| 单词 | osmotic pressure |
| 例句 | Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate not only the overall osmotic pressure across membranes, but also specific concentrations of important electrolytes in the three major fluid compartments: blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z For example, if pure water and sea water are separated by a semipermeable membrane that passes no salt, osmotic pressure will be 25.9 atm. College Physics for AP Courses 2015-08-12T00:00:00Z Solutes in body cell fluids and blood serum give these solutions an osmotic pressure of approximately 7.7 atm. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Plants are subjected to osmotic pressure and a cell wall helps them against bursting or shrinking. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The net movement of water into or out of a cell produces a force called osmotic pressure. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Since blood plasma is one of the fluid components, osmotic pressures have a direct bearing on blood pressure. Concepts of Biology 2013-04-25T00:00:00Z This creates a pressure, osmotic pressure, which will exist until the solute concentration is the same on both sides of a semipermeable membrane. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z These colligative properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Blood helps maintain homeostasis by stabilizing pH, temperature, osmotic pressure, and by eliminating excess heat. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z As a result, water tends to move into a cell, increasing the osmotic pressure inside the cell and causing it to swell. Miller & Levine Biology 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z Variables that could affect the viability of the viral membrane could include changes in osmotic pressure, evaporation rates, and pH, Shaman says. Why do dozens of diseases wax and wane with the seasons—and will COVID-19? 2020-03-13T04:00:00Z There is also an opposing force, the osmotic pressure, which is typically higher in the glomerular capillary. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Solutions injected into the body must have the same osmotic pressure as blood serum; that is, they should be isotonic with blood serum. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Albumin, which constitutes about half of the blood serum protein, transports hormones and fatty acids, buffers pH, and maintains osmotic pressures. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z It is just human population diffusing by osmotic pressure. Homeland Security Increasingly Means Putting Agents Outside the Homeland 2017-12-26T05:00:00Z Companies may be dealing with the “osmotic pressure of cash” in their wallets, as CLSA’s Nicholas Smith puts it. Japan Buyback Boom Fails to Leave Mark 2016-09-30T04:00:00Z You will find osmotic pressure exerted by the solutes inside the lumen of the capillary as well as inside of Bowman’s capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The total concentration of solute particles in a solution also determines its osmotic pressure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to osmotic pressure caused by an imbalance of molecules on either side of the membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Apply sufficient physical pressure to the brine, though, to overcome the osmotic pressure, and H2O will go the other way—which is a neat trick if you want to desalinate seawater. Looks swell 2015-03-12T04:00:00Z Its main function is to regulate the osmotic pressure of blood. Practice Biology, Biochemistry With 3 Sample MCAT Questions 2014-11-25T05:00:00Z Since the filtration membrane limits the size of particles crossing the membrane, the osmotic pressure inside the glomerular capillary is higher than the osmotic pressure in Bowman’s capsule. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 7.0 g of insulin per liter is 23 torr at 25 °C. Assuming ideal solution behavior, what is the molar mass of insulin? Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Isotonic cells have an equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell; this equalizes the osmotic pressure on either side of the cell membrane which is a semi-permeable membrane. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Such flow is driven by a difference in the concentration of sugars, which generates "osmotic pressure." Simple Physics May Limit the Size of Leaves 2013-01-04T17:10:00Z This creates an osmotic pressure that eventually bursts the cancer cell's bubble, freeing the silencing RNA before it is destroyed. Nanotechnology: Carrying drugs 2012-11-23T15:20:59.170Z A proper concentration of solutes in the blood is important in maintaining osmotic pressure both in the glomerulus and systemically. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Convert the osmotic pressure to atmospheres, then determine the molar concentration from the osmotic pressure. Chemistry 2019-02-14T00:00:00Z Without a mechanism to regulate osmotic pressure, or when a disease damages this mechanism, there is a tendency to accumulate toxic waste and water, which can have dire consequences. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Maximum power density is achieved with a hydraulic pressure that is roughly 50 of the ammonia-carbon-dioxide solution osmotic pressure. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water 2012-08-15T17:22:11.530Z The strength of bones, the energy requirements, the osmotic pressures needed to move fluids through tissue. The Image and the Likeness 2011-08-23T02:00:33.617Z Because there is less circulating protein, principally albumin, the osmotic pressure of the blood falls. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z To separate 1 gramme of salt requires the performance of work PV against the osmotic pressure P, where V is the corresponding diminution in the volume of the solution. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Mammalian systems have evolved to regulate not only the overall osmotic pressure across membranes, but also specific concentrations of important electrolytes in the three major fluid compartments: blood plasma, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Maximum power density is achieved with a hydraulic pressure that is roughly 50 of the ammonia-carbon-dioxide solution osmotic pressure. Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water 2012-08-15T17:22:11.530Z At present, measurements of freezing point are more convenient and accurate than those of osmotic pressure, and we may test the validity of Arrhenius’ relations by their means. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Less osmotic pressure pulling water into the capillaries tips the balance towards hydrostatic pressure, which tends to push it out of the capillaries. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z We may thus estimate the variation of the osmotic pressure from the value given by the gaseous equation, as the concentration of the solution or the molecular dissociation changes. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 3 "Frost" to "Fyzabad" 2011-08-15T02:00:28.473Z Since osmotic pressure is regulated by the movement of water across membranes, the volume of the fluid compartments can also change temporarily. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Too little pressure The second of the two underlying causes of edema is a reduction in the osmotic pressure in the blood due to protein depletion. Consumer Reports Insights: Swelling of the feet poses a diagnostic challenge 2010-10-11T20:58:00Z Thermodynamic theory also indicates a connexion between the osmotic pressure of a solution and the depression of its freezing point and its vapour pressure compared with those of the pure solvent. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z Thus, there is no osmotic pressure pulling water into the mucus. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Recent research suggests that the male also infuses the pouch with plenty of food, not to mention regulating osmotic pressure, salinity and oxygen flow. Father-Child Bonds in the Animal World, Special and Strange 2010-06-14T22:33:00Z Because blood plasma is one of the fluid components, osmotic pressures have a direct bearing on blood pressure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Osmotic Pressure follows the Laws of Gaseous Pressure.—This osmotic pressure is in fact gaseous pressure, and may be measured in millimetres of mercury in just the same way. The Mechanism of Life The result of the investigation shows that the electrical work Ee is given by the equation Ee = ∫p2p1 vdp, where v is the volume of the solution used and p its osmotic pressure. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z The GFR is influenced by hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The first and last of these types of membranes have no effect upon osmotic pressure; but osmotic pressure is at once set up whenever a semi-permeable membrane is interposed between solutions of different concentrations. The Chemistry of Plant Life Because Na+ is actively transported out of the tubule, water follows it to even out the osmotic pressure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cryoscopy of Blood.—In order to determine the osmotic pressure of the blood at 37� C., i.e. The Mechanism of Life The dissociation theory was originally suggested by the osmotic pressure relations. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z It is responsible for one-half of the osmotic pressure gradient that exists between the interior of cells and their surrounding environment. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Similarly, any other increase in concentration of synthetic products is compensated for by entrance of water because of increased osmotic pressure, unless the products are insoluble and, therefore, incapable of effecting the osmotic pressure. The Chemistry of Plant Life This occurs due to the low blood pressure and high osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillaries. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Cryoscopy.—The usual method employed for the determination of the molecular concentration and osmotic pressure of a solution is by cryoscopy—the measurement of its temperature of congelation. The Mechanism of Life When the dissolved molecules are uniformly distributed, the osmotic pressure will be the same everywhere throughout the solution, but, if the concentration vary from point to point, the pressure will vary also. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 9, Slice 2 "Ehud" to "Electroscope" 2011-01-29T03:00:23.777Z In contrast to sodium, potassium has very little effect on osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Hence, osmotic pressure provides for the movement of water into and out of protoplasm and so tends to keep the proportion of water uniform throughout the entire tissue. The Chemistry of Plant Life This diagram models the osmotic pressures experienced by a fish. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z The same holds good for the osmotic pressure, and for all the constants which are proportional to the molecular concentration of the solute. The Mechanism of Life Regulating the body processes, maintaining the proper alkalinity and acidity of the various fluids throughout the body, regulating the proper degree of temperature, and determining the osmotic pressure, etc. Dietetics for Nurses The plasma proteins suspended in blood cannot cross the semipermeable capillary cell membrane, and so they remain in the plasma within the vessel, where they account for the blood colloid osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Actual measurements of the osmotic pressure of plant cell have been made. The Chemistry of Plant Life The major role of the cell wall in bacteria is protecting the cell against changes in osmotic pressure, pressure caused by different solute concentrations in the environment. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z Since each group plays the part of a simple molecule, the osmotic pressure will be ten times less than that corresponding to the quantity of the solute present. The Mechanism of Life This leads to the conception of “osmotic pressure,” which is dealt with in the article Solution. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 8, Slice 4 "Diameter" to "Dinarchus" Fluid and the cellular wastes in the tissues enter the capillaries at the venule end, where the hydrostatic pressure is less than the osmotic pressure in the vessel. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z In the introductory chapter are discussed the chemistry and physics of the animal cell, giving the essential facts of ionization, diffusion, osmotic pressure, etc., and the relation of these facts to cellular activities. The Elements of Bacteriological Technique A Laboratory Guide for Medical, Dental, and Technical Students. Second Edition Rewritten and Enlarged. This diffusion of water through the membrane—osmosis—will continue until the concentration gradient of water goes to zero or until the hydrostatic pressure of the water balances the osmotic pressure. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z A disregard of this fact, that a solute will always pass from a solution where its osmotic pressure is high, into one where its osmotic pressure is low, is a frequent source of error. The Mechanism of Life Osmosis takes place when two fluids of different osmotic pressure are separated by animal membrane. Disease and Its Causes Two types of pressure interact to drive each of these movements: hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Pfeffer demonstrated that, for the same substance, the osmotic pressure is proportional to the concentration, and consequently in inverse ratio to the volume occupied by a similar mass of the solute. The New Physics and Its Evolution Therefore, the osmotic pressure within the cell is relatively high. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z When a capsule splits in two under the influence of the internal osmotic pressure, it may happen that the operculum or upper valve floats away in the liquid. The Mechanism of Life The phenomenon of agglutination may also possibly be due to osmotic pressure, a positive centre of diffusion attracting and agglomerating the particles held in suspension. The Mechanism of Life As we discuss osmotic pressure in blood and tissue fluid, it is important to recognize that the formed elements of blood do not contribute to osmotic concentration gradients. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z He gave figures from which it was easy, as Professor Van t'Hoff found, to draw the conclusion that, in a constant volume, the osmotic pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature. The New Physics and Its Evolution This protein is too large to pass easily through plasma membranes and is a major factor in controlling the osmotic pressures applied to tissues. Biology for AP Courses 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z This spherical membrane is extended by osmotic pressure, and grows gradually larger. The Mechanism of Life In the same way we may use a manometer to measure osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Recall that the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures of the interstitial fluid are essentially negligible. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The analogy with gases did not seem to be maintained, for the osmotic pressure had a very different value from that indicated by the theory. The New Physics and Its Evolution The boundary of the solvent has become extensible, and its volume can increase or diminish in accordance with the osmotic pressure of the solute. The Mechanism of Life In order to determine the influence of the work accomplished by the muscle on the elevation of the osmotic pressure, I made the following experiment. The Mechanism of Life When different liquids come into contact there are two distinct series of phenomena, those due to osmotic pressure and those due to differences of chemical composition. The Mechanism of Life The alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K to the cells; like albumin, they also contribute to osmotic pressure. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z The consideration of the osmotic pressures would lead to similar observations, but we know that the experiment would be more difficult and less precise. The New Physics and Its Evolution This osmotic pressure follows exactly the same laws as gaseous pressure. The Mechanism of Life Thus it may be said that osmotic pressure dominates all the kinetic and dynamic phenomena of life, all those at least which are not purely mechanical, like the movements of respiration and circulation. The Mechanism of Life Pure water poured over the heart of a delicate plant may burst its cells owing to its low osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Whereas hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillary, osmotic pressure draws fluid back in. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z If the liquid, instead of being a solvent like pure water, contains an electrolyte, it already contains metallic ions, the osmotic pressure of which will be opposite to that of the solution. The New Physics and Its Evolution In many medical and surgical applications, on the other hand, a low osmotic pressure is of advantage. The Mechanism of Life Of all the ordinary physical forces, osmotic pressure and osmosis alone appear to possess this remarkable power of organization and morphogenesis. The Mechanism of Life In this case the osmotic pressure is raised considerably in those who are drowned, whereas no such rise is observed in those who are thrown into the sea after death. The Mechanism of Life This difference in colloidal osmotic pressure accounts for reabsorption. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Thus we may measure the osmotic pressure in a muscle by finding a salt solution in which the muscle neither gains nor loses weight. The Mechanism of Life In this way we have been able to prove that the osmotic pressure of a tired muscle is higher than that of the normal muscle. The Mechanism of Life The concentration of the solution is increased, the osmotic pressure is raised, and we have a hypertonic centre of diffusion. The Mechanism of Life As a result of this aggregation the number of molecules in a given area is diminished, i.e. the concentration and the osmotic pressure fall, producing a hypotonic centre of diffusion. The Mechanism of Life Chloride is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between the ICF and ECF, and plays an important role in maintaining proper hydration. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Colloidal solutions possess only a very feeble osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life These give it an osmotic pressure which prevents the deleterious effects of a strongly hypotonic liquid. The Mechanism of Life The preponderating influence in morphogenesis is osmotic pressure, the osmotic forms varying with its intensity, distribution, and mode of application. The Mechanism of Life The circulation of the sap in plants and trees is also in great part due to osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life The hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures in the interstitial fluid are negligible in healthy circumstances. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Suppose, for instance, the plasma of the rootlets has an osmotic pressure of six atmospheres, corresponding to that of a 9 per cent. solution of sugar. The Mechanism of Life This, then, is the maximum height to which this osmotic pressure is able to lift the sap. The Mechanism of Life It is evident, therefore, that the osmotic pressure increases with the amount of work done by a muscle. The Mechanism of Life In a hypertonic solution it loses weight in consequence of a loss of water, which passes from the muscle into the solution to equalize the osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life The patient’s blood colloid osmotic pressure is normal. Anatomy and Physiology 2013-06-19T00:00:00Z Cooking is also very much a question of osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life C. At 15� C. such a solution has an osmotic pressure of 6.6 atmospheres. The Mechanism of Life Muscular contraction electrically produced causes an increase of the osmotic pressure in a muscle. The Mechanism of Life It has the same constants, and all the notions acquired by the study of gaseous pressure are applicable to osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Gardeners are well aware of the noxious influence of a low osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life The fundamental laws of biology are those of the distribution of substances in solution, which is regulated by the laws of gaseous pressure, since all these laws are applicable also to osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life It is the expression of osmotic pressure, or rather of the difference of the osmotic pressure of the solute in different parts of the vessel. The Mechanism of Life Determination of the Osmotic Pressure.—The osmotic pressure P of a solution may be obtained by multiplying its molecular concentration n by 22.35 atmospheres. The Mechanism of Life As a consequence of this double circulation the osmotic pressure tends to become equalized in all parts of the vessel. The Mechanism of Life We next proceed to determine the osmotic pressure of the corresponding leg after it has been tired by muscular work. The Mechanism of Life The salt, however, will pass into the cell, since the osmotic pressure of the salt is greater on the outside than on the inside, and the walls are permeable to the molecules of salt. The Mechanism of Life All the cells of a living organism are extremely sensitive to slight differences of osmotic pressure—the cells of epithelial tissue and of the nervous system as well as the blood cells. The Mechanism of Life The osmotic pressure varies in the same manner, diminishing with polymerization and augmenting with the disintegration of the micell�. The Mechanism of Life It is easy, therefore, to tell whether the osmotic pressure in a muscle is above or below that of a given solution, by observing whether the muscle gains or loses weight when immersed in it. The Mechanism of Life The intramuscular osmotic pressure increases with the work done by the muscle. The Mechanism of Life Fatigue is caused by the increase of osmotic pressure in a contracting muscle. The Mechanism of Life The experiment shows that diffusion is quite sufficient to produce organic karyokinesis, and that the only physical force required is that of osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life We say that colloids have no osmotic pressure, whereas in fact the osmotic pressure of the colloids though feeble plays a very important part in the phenomena of life. The Mechanism of Life The water molecules on the other hand pass from positions where the osmotic pressure of the solute is less towards positions where it is greater. The Mechanism of Life Hence the difference of osmotic pressure of the sugar in the two solutions will cause the molecules of sugar to diffuse into the salt solution. The Mechanism of Life Between isotonic solutions the surface is plane, whilst it is curved between solutions of different osmotic pressures, the convexity being directed towards the hypertonic solution. The Mechanism of Life In certain abnormal cases the concentration may be produced in the cell itself by the formation of two centres of catabolism or molecular disintegration, since, as we have seen, molecular disintegration raises the osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life Nernst in his definition substitutes "unit difference of osmotic pressure" for "unit difference of concentration." The Mechanism of Life In the salt solution the osmotic pressure of the sugar is zero. The Mechanism of Life This phenomenon is due to the fact that vegetable protoplasm holds in solution substances like sugars and salts which have a high osmotic pressure. The Mechanism of Life In this way we are able to determine the osmotic pressure of any solution. The Mechanism of Life In order to discover the exact osmotic pressure in the stimulated muscles we repeated the series of experiments, using more and more concentrated solutions. The Mechanism of Life The intensity or rapidity of diffusion is proportional to the difference of osmotic pressure, and varies inversely with the resistance. The Mechanism of Life Finally, in a solution freezing at -.72�, i.e. with an osmotic pressure at 15� C. of 9.176 atmospheres, we obtained the following mean values for the untired leg:— After 8 hours -.04. The Mechanism of Life We may thus show that osmotic pressure follows the laws of gaseous pressure as defined by Boyle, Dalton, and Gay-Lussac. The Mechanism of Life When comparing two solutions of different concentration, the solution with the higher osmotic pressure is said to be hypertonic, and that with the lower osmotic pressure hypotonic. The Mechanism of Life The molecules of the solute move from a place where the osmotic pressure is greater towards a position where the osmotic pressure is less. The Mechanism of Life Let us plunge such a cell into a solution of salt, which has a lower osmotic pressure than the sugar solution. The Mechanism of Life |
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