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Gray matter is largely made up of the unmyelinated parts of neurons—neurons that are not sheathed by glial cells—whereas white matter is comprised of axons wrapped in insulating oligodendrocytes. Know Your Neurons: What is the Ratio of Glia to Neurons in the Brain? 2012-06-13T15:45:02.603Z
Shortly after, another study from Boston Children’s Hospital showed that if specific ErbB receptors in mice are blocked, oligodendrocytes are stunted, myelin is thinner and impulses travel more slowly down axons. The story of a lonely brain 2012-10-01T23:15:06.163Z
The accidental collisions of axons and dendrites in the tangled "spaghetti" of the brain lead to contact  points. Another Perspective on Massive Brain Simulations 2012-06-11T16:15:00.407Z
The two identified — from experiments on the axon of the giant squid — how electrical impulses travel along nerve cells. Seven days: 1–7 June 2012 2012-06-06T17:20:14.520Z
Many axons are wrapped by an insulating substance called myelin, which is actually made from glial cells. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
During the summer of 1939 he joined Professor Hodgkin, who was one of his teachers, at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Plymouth, England, to begin their studies with the squid axon. Andrew Huxley, Nobel-Winning Physiologist, Dies at 94 2012-06-04T18:47:19Z
Reduced myelination alters the speed at which neural impulses travel down axons, which messes with the delicate timing of neural processing. The story of a lonely brain 2012-10-01T23:15:06.163Z
An impulse is supposed to travel normally only in one direction through a neuron, the dendrites being the receiving and the axon the discharging terminals. Being Well-Born An Introduction to Eugenics 2012-05-22T15:16:53.140Z
They experienced broken axons and blood vessels, inflammation and problems with learning and memory - and two weeks later, were forming abnormal tau. Study links vets to brain disease seen in athletes 2012-05-16T20:53:08Z
A key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The nerve cell, known as the giant axon, is the largest found in any species, running the entire length of the creature. Andrew Huxley, Nobel-Winning Physiologist, Dies at 94 2012-06-04T18:47:19Z
This fatty white substance insulates axons with a myelin sheath, speeding up the transmission of electrical impulses by a factor of up to at least 50, compared to unmyelinated axons. The story of a lonely brain 2012-10-01T23:15:06.163Z
Blast-exposed mice also exhibited inflammation and damage to axons and capillaries in the brain. Afghanistan, Like Football, May Be Bad for the Brain 2012-05-16T19:00:00Z
Instead, an axon’s branching tips communicate with the dendrites, axons and cell bodies of other neurons across tiny gaps called synapses. Know Your Neurons: How to Classify Different Types of Neurons in the Brain's Forest 2012-05-16T15:45:00.207Z
Each gap is called a node of Ranvier and is important to the way that electrical signals travel down the axon. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The researchers threaded the long, stringy axon with an electrode and measured the changes in voltage as a current swept the nerve. Andrew Huxley, Nobel-Winning Physiologist, Dies at 94 2012-06-04T18:47:19Z
The speed of transmission is likely to be crucial since although neurons only have one axon, they receive input at multiple synapses, probably from axons of very different lengths. The story of a lonely brain 2012-10-01T23:15:06.163Z
Under the microscope, she found tangles of tau and damage to axons, the spindly extensions that convey signals from one neuron to another. Afghanistan, Like Football, May Be Bad for the Brain 2012-05-16T19:00:00Z
Their dendrites ferry signals from those organs to the cell body and their axons send signals from the cell body to the brain and spinal cord. Know Your Neurons: How to Classify Different Types of Neurons in the Brain's Forest 2012-05-16T15:45:00.207Z
The length of the axon between each gap, which is wrapped in myelin, is referred to as an axon segment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
First sodium ions entered the axon through one gate, and then potassium ions exited through another. Andrew Huxley, Nobel-Winning Physiologist, Dies at 94 2012-06-04T18:47:19Z
R Douglas Fields and colleagues published a paper last year showing that a neurotransmitter called glutamate, released along axons in response to electrical activity, increases myelination by stimulating production of myelin proteins in oligodendrocytes. The story of a lonely brain 2012-10-01T23:15:06.163Z
White matter includes part of the neuron called the axon that is responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the brain. Searching for the Onset of Autism 2012-05-15T23:15:00.217Z
Unipolar neurons, the most common invertebrate neuron, feature a single primary projection that functions as both axon and dendrites. Know Your Neurons: How to Classify Different Types of Neurons in the Brain's Forest 2012-05-16T15:45:00.207Z
At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a synaptic end bulb. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Through this flux of ions, the electrical impulse propagated itself along the length of the axon, transmitting signals for action, thought, sight or touch from one end of the nerve to the other, they said. Andrew Huxley, Nobel-Winning Physiologist, Dies at 94 2012-06-04T18:47:19Z
Without it, at least in a petri dish, nerve cells’ axons and dendrites “collapse,” explains Daniel Campbell, assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Southern California and the senior author of the study. Autism: Genetic Studies Show Risk for Older Fathers 2012-04-05T21:36:21Z
The grid is part of the brain's white matter: bundles of nerve fibers, or axons, that allow different brain regions to communicate and coordinate with one another. Brain's Nerves Found to Line Up Like a Grid 2012-03-29T21:15:00.227Z
Unlike most other types of cell, which are small, the protuberances from a nerve cell, known as axons and dendrites, may stretch from the animal’s spinal cord to the tips of its toes. Bespoke pets: Just press ?print? 2012-03-29T15:03:28Z
Using the standard model of neurons, one of these processes is the axon, and the rest are dendrites. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Brain cells communicate with each other through a system of axons, or nerve fibers, that acts like a telephone network. Finding unseen damage of traumatic brain injury 2012-03-02T10:31:04Z
Ideally, neuroscientists would like to trace the actual “wiring” of the brain: the dendrites and axons that form the synaptic connections between neurons. The Age of Connectome: Q&A with Sebastian Seung 2012-02-27T13:45:00.230Z
Wedeen thinks that chemical signals guide axon growth during brain development, creating grids that bend into place as the brain matures and folds. Brain's Nerves Found to Line Up Like a Grid 2012-03-29T21:15:00.227Z
Both experts spoke extensively about how trauma to Love’s brain likely damaged bundles of fragile nerve fibers, called axons, that carry signals and messages between cells and to the body. Doctors in George Huguely case cite bruising in Yeardley Love?s brain 2012-02-14T20:45:00Z
Figure 12.9 Neuron Classification by Shape Unipolar cells have one process that includes both the axon and dendrite. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
A and B, Ganglion cells from the cerebral cortex; in A the only slightly branched axon may extend the whole length of the spinal cord. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 7, Slice 8 "Cube" to "Daguerre, Louis" 2012-01-31T03:00:17.257Z
The rough analogy between a brain and a computer posits roles for cell types — neurons, axons, and synapses — that correspond to machine elements — processors, communications links, and memory.  Cognitive Computing: When Computers Become Brains 2011-12-09T15:18:02Z
In all the species studied, bundles of axons crossed the brain in a regular pattern. Brain's Nerves Found to Line Up Like a Grid 2012-03-29T21:15:00.227Z
These neuron processors are wrapped in its data memory devices — synapses — so that the brain’s paths of communication are extremely efficient and diverse, through the neuron’s axons, which conduct electrical impulses. Creating Artificial Intelligence Based on the Real Thing 2011-12-06T01:14:16Z
Bipolar cells have two processes, the axon and a dendrite. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
The impulse that travels along an inhibitory axon cannot be distinguished electrically from an impulse traveling in an excitatory axon. 50 Years Ago: Nerve Cells Talking 2011-09-14T11:45:05.593Z
They are looking into abnormalities in the motor axons that run from nerve cell bodies to the junctions with muscles they cause to contract. In Theory: Possible Culprit Identified in Lou Gehrig?s Disease (A.L.S.) 2011-08-29T22:32:46Z
However, he thinks that the analysis probably underestimates the number of axon bundles that run at oblique angles to the grid, and which are outside the grid altogether. Brain's Nerves Found to Line Up Like a Grid 2012-03-29T21:15:00.227Z
Myelin is formed on nerve axons in late stages of fetal development, but myelination continues through childhood and adolescence, and it is not completed in some brain regions until the early twenties. Genius across Cultures and the `Google Brain' 2011-08-21T12:45:05.963Z
Multipolar cells have more than two processes, the axon and two or more dendrites. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Therefore, for the same increase in efficiency, the highway would need to expand relatively faster than an axon would. Mathematics, Cities, and Brains: What Can A Highway Engineer Learn From A Neuroscientist? 2011-08-18T21:15:00.250Z
Instead of the axons contracting, this time it's the blood vessels. Deciphering the Blasted Brain 2011-07-26T20:09:00Z
That result is intriguing given recent findings of damage to the brain's white matter, which is made up of axons, in Iraq war veterans injured in blasts, Parker says. How Blasts Injure the Brain 2011-07-22T22:00:00Z
This new research shows that one important factor determining whether an axon gets myelinated is whether it is functionally active. Genius across Cultures and the `Google Brain' 2011-08-21T12:45:05.963Z
Human unipolar cells have an axon that emerges from the cell body, but it splits so that the axon can extend along a very long distance. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z
Therefore, that the number of highways is larger than the number for axons would be expected. Mathematics, Cities, and Brains: What Can A Highway Engineer Learn From A Neuroscientist? 2011-08-18T21:15:00.250Z
Without properly functioning axons, a neuron can't communicate and the brain shuts down. Deciphering the Blasted Brain 2011-07-26T20:09:00Z
Through a microscope, the researchers saw that the "blast" caused swelling, breakage, and other signs of injuries to the neurons' spindly axons and dendrites, which send and receive signals from other neurons. How Blasts Injure the Brain 2011-07-22T22:00:00Z
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