| 单词 | particle |
| 例句 | That monkey perhaps picked up four or five particles of Ebola that came from . . . anyone’s guess. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Nothing about the natural world, at first glance, suggests the existence of a gene; indeed, you have to perform rather bizarre experimental contortions to uncover the idea of discrete particles of inheritance. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z He stopped, peering down at scattered particles of dried clay on the moonlit floor. The Golden Goblet 1961-04-24T00:00:00Z Jupiter is surrounded by a shell of invisible but extremely dangerous high-energy charged particles. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z She empties a dustpan of broken glass into the trash and looks at me straight on, briefly, then bangs the dustpan against the can to get off all the last particles. The Adoration of Jenna Fox 2008-04-29T00:00:00Z No one could explain how such massive particles could fit in the nucleus; or how, once wedged there, the devilishly energetic particles could be made to stay put. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z They knew that atoms themselves are composed of even smaller particles. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z More recently, we have learned how to use electromagnetic fields to give particles energies of at first millions and then thousands of millions of electron volts. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Since the supercollider debacle particle physicists have set their sights a little lower, but even comparatively modest projects can be quite breathtakingly costly when compared with, well, almost anything. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z These particles were named quarks by the Caltech physicist Murray Gell-Mann, who won the Nobel Prize in 1969 for his work on them. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In liquid or gas form, molecules whiz dizzily in space, moving randomly, like particles of dust. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z But Cronin and Fitch showed that if one replaces particles by antiparticles and takes the mirror image, but does not reverse the direction of time, then the universe does not behave the same. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z And I imagine the solar wind blowing the stardust around, trillions of energized particles bombarding the earth, radiation I can't see or feel. Things Not Seen 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z So classical atomism, as revised and reconstructed in the seventeenth century by Gassendi, Descartes and others, explained nature in terms of interacting particles. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Since temperature is simply a measure of the average energy—or speed—of the particles, this cooling of the universe would have a major effect on the matter in it. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z As has been discussed in this chapter and Chapter 7, “empty” space is filled with pairs of virtual particles and antiparticles that appear together, move apart, and then come back together and annihilate each other. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z He inserted the nail of his uninjured index finger into the crevice between two front teeth and, removing a food particle, turned to Ginnie. Nine Stories 1953-04-06T00:00:00Z The concept of uncertainty pertains to scientists’ ability to describe the properties of a particle. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z “Epicurus maintains that everything we see, we see because a fine film of atomies is constantly shed by all matter, a sort of mist of particles which strikes the eye.” The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume II: The Kingdom on the Waves 2009-10-13T00:00:00Z Such particles are said to have spin Vi. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Several days later, on the bus to Oxford, the notion came to me that each TMV particle should be thought of as a tiny crystal growing like other crystals through the possession of cozy corners. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The air-conditioning pushes these particles around, creating a beautiful fractal pattern. The Miscalculations of Lightning Girl 2018-05-01T00:00:00Z Although the exchanged particles are virtual, they certainly do produce a measurable effect—they make the earth orbit the sun! A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z On the other hand, if a light particle doesn’t have enough energy to nudge the electron out, then the electron stays put; the photon skitters away instead. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Even traveling at the speed of light, a particle would take 1,000 years to make the circuit. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z When a subatomic particle travels very fast, it survives longer than expected before it decays, because its clock is slow. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Percy and his allies had destroyed the worst Titan, Kronos, but even his remains might be down here somewhere—a billion angry Titan particles floating through the blood-colored clouds or lurking in that dark fog. The House of Hades 2013-10-08T00:00:00Z These high temperatures would have meant that the particles in the universe would be moving very fast and would have high energies. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The deflections occurred only when the alpha particle happened to strike this kernel directly or come close enough to be deflected by its electric charge. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z These particles speed out from the sun, and would go right on through the walls of a spacecraft and through the bodies of the astronauts. Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z In quantum mechanics, the forces or interactions between matter particles are all supposed to be carried by particles of integer spin—0, 1, or 2. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z I’m so in awe of the floating dust particles in the air, I don’t notice that Courtney has stopped dead just inside the doorway until I smack right into him; he doesn’t budge. Odd One Out 2018-08-09T00:00:00Z And still it was not a serviceable producer of high-energy particle beams. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As the universe expanded, it would cool, and particle energies would go down. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The neutrinos and antineutrinos, however, would not have annihilated with each other, because these particles interact with themselves and with other particles only very weakly. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z We shall not bridge that gap with particle accelerators in the foreseeable future! A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z One comes from Germany, with a man in short leather pants on it and the message: Great particle accelerator; one from Nevada, with a cactus and the note, Interesting life forms. Cat's Eye 1988-09-01T00:00:00Z No instrument currently imaginable will give scientists the power to observe strings directly; nobody can think of an experiment that will give physicists evidence about whether black holes and particles are, indeed, strings. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Moreover, we all know that the astonishment is transient, and sooner or later our particles will all go back to being random. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z Not one particle of the heavy stuff so vital to our own being–carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and all the rest–emerged from the gaseous brew of creation. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z He failed because his detection apparatus was not capable of sensing neutrons and positrons—that was an understandable oversight, for neither particle yet had been discovered. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Stern’s expertise was the action of magnetic fields on atoms and subatomic particles. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The forsaken particle might fall into the hole as well, but it might also escape from the vicinity of the black hole. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The obvious way to do this is to shine light on the particle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Every hybrid inherited two such particles—one from the sperm and one from the egg. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z To Rutherford’s astonishment, some of the particles bounced back. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The last communication with those entities she called shadow particles, and Lyra called Dust, had been on the screen of her computer, and at their instruction she had destroyed that. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z Concentrated particles of the splendor are floating around us, sparkling like diamonds turned to dust. Beasts of Prey 2021-09-28T00:00:00Z "So this blast of high-energy particles cuts through the exaggerated electrical field caused by the faulty blanket controller, and bingo! No more Bobby!" Things Not Seen 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z In string theories, what were previously thought of as particles are now pictured as waves traveling down the string, like waves on a vibrating kite string. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Their goal was to investigate the structure of light by measuring the interval from the moment a quantum particle of light, a photon, strikes a target to the emission of an electron from its surface. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z We accomplish the ring plane crossing and suffer no collisions with the particles and boulders of the newly discovered rings of Jupiter. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z But the man had altogether changed: he was bathed in light, and a fountain of glowing particles seemed to be streaming from his upraised hand. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z They may sometimes be emitted when matter particles interact with each other by exchanging virtual force-carrying particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Reflected light like the glare off the sea was polarized; it might be that the shadow particles, when they behaved like waves as light did, were capable of being polarized, too. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z As a crystal reaches a cell wall, it disintegrates into hundreds of individual virus particles, and the broodlings push through the cell wall like hair and float away in the bloodstream of the host. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z But at the lower particle energies that occur in most normal situations, this symmetry between the particles would be broken. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z A silver ring fish floated by them, undulating, and closing like an iris, instantly, around food particles, to assimilate them. The Martian Chronicles 1950-01-01T00:00:00Z “Were there no bits of bone, or strands of hair, or particles of scalp, on this fishing gaff?” Snow Falling on Cedars: A Novel 1994-09-12T00:00:00Z Accelerated particles would strike this strip at the end of their spiral journeys, with their final energies to be measured by an electrometer wired to it. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In these theories the basic objects are not particles, which occupy a single point of space, but things that have a length but no other dimension, like an infinitely thin piece of string. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z He’s wearing his too-large electric guitar, playing as loud and fast as he can while the drums and bass jar the flimsy walls and low particle board ceiling of the tiny church. The Serpent King 2016-03-08T00:00:00Z You will be aware that the existence of a Rusakov field implies the existence of a related particle, but so far such a particle has eluded us. The Book of Dust: La Belle Sauvage 2017-10-19T00:00:00Z Normally, the energy of the particle is still positive, but the gravitational field inside a black hole is so strong that even a real particle can have negative energy there. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The swarm of particles makes it difficult to get a measurement of the electron’s mass and charge, because the particles interfere with the measurement, masking the electron’s true properties. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z His colleague Richard Feynman wanted to call these new basic particles partons, as in Dolly, but was overruled. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Because we have some information about the particles’ position, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle implies that we must have some uncertainty about the particles’ velocity—their energy. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Force-carrying particles can be grouped into four categories according to the strength of the force that they carry and the particles with which they interact. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Moreover, as well as particles, which occupy a single point of space, and strings, which are lines, there were found to be other objects called p-branes, which occupied two- dimensional or higher-dimensional volumes in space. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Everything excites her: magnetism, Newtonian dynamics, strange particles. We Are the Ants 2016-01-19T00:00:00Z “Now, Laurie, don’t be too fastidious and worldly-minded. If they love one another it doesn’t matter a particle how old they are nor how poor. Women never should marry for money...” Little Women 1868-01-01T00:00:00Z He bent his fingertips, and the particles spun, whirring into a tightening spiral that grew narrower and denser. Six of Crows 2015-09-29T00:00:00Z Since the vacuum everywhere in the universe is seething with a quantum foam of virtual particles, the fabric of the universe is filled with infinite zero-point energy. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Like so many bullets, the particles slam into air molecules in the upper atmosphere, knocking off fragments that in turn strike other air molecules. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z Von Tschermak had been a graduate student at Halle and in Ghent, where, working on pea hybrids, he had also observed hereditary traits moving independently and discretely, like particles, across generations of hybrids. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Motion, according to the atomists, was the movement of these little particles. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Even in regions where there were more matter particles than average, the gravitational attraction of the matter would have been outweighed by the repulsion of the effective cosmological constant. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z By the time an extreme amplification peaks out. an eyedropper of the victim’s blood may contain a hundred million particles of virus. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z He ignored the pain tearing over his skin and focused all his attention on the bits of metal clinging to his clothes, the shavings and tiny particles from the severed link in the gate chain. Six of Crows 2015-09-29T00:00:00Z As a result, for both planets, the rings clear out the radiation belts, which exist only interior and exterior to the particle rings. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z When two particles merge, for instance, they meet at a point: a zero-dimensional singularity. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z In other words, the more accurately you try to measure the position of the particle, the less accurately you can measure its speed, and vice versa. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Just as the nothingness of the vacuum and the zero- point energy spawn particles, they might spawn universes. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z He deduced this by analyzing the way in which alpha-particles, which are positively charged particles given off by radioactive atoms, are deflected when they collide with atoms. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The air is cold in the hallway; I feel each particle enter my lungs. Divergent 2011-04-25T00:00:00Z Darwin imagined that the cells of all organisms produce minute particles containing hereditary information—gemmules, he called them. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The recoil from this emission changes the velocity of the matter particle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In this theory particles no longer had separate, well-defined positions and velocities that could not be observed. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z As we go deeper, the cloud particles tend to get bigger. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Tom Geisbert had heard about the sick monkeys in Virginia, and he wanted to take photographs of the meat to see if he could identify any simian- fever-virus particles in it. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z My body was like a shuttle reentering the Earth’s atmosphere, hitting against particles of air and facing temperatures of three thousand degrees Fahrenheit. Sir Fig Newton and the Science of Persistence 2022-03-22T00:00:00Z The fact that atoms are composed of three kinds of elementary particles—protons, neutrons and electrons—is a comparatively recent finding. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z He was learning how to identify hot agents by eye, by looking at photographs of the particles. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Io moves in an orbit so close to Jupiter that it plows through the midst of this intense radiation, creating cascades of charged particles, which in turn generate violent bursts of radio energy. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z And when she looked through her spyglass and saw the relentless outward drift of the sraf, the shadow particles, it seemed to her as if happiness and life and hope were drifting away with them. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z Dust floats through the feeble beam of the flashlight: ten thousand particles, turning softly, twinkling. All the Light We Cannot See 2014-05-06T00:00:00Z The strong nuclear force has a curious property called confinement: it always binds particles together into combinations that have no color. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics implies that certain pairs of quantities, such as the position and velocity of a particle, cannot both be predicted with complete accuracy. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z One can hypothesize that smell is produced by particles entering the nose. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z “We think it’s some kind of elementary particle. Something quite different from anything discovered so far. But the particles are very hard to detect...Where do you go to school? Do you study physics?” The Subtle Knife 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z In the 1970s, Goldman got involved with a group of mathematicians who were very interested in developing statistical rules for telling apart things like subatomic particles. Blink 2005-01-11T00:00:00Z In fact, the better you know a particle’s position, the less you know about its velocity, and vice versa. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z So the best answer we can give to our question depends on how high a particle energy we have at our disposal, because this determines on how small a length scale we can look. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Thomson, Ernest Rutherford’s mentor, discovered the electron in 1897, thereby establishing that atoms were divisible into even smaller particles—“corpuscles,” he called them. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At lower temperatures, however, when colliding particles have less energy, particle/antiparticle pairs would be produced less quickly—and annihilation would become faster than production. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z We might indeed expect to find several new layers of structure more basic than the quarks and electrons that we now regard as “elementary” particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z An important consequence of this is that one can observe what is called interference between two sets of waves or particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Atoms were the ultimate particles, forever frustrating our attempts to break them into smaller pieces. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The vacuum, by definition, has nothing in it—no particles, no light, nothing. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z This means that the mass and charge don’t go off to infinity, because you are no longer passing an infinite cloud of particles as you approach the electron. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The air was full of flying dust and stone particles, part of the trouble lay in keeping one’s eyes open while striking. Nectar in a Sieve 1954-01-01T00:00:00Z The matter particles obey what is called Pauli’s exclusion principle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “Quiz tomorrow on identifying subatomic particles. Just hang tight until it’s time to go.” What If It's Us 2018-10-09T00:00:00Z It was thought that a similar equation would govern the proton, which was the only other particle known at the time, and that would be the end of theoretical physics. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z So for a sufficiently large number of matter particles, gravitational forces can dominate over all other forces. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Genes had been described as “particles of heredity,” but that description carried no information about what that “particle” was in a chemical or physical sense. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The shadow particles knew what was happening and were sorrowful. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z “I feel that one ought to make a serious attempt to get up to 60 or 70 million volts. . . With such particles, we should begin to learn the true mechanics of the nucleus.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z If there is a ring particle in the way, the proton or electron is absorbed by this small snowball. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Bacteria and a host of other microorganisms could find their way into cultures from people’s unwashed hands, their breath, and dust particles floating through the air, and destroy them. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z When a hot virus multiplies in a host, it can saturate the body with virus particles, from the brain to the skin. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The two vertical sides of the H correspond to the particles in the sun and the earth, and the horizontal crossbar corresponds to the graviton that travels between them. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Quantum mechanics rules the domain of the very, very small: atoms and electrons and subatomic particles. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z But how many particles were needed to encode one variant trait? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Mutations, from which nature selects its new inventory of lifeforms, are produced in part by cosmic rays—high-energy particles ejected almost at the speed of light in supernova explosions. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z There are so many nervous-energy particles buzzing through the air, we might create our own aurora borealis. Shine! 2019-11-05T00:00:00Z That is, the universe would develop in the same way as its mirror image if, in addition, every particle was swapped with its antiparticle! A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z But how did a hereditary particle transmute into an eye pigment? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The GUTs also predict that at this energy the different spin-'/2 matter particles, like quarks and electrons, would also all be essentially the same, thus achieving another unification. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z How is it possible that a black hole appears to emit particles when we know that nothing can escape from within its event horizon? A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z As we make that box smaller and smaller, we know less and less about the particles’ energy. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The hatched Ebola particles cling to cells everywhere in the body, and get inside them, and continue to multiply. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The Intercessor there was clear about the link between elementary particles and religion. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z Within three months Ole and I had finished a set of experiments on the fate of a bacterial-virus particle when it multiplies inside a bacterium to form several hundred new virus particles. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z What happens is that a matter particle, such as an electron or a quark, emits a force-carrying particle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z So the velocity of the particle will be disturbed by a larger amount. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z For instance, we know, with some precision, the position of the particles inside. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Instead, it is seething with these virtual particles; at every point in space, an infinite number are happily popping up and disappearing. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z There is no law that requires the universe to fill itself with small particles of matter or to produce light and gravity and the other physical properties on which our existence hinges. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Wind whistling up through the jagged gash in the floor kept the myriad bits of paper circulating like alabaster particles in a paperweight and contributed to a sensation of lacquered, waterlogged unreality. Catch-22 1961-11-10T00:00:00Z The fact that confinement prevents one from observing an isolated quark or gluon might seem to make the whole notion of quarks and gluons as particles somewhat metaphysical. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Physicists concluded that light was not a particle, but a wave of electric and magnetic fields. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The most interesting of these is the prediction that protons, which make up much of the mass of ordinary matter, can spontaneously decay into lighter particles such as antielectrons. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In other words, the universe would have to behave the same if one replaced particles by antiparticles, took the mirror image, and also reversed the direction of time. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z And so we know that particles that were thought to be “elementary” thirty years ago are, in fact, made up of smaller particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Dalton’s simple insight was that at the root of all matter are exceedingly tiny, irreducible particles. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z They convinced me that, according to the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle, rotating black holes should create and emit particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z He could feel them attempting to manipulate the particles of metal. Six of Crows 2015-09-29T00:00:00Z From his own plant hybrids, de Vries could dimly tell that variant features, such as stem size, were encoded by indivisible particles of information. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z As we saw in the last chapter, quantum mechanics tells us that all particles are in fact waves, and that the higher the energy of a particle, the smaller the wavelength of the corresponding wave. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In the end, the flowers became a field of glittering dust, a school of flitting fish, stars and particles of light that faded, vanished into day. Orphan Island 2017-05-30T00:00:00Z Now Florence’s mama hadn’t a particle of taste, and Amy suffered deeply at having to wear a red instead of a blue bonnet, unbecoming gowns, and fussy aprons that did not fit. Little Women 1868-01-01T00:00:00Z In the Weinberg-Salam theory, at energies much greater than 100 GeV, the three new particles and the photon would all behave in a similar manner. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z May these, as we go to still higher energies, in turn be found to be made from still smaller particles? A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z De Vries also pored through Darwin's books, and he latched onto the theory of pangenesis—the idea that “particles of information” from the body were somehow collected and collated in sperm and eggs. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z If you put two metal plates close together and some of those particles aren’t allowed between the plates, then there are more particles on the outside of the plates than on the inside. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z He knew that some of these tiny particles would hit uranium atoms. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Such combinations make up the particles known as mesons, which are unstable because the quark and antiquark can annihilate each other, producing electrons and other particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z "Young man," Enrico Fermi replied when a student asked him the name of a particular particle, "if I could remember the names of these particles, I would have been a botanist." A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The Cavendish understandably harbored a proprietary interest in the characteristics of the particle it had discovered, not to mention a native pride in its ability to extract precise measurements from its meticulously hand-built equipment. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The present generation of particle accelerators can collide particles at energies of about one hundred GeV, and machines are planned that would raise this to a few thousand GeV. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Knowing that the immense energies available to Lawrence via the cyclotron were hopelessly out of reach of their equipment, they opted for lower energies but a higher proton current—less power but more particles. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As Percy watched, the last particles of Titan essence from Hyperion and Krios were vacuumed into the warrior’s maw. The House of Hades 2013-10-08T00:00:00Z I feel the tiny particles swirling about and coating me like a second skin. Internment 2019-03-07T00:00:00Z Oddly for someone who had been rubbing shoulders with physicists for nearly twenty years, Weaver mistakenly described the beam in his diary as comprising 5-million-volt “electrons”—particles that were not in the cyclotrons inventory. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Some of them are caused by high-energy charged particles penetrating the roof. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z I look up and see particles of dust drifting, crystal white and luminous, in the suspension of light. Everything, Everything 2015-09-01T00:00:00Z The first principle was that charged particles moving in a perpendicular direction through a magnetic field follow a curved path. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z My legs feel suddenly heavy as sandbags, and minuscule particles float in front of my eyes. What the Night Sings 2018-02-20T00:00:00Z Furthermore, as two particles merge, no longer do they meet at a pointlike singularity; they form a nice, smooth, continuous surface in space-time. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The strings are very tiny–tiny enough to pass for point particles. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z However, a real particle close to a massive body has less energy than if it were far away, because it would take energy to lift it far away against the gravitational attraction of the body. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Merle Tuve, who was still struggling to produce high-energy particles with his obstreperous Tesla coil, saw little practical application for Lawrence’s curved variation on a linear accelerator. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Radium emitted alpha particles at a meager 7.6 million electron volts and beta rays—that is, electrons—at only 3 million volts. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Had he been pondering the question of how to accelerate particles for a long time, or did the concept that was to guide his life’s work occur to him on the spot? Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z My left knee is a bloody mess: one large rock jutting out of the center, with small gravel particles surrounding it. Girl in the Blue Coat 2016-04-05T00:00:00Z She felt tiny iron particles in her brain lining up with the earth’s magnetic field. Frightful's Mountain 2001-05-21T00:00:00Z The particles floated in the air before her, glittering and twirling as though dancing to a song of their own. Beasts of Prey 2021-09-28T00:00:00Z As the cloth sank to the bottom of the tray, the particles of gold clung to it in a glittering residue, allowing the trash to be poured off along with the water. The Golden Goblet 1961-04-24T00:00:00Z Surrounding the plume seen in visible light is a vast cloud, bright in reflected ultraviolet sunlight and composed of very small particles. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Given that the shadow particles passed through all the worlds alike, presumably the same thing was happening in her universe, too, and in every other one. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z I strip and throw my clothes into a heap in the corner; tiny particles of dust rise into the air and drift soundlessly back to the ground. Internment 2019-03-07T00:00:00Z Each bite of food, each particle of light entering the eye—the body can never be pure. All the Light We Cannot See 2014-05-06T00:00:00Z The sensitive counter clicks when exposed to gamma rays or to such high-energy charged particles as protons and helium nuclei. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Some particles floated off slowly, others whizzed away at a great rate. Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story 1976-01-01T00:00:00Z “Step two,” said Twycross, “focus your determination to occupy the visualized space! Let your yearning to enter it flood from your mind to every particle of your body!” Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 2005-07-16T00:00:00Z Waves interfere in this way; particles do not. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Dad set out to prove them wrong by the sheer volume of his work and application of every particle of his energy and intelligence. October Sky 1999-04-01T00:00:00Z Newton believed, in part because shadows had sharp edges, that light behaved as if it were a stream of tiny particles. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z In his investigations among fossil skulls, her colleague Oliver Payne had discovered that around thirty thousand years ago a great increase had taken place in the number of shadow particles associated with human remains. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z This means that what appear to be a number of completely different particles at low energies are in fact found to be all the same type of particle, only in different states. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The slope lengthened until a new balance point was reached, one defined by the complex interactions of countless tiny particles and their ability to maintain an angled shape. The Martian 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z "We might as well attempt to introduce a new planet into the solar system or annihilate one already in existence, as to create or destroy a particle of hydrogen," he wrote. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The uncertainty principle implies that the early universe cannot have been completely uniform because there must have been some uncertainties or fluctuations in the positions and velocities of the particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The effect is similar to the blue cast of the light reflected by fine smoke particles. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z A blinding stream of white light shot from the weapon and into the man’s chest, quickly turning him into a wall of gray, then an explosion of particles that disappeared. The Kill Order (Maze Runner, Book Four; Origin) 2012-08-14T00:00:00Z By then all the stars will have burned out and the protons and neutrons in them will probably have decayed into light particles and radiation. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Smoke: her great-uncle says it is a suspension of particles, billions of drifting carbon molecules. All the Light We Cannot See 2014-05-06T00:00:00Z A storm of charged particles rushed through my head like lightning, giving off strange flashes of coloured lights. The London Eye Mystery 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z If the ring were not so close to Saturn, this effect would not be so strong, and the particles could accrete, making small snowballs and eventually growing into satellites. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The Joliots had hypothesized that the same radioactivity they had induced in boron with alpha particles would be produced by deuterons acting on carbon. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Modern quantum mechanics combines both ideas, and it is customary today to think of light as behaving in some circumstances as a beam of particles and in others as a wave. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Flurries of fine snow particles filled the air inside the tent, blanketing everything with frost. Into Thin Air 1996-08-01T00:00:00Z The members decided to fund two machines of different sizes, each optimized to produce different particles; the only question left was which lab would build which machine. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There are no antiprotons or antineutrons, made up from antiquarks, except for a few that physicists produce in large particle accelerators. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The undiminished zoo of particles presses on the outside of the plates, and without the full complement on the inside, the plates are crushed together, even in the deepest vacuum. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z “Well, I know a quark is a subatomic particle, but if you ask me, it also sounds like the noise a subatomic duck might make.” Shine! 2019-11-05T00:00:00Z As these particles can go round the loop any number of times, they pass each point on their route many times. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Morning light slanted in, picking out floating particles of ash. Uglies 2005-02-08T00:00:00Z The process would yield less current—that is, fewer particles—but give them higher energies. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He did so by inventing a serviceable method for artificially driving subatomic particles into the nucleus with enough energy to give physicists a clear picture of what it was made of. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z However, if the force-carrying particles have a high mass, it will be difficult to produce and exchange them over a large distance. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z This does not matter too much, because gravity is such a weak force that its effects can usually be neglected when we are dealing with elementary particles or atoms. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “Not a particle. People believe almost anything they see in print. Does anybody here know how to spell ‘terrific’?” Charlotte's Web 1952-10-15T00:00:00Z I throw myself against the risers and she passes, trumpeting and pounding the sawdust with such force that a three-foot cloud of particles trails her. Water for Elephants 2006-05-26T00:00:00Z The answer, quantum theory tells us, is that the particles do not come from within the black hole, but from the “empty” space just outside the black hole’s event horizon! A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The answer is that, in quantum theory, particles can be created out of energy in the form of particle/antiparticle pairs. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Then he thoughtfully fished a particle of food from between his teeth. The Golden Goblet 1961-04-24T00:00:00Z When the uranium atoms in the bomb split, some would break down into other radioactive elements—atoms that would continue shooting out particles. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Note the loops at the ends of some particles, the so-called shepherd’s crooks or eyebolts, which are typical of Ebola Zaire and its sisters. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z She knew about atoms and elementary particles, and anbaromagnetic charges and the four fundamental forces and other bits and pieces of experimental theology, but nothing about the solar system. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z They had fenced off the parallel faces of each dee with a grid of fine tungsten wires to prevent the electrical field from impinging within the dees while allowing the particle beam to pass through. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z So the question is: what are the truly elementary particles, the basic building blocks from which everything is made? A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z And these particles were passed along, intact, to the next generation through sperm and egg. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Most particle physicists feel, as Leon Lederman remarked in a 1985 PBS documentary, that the Standard Model lacks elegance and simplicity. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z But if you put a few thousand volts on the tube and built up to a million volts on the particles, the glassware would survive, and the particles would accelerate. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z By the wave/ particle duality of quantum mechanics, light can be regarded as both a wave and a particle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The emission or absorption of one particle by another corresponds to the dividing or joining together of strings. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In the quantum mechanical way of looking at the gravitational field, the force between two matter particles is pictured as being carried by a particle of spin 2 called the graviton. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z For the better part of a year, the Rad Lab had been trying to produce mesons, the most sought- after and elusive subatomic particles of the moment, in the restored 184- inch cyclotron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z A nice way of visualizing the wave/particle duality is the so-called sum over histories introduced by the American scientist Richard Feynman. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Very high-energy particles would be generated near the black hole by the in-falling matter. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The challenge then becomes timing the electrical impulses so they energize the gap at the very moment the particles cross, which means generating them from an oscillator working at a fixed frequency. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The subject at hand was a particle known then as the “deuton.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Quantum mechanics deals with this situation via a class of quantum theories in which particles don’t have well-defined positions and velocities but are represented by a wave. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z These particles are virtual particles like the particles that carry the gravitational force of the sun: unlike real particles, they cannot be observed directly with a particle detector. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z There was a faint source of illumination, like a stream of billions of tiny particles, faintly glowing. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z Some people think there are particles called tachyons, which can travel faster than the speed of light. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z By the second day, she found that she could not only summon particles of the splendor but could send it in certain directions when she focused hard enough. Beasts of Prey 2021-09-28T00:00:00Z This is the reason for string theory, which was created in the 1970s when physicists began to see the advantages of treating every particle as a vibrating string rather than as a dot. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z This collision changes the velocity of the second particle, just as if there had been a force between the two matter particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z This can happen only at very high temperatures where the particles are moving so fast that the repulsive force does not have time to act—temperatures of tens of millions of degrees. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Again, the photons that are exchanged are virtual particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z If genes were discrete particles specifying one trait, then how could this property be reconciled with the occurrence of human characteristics, say, height or skin color, in continuous curves? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The second principle—and this was so crucial it became known as the “cyclotron principle”—was that as the particles gain speed, their paths spiral wider. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z That many particles of airborne Ebola could easily hatch out of a single cell. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The force-carrying particles exchanged between matter particles are said to be virtual particles because, unlike “real” particles, they cannot be directly detected by a particle detector. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Her mouth fell open as she stared at it, and then, just as quickly, the particles vanished. Beasts of Prey 2021-09-28T00:00:00Z Tuve and Van de GraafF struggled to make it work with the vacuum tubes and other apparatus necessary to produce a focused beam of charged, energetic particles. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It was the middle of day one of Operation Save Fig, and my stress levels had gone from jittery subatomic particles to earth-quaking macrocosmic proportions. Sir Fig Newton and the Science of Persistence 2022-03-22T00:00:00Z How easy it would be to fall into a trance, and let her mind drift away with the floating particles... The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z “Some of the cosmic ray enthusiasts are very likely to urge that nature has furnished us with particles of extremely high energies,” he observed. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The hardest thing for Rusakov to understand was why the new particle seemed to cluster where human beings were, as if it were attracted to us. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z Each time I lifted my feet, the veins in them tightened and I felt the sand particles digging into my bleeding soles. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier 2007-02-13T00:00:00Z There was a time in the very early universe when it was so hot that the particle energies would have been high enough for these transformations to take place. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z For this theory to give the observed value of the strong force between particles, the strings had to be like rubber bands with a pull of about ten tons. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z I assume he means his shoulder as I race toward him, but then he stands up, and I’m looking at a Ben-high crack in the particle- board. Paper Towns 2008-10-16T00:00:00Z The principal problem they faced was that the electron sometimes behaved like a particle and sometimes like a wave. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z On Earth, tiny particles get attached to water or wear down to nothing. The Martian 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Fears have been raised that in their enthusiasm scientists might inadvertently create a black hole or even something called "strange quarks," which could, theoretically, interact with other subatomic particles and propagate uncontrollably. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z “Scotland. There’s a university there. For Dad to teach particle physics.” The Graveyard Book 2008-09-30T00:00:00Z It provided convincing evidence that subatomic particles did indeed exist. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z And there's a blinking "ALERT" on the screen next to a block of text: The Earth's environment is currently bombarded by high-energy particles accelerated by a powerful solar eruption last night. Things Not Seen 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z Instead, a particle loop approaching a black-hole loop stretches out and touches the black hole. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z And if you know a particle's velocity with infinite precision—zero error—you have infinite error when you measure its position; you know nothing at all about where it is. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Its billions of particles were like the stars of every galaxy in the sky, and every one of them was a little fragment of conscious thought. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z You can view here animations of longitudinal and transverse waves, single particles being disturbed by a transverse wave or by a longitudinal wave, and particles being disturbed by transverse and longitudinal waves. Understanding Basic Music Theory 2018-01-28T00:00:00Z Imagine a particle so small that you can barely see it even though a microscope has enlarged it for you 300 times. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z Because energy cannot be created out of nothing, one of the partners in a particle/antiparticle pair will have positive energy, and the other partner negative energy. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z If we bombard protons at high energies with other elementary particles—other protons, say—we begin to glimpse more fundamental units hiding inside the proton. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Pita had leaf particles clinging to her bangs. Summer of the Mariposas 2012-10-20T00:00:00Z Already, by luck, we have seen the assembly of particles of exchanged thought into today’s structures of art and science. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z They are mindless particles, after all, and not even themselves alive. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z In a world without ears there would be no sounds, only vibrations; in a world without noses there would be no smells, only particles floating in the atmosphere. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z From the three-foot-tall pedestal, a geyser of sand spewed upward, arcing into an umbrella-shaped curtain of white particles before spilling into the circular basin. Blood of Olympus 2014-10-07T00:00:00Z But the charged particles can damage the delicate instruments and fry the electronics. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z He saw that they must be offset by some type of neutralizing particles, which he called neutrons. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z When a. filovirus begins to amplify itself in a human being, the incubation period is from three to eighteen days, while the number of virus particles climbs steadily in the bloodstream. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The trouble is, as explained in Chapter 7, that the uncertainty principle means that even “empty” space is filled with pairs of virtual particles and antiparticles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z This means that the very weak gravitational forces between the individual particles in two large bodies, such as the earth and the sun, can all add up to produce a significant force. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “And yet,” said I, “beneath the surface of the earth, the sapper-composer would not constantly be exhausted by the particles striking the eye. The eye would have rest. No longer would the face receive blows.” The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume II: The Kingdom on the Waves 2009-10-13T00:00:00Z On the other hand, if the force-carrying particles have no mass of their own, the forces will be long range. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z As they expanded and the matter particles got farther apart, one would be left with an expanding universe that contained hardly any particles and was still in the supercooled state. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z These charged particles are ejected from the Sun in the solar wind and captured and accelerated by Jupiter’s magnetic field. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z That is, their nucleus is naturally unstable—particles break away from the nucleus and shoot out at high speeds. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Then the galactic astronomers are out of business, the stars cool and die, matter itself decays and the universe becomes a thin cold haze of elementary particles. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z But maybe that is our mistake: maybe there are no particle positions and velocities, but only waves. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The strong forces between the particles would correspond to pieces of string that went between other bits of string, as in a spider’s web. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z An infinitesimal fraction of a second prior to the bomb’s detonation, two particles collide with such fierce velocity that they form a micro singularity—a black hole too small to see with the naked eye. We Are the Ants 2016-01-19T00:00:00Z It is therefore possible, if a black hole is present, for the virtual particle with negative energy to fall into the black hole and become a real particle or antiparticle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The Superconducting Super Collider, a multibillion dollar project that was contemplated until the early 1990s, was going to be the most powerful particle accelerator ever built. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z A draft from the open door sent an eddy of air across the bed, and the particles of the angel’s form, loosened by the waning of his strength, swirled upward into randomness and vanished. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z I crushed them with the bottom of the pill bottle and then pounded them into finer particles with a scissors handle. Three Little Words: A Memoir 2007-12-27T00:00:00Z In fact, everything in particle physics was about to get a whole lot more complicated. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The food particles compressed to less than half their original size, but the oil was barely affected at all. The Martian 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Without electrical forces, there would no longer be things in the universe—merely diffuse clouds of electrons, protons and neutrons, and gravitating spheres of elementary particles, the featureless remnants of worlds. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The plan was to fling particles through a tunnel fifty-two miles long, achieving a truly staggering ninety-nine trillion volts of energy. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z He saw virus particles shaped like snakes, in negative images. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z It is believed that this force is carried by another spin-1 particle, called the gluon, which interacts only with itself and with the quarks. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z A wave of ice particles swept over him, coating him like a glazed donut and freezing him in place. The House of Hades 2013-10-08T00:00:00Z He sat desponding on the threshold of the door and gazed bleakly over the dried and hardened fields from which every particle of anything which could be called food or fuel had been plucked. The Good Earth 1931-03-02T00:00:00Z The journal carried a report by Merle Tuve claiming that his Tesla coil could drive alpha particles to energies as high as 10 million electron volts without “any serious difficulty.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z At the heart of it was Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, which states that the electron is a particle but a particle that can be described in terms of waves. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z I look around, taking in the sofas stacked with wilted cushions, the creaky hardwood floors, the dust particles swirling in the sunlight. I Can Make This Promise 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z When it gets to the point at which the virtual particle/antiparticle pair appeared together, it is scattered by the gravitational field into a particle traveling forward in time and escaping from the black hole. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The electromagnetic attraction is pictured as being caused by the exchange of large numbers of virtual massless particles of spin 1, called photons. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z If genes were, indeed, independent particles of information, then it should be possible to select, purify, and manipulate these particles independently from one another. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Tally collapsed on the ground and coughed, her lungs finally protesting against the smoke and dust particles she had inhaled. Uglies 2005-02-08T00:00:00Z It is an important property of the force-carrying particles that they do not obey the exclusion principle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z He waved his hand, and the snowy particles lifted off the girls’ skin and hair. Aru Shah and the End of Time 2018-03-27T00:00:00Z All those unseen billions and trillions of charged particles, and possibly, she thought, of Dust, conjured a radiating glow out of the upper atmosphere. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z At high energies all these particles behave similarly. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Koffi had just opened her mouth to ask, for the second time, who they were, but no sooner had the words formed on her lips than she saw it: sparkling particles of light. Beasts of Prey 2021-09-28T00:00:00Z The plates will act like mirrors for the virtual photons or particles of light. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z As it widened, dust and sand particles carried along with the attack settled in the basin below. The Martian 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Particle physicists have tended to favor the particle explanation of WIMPs, astrophysicists the stellar explanation of MACHOs. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Then I "puffed" the bag to get the smallest particles to float around. The Martian 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Similarly, higher spin particles look the same if one turns them through smaller fractions of a complete revolution. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The unpredictable, random element comes in only when we try to interpret the wave in terms of the positions and velocities of particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The next category is the electromagnetic force, which interacts with electrically charged particles like electrons and quarks, but not with uncharged particles such as gravitons. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Over the following months, he and Ernest sweated to produce an even more energetic particle beam. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z But in 1905, Einstein showed that the particle theory of light could explain the photoelectric effect, the ejection of electrons from a metal upon exposure to a beam of light. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z “When, where, how?” asked Jo, in a fever of feminine interest and curiosity, for she could not realize it a particle. Little Women 1868-01-01T00:00:00Z Particle physicists look at the subatomic realm with particle accelerators: they use magnetic fields or other means to get tiny particles moving very fast; when these particles collide with one another, they spit off fragments. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The organic chemistry results, like the imaging and microbiology results, are all consistent with no life in the fine particles of Chryse and Utopia in the late 1970’s. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Though light acts like a particle sometimes, it acts like a wave at other times. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z However, experiments with large particle accelerators indicate that at high energies the strong force becomes much weaker, and the quarks and gluons behave almost like free particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “Juggling to show how atomic particles and molecules work?” Shine! 2019-11-05T00:00:00Z There is, we are told, an infinite hierarchy of universes, so that an elementary particle, such as an electron, in our universe would, if penetrated, reveal itself to be an entire closed universe. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Her palm was open, and there, resting inches above it, was a small cluster of particles. Beasts of Prey 2021-09-28T00:00:00Z The northern sunshine seemed to pick up faint particles of whiteness floating in the air and powdering the sleek blue sky. A Separate Peace 1959-01-01T00:00:00Z Dust and gray particles exploded in what seemed like slow motion toward the ceiling, and something slapped against her face. Shadowshaper 2015-06-30T00:00:00Z But if objects are particles and waves at the same time, what on earth could they be? Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The uncertainty principle also predicts that there will be similar virtual pairs of matter particles, such as electrons or quarks. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The one with negative energy is condemned to be a short-lived virtual particle because real particles always have positive energy in normal situations. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Working with James Chadwick, whose experimental skills matched his own, Rutherford trained his alpha particles on a series of gaseous targets: oxygen, carbon dioxide, even ordinary air. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z He was thinking that under such circumstances an electron might combine with a proton to form an uncharged, hitherto undetected compound particle he dubbed the neutron. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The experiment showed that most of the alpha particles passed through the foil with very slight deflection or none at all. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z There had to be atoms of information—discrete, insoluble, indelible particles—moving from parent to child. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z Every atom is made from three kinds of elementary particles: protons, which have a positive electrical charge; electrons, which have a negative electrical charge; and neutrons, which have no charge. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The flow was less strong and as he rubbed the side of his hand against the planking of the skiff, particles of phosphorus floated off and drifted slowly astern. The Old Man and The Sea 1952-01-01T00:00:00Z This method derived from the theories of the Russian physicist George Gamow, who deduced from quantum mechanics that the occasional particle from even a moderately energetic beam could penetrate the nucleus. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The creature’s fingers worked faster than hummingbird wings, pinching and tossing each particle over its left shoulder. Root Magic 2021-01-05T00:00:00Z There had to be small fluctuations in the density and velocities of particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z All this time he hadn’t taken his eyes off her and had treated me like I was a dust particle. Bodega Dreams 2000-03-14T00:00:00Z No matter how hard we try, we cannot measure a particle’s position and its velocity with perfect accuracy at the same time. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z El Patron laughed, spraying food particles over his plate. The House of the Scorpion 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z “So you think when he mentions Dust, he’s talking about elementary particles?” said Malcolm. The Book of Dust: La Belle Sauvage 2017-10-19T00:00:00Z The froth of quantum foam, the spontaneous birth and death of particles, might explain the origin of the cosmos. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z A few minutes later, he took a photograph of virus particles budding directly out of cells in the liver of Monkey 053. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Five or ten Ebola-virus particles suspended in a droplet of blood could easily slip through a pinhole in a surgical glove, and that might be enough to start an explosive infection. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z He knew that Ernest himself was aware of the potency—and therefore the hazards—of neutrons, for the capacity of the chargeless particles to penetrate human tissue had been a frequent topic of their correspondence. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z However, in 1932 a colleague of Rutherford’s at Cambridge, James Chadwick, discovered that the nucleus contained another particle, called the neutron, which had almost the same mass as a proton but no electrical charge. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Libby’s research began in the global scientific race during the 1930s and 1940s to understand cosmic rays, the mysterious, ultrahigh- velocity subatomic particles that continually rain onto the earth from outer space. 1491 2005-10-10T00:00:00Z Somehow there was a little patch of stillness around her, where the particles were resisting the flow. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z The true electron is hidden in a shroud of particles, made up of the zero-point fluctuations, those particles that constantly pop in and out of existence. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Thomson, had demonstrated the existence of a particle of matter, called the electron, that had a mass less than one thousandth of that of the lightest atom. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In truth, light is neither particle nor wave, but a strange combination of the two. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The lumps accrete dust particles as they move. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z According to atomists such as Gassendi, light was caused by a stream of tiny particles emerging from bright objects, like the Sun, and impinging on the eyes of the viewer. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z When we apply Feynman’s sum over histories to Einstein’s view of gravity, the analogue of the history of a particle is now a complete curved space-time that represents the history of the whole universe. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Thus we have experimental evidence that virtual particles exist and have real effects. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Black holes are zero-dimensional, as are particles such as the electron. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Somehow as it rusted the object was attracting elemental particles from the air. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Getting down to the level of quarks–the particles that make up particles–requires still more: trillions of volts of electricity and the budget of a small Central American nation. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z It is a perfect parasite because it transforms virtually every part of the body into a digested slime of virus particles. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z “It might be...it might be elementary particles.” The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z He thought that red light was composed of the largest particles and violet the smallest. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z This quantum will disturb the particle and change its velocity in a way that cannot be predicted. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “And we found a particle that fits,” Dr. Malone went on. The Subtle Knife 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z By comparison, the total number of atoms in your body is about 1028, and the total number of elementary particles—protons and neutrons and electrons—in the observable universe is about 1080. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Perhaps the universe is just a quantum fluctuation on a grand scale—an enormous singular particle that came into existence out of the ultimate vacuum. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Isaac Newton believed that light was composed of little particles that flowed from every bright object. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z To physicists, vacuum has all particles and forces latent in it. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z In a landmark paper written in 1897, entitled Hereditary Monstrosities, de Vries analyzed his data and inferred that each trait was governed by a single particle of information. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z “They know all about elementary particles and fundamental forces,” she explained. The Subtle Knife 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z The question of why there seem to be so many more particles than antiparticles around us is extremely important, and I shall return to it later in the chapter. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Some of the waves of light will be scattered by the particle and this will indicate its position. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Although the whole assemblage is tearing around the planet itself at some 20 kilometers per second, the relative speed of two adjacent particles is very low, only some few centimeters per minute. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z “I do not understand the least particle of her.” The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume II: The Kingdom on the Waves 2009-10-13T00:00:00Z If elementary particles could push a photomill around, no doubt they could make light work of a needle; but it still troubled her. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z This was important in the long term, because in the nineteenth century it would provide a definitive test of whether light does travel as a wave or whether it travels as a stream of particles. The Scientists 2003-10-21T00:00:00Z The idea was this: when the star becomes small, the matter particles get very near each other, and so according to the Pauli exclusion principle, they must have very different velocities. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z In order to predict the future position and velocity of a particle, one has to be able to measure its present position and velocity accurately. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The force-carrying particle then collides with another matter particle and is absorbed. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Day 662 Our particle and field detectors indicate that we have left the Jovian radiation belts. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z They also interact with particles in the upper atmosphere to create the bewitching veils of light known as the auroras. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The nucleus was discovered by Ernest Rutherford at Cambridge when some of the bombarding particles were bounced back in the direction from which they had come. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z These particle energies are usually measured in units called electron volts. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Geiger and Marsden recorded the particles’ scattering by observing the flash, or scintillation, produced whenever one struck a glass plate coated with zinc sulfide. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The top of the ultraviolet cloud is more than 200 kilometers above the surface of Io and may eject extremely small particles and atoms directly into space. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Karl Johnson has since left the C.D.C., and he now spends a great deal of his time fly-fishing for A single Ebola-virus particle with a pronounced “shepherd’s crook”—in this case, a tangled double crook. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Are quarks the ultimate constituents of matter, or are they too composed of still smaller and more elementary particles? Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z They had bombarded dozens of elements with deuterons and assiduously tracked emissions of alpha particles during the bombardments; but the continued emission of electrons or positrons after the bombardments ended had escaped their notice. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z In other words, if one used equipment designed to examine electrons as particles, they would appear to behave as particles; if one used equipment best suited for detecting waves, they appeared as waves. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Even if you get the banana to float in a perfect vacuum in the center of the box, you can’t stop the wiggling entirely, because dancing particles give off light. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z If you could feel every atom in your body simultaneously release its grip on its neighbors, expand outward so that each particle becomes a new center in the universe, it would feel exactly like this. 100 Sideways Miles 2014-09-02T00:00:00Z In this approach the particle is not supposed to have a single history or path in space-time, as it would in a classical, nonquantum theory. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Experiments of the German Gerhard Schramm, first published in 1944, reported that TMV particles in mild alkali fell apart into free RNA and a large number of similar, if not identical, protein molecules. Double Helix 1968-02-27T00:00:00Z The corpse’s connective tissue, skin, and organs, already peppered with dead spots, heated by fever, and damaged by shock, begin to liquefy, and the fluids that leak from the cadaver are saturated with Ebola-virus particles. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Rutherford experimented by bombarding gold foils with alpha particles emanating from a glass vial of purified radium. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z I want to dissolve into a zillion particles and float far, far away. The Queen of Water 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z But this thin atmosphere can serve a useful purpose, because it may be just thick enough to protect the surface from the intense charged particles in the Jupiter radiation belt in which Io is embedded. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Every trait, in Mendel’s model, was determined by an independent, indivisible particle of information. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z It would often, he acknowledged, be impossible to choose between competing explanations because one could not see what was actually happening within the invisible world of particles out of which our visible world was constructed. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Every element bombarded with deutons yielded copious alpha particles, signifying their disintegration. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Thus the attractive and repulsive forces between the individual particles nearly cancel each other out, and there is very little net electromagnetic force. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z It doesn't have a thick atmosphere to bend light and carry particles that reflect light around corners. The Martian 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z He placed his hands on either side of a single bar and concentrated on locating the purest particles of ore. Six of Crows 2015-09-29T00:00:00Z Otto Hahn, the chemist, was breaking apart atoms to understand their constituent subatomic particles. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The normal, predictable state of matter throughout the universe is randomness, a relaxed sort of equilibrium, with atoms and their particles scattered around in an amorphous muddle. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The 184-inch synchrocyclotron was one of the few machines that could accelerate alpha particles to the energies required to produce them. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z We now know that every particle has an antiparticle, with which it can annihilate. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The child in her body hung from her lean loins like a knotty fruit and from her face every particle of flesh was gone, so that the jagged bones stood forth rock-like under her skin. The Good Earth 1931-03-02T00:00:00Z So, one can regard the pair of particles as a single particle moving on a closed loop in space-time. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z It buzzed a little bit, and I had a brief vision of it experiencing a non-passive failure and exploding into a billowing cloud of smoke and motor particles, but then it got up to speed. Darius the Great Is Not Okay 2018-08-28T00:00:00Z Furthermore, the lethal airborne dose was fairly small: as small as five hundred infectious virus particles. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Mrs. Janssen polishes her eyeglasses again while she waits for me to answer, rubbing off dust particles they picked up on the floor, murmuring something about the garden stake. Girl in the Blue Coat 2016-04-05T00:00:00Z However, this can be misleading, because quantum mechanics tells us that the particles do not have any well-defined axis. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The probability that the particle, say, passes through some particular point is found by adding up the waves associated with every possible history that passes through that point. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z They suggested that in addition to the photon, there were three other spin-1 particles, known collectively as massive vector bosons, that carried the weak force. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z For Saturn as for Jupiter, the magnetic field captures and accelerates the charged particles of the solar wind. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The reason is that the laws of physics are not quite the same for particles and antiparticles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z When a charged particle bounces from one magnetic pole to the other, it must cross the equatorial plane of Saturn. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Gell-Mann’s theory was that all hadrons were made up of still smaller, even more fundamental particles. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Physicists were just beginning to figure out what atoms look like, and how the tiny particles in- side them move and affect each other. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z She shifted the particles across the yawning emptiness between them, this way and that, until a new whole emerged. The Girl Who Drank the Moon 2016-08-09T00:00:00Z On April 16 Cockcroft and Walton nervously summoned Rutherford to the basement so he might see for himself a scintillation pattern they thought heavily suggestive of alpha particles. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z If the particle degraded within an hour, it would trigger a mechanism that would break the vial and poison the cat. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z “Light or dark, the particles still fly off the surfaces of things.” The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume II: The Kingdom on the Waves 2009-10-13T00:00:00Z What it really takes to find particles these days is money and lots of it. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z But it could not show the mechanism which causes light to reflect or refract, or the particles that cause smells. The Invention of Science 2015-09-17T00:00:00Z Electrons as particles and electrons as waves were equally valid manifestations of the same thing; there was no contradiction, but rather, in Bohr’s term, “complementarity.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Using their paws as though they are surgical instruments, the cats extract from the grilles every feathery particle. In Cold Blood 1966-01-01T00:00:00Z If, instead, it were the particle member of the virtual pair that fell into the hole, one could regard it as an antiparticle traveling back in time and coming out of the black hole. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z But it was too good a word to waste, and that’s why the particles became known as Dust.” The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z Because of this relative motion, the particles can never stick together by their mutual gravity. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z These were joined an instant later by swarms of elementary particles–the stuff of stuff. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Peeled flesh hung down and congealed blocks of blood and particles of sand clung to each hanging bit of skin. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier 2007-02-13T00:00:00Z One can think of these fluctuations as pairs of particles of light or gravity that appear together at some time, move apart, and then come together again and annihilate each other. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The theory of relativity limits the maximum difference in the velocities of the matter particles in the star to the speed of light. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “That doesn’t make a particle of difference,” replied Charlotte. Charlotte's Web 1952-10-15T00:00:00Z Then, there are oval organelles, embedded in the surface close to the point of attachment of the spirochetes, and other similar bodies drifting through the cytoplasm with the particles of still undigested wood. The Lives of a Cell 1974-01-01T00:00:00Z The ethos of atomic physics—the relentless drive to find irreducible particles, universal mechanisms, and systematic explanations—would soon permeate biology and drive the discipline toward new methods and new questions. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z The atomists, for example, believed that the universe is made up of little particles called atoms, which are indivisible and eternal. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Particles of spin 0,1, or 2 do also exist in some circumstances as real particles, when they can be directly detected. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The wave hit the shore so hard that it sent sand particles flying high up in the sky. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier 2007-02-13T00:00:00Z Casimir realized that the forbidden particle waves would affect the zero-point energy of the vacuum, since particles are everywhere winking in and out of existence. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Indeed, it turns out that light has both a wave nature and a particle nature. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z In string theory different particles are really the same type of string, just wiggling in different ways. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z By 1910, the greatest minds in biology had accepted that discrete particles of information carried on chromosomes were the carriers of hereditary information. The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z In contrast, for any of the physicist’s elementary particles and isotopes and of the chemist’s molecules, all individuals of the entity are identical to each other. Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 1997-03-01T00:00:00Z His invention, it turned out, could also cleanse noxious vapors and particulates from smelter effluent, coal particles from mine air, and much more. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Well, this new kind of particle was elementary all right, but it was very hard to measure because it didn’t react in any of the usual ways. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z Malcolm longed for the morning with every particle of his body. The Book of Dust: La Belle Sauvage 2017-10-19T00:00:00Z The idea was that particles like the proton and the neutron could be regarded as waves on a string. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The iridescent particles soared above La Llorona and fell over her in a divine shower that bathed her in what I can only describe as sunlight. Summer of the Mariposas 2012-10-20T00:00:00Z She had formed the notion that it was concerned with magic, with the movements of the stars and planets, with tiny particles of matter, but that was guesswork, really. The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z Equally, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle implies that particles behave in some respects like waves: they do not have a definite position but are “smeared out” with a certain probability distribution. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z To examine the individual particles composing the rings of Saturn we must approach them closely, for the particles are small—snowballs and ice chips and tiny tumbling bonsai glaciers, a meter or so across. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z One was that people were not really making much progress toward showing that supergravity was finite or that it could explain the kinds of particles that we observe. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z When she was done grinding the unusual ingredient, she spooned its fine white particles into a miniature sieve and dusted the top of four freshly baked pies with it. Summer of the Mariposas 2012-10-20T00:00:00Z It was a rasping nervous wind, and the dust particles cut into a man’s skin and burned his eyes. East of Eden 1952-09-01T00:00:00Z A plasma, a gas of charged particles, is just like a metal plate as far as the Casimir effect is concerned. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z “Then you know. You can see Ebola particles clearly in the air spaces of the lung.” The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Einstein’s earlier pathbreaking work on the photoelectric effect suggested strongly that light was composed of a stream of “light quanta,” or particles. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z It is not yet clear whether these particles would cause positive or negative curvature or whether the curvature produced by some kinds of virtual particles might cancel that produced by other kinds. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z This force is universal, that is, every particle feels the force of gravity, according to its mass or energy. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Our familiar universe of galaxies and stars, planets and people, would be a single elementary particle in the next universe up, the first step of another infinite regress. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z When he accelerated an alpha particle through the chamber to seed his make-believe clouds, it left a visible trail–like the contrails of a passing airliner. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z When I looked up, I saw dust particles floating in the lamplight, August standing, looking down at me. The Secret Life of Bees 2002-01-01T00:00:00Z It felt like an idea, a particle of dust floating around in the air that hadn’t landed yet. The Book of Unknown Americans 2014-06-03T00:00:00Z But if light is composed of particles, one might expect them to be affected by gravity in the same way that cannonballs, rockets, and planets are. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z At the microscopic level, the protein cubes were solid food particles suspended in thick vegetable oil. The Martian 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Moreover, the idea of action at a distance–that one particle could instantaneously influence another trillions of miles away–was a stark violation of the special theory of relativity. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z Pauli’s exclusion principle says that two similar particles cannot exist in the same state; that is, they cannot have both the same position and the same velocity, within the limits given by the uncertainty principle. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Mom sat at the kitchen table, still in her uniform, the black apron stained with salad dressing and other unidentifiable food particles. We Are the Ants 2016-01-19T00:00:00Z In order to give particles any mass at all we have to introduce the notional Higgs boson; whether it actually exists is a matter for twenty-first-century physics. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z How could “particles of information”—pixels of heredity—give rise to the observed smoothness of the living world? The Gene 2016-06-02T00:00:00Z She knew without having to check through the spyglass that the shadow particles were streaming away faster than ever. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z During this process, the body is partly transformed into virus particles. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The gravity of relativity theory was brilliant at explaining why planets orbited suns or why galaxies tended to cluster, but turned out to have no influence at all at the particle level. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z What the spin of a particle really tells us is what the particle looks like from different directions. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z “No. Just Dust. Mrs. Coulter told me what it was, elementary particles, but that’s all she called it.” The Golden Compass 1995-07-01T00:00:00Z With two Manchester graduate assistants, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, he set about finding one, using alpha particles as his tools. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z The Ebola virus particle contains only seven different proteins—seven distinct types of large molecules arranged in a long braided structure that is the stringy Ebola particle. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z For Lawrence, the stepwise acceleration of particles by multiple small impulses “immediately impressed me as the real answer which I had been looking for to the technical problem of accelerating positive ions.” Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Interference can also occur for particles, because of the duality introduced by quantum mechanics. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The positive energy of the outgoing radiation would be balanced by a flow of negative energy particles into the black hole. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z A particle occupies one point of space at each instant of time. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The gravitational force between the sun and the earth is ascribed to the exchange of gravitons between the particles that make up these two bodies. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z By the late 1930s, scientists like Hahn understood that everything in the universe is made up of incredibly tiny particles called atoms. Bomb 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The laws of quantum mechanics treat particles such as the electron as points; that is, they take up no space at all. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Radium had passed its prime as an experimental source, for in its natural form, it did not produce particles with the energies necessary for probing heavy nuclei. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Thus the total amount of energy available to make particles becomes very large. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z It was horrible beyond belief—sweet, sickly and pungent—so that they did not fed the least wish to swallow a particle of it The real temptation was, to run away. The Once and Future King 1958-01-01T00:00:00Z The dust particles the wind carried generated so much static electricity in the air that barbed-wire fences glowed in the midday darkness. The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics 2014-05-27T00:00:00Z This suggested that the atomic interior was an electromagnetic maelstrom buffeting the particle on his journey, not a serene, solid pudding. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z However, when I did the calculation, I found, to my surprise and annoyance, that even non-rotating black holes should apparently create and emit particles at a steady rate. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Smaller and smaller went the details of her vision, until she could see each particle, spinning around itself like a tiny galaxy. The Girl Who Drank the Moon 2016-08-09T00:00:00Z It is all, as you can see, just a little unwieldy, but it is the simplest model that can explain all that happens in the world of particles. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z If so, to an observer at a distance it would appear to be a particle emitted by the black hole. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z One way of thinking of spin is to imagine the particles as little tops spinning about an axis. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z An exhaustion he’d not known possible filled every tiny particle of his body. The Maze Runner 2009-10-06T00:00:00Z “Not a particle of evidence, Pip,” said Mr. Jaggers, shaking his head and gathering up his skirts. Great Expectations 1861-08-01T00:00:00Z High above the visible cloud deck, at about 70 kilometers altitude, there is a continuous haze of small particles. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z Improbably he wondered if the neutron–the subatomic particle that had just been discovered in England by James Chadwick, and was thus both novel and rather fashionable–might be at the heart of things. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z As the probe approaches zero distance from the electron, the number of particles it passes goes up to infinity—so the probe’s measurements of the mass and charge of the electron also go to infinity. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z They seemed to be complementary pieces making a whole, the way particle and wave manifestations together defined a photon. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Holding it up to the sunlight, I saw it was muddy and full of mysterious particles, but I put iodine in until it was cast purple and hoped for the best. Endangered 2012-10-01T00:00:00Z In this approach, a particle does not have just a single history, as it would in a classical theory. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The idea was to combine the spin-2 particle called the graviton, which carries the gravitational force, with certain other particles of spin Vi, 1, Vi, and 0. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The force that carried her out was as smooth and powerful as water pouring over a weir; the particles of Dust were streaming along as if they, too, were pouring over some invisible edge. The Amber Spyglass 2000-10-10T00:00:00Z The tiny particles that seethe through space-time exert a gentle outward push, stretching the fabric of space-time imperceptibly. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z The ion particles would fall out of phase, they said, or would crash into the walls of the accelerating chamber, or would collide with stray air molecules in their way. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Over time, though, scientists came to believe that light was not in fact a particle, but a wave. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z This keeps the suit under positive pressure, so that any airborne virus particles will have a hard time flowing into it. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z However, if the electron is a loop of string, the particle is no longer a singularity. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z It turned out Henrietta’s cells could float through the air on dust particles. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z We know they exist, however, because they do have a measurable effect: they give rise to forces between matter particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Virus particles that lie around in blood or mucus may seem dead, but the particles are waiting for something to come along. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z The virtual particle/antiparticle pairs of spin Vi and Vi would have negative energy, and so would tend to cancel out the positive energy of the spin 2, 1, and 0 virtual pairs. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The Higgs boson may or may not actually exist; it was invented simply as a way of endowing particles with mass. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z The particles of sand stung my skin like needles as I raced toward the gate. Taking Flight: From War Orphan to Star Ballerina 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z The yield was two alpha particles, each with two protons and two neutrons. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Finding particles takes a certain amount of concentration. A Short History of Nearly Everything 2003-05-06T00:00:00Z In some worlds there will be many suns in the daytime sky, many moons in the heavens at night, or great particle ring systems soaring from horizon to horizon. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The seven mysterious proteins that, assembled together, make up the Ebola-virus particle, work as a relentless machine, a molecular shark, and they consume the body as the virus makes copies of itself. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z One was the so- called wave-particle duality of nature at the infinitesimal scale: experiments sometimes showed light and electrons behaving like particles, and other times as waves. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z I wouldn’t have thought she was agile enough, but she’s climbed under a desk to search out particles of overlooked dust. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Using the wave/particle duality discussed in the last chapter, everything in the universe, including light and gravity, can be described in terms of particles. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z The lumpy ropelike braided features in the particle are the mysterious structural proteins. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z He loved the Princess Pea with every particle of his being, and she had been taken from him. The Tale of Despereaux: Being the Story of a Mouse, a Princess, Some Soup and a Spool of Thread 2003-08-25T00:00:00Z Its powerful magnetic field, amplified during the collapse, traps charged particles rather as the much tinier magnetic field of Jupiter does. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z He got a ruler and measured the particles. The Hot Zone 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z More precisely, it appeared to solve the problem of how to produce high-energy particles without applying high voltages. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z As an electron sits in the vacuum, it occasionally absorbs or spits out one of these particles, such as a photon. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Particle accelerators are the microscopes of the subatomic world, and the more energy you put into those particles—the more powerful the microscope—the smaller the objects you can see. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Then imagine the skill required to isolate this particle, to take it apart and analyze its components and determine their highly complex functioning. Silent Spring 1962-09-27T00:00:00Z His hand broke the surface; gray particles trickled and hurried down, fragments of plaster resembling the radioactive dust outside. Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? 1968-01-02T00:00:00Z Will we ever come to an end in our understanding of the nature of matter, or is there an infinite regression into more and more fundamental particles? Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z The dees’ interior was to be free of any electrical field, which he thought would interfere with the magnetic field keeping the particles in their spiral. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z Put two metal plates close together, for instance, and you can’t fit every sort of particle inside. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z For instance, if we want to find a particular particle, we need to determine the particle’s position and velocity—where it is and how fast it is going. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea 2000-02-07T00:00:00Z Before my disbelieving eyes, the particles weave together, coalescing into large, manlike shapes with grasping hands and holes for eyes. An Ember in the Ashes 2015-04-28T00:00:00Z The potion within was splashing about merrily; it was the color of molten gold, and large drops were leaping like goldfish above the surface, though not a particle had spilled. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 2005-07-16T00:00:00Z Moreover, even the types of particles that exist in the universe would depend on the temperature. A Brief History of Time: And Other Essays 1988-01-01T00:00:00Z Like the particles of light Koffi had seen before, she felt the nameless song’s movement in the air, notes of a song she could not name but knew. Beasts of Prey 2021-09-28T00:00:00Z So far as he was concerned, as yet, there might never have been such a thing as a single particle of sorrow on the gay, sweet surface of the dew-glittering world. The Once and Future King 1958-01-01T00:00:00Z The early universe was filled with radiation and a plenum of matter, originally hydrogen and helium, formed from elementary particles in the dense primeval fireball. Cosmos 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z In other words, alpha particles produced naturally by radium and polonium had exhausted their usefulness as probes of the nucleus. Big Science 2015-07-07T00:00:00Z |
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